KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA ALOR SETAR
PTR2043
TOURISM GEOGRAPHY
TOPIC: GROUP ASSIGNMENT CASE STUDY
PREPARED FOR: SIR MOHD RUSHEZAT RUSLI
PREPARED BY:
NAME MATRIX ID
MOHD DANIEL IZWAN BIN DZULKEPEE ASJ240410408
NURUL HUMAIRA SOFIA BINTI JAMALUDDIN ASJ240410469
NUR ALYA MAISARAH BINTI HAIROL AZMI ASJ240410352
SECTIONS: AT 2.2
1.0 AUSTRALIA
1.1 5 NATURAL ATTRACTION
Australia is home to stunning natural attractions that showcase its diverse landscapes, from
rainforests and mountains to deserts and coral reefs. Here are five must-visit natural
attractions:
1. Great Barrier Reef (Queensland) – The world’s largest coral reef system, stretching over
2,300 km, home to diverse marine life and a paradise for snorkeling and diving.
2. Uluru (Northern Territory) – A massive sandstone monolith sacred to the Anangu
Aboriginal people, famous for its stunning color changes at sunrise and sunset.
3. Blue Mountains (New South Wales) – A breathtaking UNESCO-listed mountain range,
known for its scenic views, waterfalls, hiking trails, and the famous Three Sisters rock
formation.
4. Daintree Rainforest (Queensland) – One of the oldest tropical rainforests in the world,
offering rich biodiversity, river cruises, and lush landscapes where the forest meets the Great
Barrier Reef.
5. Twelve Apostles (Victoria) – Iconic limestone rock formations along the Great Ocean
Road, shaped by erosion from the Southern Ocean, creating a dramatic coastal landscape.
These natural attractions highlight Australia’s unique ecosystems, stunning scenery, and rich
Indigenous heritage, making them must-visit destinations for nature lovers.
1.2 5 MAN MADE ATTRACTIONS
Australia is home to many iconic man-made attractions that showcase its rich history,
culture, and architectural brilliance. Here are five must-visit man-made attractions:
1. Sydney Opera House (New South Wales) – A world-famous architectural masterpiece,
known for its sail-like design, and a hub for performing arts, located along the Sydney
Harbour.
2. Sydney Harbour Bridge (New South Wales) – One of Australia’s most famous landmarks,
offering breathtaking views of Sydney and the option for visitors to climb to the top.
3. Great Ocean Road (Victoria) – A scenic coastal highway, built as a war memorial,
featuring stunning views, rugged cliffs, and famous rock formations like the Twelve Apostles.
4. Parliament House (Canberra, Australian Capital Territory) – The political center of
Australia, where visitors can learn about the country’s government and explore its modern
architectural design.
5. Queen Victoria Market (Victoria) – A historic open-air market in Melbourne, offering a
vibrant mix of fresh produce, local crafts, and cultural experiences, making it a major tourist
attraction.
These attractions reflect Australia’s urban creativity, history, and cultural significance,
drawing millions of visitors every year.
2.0 THAILAND
2.1 5 NATURAL ATTRACTIONS
Thailand is rich in natural attractions, offering stunning landscapes, lush jungles, and
breathtaking coastlines. Here are five must-visit natural attractions:
1. Phang Nga Bay (Phuket/Krabi) – Famous for its limestone karsts rising from emerald-
green waters, including the iconic James Bond Island and hidden sea caves.
2. Erawan Waterfalls (Kanchanaburi) – A seven-tiered waterfall in Erawan National Park,
known for its crystal-clear blue pools, perfect for swimming and hiking.
3. Doi Inthanon National Park (Chiang Mai) – Home to Thailand’s highest peak, this park
features cloud forests, stunning waterfalls, and panoramic mountain views.
4. Similan Islands (Phang Nga Province) – A world-renowned marine national park, offering
white-sand beaches, coral reefs, and some of the best diving spots in Thailand.
5. Khao Sok National Park (Surat Thani) – One of the oldest rainforests in the world,
featuring limestone cliffs, lush jungles, and the breathtaking Cheow Lan Lake.
These natural attractions highlight Thailand’s diverse landscapes, rich biodiversity, and
stunning scenery, making them perfect for nature lovers and adventure seekers.
2.2 5 MAN MADE ATTRACTION
Thailand is home to many impressive man-made attractions that reflect its rich history,
culture, and architectural brilliance. Here are five must-visit man-made attractions:
1. Grand Palace (Bangkok) – A stunning royal palace complex, home to Wat Phra Kaew
(Temple of the Emerald Buddha), and one of Thailand’s most sacred sites.
