Indo-Pak

Relations
An analysis of the past & present
 Introduction
India-Pakistan relations have been shaped by a complex array of historical, cultural, and
geopolitical factors. The two countries share a long and porous border, which has been a
source of tension and conflict. The partition of British India in 1947 led to the displacement of
millions of people, creating a legacy of bitterness and resentment.

Over the years, India and Pakistan have fought several wars, including the Indo-Pakistani War
of 1947, 1965, and 1971, and the Kargil War in 1999. These conflicts have resulted in significant
loss of life, displacement of people, and economic costs. The two countries have also engaged
in a nuclear arms race, which has raised concerns about regional and global security.
Despite these challenges, India and Pakistan have made efforts to engage in diplomatic talks
and confidence-building measures. The two countries have established various mechanisms,
such as the Composite Dialogue, to discuss outstanding issues, including Kashmir, terrorism,
and trade. However, these efforts have been inconsistent, and tensions remain high.
 In recent years, India-Pakistan relations have been marked by increased
tensions, particularly over the Kashmir issue. The Indian government's
decision to revoke Article 370, which granted special status to Jammu and
Kashmir, has been strongly opposed by Pakistan. The two countries have also
engaged in a series of skirmishes and exchanges of fire along the Line of
Control, resulting in significant loss of life and displacement of people.

Overall, India-Pakistan relations remain complex and challenging, with deep-

seated historical, cultural, and geopolitical differences. However, there are
also opportunities for cooperation and dialogue, particularly in areas such as
trade, energy, and water resources. A sustained and inclusive dialogue
process, involving all stakeholders, is essential to building trust and reducing
tensions between the two countries.
 Table of Contents
01 India-Pak Wars 06 Shimla Agreement
02 Military Operations 07 Tashkent Agreement
03 Nuclear Programmes 08 Disputed territory
09 Cross border
04 Water disputes terrorism

05 Peace agreement & 10 Cultural Relations

Treaties 11 Economic Purview
12Confidence building measures
 NDIA PAK WARS
a) Indo-Pakistani
War of 1947-1948

3. *Consequences*: The war resulted in

1. *Causes*: The war was sparked by the
significant human suffering, displacement,
disputed region of Kashmir, with
and loss of life. The region of Kashmir was
Pakistan attempting to capture the area.
divided between India and Pakistan, with the
2. *Course of the War*: The war began in
Line of Control (LoC) serving as the de facto
October 1947 and lasted until January
border.
1949. Indian forces were able to push
4. *Treaty*: The Karachi Agreement was
back the Pakistani army, but a ceasefire
signed on January 1, 1949, establishing a
was declared before a clear victor could
ceasefire and paving the way for future
be determined.
negotiations.
 b) Indo-Pakistani War of 1965

1. Causes 3. Consequences
The war was sparked by a series of The war resulted in significant losses
skirmishes along the LoC in Kashmir, as on both sides, including thousands of
well as Pakistan's attempts to infiltrate soldiers killed and wounded. The war
Indian-administered Kashmir. also led to a significant increase in
tensions between India and Pakistan.
2. course of war
The war began in August 1965 and
4. Treaty
lasted for 17 days, ending with a The Tashkent Agreement was signed on
ceasefire on September 23, 1965. January 10, 1966, establishing a ceasefire
Indian forces were able to gain the and calling for the withdrawal of troops
upper hand, but a ceasefire was declared from the LoC.
before a clear victor could be determined.
(C) Indo-Pakistani War (1971)
The third war between India and
Pakistan occurred in 1971, resulting
in the independence of Bangladesh
(formerly East Pakistan). The war
lasted from December 1971 to
December 1971 and ended with the
signing of the Simla Agreement.
 Shimla Agreement (1972)
Key provisions included:

1. Line of Control (LoC): The agreement established the LoC as

the de facto border between India and Pakistan in Kashmir.

2. Non-Use of Force*: Both countries agreed to refrain from

using force to resolve disputes.

3. Bilateral Negotiations*: The agreement emphasized the

importance of bilateral negotiations to resolve disputes..
 kargil war (1999)
1. Causes
The war was sparked by a Pakistani military incursion into the Kargil
district of Indian-administered Kashmir.

2. Course of the war

The war began in May 1999 and lasted for several weeks, ending with the
withdrawal of Pakistani forces in July 1999. Indian forces were able to defeat
the Pakistani army and secure the region.
3. consequences
The war resulted in significant losses on both sides, including hundreds of
soldiers killed and wounded. The war also led to a significant increase in
tensions between India and Pakistan
 MILITARY OPERATIONS
a) background

1) Sields of distrust and dislike have been seen since the past 10 years
between the 2 countries.

2) After the first Kashmir war in 1948, the Line of Control divided the princely state
into territories -Pakistan (Northern & Western areas) & India (Central, Southern
and North-Eastern areas) .

3) This LOC is generally respected on paper by both countries. However,

several secret operations have been conducted by both countries’ troops.
 b) AFTER LOC

1. First military operation after LOC was Operation Gibraltar, which was the main
reason for the Indo-Pak war of 1965.
2. It caused thousands of casualties on both ends, hence led to a UN mandated
ceasefire and the issuance of the Tashkent Declaration.
3. India and Pakistan were on the brink of war again in 1971, this time over the
issue of East Pakistan. Large scale atrocities committed by Pakistani troops led to
millions of Bengali refugees pouring over into India.
4. India, along with Mukti Bahini led the Pakistani forces to surrender on the
Eastern front.
5. This led to the creation of Bangladesh in 1971.
6. In 1988, Pakistan and India reached an important understanding towards
controlling nuclear weapons and hence signed the Non Aggression Treaty.
7. During this time period, the cold war between had heightened over the Kashmir
issue and in 1998, India carried out its Pokhran-II nuclear tests leading to
widespread international condemnation and economical sanctions being placed.
8. Pakistan accused India of inciting an arms race with threats that it would reply
back to India. Hence, within a fortnight Pakistan conducted its Chagai-I nuclear
tests.
9. Following the Lahore declaration (February 1999) wherein both countries
agreed to nuclear disarmament and confidence building measures, relations briefly
improved.
10. However, soon after this, relations again reached an all time low as the
Kargil War in 1999 took place where Pakistani forced infiltrated the Kargil
district of Kashmir.
 11. After this conflict, documents were leaked which revealed General Pervez
Musharraf’s involvement in the Kargil war & he was responsible for it.
12. Despite doubts being cast on the fate of the future of both countries, India
reiterated the importance of implementinf Lahore Declaration, Shimla Agreement and
the issue of cross border terrorism.
13. Although the conflict did not result in a full scale war, relations between the 2
nations reached an all time low.
14. The Kargil war of 1999 was the final openly declared, conventional war
between the two countries.
 c) after kargil war

