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According to Francisco Alonso, Cristina Esteban it al. Road safety is a complex process that not
only depends on technical and environmental improvements, but in a major part from human factors. In
this sense, recent empirical studies have remarked the need to study the interaction between subject
and laws, at the glance of several elements preceding road behavior. This is the case of attitudes,
opinions and perceptions in the field of road safety, factors that influence the interaction with issues
such as traffic rules, police supervision, penalties and justice in traffic. The objective of this study was to
describe the self-rated knowledge and perceptions regarding traffic norms and its interaction with road
safety among drivers. For this study, a sample of 1,100 Spanish drivers was obtained from a national
sampling process. The results showed that the clear majority of drivers consider they know in a sufficient
manner the traffic norms, and consider them as effective. Concerning police supervision, almost 70% of
them consider that it is effective, but generally assumes that traffic agents prefer to be located in
strategical places to catch offenders, rather than in really dangerous places. Regarding sanctions, drivers
conceived the punishment to road offenders principally as educational and tax-collection measures.
Finally, the general assessment of justice in traffic provided by Spanish drivers has shown a regular-low
valuation degree. The obtained results invite to discuss about the interaction between traffic norms and
road user, with the aim of promoting a positive law enforcement as a manner to build road safety
culture. 10.1080/23311886.(2017).1393855

The Vessel Traffic Management System at the Batangas Baseport: Basis of Enhancing Vessel Traffic
Services at the Batangas Bay

Flora V. Javier | Carlos Aguado

This study assessed the status of implementation of the Vessel Traffic Management System at the
Batangas Baseport. Specifically, it determined the previous and current state of marine traffic in
Batangas Bay, identified the marine hazards that have become evident at the Batangas Bay Area and
determined the vessels’ compliance with the rules or provisions of the VTMS and the subsequent
imposition of penalty fees for non-compliance. The study utilized the descriptive method of research.
Personal interviews were conducted with the management and concerned offices. The gathered data
were analyzed using frequency, rank, sum, mean, percentage and ratio. Results showed that there was
heavy marine traffic during the period under study. Most marine accidents involved collisions and
grounding while spill incidents were mainly oil or oil products of small manufacturing companies, cargo
ships or tankers were relatively small in quantity compared to world record of oil spills. There was an
effective implementation of the Vessel Traffic Management System at the Baseport evidenced by the
vessels’ compliance with the provisions of the VTMS that has resulted to avoidance of accidents. The
reasons of non-compliance are generally minor in nature which requires minimal penalty fees.
Social Traffic Rules: The Heart of Foreign Language Learning and Teaching

Bruce Bain | Agnes Yu | Agnes Chang

The paper seeks to highlight the advantages of bilingualism but cautions the likely problems
encountered in foreign language communication and the need for observing the Social Traffic Rules in
foreign language learning and teaching. Bilingualism empowers more, restricts less and challenges the
mind of its user more fully than does monolingualism. But foreign language teachers and students need
to be sensitive to the Social Traffic Rules (STR) of language communication. Social Traffic Rules are
implicit rules by which people mediate speaking and listening strategies. They are social values, serving
the social function of marking the totems and taboos in dialogues between people from different
cultural backgrounds. It is suggested that re-constitutive ethnography is a sound method of collecting
and disseminating STR data as ethnographic analysis allows for precise data gathering, and nurtures
insights into the more fluid pedagogical requirements. For the purpose of inter-ethnic communication
and foreign language learning, re-constitutive ethnography becomes a viable pedagogy.

Metro Manila Traffic Regulation and the Public Bus Industry,Eric Vincent C. Batalla

This article examines the complexities of the traffic problem in Metro Manila. It has two contentions.
The first is that the ineffectiveness of traffic regulation stems from the lack of a clear authoritative body
on transportation and traffic. This has contributed to rules that are poorly defined, integrated, and
communicated. Hence, rules and regulation are highly discretionary in their enforcement. The second
major contention provides that, if poorly regulated, a public transport system dominated by private
groups does not always produce socially beneficial results. This is widely recognized in the economics
discipline. Privately-owned and managed facilities have introduced competitive practices that
characteristically disrupt smooth vehicular flow. The case of public buses on EDSA is provided here. The
case reveals another cause of urban traffic congestion: the revenue-maximizing behavior of transient
transport workers regulated by low-paid traffic enforcers. The article suggests that relevant structural
solutions be considered.
A Comprehensive Evaluation of Road Safety Awareness Among Drivers and Motorists in Zamboanga
Peninsula