2. Wat Arun (Bangkok) – Also known as the Temple of Dawn, this iconic riverside temple
features a beautifully decorated central prang (spire) that shines at sunrise and sunset.
3. Bridge on the River Kwai (Kanchanaburi) – A historic World War II bridge, part of the
infamous Death Railway, built by prisoners of war under Japanese occupation.
4. Sanctuary of Truth (Pattaya) – A magnificent wooden temple, intricately carved with
Buddhist and Hindu mythological figures, showcasing Thai craftsmanship.
5. Damnoen Saduak Floating Market (Ratchaburi) – Thailand’s most famous floating market,
where visitors can experience traditional Thai commerce on wooden boats selling food,
fruits, and souvenirs.
These attractions highlight Thailand’s royal heritage, religious significance, and historical
depth, making them must-visit destinations for travelers.
3.0 BRUNEI
3.1 5 NATURAL ATTRACTIONS
Brunei is home to several stunning natural attractions, offering lush rainforests, pristine
rivers, and rich biodiversity. Here are five must-visit natural attractions in Brunei:
1. Ulu Temburong National Park – Often called the “Green Jewel of Brunei,” this untouched
rainforest features a canopy walk, waterfalls, and diverse wildlife, accessible only by boat.
2. Tasek Merimbun – The largest natural lake in Brunei, surrounded by dense forests and
rich birdlife, making it a perfect spot for nature lovers and photographers.
3. Bukit Patoi (Peradayan Forest Reserve) – A popular hiking trail leading to a stunning
panoramic view of Brunei’s rainforests and hills.
4. Luagan Lalak Recreation Park – A beautiful freshwater swamp forest, known for its
serene wooden walkways and seasonal mirror-like lake reflections.
5. Berakas Beach and Forest Reserve – A scenic coastal escape with golden sands, lush
greenery, and stunning sunset views along the South China Sea.
These attractions highlight Brunei’s rich natural heritage, offering visitors a chance to
experience the country’s pristine rainforests, diverse ecosystems, and tranquil landscapes
3.2 5 MAN MADE ATTRACTIONS
1. FLAG OF BRUNEI
The flag of Brunei consists of a yellow field with two diagonal stripes—white and black—
running from the top left to the bottom right. In the center, it features Brunei’s national
emblem, which includes a red crest, a parasol, wings, hands, and a crescent. The yellow
color represents the Sultan of Brunei, as yellow is traditionally associated with royalty in
Southeast Asia. The white and black stripes symbolize the two main royal officials, known as
Pengiran Bendahara and Pengiran Pemancha.The red emblem carries deep meaning, with
the crescent symbolizing Islam, the national religion, while the parasol and wings represent
monarchy and protection. Below the crescent, an inscription in Arabic script reads “Always in
service with God’s guidance”, while the banner beneath it states “Brunei Darussalam”,
meaning “Brunei, the Abode of Peace”. The flag was officially adopted on September 29,
1959, and remains a powerful symbol of Brunei’s sovereignty, Islamic faith, and royal
heritage.
2. CURRENCY OF BRUNEI
The official currency of Brunei is the Brunei Dollar (BND), symbolized as ”$” or “B$”, and it is
pegged to the Singapore Dollar (SGD) at a 1:1 exchange rate, allowing both currencies to be
used interchangeably in Brunei and Singapore.
3. THE CAPITAL CITY OF BRUNEI
The capital city of Brunei is Bandar Seri Begawan, which serves as the political, economic,
and cultural center of the country. It is home to significant landmarks like the Sultan Omar Ali
Saifuddien Mosque, the Istana Nurul Iman (the Sultan’s palace), and the famous Kampong
Ayer (Water Village).
4. GMT/UTC
Brunei follows Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) +8 or UTC +8, meaning it is eight hours ahead
of Coordinated Universal Time. The country does not observe Daylight Saving Time (DST),
keeping its time zone constant throughout the year.
3.3 THREE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
Brunei has one main international airport, which is Brunei International Airport (BWN),
located in the capital, Bandar Seri Begawan. It is the only international airport in the country
and serves as the main hub for Royal Brunei Airlines, connecting Brunei to destinations
across Asia, the Middle East, and Australia.
Since Brunei is a small country, there are no other major international airports. However,
there are a few small airstrips used for domestic and military purposes, such as Anduki
Airfield (serving the oil and gas industry in Seria) and Labu Airstrip (a private airfield).
Despite having only one main airport, Brunei’s aviation network is efficient and well-
connected to international destinations.