1. Certain confidence building measures such as the 2003 Ceasefire Agreement & the Delhi-
Lahore bus service were successful in reducing tensions. However, these efforts were soon in
vain due to frequent terrorist attacks.
2. Examples - a) 2001 Indian Parliament attack
b) 2007 Samjhota Express Bombings
c) 2008 Mumbai Attacks
3. However, in 2014, steps were taken to improve relations between the two neighbours. This was
done through:
a) Informal visit of Indian PM on 25th December 2015 to wish Pakistani PM Nawaz Sharif on his birthday
and participate in his daughter’s wedding.
b) Becoming the first Indian PM to visit India since 2004.
 4. BUT, bilateral discussions again took place after the 2016 Pathankot attack.
5. This attack sparked a military confrontation across the Line Of Control, which
further escalated and led to ceasefire violations and militant attacks on Indian
security forces.
6. Since 2016, bilateral relations between the two countries have further suffered
with little expectation of recovery.
7. After the Pulwama Attack (2019), Pakistan’s retaliatory operation led to
escalation of military conflict again on the LOC. During this, Indian Airforce (IAF)
started pursuing (PAF) jets.
8) In this fight, Pakistan claimed to have damaged 2 Indian jets and captured a
pilot, whereas IAF ackowledged that one jet was shot down, PAF rejected Indian
claims.
 9. Commander Abhinandan Varthaman is an IAF fighter pilot who during the India-
Pakistan standoff was held captive in Pakistan for 60 hours after his aircraft was shot
down.
10. On 28th February, 2019 Pakistani PM Imran Khan announced at a joint sitting of the
Pakistani Parliament that they’d decided to release Abhinandan as a “Gesture of Peace”
11. There were major descrepancies in the report of the incident by both countries but
there was a shared or common sentiment of distrust & animosity.
12. Since this had been the first time both countries’ air forces decided to cross the LOC
to conduct airstrikes on opposing territories.
13. In 2019, after the approval of Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill in the Indian
parliament, Pakistan started degrading their democratic ties and closing bilateral trade
with India.
 NUCLEAR PROGRAMMES
1. India’s nuclear programme traces back to march 1944, established by Dr. Homi Jehangir
Bhabha
2. India wanted to generate atomic energy for peaceful purposes
A) 1974 - India’s smiling buddha test
They first tested a nuclear device in 1974 under PM Indira Gandhi which was also called
“peaceful nuclear explosion “
It was tested at the pokhran test range,Rajasthan which was also called pokhran-1
Consequences-
The test used plutonium produced in their reactor ,supplied by Canada ,us.
This raised concerns that it will turn into weapon
purposes from peaceful purposes.
B) 1998- India’s Operation Shakti-
India performed further nuclear test in 1998 under PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee testing 5
nuclear bombs which was one fusion and four fission.

Consequences-
1. However,India’s nuclear test gave an opportunity to pakistan to conduct
nuclear tests after 14 yrs of conducting only cold tests.
2. The US and Japan imposed economic sanctions on India cutting all ties
except humanitarian aid and banning the export of certain defence
materials.
C) 1998- Pakistan Chagai I & II tests -
Pakistan PM Sharif authorised a nuclear testing programme and the PAEC carried out the
nuclear test under the code name chagai 1 and 2.

Chagai I - 28th may

Chagai II - 30th may

Consequences-
The US and Japan reacted by imposing economic sanctions.
 treaties
1.Pakistan -
a) It currently remains outside both the NON - PROLIFERATION TREATY and
COMPREHENSIVE NUCLEAR TEST BAN TREATY.
b)It has repeatedly stressed at the conference on Disarmament that we will give up on
nuclear weapons only when other nuclear armed states do so, and when disarmament is
universal and verified
2. India -
it is not signatory to any NPT and CTBT and it considers it as discriminatory and flawed.

2)India is a member of International atomic energy agency safeguards (IAEA).

3)In 2008 , NSG(nuclear suppliers groups) granted India access to civilian nuclear technology and
fuel from other countries.
 No first use policy
India - in 1999 they released the draft of no first use doctrine that nuclear weapons are only for deterrence and India will
pursue a policy of “retaliation only” decision given by the PM or its designated successors.
Pakistan - Pakistan refuse to adopt the no first use policy indicating that they will strike india with nuclear weapons even if
India didn’t use them first.

Illegal procurement

India has a waiver that allows it to buy nuclear technology from international markets. The India government allows
inspection of some nuclear facilities by the lAEA but not all of them.

2) in march 1983, PAEC(Pakistan Atonomic Energy Commission) led byMunis Ahmad Khan, carried out its just testing of a
working nuclear device.
A nuclear prolifederation ring was established by khan through Dubai to smuggle URENCO nuclear technology to Khan
Research laboratories.