Marjorie Jelly A. Adel | Angelica T. Borja | Johair J. Mangray | Bernandino P. Malang

Road safety is a matter of paramount concern on a global scale, given the substantial loss of life and
injury resulting from road accidents every year. This comprehensive study is dedicated to a meticulous
examination of road safety awareness and responsible conduct among drivers and motorists in
Zamboanga Peninsula, situated in the Philippines. The central aim of this research is to conduct a
detailed evaluation of the current status of road safety awareness and the responsible behaviors of
drivers and motorists within Zamboanga Peninsula. Our intention is to identify the pivotal factors that
influence road safety awareness and to recognize the barriers obstructing the translation of this
awareness into responsible road behavior. To accomplish this aim, the researchers have employed
quantitative techniques. A meticulously structured questionnaire survey was administered to a diverse
cohort of drivers and motorists, which facilitated the collection of multifaceted data encompassing
demographics, the level of awareness regarding road safety regulations, and the determinants impacting
their on-road conduct. The quantitative dataset underwent rigorous analysis employing an array of
statistical methods, with the mean scores and ranking system employed to dissect the collected data.
The outcomes of this comprehensive research endeavor unveil a myriad of critical insights. Foremost, a
conspicuous gender disparity is evident among road users in Zamboanga Peninsula, with males
constituting the majority. Intriguingly, a substantial proportion of drivers falls within the age bracket of
26-35, signifying the demographic significance of this cohort. On the aspect of road safety awareness,
the study affirms the presence of a robust understanding of fundamental road safety principles, yet it
highlights the imperative need for focused attention to areas such as overtaking rules and the usage of
mobile phones during driving. The research points to inconsistent law enforcement and high levels of
traffic congestion as the most influential factors contributing to deficiencies in road safety awareness.
This comprehensive study serves to illuminate the complex road safety landscape in Zamboanga
Peninsula. It underscores the compelling necessity for region-specific interventions that cater to the
prevalent gender and age disparities among road users. Moreover, the research findings emphasize the
pivotal roles of law enforcement, traffic management, education, and targeted awareness campaigns in
the quest for an improved road safety scenario.

Illegal Parking Violators Real-time Monitoring using Image Processing

The study developed a system that alleviates the workload of traffic enforcers in dealing with drivers
who are violating the parking regulations. This system used Raspberry Pi paired with Raspberry Pi NoIR
camera module to monitor illegal parking areas. The videos streamed were used as an input to the
system and underwent image processing to extract the plate number of the vehicle, notify the traffic
enforcer and gather evidence as a basis for apprehension. This eliminates roving teams that monitor
different areas as well as saves time when dealing with unruly violators. SMS notification is utilized to
inform traffic enforcers after the system has detected an illegal parking violator. This was based on the
premise that mobile phones are handier and more capable of transmitting and receiving notification as
it utilizes full duplex operation compared to handheld radios that utilize half duplex operation. With the
use of this system, the existing apprehension schemes used by traffic enforcers are enhanced since the
system is fully automated and the manual human intervention is no longer necessary.

Traffic Management Plan Along Roxas Avenue, Iligan City: An Academe-LGU Initiative in Urban Transport

Metodia M. Trinidad | Jose A. Castro

Upon the request from Iligan City Traffic Management Office (ICTMO), a study is conducted to ease the
traffic congestion along Roxas Avenue, from Quezon Avenue to Consunji Street intersections, Iligan City.
The request is in line with the Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) on Academe-LGU Linkage in Urban
Transport between the City Government of Iligan and MSUIligan Institute of Technology (MSU-IIT).

Road inventory and intersection traffic volume counts are conducted in the study area to determine the
extent of the problem. Other traffic management measures, such as travel time, travel delay, etc., are
not included in the survey due to time and financial constraints.

The results show that the average volume-capacity ratio in the study area is 0.50, which falls within the
zone of stable flow. The percentage of vehicles that are right turning from Quezon Avenue to Roxas
Avenue and from Roxas Avenue to Zamora Street exceeds 7% of the through traffic. Business
establishments and vendors encroach the sidewalk areas. Traffic violations are rampant.
Recommendations are presented to alleviate traffic congestion.

