Paper 2 (Multiple Choice and Structured Questions)
Section A: Multiple Choice Questions
1. Classification of Biological Organisms
Which of the following is a characteristic of the kingdom Fungi?
A. Autotrophic nutrition
B. Cell walls made of chitin
C. Presence of chloroplasts
D. Movement using cilia
2. Inheritance
In a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous individuals (Aa), what is the
probability of producing a homozygous recessive offspring?
A. 25%
B. 50%
C. 75%
D. 100%
3. DNA
Which of the following is correct about the structure of DNA?
A. It contains uracil instead of thymine.
B. It is a single-stranded molecule.
C. It has a sugar-phosphate backbone.
D. It contains ribose sugar.
4. Protein Synthesis
During translation, what is the role of tRNA?
A. To carry amino acids to the ribosome
B. To transcribe DNA into mRNA
C. To replicate the DNA strand
D. To remove introns from pre-mRNA
5. Cell Division
Which of the following occurs during meiosis but not during mitosis?
A. Formation of two identical daughter cells
B. Pairing of homologous chromosomes
C. Replication of DNA
D. Separation of sister chromatids
6. Variations & Selection
Which type of selection favors individuals with intermediate phenotypes?
A. Stabilizing selection
B. Directional selection
C. Disruptive selection
D. Artificial selection
7. Genetic Engineering
What is the role of restriction enzymes in genetic engineering?
A. To join DNA fragments together
B. To cut DNA at specific sequences
C. To amplify DNA using PCR
D. To insert DNA into host cells
8. Ecology
In a food chain, which organism is typically a primary consumer?
A. Grass
B. Rabbit
C. Fox
D. Hawk
Section B: Structured Questions
1. Classification of Biological Organisms
a) Explain the differences between the five kingdoms of living organisms.
b) Describe how molecular evidence (e.g., DNA sequencing) has improved the
classification of organisms.
2. Inheritance
a) In humans, the allele for brown eyes (B) is dominant over the allele for blue
eyes (b). A heterozygous man and a homozygous recessive woman have children.
i) Draw a Punnett square to show the possible genotypes of their offspring.
ii) What is the probability of their child having blue eyes?
b) Explain why sex-linked disorders are more common in males than in females.
3. DNA
a) Describe the structure of a DNA molecule, including the roles of hydrogen
bonds and complementary base pairing.
b) Explain how the structure of DNA allows it to replicate semi-conservatively.
4. Protein Synthesis
a) Outline the process of transcription and translation.
b) Explain how a mutation in the DNA sequence could affect the protein
produced.
5. Cell Division
a) Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis.
b) Explain the significance of meiosis in producing genetic variation.
6. Variations & Selection
a) Define the term "natural selection" and explain how it leads to evolution.
b) Describe an example of directional selection in a population.
7. Genetic Engineering
a) Outline the steps involved in producing insulin using genetically modified
bacteria.
b) Discuss the ethical concerns surrounding genetic engineering in humans.
8. Ecology
a) Explain the role of decomposers in an ecosystem.
b) Describe how energy is transferred through a food chain and explain why
energy is lost at each trophic level.
Paper 4 (Theory)
Section A: Long Answer Questions
1. Classification of Biological Organisms
a) Discuss the challenges of classifying viruses and explain why they are not
included in the five-kingdom system.
b) Evaluate the use of dichotomous keys in identifying organisms.
2. Inheritance
a) Explain the difference between codominance and incomplete dominance,
using examples.
b) Describe how a pedigree chart can be used to trace the inheritance of a
genetic disorder.
3. DNA
a) Explain how the Meselson-Stahl experiment provided evidence for the semi-
conservative replication of DNA.
b) Discuss the importance of DNA profiling in forensic science.
4. Protein Synthesis
a) Describe the roles of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA in protein synthesis.
b) Explain how a frameshift mutation could affect the structure and function of a
protein.
5. Cell Division
a) Explain the significance of crossing over and independent assortment in
meiosis.
b) Discuss how errors in meiosis can lead to conditions such as Down syndrome.
6. Variations & Selection
a) Explain how antibiotic resistance in bacteria is an example of natural selection.
b) Discuss the impact of human activities on the evolution of species.
7. Genetic Engineering
a) Describe the process of gene therapy and its potential benefits and risks.
b) Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of genetically modified crops.
8. Ecology
a) Explain the concept of a carbon cycle and the role of photosynthesis and
respiration in maintaining it.
b) Discuss the impact of deforestation on biodiversity and the carbon cycle.