3)Although no reports have emerged publicly about the performance of the Khushab reactor , US intelligence has found
evidence that pakistan is reprocessing irradiates, or "spent", fuel from the Khushas reactor and recovering separated
plutonium.
Pakistan has been reportedly developing smaller, tactical nuclear weapons to use on the battlefield.
 Water dispute
INDUS WATER TREATY-
The most significant intervention by the World Bank came with its
facilitation of the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) between India and Pakistan,
signed on September 19, 1960.
The treaty was brokered by the World Bank after several years of
negotiations. The treaty allocated the waters of the six rivers of the Indus
system between India and Pakistan, with India receiving control over the
eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej) and Pakistan receiving control over
the western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab).
 PERMANENT INDUS COMMISSION-
In cases of dispute, such as the construction of dams or concerns about water flow,
the treaty established a Permanent Indus Commission to address and resolve issues.
If the commission couldn't resolve a dispute, the World Bank could intervene or
assist in arbitration. The commission is required to meet atleast once in a year to
discuss any disputes as well as cooperate. For ex-> the salal dam was constructed
after entering into agreement by both countries

LEFT BANK OUTFALL DRAIN- without India’s consent Pakistan constructed LBOD
from 1987-97, passing through the great of rann kutch area with assistance from
world bank in violation of IWT.
 Tashkent Agreement (1966)
The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 was sparked by a dispute over Kashmir. Pakistan launched a surprise attack on Indian-held Kashmir, which
led to a full-scale war. The war ended with a ceasefire on September 23, 1965, but a formal agreement was needed to establish peace.

Mediation- The Soviet Union, under Premier Alexei Kosygin, mediated the negotiations between Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri
and Pakistani President Ayub Khan. The Soviet Union played a crucial role in bringing the two parties together and facilitating the
negotiations.

Key Provisions-
1. Withdrawal of troops: Both India and Pakistan agreed to withdraw their troops to pre-war positions.
2. Restoration of diplomatic relations: The agreement provided for the restoration of diplomatic relations between the two countries.
3. Commitment to resolve disputes peacefully: Both countries committed to resolving their disputes peacefully through bilateral
negotiations.
4. Release of prisoners of war: The agreement provided for the release of prisoners of war.
5. No territorial gains: The agreement ensured that neither country would make any territorial gains as a result of the war.

Significance- The Tashkent Agreement marked a significant step towards reducing tensions between India and Pakistan. It established a
framework for peaceful resolution of disputes and provided for the restoration of diplomatic relations.

Criticisms-
1. Indian compromise: Some critics argue that India compromised too much in the agreement, as it did not provide for any significant
concessions from Pakistan.
2. Kashmir dispute: The agreement did not resolve the Kashmir dispute, which remains a contentious issue between India and Pakistan.
 Shimla Agreement 1972
The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 led to the liberation of Bangladesh. The Shimla Agreement aimed to establish a framework for peace and
stability in the region.
Negotiation-
Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and Pakistani President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto negotiated the agreement.