Traffic Education Awareness among Tricycle Drivers in Buenavista, Agusan del Norte, Philippines

NELSON R ARCEO JR | JOMARI MICH T EJADA | LEONARD I OSORNO | JUNE PATRICK S TANGARORANG |
JHUN MARK S PATLUNAG
Traffic education is any kind of formal or informal education that aims at learning and improving the
knowledge, insight, skills, and attitudes that are necessary for safe traffic participation. This study aimed
to determine the different levels of traffic education among Tricycle Drivers in Buenavista, Agusan del
Norte. The descriptive-comparative method was one of the general procedures of research that was
used. The finding shows that the status of Traffic Education for drivers in Buenavista, Agusan del Norte is
regularly implemented by the continuous effort rendered by the BTMO officers and the drivers were
well-oriented about the Traffic Education that very important to them. It was recommended that the
drivers must cooperate with the development programs obey to have a safe journey. In addition, the
traffic enforcer, share or teach their drivers at least 15 minutes discussion per day towards additional
knowledge with regards to Traffic Education and the proper road used and conduct even not stated in
the syllabus for additional knowledge and learning’s of the drivers.

UTILIZATION OF MATRIX CONCEPTS FOR TRAFFIC CONTROL IN DAVAO CITY

Christelle L. Pacabis | Roxanne C. Ozoa | Renan P. Limjuco

A traffic matrix is a network-wide description of the total traffic volume carried within a domain, where
each element describes the volume of traffic that originates at one node and is destined for another,
and corresponds to an origin destination (OD) pair. The Davao City local government implemented a
project for traffic system with road sensors and CCTV (closed-circuit television) cameras but years after,
some traffic lights appear to be blinking. It then takes a long time before the traffic lights restored to its
usual function. Thus, not all of the intersection of streets in Davao City has traffic control. This study
aimed to utilize matrix concepts on traffic control through computations using systems of linear
equation and Gauss Jordan elimination involving actual traffic vehicle density data recorded from
selected 4-cornered and 3-cornered blocks of Davao City. A descriptive method, specifically a mix of field
survey and computational approach was utilized. The traffic matrix created indicates that for traffic to
keep flowing in the 4-cornered block, 1430, 151, and 261 cars per hour must be routed between
intersections 1 and 2, intersections 3 and 2, and intersections 3 and 4, respectively in an hour. For the 3-
cornered block, 200, 711 and 1094 cars per hour need to be routed between intersections 1 and 2, 3
and 2 and 1 and 3, respectively. Then, the matrix is used to know how to organize the vehicles and
control their entering and leaving a street to avoid traffic jam.

The Occupational Safety Hazards and Stress Experienced by Traffic Enforcers in Calamba City, Laguna: A
Basis for Developing a Stress Management Program

Rowy D. Bermudez | Orven Onele S. Odal | Angelo P. Bagadiong

The study aimed to determine the status of the occupational safety hazards and stress experienced by
traffic enforcers in Calamba City, Laguna as a basis for developing a stress management program. Using
the sequential explanatory design, the quantitative data were obtained from administering three
researcher-made questionnaires namely “Occupational Safety Hazard Identification Questionnaire”,
“Occupational Stress Level Questionnaire”, and “Coping Strategies of Traffic Enforcers Questionnaire” to
the 112 male traffic enforcers of the Calamba City Transport Management Office (CCTMO). Qualitative
data were gathered through semi-structured interview, observation and photography. Data were
analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative findings indicated that the traffic
enforcers often encountered the chemical hazards, sometimes encountered the physical hazards,
ergonomic and psychosocial factors, and rarely encountered the biological and accidental hazards, and
organizational factors. Generally, they had moderate level of occupational stress level and used almost
every time both the emotion-focused and problem-focused coping strategies in an interchangeable or
reciprocal manner. Statistical findings concluded that there was a significant difference on their
occupational stress levels when grouped according to their age; however, no significant difference was
found when grouped according to their civil status, educational level, and years in service. Qualitative
results revealed six (6) major adverse health effects of the occupational safety hazards to the traffic
enforcers, such as respiratory problems, neurological condition, stomach problem, musculoskeletal
issues, hearing problems, and psychological conditions. Based on the significant findings of both
qualitative and quantitative results, the developed stress management program mainly focused on
sustaining the resiliency of the traffic enforcers and promoting a positive attitude towards their
workplace.