Pakistan and India Pakistan had been created by dividing the old ‘British India’ against the wishes of Congress and there had been many deaths as a result of communal violence after partition was announced. Partition in 1947 gave India and Pakistan a number of shared problems. These were: © The huge numbers of refugees wanting to mioyes@itom, one country to the other, © The sharing of what hady been joint resources. © Disagreement over possession of Kashmir Refugees Muslims from India moved to Pakistan’ and Hindus to India, there were |still substantial religiom) minorities jing each country. In April 1950:Prime Minister Liagat Ali Khan Signed) an agreement with Nehru of Indias Iwas called the Minorities Pact and’ the two" leaders. agreed that each country would provide protection and religious fredom for the religious minorities. Resources Unsatisfactory manner in which resources were divided had a marked effect on relations between Pakistan and India, The reluctance of India to release assets made the Pakistani government even more suspicious of Indian motives and soured relations for the future. On | April 1948 India cut off water supplies from all the head works that it controlled. Farmers in Pakistan had traditionally irrigated the land by canals running off the main rivers. Kashmir Fighting between India and Pakistan in 1948 resulted in Kashmir being divided between the two countries. However, Pakistan was angered that India retained the largest area of Kashmir including the capital Srinagar and was determined to try to gain control of the whole of Kashmir. Most of the 4 million inhabitants of Kashmir were Muslims and Pakistan believed the territory rightly belonged to her. © In 1954 and 1955, India tried to integrate Indian —_ occupied Kashmir, into India. This provoked protests from Pakistan and then from the UN after Pakistan appealed to the United Nations)Security Council. 1n1957, the UN Security council was so concerned that India might try to occupy Kashmir again that issued a declaration re- confirming! that the whole of Kashmir was a disputed territory andthat its future could only be settled by a vote by the people of Kashmir, The Drift to War The sense of insecurity felt in India led to them signing a friendship pact with China in 1954. However in 1962, India and china went to war over the positioning of the border between the two countries. China advanced to where it claimed the border should be before declaring a cease fire. The 1965 War In 1965, Pakistan forced the Indians to accept an independent tribunal to settle a border dispute over the Rann of Kutch on the Sindh/Rajasthan border. The Pakistan strategy was to encourage an uprising in Indian controlled Kashmir and to send forces into support the uprising: OSLALPYZEEO ° NWSSVH VIWWNA WIS Ag SELON SSD© In August 1965 armed guerillas were infiltrated into Indian occupied Kashmir with orders to contact rebels and begin local uprisings. © Consequently on 1 September 1965, the Pakistan army attacked India controlled Kashmir, hoping to cut off the only road from Kashmir into India. © On 6 September, Indian troops retaliated by attacking across the border, near Lahore. This had not been anticipated by the Pakistan is and the area) gwasy largely undefended. © A fully fledged war broke [out between the two countries. After three week of fighting both sides agreed to a ceasefire. e In January 1966, the Soviet Union arranged a | ceasefire conference. “Tashkent ‘in the Soviet Republic (of (Uzbekistan, The agreement at ithe /end/of the Conference produceca céase fire and a general/agreement to sort out all disputes peacefully. The 1971 War By 1971 the balance military power had definitely tilted in favour of India had a stronger economy and larger population than Pakistan and was able develop an army considerably larger than Pakistan could put the field. When civil war broke out in East Pakistan and it declared independent, the Indians recognized an opportunity to take advantage of its rival's difficulties. The Indian army attacked East Pakistan. The ensuring war led to the downfall. Dacca and the subsequent surrender of the Pakistan force with a large number of Pakistani soldiers being taken prisoner by India. In early 1972, Bhutto met Indira Gandhi, the Prime Minister of India. In conclusion a peace treaty. As India was holding 90,000 Pakistan is soldiers prisoner, Bhutto was in a weak bargaining position. Consequently according to the Simla Agreement in return for the release of the prisoners, Bhutto had to agree that in the future talks over Kashmir should be between India and Pakistan only Previously Pakistan had seen it as an international issue and had enlisted the help of the UN when India tried to seize parts of Kashmir. Relations After 1971 When Zia came to power in 1977, there was an improvement. He began racéivitie(SighificAnt aid from the USA fo Oppdselithe Soviet Union policy in Afghanistan, Consequently, although the| Kashmir issue remained important. Zia's, main priority was supporting the Afghans, This enabled more peaceful relations| between India than had been the case for many year. The October 1984, Mrs Gandhi was. assassinated by Sikhs. By 1987 relations had deteriorated to the point where the two countries were close to war. In late January the Indian army began exercise in the Rajasthan Desert. These were designed to intimate the Pakistanis. There in a_ brilliant political masterstroke. General Zia flew to India supposedly to watch a cricket match in Jaipur between India and Pakistan. Whilst there he met Indian leaders including Rajiv Gandhi and managed to cool the situation down. The exercise was called off. Pakistan - A Nuclear Power Pakistan began focusing on nuclear weapons in January 1972 just one 2 OSLALPYZEEO ° NWSSVH VIWWNA WIS Ag SELON SSDmonth after the loss of East Pakistan. It opened the Karachi nuclear Power Plant (KANUPPO. Prime Minister Zulfiqaar Bhutto felt strongly that the nuclear programme was needed in ensure Pakistanis survival. In 1974, India carried out nuclear tests which caused such consent in Pakistan that it stepped up the own development programme by founding the Engineering Research Laboratories in Kahuta near Islamabad. / Scientist in Pakistan produced their own nuclear bomb by the beginning of 1985. As Pakistan's relatioris » with | India further deteriorated| ‘both countries stepped up their nuclear development programmes. In May 1998,India shocked the world by testing five nuclear devices. Just a few weeks later. Pakistan decorated) /it8)) oWa | ntclear devices in the Ras Koh Hills, In announcing the tests | Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif de¢lared) "Today we. have settled the score.” The Siachen Glacier Siachen Glacier where the border has, never been properly drawn. In 1981 Pakistan was concerned that India might try to take possession of the area and send troops in to prevent this. They were surprised to discover that there were already 300Indian troops encamped in the mountains. So the Pakistan troops also dug in’. Although the region is desolate and infertile such is symbolic importance that both India and Pakistan have kept troops in the area and are believed to spend more than USD 500 million each year in preventing an occupation by enemy forces. The Kargil Conflict InApril1999, Muslim Kashmiri guerrillas crossed the Line at Control (the unofficial border between free Kashmir and Indian occupied Kashmir) and captured the Indian occupied towns of Kargil and Drass. The Pakistan government denied any involvement but has since admitted that Pakistani paramilitary forces were involved. In May, India launched a counter attack during which it fired over 250000 shells and rockets. Two of its aircrafts crossed into Pakistani air space and one was shot down. the international community was horrified that so soon after the Lahore Declaration two countries with nuclear Weapons had gone to war. During May;and June 1999, Pakistani forces were pushed back and eventually Sharif was persuaded by US President Clinton to withdraw all Pakistan forces. from the Indian held territory behind the Line of Control. The Kargil Conflict was) a major blow to Pakistan India Telations. OSLALPYZEEO ° NWSSVH VIWWNA WIS Ag SELON SSDi win)PDF™ This document was created with the Win2PDF “print to POF” printer available at http://www.win2pdf.com This version of Win2PDF 10 is for evaluation and non-commercial use only. This page will not be added after purchasing Win2PDF. http://www. win2pdf. com/purchase/