2-Key Provisions-

Establishment of the Line of Control (LoC): The agreement established the LoC in Kashmir, which has remained a contentious issue.
Commitment to resolve disputes peacefully: Both countries committed to resolving their disputes peacefully through bilateral
negotiations.
Release of prisoners of war: The agreement provided for the release of prisoners of war.
Restoration of diplomatic relations: The agreement provided for the restoration of diplomatic relations between the two countries.
No territorial gains: The agreement ensured that neither country would make any territorial gains as a result of the war.
Significance-
The Shimla Agreement marked a significant step towards normalizing relations between India and Pakistan. It established a framework
for peaceful resolution of disputes and provided for the restoration of diplomatic relations.
Criticisms-
1. Kashmir dispute: The agreement did not resolve the Kashmir dispute, which remains a contentious issue between India and Pakistan.
2. Lack of progress: Despite the agreement, there has been limited progress in resolving the Kashmir dispute and other issues between
India and Pakistan.
In conclusion, both the Tashkent and Shimla Agreements aimed to promote peace and stability in the region, but their impact has been
limited due to underlying tensions and unresolved issues between India and Pakistan.
 DISPUTED
TERRITORIES
 1. Kashmir
The Kashmir conflict is a territorial dispute primarily between India, Pakistan, and, to a lesser extent, China. It revolves around the region of
Jammu and Kashmir, which is located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. Here’s a concise overview of the key elements:
1. Historical Context:
Partition of British India (1947): When British India was divided into two independent states, India and Pakistan, the princely state of Jammu
and Kashmir was given the choice to join either India or Pakistan. The region, predominantly Muslim in its demographic, was ruled by a Hindu
Maharaja, Hari Singh. Initially, he sought to remain independent but, facing an invasion by Pakistani tribal forces, he acceded to India in
October 1947 in exchange for military support.
First Kashmir War (1947-1948): This led to the first war between India and Pakistan, ending with a ceasefire brokered by the United Nations in
1948. The region was divided into Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir and Pakistan-administered Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) and Gilgit-
Baltistan.
2. Political and Territorial Dispute:
Indian-administered Kashmir: India maintains that the entire region, including Jammu, Kashmir Valley, and Ladakh, is an integral part of
India. India also claims Pakistan-administered areas as part of its sovereign territory.
Pakistan-administered Kashmir: Pakistan considers Jammu and Kashmir as disputed territory, asserting that it should have been part of Pakistan
due to its Muslim-majority population. Pakistan controls the regions of Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan, which it refers to as
"Azad" (free) Kashmir.
China's Role: China controls the Aksai Chin region of Kashmir, which India claims as part of its Ladakh region. The border between India and
China in this area remains contentious, with a history of military skirmishes and negotiations.
 Major Developments:
Article 370 (Indian Constitution): Article 370 of the Indian Constitution granted Jammu and Kashmir a special status,
with its own constitution and autonomy over all matters except foreign affairs, defense, finance, and
communications. This special status was revoked by India in August 2019, leading to heightened tensions and protests.
Insurgency and Militancy (1980s-Present): In the late 1980s, the region saw an insurgency, largely fueled by opposition
to Indian rule. This escalated into an armed conflict involving militant groups, some of whom are supported by
Pakistan. The insurgency has led to tens of thousands of deaths, many civilians among them.
Recent Developments: India’s revocation of Jammu and Kashmir's special status in 2019, including the reorganization of
the state into two union territories (Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh), has led to significant unrest in the region.
Pakistan condemned this move and sought international intervention. Both countries have ramped up military
presence and security measures in the region, which remains heavily militarized.
4. International Implications:
United Nations: The Kashmir dispute has been a matter of international concern, with multiple resolutions passed by
the United Nations calling for a plebiscite to determine the region's future. However, both India and Pakistan have
been unable to agree on the modalities of a plebiscite.
Diplomatic Relations: The conflict has severely strained diplomatic relations between India and Pakistan, leading to
multiple wars, nuclear arms races, and ongoing military tensions. Both countries have nuclear weapons, raising the
stakes of any further escalation.
The Kashmir conflict remains one of the longest-running and most complex territorial disputes in the world, with deep
historical, political, and emotional roots.
 Key Issues:
Autonomy and Governance: For many in Jammu and Kashmir, the question of political
autonomy is central. Some seek greater autonomy within India, while others call for
complete independence or integration with Pakistan.
Human Rights Violations: Both sides have been accused of human rights abuses, with
reports of violence, extrajudicial killings, arbitrary detentions, and restrictions on
free speech. The region is one of the most militarized in the world, and the Kashmir
Valley has witnessed numerous human rights violations, particularly in the context
of the insurgency.
Religious and Ethnic Tensions: The region's complex ethnic and religious makeup—
Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs, and Buddhists—has made the conflict more intractable. The
forced migration of Kashmiri Pandits (Hindu minority) from the Kashmir Valley in the
1990s and the subsequent demographic changes have added layers of emotional and
political complexity.
6. Peace Efforts:
Various diplomatic efforts have been made to resolve the Kashmir conflict, including
bilateral talks, international mediation, and UN resolutions. However, progress has been
slow, and the situation remains tense, with occasional flare-ups of violence and military
confrontations.
The Kashmir conflict remains one of the longest-running and most complex territorial
disputes in the world, with deep historical, political, and emotional roots.
GILGIT-BALTISTAN
Gilgit-Baltistan is a region in northern Pakistan, currently administered by Pakistan but claimed by
India as part of its Jammu and Kashmir territory. It is a key area in the broader Kashmir dispute
between India and Pakistan.
1. Historical Background:
Gilgit-Baltistan was part of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir at the time of India’s
partition in 1947. After Pakistan's forces took control in the 1947-48 war, the region has remained
under Pakistan’s administration, while India claims it as part of its sovereign territory.
2. Strategic Importance:
The region holds strategic value due to its proximity to China, Afghanistan, and India. It is also
crucial for the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), which runs through Gilgit-Baltistan,
linking China to Pakistan's Gwadar Port.
3. Dispute:
India views Pakistan's control over Gilgit-Baltistan as illegal, as it was part of the princely state
of Jammu and Kashmir, which India considers an integral part of its territory. Pakistan, on the
other hand, considers it part of its territory and includes it in any future discussions on Kashmir.
 4. Political and Governance Issues:
Gilgit-Baltistan has limited political autonomy and is not a fully recognized province within
Pakistan. Calls for greater autonomy or even independence are common, as the region's population
seeks more rights and freedoms.
5. Geopolitical Tensions:
The region’s control remains a flashpoint in India-Pakistan relations, with both countries raising
the issue in international forums. The presence of Aksai Chin, controlled by China but claimed by
India, adds further complexity.
6. Recent Developments:
Pakistan has made efforts to grant greater autonomy to Gilgit-Baltistan, but the region’s future
remains uncertain, and its importance in the Kashmir conflict continues to grow, especially with
China's increasing involvement.
 1. SIACHEN GLACIER
Siachen Glacier is a disputed territory between India and Pakistan, located in the eastern Karakoram
Range near the Line of Control (LoC) in Jammu and Kashmir. It is the world's highest battlefield and a
major point of contention in the Kashmir dispute.
1. Origins of the Dispute:
After the Shimla Agreement (1972), the Siachen region was left unaddressed. In 1984, India took
control of the glacier during Operation Meghdoot, responding to reports of Pakistan moving forces
there.
India claims the region as part of its territory, while Pakistan asserts it lies within Gilgit-
Baltistan, which it controls but India also claims.
2. Strategic Importance:
The glacier is strategically vital due to its location near key mountain passes and its proximity to
Aksai Chin, which India disputes with China. The harsh environment makes it one of the most
challenging military posts.
3. Military Conflict:
Since 1984, both sides have stationed troops in the region, leading to occasional clashes. However,
most casualties are due to the extreme conditions rather than direct combat.
4. Attempts at Peace:
Several rounds of talks have been held, but no agreement has been reached. In 2005, both countries
agreed on a "No War, No Peace" stance, but the region remains heavily militarized.
5. Current Status:
India controls most of the glacier, while Pakistan controls surrounding areas. Despite attempts for
peace, the dispute over Siachen remains unresolved within the broader Kashmir conflict.
REVOKATION OF
ARTICLE 370
and
ARTICLE 35(A)
 REVOCATION OF ARTICLE 370

The revocation of Article 370 on August 5, 2019, by the Indian government ended Jammu and
Kashmir's special status, which had granted the region autonomy under the Indian Constitution.
1. Key Changes:
Abolition of Special Status: Article 370, which allowed Jammu and Kashmir to have its own
constitution and a degree of autonomy, was effectively revoked. Indian laws were made
applicable to the region.
Reorganization: Jammu and Kashmir was split into two Union Territories: Jammu and
Kashmir (with a legislature) and Ladakh (without a legislature).
Demographic and Legal Shifts: The move allowed non-residents to buy property in the region,
raising concerns about demographic changes.
2. Political Reactions:
India: The ruling BJP hailed it as a historic step toward full integration of Jammu and Kashmir
with India, while opposition parties criticized it as unconstitutional.
Jammu and Kashmir: Local political leaders opposed the move, seeing it as an attack on the
region’s identity. There were arrests, curfews, and a communications blackout imposed.
Pakistan: Strongly condemned the decision, calling it illegal and a violation of international
law.
 3. Impact:
Security: Increased military presence and violence in the region, with
the potential for further unrest.
Economic Disruption: Affected local businesses and daily life due to
communication restrictions and security lockdowns.
Legal Challenges: The revocation was challenged in India’s Supreme
Court, but no final ruling has been made.
4. Broader Implications:
The move has escalated tensions between India and Pakistan and
complicated the Kashmir conflict. It has also raised concerns about
human rights and political autonomy for the people of Jammu and
Kashmir.
Article 35A of the Indian Constitution was a provision that granted special rights and privileges to the residents
of Jammu and Kashmir. It was introduced through a Presidential Order in 1954, under the powers granted by
Article 370.
1. Purpose and Provisions:
Article 35A gave the Jammu and Kashmir State Legislature the authority to define "permanent residents" of
the state and grant them special rights and privileges. These included:
The right to own property in the state.
Special employment opportunities in the government.
Educational benefits and welfare schemes exclusive to permanent residents.
It essentially protected the region's demographic makeup and ensured that only those recognized as
permanent residents could hold certain rights and benefits, especially regarding land ownership and jobs.
2. Legal Status:
Article 35A was not included in the original text of the Indian Constitution but was added via a Presidential
Orderin 1954. This was done under the powers of Article 370, which grants Jammu and Kashmir a special
status.
The provision was meant to protect the unique demographic and political status of the region, which had
acceded to India under specific conditions in 1947.
 3. Controversy:
Critics argued that Article 35A discriminated against non-residents, particularly women and people from outside Jammu and
Kashmir, by denying them property rights or the ability to hold government jobs. For instance, if a woman from Jammu and
Kashmir married someone from outside the state, she would lose her "permanent resident" status.
Some also saw the provision as unconstitutional, as it was not passed through Parliament but by a Presidential Order, leading
to debates about its legitimacy.
4. Revocation:
On August 5, 2019, alongside the revocation of Article 370, the Indian government also effectively nullified Article 35A. This
allowed Indian citizens from outside Jammu and Kashmir to apply for property rights and government jobs in the region.
This decision sparked strong reactions from local political leaders and residents, who saw it as an infringement on their
rights and identity. It was viewed by many as a move to alter the region’s demographic makeup and political status.
5. Impact:
Legal and Social Changes: The revocation of Article 35A ended the special privileges for Jammu and Kashmir's residents,
allowing people from other parts of India to acquire land and apply for government jobs in the region.
Political Backlash: Many local parties and separatists opposed the move, fearing that it would lead to demographic changes
and undermine the region's distinct political identity. Additionally, there were concerns about the impact on women’s rights,
especially in terms of property inheritance and residency rights.
Tensions with Pakistan: Pakistan strongly condemned the revocation, seeing it as an attempt to alter the disputed status of
Jammu and Kashmir.
 Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019
The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019 was passed by the Indian Parliament in August 2019 as part of the
government's decision to revoke Jammu and Kashmir's (J&K) special status under Article 370 of the Indian
Constitution. The act came into effect on October 31, 2019, and reorganized the state into two separate union
territories:
1. Jammu and Kashmir (with a legislature).
2. Ladakh (without a legislature).
Key Provisions of the Act:
1. Bifurcation of the State:
Jammu and Kashmir became a union territory with its own legislative assembly.
Ladakh became a separate union territory administered by the central government.
2. End of Special Status:
Article 370 and Article 35A, which granted autonomy and special privileges to J&K, were nullified.
Central laws were extended to J&K and Ladakh.
3. Legislative and Administrative Changes:
The Legislative Assembly of J&K was given limited powers, with public order and policing under central control.
The division of assets, liabilities, and employees between J&K and Ladakh was outlined.
 Impact of the Act:
1. Administrative Integration:
The central government gained direct administrative control, leading to greater central oversight.
Critics argued that the move was undemocratic, as no local consultation was undertaken.
2. Economic Implications:
The government projected increased investment, industrial growth, and job creation due to the
removal of restrictions on property ownership.
Land reforms allowed non-residents to purchase property, which was earlier restricted to J&K
residents.
3. Security Concerns:
The abrogation led to increased military deployment and temporary restrictions on communication
and movement to manage potential unrest.
Militancy and separatist movements in the Kashmir Valley remained significant challenges.
4. Human Rights Concerns:
Critics pointed to prolonged internet shutdowns, detentions of political leaders, and restricted
freedoms in the region.
Prolonged lockdowns affected daily life, leading to domestic and international criticism.
 Pakistan’s Response:
1. Diplomatic Actions:
Pakistan condemned the move, calling it a violation of United Nations resolutions on Kashmir.
It downgraded diplomatic ties with India, expelled the Indian High Commissioner, and suspended
bilateral trade.
2. International Lobbying:
Pakistan raised the issue in international forums like the United Nations and the Organization of
Islamic Cooperation (OIC), seeking global intervention.
However, most countries treated the issue as an internal matter of India.
3. Border and Security Tensions:
Increased ceasefire violations and cross-border shelling occurred along the Line of Control (LoC).
Pakistan expressed concerns over demographic changes in Kashmir.
4. Support for Separatist Movements:
Pakistan reiterated its support for separatist groups, which India accused of being part of its proxy
war strategy in Kashmir.
 CROSS BORDER TERRORISM
It is also true that the ideological roots of islamic fundamentalism started in south
asia. History reveals that the founder of jamaat-e-Islami in Pakistan was Maulana
Maududi(1903-1979). He inspired men like Sayyid Qutub to further spread it. Maududi’s
Islamic Liberation theology was antithesis for the west. Maududi in fact called for
universal jihad by all muslims to fight western barbarism by providing an ideological
framework for sunni fundamentalist groups.

According to Hussian Haqqani, Pakistan's ambassador to US from 2008-2011 has said that Pakistan
had adopted jihad or the use of proxy warriors fighting in name of islam as a strategy against
india. Pervez Musharaf had acknowledged ISI(Pak’s Inter services Intelligence) enabled jaish and
another other similar groups to carry out attacks within India. The broader goal to re-establish
Islamic rule in India and other historically Muslim lands.
 HARKAT UL MUJAHIDEEN (HUM)- HUM was the first group with the task of
annexing jammu and kashmir after the soviet-afghan war. It’s members conducted
insurgent and terrorist acts primarily in Kashmir. The last known leader of the group
was Farooq Kashmiri. In addition HUM has been involved in numerous attacks

Masood Azhar-In 1994 Azhar using a portuguese passport, travelled to Srinagar

and met with A military commander , Sajjad Afghani. On Feb 11, 1994 the 2 were
caught and sent to prison in Jammu. Azhar’s importance to the jihadists was made
clear to the indian authorities in july 1995, when 6 Western tourists were kidnapped
in kashmir by terrorists group named Al Faran.
 IC-814 Hijack- from Kathmandu to Kandahar
On December 24,1999 an Indian Airlines flight , IC-
814(kathmandu-delhi) was hijacked. The captain Devi
Sharan, to avoid leaving Indian territory, managed to
convince the hijackers to land in Amritsar. While the
plane stood out for 45 mins. Indian authorities remained
indecisive as usual. The plane then flew off to Lahore,
where it was refuelled and finally landed in Kandahar,
Afghanistan. On Dec 31,1999 the terrorists released the
passengers and crew in exchange for Ahmed Omar Saed
Sheikh, Mushtaq Zargar and Masood Azhar.
 JAISH-E-MUHAMMAD
Azhar founded jem in march 2000. He set up the headquarter for
Jaish at a seminary in the heart of bahawalpur and from the
beginning, it was clear to the residents of bahawalpur that he had
state support as acknowledged years later by President Musharraf
On october 1, 2001 a car loaded with explosives rammed into
the gates of J&K Legislative Assembly after which 2 men entered
the building and began shooting
On Dec 13,2001 a similar attack was executed on India’s
Parliament.
In early hours of jan 2016, 4 Jaish operatives attacked an air
base in Pathankot, Punjab about 15 miles of pakistan border
Azar was put on the UN designated terrorists lists on may 1.
LASHKAR-E-TAIBA- LET meaning “Army of Peace” is a violent
Islamist group based in Pakistan. Although LeT is becoming
involved with global jihadist movement and has reportedly vowed
to plant the “flag of islam” in washington, Jel Aviv and New
Delhi. Although the group focuses on J&K.
The group received significant importance and international
attention after the 2008 Mumbai attacks.

2. United Jihad Council- The United Jihad Council aka Muttahida

Jihad Council (MJC) is an umbrella organisation formed by the
Pakistan Army for unified command and control over the militant
groups operating in Jammu & Kashmir. It was formed in 1994 and
currently headed by Salahuddin.
 3. Indian Mujahideer- According to Indian Intelligence IM is a loose
network of Islamic organisations based in India. It has been blamed for
a string of deadly bombings inthe 2000s- including the jaipur, delhi and
guwahati

4. Hizbul Mujahideer(HM)- The HM was founded in 1989 in the kashmir

valley as the militant wing of the jamaat-e-islami ast the behest of ISI
to counter the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front which had
advocated complete independence of the state. Syws Sakahuddin was
among the 1st generation of kashmiris who crossed into PAK from the
valley in 1989-90 to receive training from ISI to fight Indian State. ISI
assisted Salahuddin in taking over HM as its “supreme commander”.
 HAWALA NETWORK- THE HAWALA SYSTEM REFERS TO AN
INFORMAL CHANNEL FOR TRANSFERRING FUNDS FROM ONE
LOCATION TO ANOTHER THROUGH SERVICE PROVIDERS-
KNOWN AS HAWALDARS. THE ENTIRE SYSTEM WORKS ON
IOUS( I OWE YOU)- A PERSON WANTING TO TRANSFER
FUNDS ILLEGALLY CONTACTS A HAWALDAR AND GIVES A
FIRM AMOUNT THAT NEEDS TO BE TRANSFERRED PLUS THE
HAWALDAR’S FEES. HAWALA NETWORK IS HOW
INTERNATIONAL ENTITIES FUND TERRORISM IN INDIA.
 India’s Response
AJIT DOVAL THE NATIONAL SECURITY ADVISOR OF INDIA, LAID OUT THE
‘OFFENSIVE DEFENSIVE” DOCTRINE FOR COUNTERING TERRORISM
EMANATING FROM PAKISTAN. HE EXPLAINED THAT THERE ARE 3 MODES TO
ENGAGE AN ENEMY
1. DEFENSIVE OFFENCE- I.E. WHERE SOLDIERS STRIKE BACK AFTER THEIR
TERRITORY IS ATTACKED.
2. OFFENSIVE DEFENSE- WHERE WE WILL GO TO THE PLACE FROM WHERE
THE OFFNECE IS COMING
3. OFFENSIVE MODEL- WHERE YOU GO TO OUTRIGHT WAR
HE EXPLAINED WITH EXAMPLE, “YOU THREW 100 STONES AT ME , I STOP 90,
STILL 10 HURT ME AND I CAN NEVER WIN.”
 CULTURAL RELATIONS
1. The culture of a nation is representative of a country’s ideas
and values. Religion and culture is often used to sustain regimes,
as a powerful tool in politics.

2) SOFT POWER-
The term ‘soft power’ coined by Joseph Nye, is the ability to attract
and co-opt rather than coerce.
3 pillars of soft power- (i) political values
(ii) culture
(iii) foreign policy

3) Soft power uses a country’s economic and cultural influence to

persuade countries to do something rather than using military
influence.
 CULTURAL HOMOGENEITY
1. Language- the cultural homogeneity is evident in languages spoken in Pakistan, predominantly English, Urdu and Punjabi.
36 Million Indians have Punjabi as their first language and 63 million speakers converse in Urdu. English has been
adopted by both countries from their colonial ancestors.
2. Entertainment- This allows states to share, exchange and enjoy each other’s cultural pursuits.
Example- Bollywood, which is the film industry enjoyed by mostly North Indian population has a huge following in
Pakistan too. Whereas, Pakistani soap operas are enjoyed in India.
Eateries in Delhi often play songs from Coke studio, Pakistan an entertainment programme produced in pakistan and
enjoyed by Indian viewers.
Actors and actresses who are originally from Pakistan are widely admired by Indian viewers.
The 2016 ban of Indian movies, ads and soap operas in Pakistan after India launched air strikes in Pakistan territories is
considered to be detrimental to the Pakistani box office.
3. Cricket- The 2 states share a common interest for cricket and citizens enthusiastically participate in supporting their
teams.
Cricket diplomacy is the utilisation of cricket as a political tool to influence relations between the 2 countries.
Former Pakistani president Zia-Ul-Haq established cricket diplomacy between the two countries with this ‘cricket for
peace’ initiative when he came to India to watch a test match in 1987.

4. Fashion Industry- Pakistani and Indian fashion choices are very similar and viewers in both nations are introduced to
each other’s fashion choices through serials and movies.
Indian designers such as Sabyasachi are highly sought after in Pakistan, whereas Indian consumers enjoy a design by
Sana Safinaz.
 Economic Purview

TRADE RELATIONS- Trade relations between India and Pakistan have historically been complex,
shaped by political tensions, regional security concerns, and the broader geopolitical context.
However, despite these challenges, both countries have engaged in trade at various levels over the
years.
1. Historical Context: After the partition in 1947, India and Pakistan initially had some trade
relations, but these dwindled over time due to political disputes, particularly over the Kashmir
conflict. Trade links were further hampered by wars (1965, 1971) and a focus on military security.
2. Trade Barriers: India and Pakistan have largely maintained restrictive trade policies. Pakistan
has often cited security concerns and political instability as reasons for limiting imports from
India. India, in turn, has imposed tariffs and restrictions, especially after events such as the 2001
Indian Parliament attack and the 2008 Mumbai attacks, for which Pakistan-based militants were
accused.
3. Bilateral Trade Volume: In recent years, bilateral trade has remained low compared to
its potential. The volume of trade peaked at around $2.7 billion in 2017 but saw a sharp
decline after Pakistan imposed a ban on Indian goods in 2019 following the revocation of
Article 370 in Jammu and Kashmir by India.
4. Main Exports and Imports: India's main exports to Pakistan include cotton, chemicals,
machinery, and agricultural products, while Pakistan exports cement, fruit, and textiles to
India. However, much of the trade occurs informally through third-party countries due to
the lack of direct cross-border trade infrastructure
5.Regional and Global Influences: India's broader economic integration with the world,
including free trade agreements and participation in organizations like the World Trade
Organization (WTO), contrasts with Pakistan's more limited economic ties with global
markets. This disparity influences the nature of trade relations between the two countries.
 Recent Developments: Political tensions remain high, with occasional
attempts to restart dialogues, such as the 2011 and 2012 trade talks, which
have often been derailed by incidents of violence or diplomatic strains.
Efforts to improve cross-border trade, such as via the Kartarpur Corridor
(facilitating religious tourism) and informal trade routes, have been
limited.
In summary, while India and Pakistan have the potential for a significant
trade partnership, political and security tensions have consistently
hindered the development of stable economic ties.
 ONE BELT ONE ROAD.

THE CONCEPTION OF BRI KAZAKHSTAN, 2013 XI JINPING SAID, " WE SHOULD TAKE AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH
AND JOINTLY BUILD AN ECONOMIC BELT ALONG THE SILK ROAD."
A MONTH LATER XI WAS IN INDONESIA AT THE 2013 SUMMIT OF THE ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS
(ASEAN) HE SAID," THE TWO SIDES SHOULD WORK TOGETHER TO BUILD A MARITIME SILK ROAD IN THE 21ST
CENTURY. THESE 2 PHRASES WERE THE FIRST MENTIONS OF XI'S LEGACY PROJECT, THE MULTI TRILLION $ BELT
INITIATIVE OR BRI.
THE BRI IS DIVIDED INTO 2 COMPONENTS-:

1. OVERLAND ECONOMIC BELT- 6 CORRIDORS THAT SERVE IN AND OUT OF CHINA, THE FLAGSHIP CORRIDOR IS THE
CPEC. ACCORDING TO ANALYSTS THE CORRIDOR HAS RECEIVED MORE THAN 70 BILLION IN FUNDING UP UNTIL
2018 2019.OTHERS INCLUDE THE CAWA CORRIDOR ETC.
2. THE MARITIME SILK ROAD (MSR) - PROPOSES TO LINK CHINA'S COAST WITH SOUTH EAST ASIA, INDIAN OCEAN,
THE ARABIAN SEA, AFRICA EXTENDING TO EUROPE THROUGH A CHAIN OF SEAPORTS
EG→ HAMBANTOTA, DJIBOUTI PORT, ETC
THE BRE INCLUDES EVERYTHING FROM INDUSTRIAL PARKS, FIIBRE OPTIC NETWORKS , OIL REFINERIES, RAIL
NETWORKS ETC. EVERYTHING IS DESIGNED TO MAKE TRADE WITH CHINA EASIER.

• ORIGINAL SILK ROAD AROSE DURING THE WESTWARD EXPANSION OF CHINA'S HAN DYNASTY ( 206 BCE -
220CE) WHICH FORGED TRADE NETWORKS THROUGHOUT. WHAT TODAY THE CENTRAL ASIAN: COUNTRIES O F
AFGHANISTAN, KAZAKHSTAN, KYRGYZSTAN, TAJIKISTAN, TURKMENISTAN AND UZBEKISTAN AS WELL AS
MODERN DAY INDIA & PAKISTAN TO THE SOUTH
THESE ROUTES EXTENDED MORE THAN 4000 MILES TO EUROPE.
 China pakistan economic corridor-
the idea of CPEC was first conceived in 1993 when zhu rongji, china’s vice premier requested shahid
burki ,the then director of world banks china operations to help china develop a corridor for trade
and tourism.

1. In november 2003 , both the countries signed a joint declaration of cooperation to promote
trade and development. This established the china pakistan joint committee on economic trade
, scientific and technological cooperation (JEC).In 2006 , Pakistan china free trade agreement
was signed.

2.the the pakistan prime minister nawaz sharif visit to beijing in the signing of the memorandum of
understanding (MOU) for developing the 2000 km energy and economic corridor.

3.in april 2015, 51 agreements of MOU contract were signed which marked the beginning of CPEC.
 Route
THE PHYSICAL CORRIDOR OF CPEC CONSISTS OF AN INTERCONNECTED HIGHWAY , RAILWAY AND PIPELINE SYSTEM.
IN MAY 2015, THE PAKISTAN GOVERNMENT UNVEILED THE THREE HIGHWAY ROUTES FOR THE PROJECT.
1.A WESTERN ROUTE THROUGH BALOCHISTAN AND KHYBER PROVINCES.

2.AN EASTERN ROUTE THROUGH SINDH AND PUNJAB PROVINCE.

3.A CENTRAL ROUTE CROSSING THE COUNTRY.

4)WESTERN HIGHWAY ROUTE CONNECT THE KASHGAR VIA THE KARAKORAM HIGHWAY WHICH IS THE MAJOR SYMBOL OF
CHINA PAKISTAN COOPERATION.

5)THE CPEC WAS THE LONG TERM PLAN (2017-2030) FOCUSES ON INTRODUCING NEW AGRICULTURAL TECHNIQUES TO
INCREASE AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT OF PAKISTAN.

6)THESE PRODUCTS WOULD NEED TO BE EXPORTED TO EARN FOREIGN EXCHANGE.

7) SELL THESE PRODUCTS IN INTERNATIONAL MARKETS. EG- GULF OF EUROPE.

TO SELL THESE PRODUCTS IN CHINA.
 CONFIDENCE BUILDING MEASURES
Confidence-Building Measures (CBMs) are actions taken by countries to reduce tensions, build
trust, and promote cooperation, creating a more stable and peaceful environment.

1. Diplomatic & political Cbm’s

1. Establishment of Diplomatic Relations: Re-established in 1976 after the 1971 war, diplomatic relations have been
maintained despite periods of tension.
2. High-Level Visits: Regular visits by heads of state, foreign ministers, and other officials have helped to maintain dialogue
and build personal relationships.
3. Foreign Secretary-Level Talks: Regular talks between foreign secretaries have provided a platform for discussing bilateral
issues and resolving disputes.
2. Economic cbm’s
1. Trade Normalization: The 2004 agreement to normalize trade relations aimed to increase trade and economic
cooperation.
2. Wagah-Attari Border Trade: Established in 2007, this trade route has facilitated the exchange of goods between
India and Pakistan.
3. Cross-LoC Trade: Initiated in 2008, this trade mechanism allows for the exchange of goods between Indian-
administered Kashmir and Pakistan-administered Kashmir.
 Security CBMs

1. Ceasefire Agreement: Signed in 1972, this agreement aimed to reduce hostilities along the Line of
Control (LoC).
2. Advance Notice of Military Exercises: This agreement requires both countries to provide advance notice
of military exercises to prevent misunderstandings.
3. Hotline Contact: A hotline between the two countries' militaries has been established to prevent
misunderstandings and reduce tensions.
_People-to-People CBMs

1. _Bus Diplomacy_: The Delhi-Lahore bus service, launched in 1999, has facilitated people-to-people contacts
and promoted cultural understanding.
2. _Railway Link_: The Thar Express train service, launched in 2006, has connected India's Rajasthan state
with Pakistan's Sindh province.
3. _Cultural Exchange Programs_: Various programs have been initiated to promote cultural
understanding, including exchanges in music, dance, and art.
4. _Kartarpur Corridor_: Inaugurated in 2019, the Kartarpur Corridor allows Indian pilgrims to visit the
Gurdwara Darbar Sahib in Pakistan without a visa, promoting people-to-people contacts and religious
tourism.
 _Humanitarian CBMs_
1. _Indo-Pak Joint Judicial Committee_: Established to review prisoner cases and facilitate repatriation, this committee has helped to
address humanitarian concerns.
2. _Release of Prisoners_: Regular releases of prisoners, including fishermen, have helped to build trust and promote people-to-people
contacts.
3. _Cross-LoC Travel_: Facilitated travel for families separated by the LoC has helped to promote people-to-people contacts and address
humanitarian concerns.
Challenges and Future Prospects_

Despite these CBMs, India-Pakistan relations remain complex and challenging. Future prospects for improving relations depend on:

1. _Sustained Dialogue_: Regular and sustained dialogue between the two countries is essential for building trust and resolving disputes.
2. _Building Trust_: Building trust through consistent actions and follow-through on commitments is critical for improving relations.
3. _Addressing Core Issues_: Addressing core issues, such as Kashmir and terrorism, in a meaningful and sustainable manner is
essential for improving relations.

By building on these CBMs and addressing the challenges, India and Pakistan can work towards a more stable and peaceful
relationship.
Thankyou