3.4 CLIMATE CHARACTERISTICS
Brunei has a tropical rainforest climate, characterized by high temperatures, humidity, and
heavy rainfall throughout the year. The country experiences no distinct dry season, as it
receives consistent rainfall due to its location near the equator. Average temperatures range
between 24°C to 32°C (75°F to 90°F), with high humidity levels of around 80% or more.
Brunei’s climate is influenced by the Northeast Monsoon (December to March), which brings
the wettest months, and the Southwest Monsoon (June to September), which is slightly drier
but still humid. Rainfall is frequent, especially between September and January, with
occasional thunderstorms and strong winds. Due to its dense tropical forests, Brunei’s
ecosystem thrives in this humid climate, supporting rich biodiversity. The warm and wet
conditions make it ideal for lush greenery, but also mean the country is prone to flash floods
during heavy rain periods.
3.5 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Brunei’s physical characteristics are defined by its tropical rainforests, hilly landscapes, and
coastal plains. The country is located on the island of Borneo, bordered by Malaysia and the
South China Sea. It is divided into two separate land areas, with the larger western part
containing most of the population and the smaller eastern part (Temburong District) being
heavily forested.
Brunei’s terrain consists of coastal lowlands along the South China Sea, which gradually rise
into hilly and mountainous areas inland. The highest point in Brunei is Bukit Pagon, standing
at 1,850 meters (6,070 feet). The country is rich in rivers and mangroves, with the Brunei
River flowing through the capital, Bandar Seri Begawan. Due to its dense tropical rainforest,
Brunei has a high level of biodiversity, with protected areas such as the Ulu Temburong
National Park, which preserves the country’s untouched jungle. The land is also rich in oil
and gas reserves, which are vital to Brunei’s economy.
3.6 SOCIO-CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
Brunei’s socio-cultural characteristics are deeply rooted in Islam, monarchy, and traditional
Malay customs, shaping the country’s identity and way of life. The official religion is Islam,
specifically Sunni Islam following the Shafi’i school of thought, and it plays a central role in
governance, education, and daily activities. The Sultan of Brunei is both the head of state
and the religious leader, reinforcing the country’s strong Islamic values.
The majority of Brunei’s population belongs to the Malay ethnic group, which includes Brunei
Malays, Kedayan, Dusun, Murut, and other indigenous groups. The country also has a
significant Chinese community, as well as expatriates from various countries. The official
language is Malay, but English is widely spoken, especially in business and education.
Bruneian society is known for its strong sense of respect, hierarchy, and hospitality.
Traditional customs, such as the Malay royal court traditions and festivals like Hari Raya
Aidilfitri, are celebrated nationwide. The concept of “Melayu Islam Beraja” (MIB), meaning
“Malay Islamic Monarchy”, is the foundation of Brunei’s national identity, emphasizing the
importance of Malay culture, Islamic faith, and the monarchy in the country’s governance
and daily life. Despite modernization, Brunei maintains a conservative and traditional
lifestyle, with strict laws influenced by Islamic principles, including Sharia law.
3.7 10 TOURIST DESTINATIONS
Brunei, despite its small size, has several unique tourist attractions that highlight its rich
history, Islamic heritage, and natural beauty. Here are 10 must-visit places in Brunei:
1. Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque – One of the most stunning mosques in Southeast
Asia, known for its golden dome, marble interior, and artificial lagoon.
2. Kampong Ayer (Water Village) – A historic settlement built on stilts over the Brunei River,
offering a glimpse into traditional Bruneian life.
3. Istana Nurul Iman – The official residence of the Sultan of Brunei and the world’s largest
palace, open to the public during Hari Raya Aidilfitri.
4. Jame’ Asr Hassanil Bolkiah Mosque – The largest mosque in Brunei, featuring 29 golden
domes in honor of the 29th Sultan.
5. Ulu Temburong National Park – A pristine rainforest reserve with a canopy walk,
waterfalls, and rich biodiversity, accessible by boat.
6. Royal Regalia Museum – Showcasing the Sultan’s royal artifacts, including crowns,
ceremonial weapons, and gifts from world leaders.
7. Brunei Maritime Museum – Exhibits ancient shipwreck discoveries and the maritime
history of Brunei.
8. Tasek Lama Recreational Park – A popular hiking and nature spot near Bandar Seri
Begawan, featuring waterfalls and jungle trails.
9. Seria Oil Field and Billionth Barrel Monument – A tribute to Brunei’s oil and gas industry,
located in the oil-rich town of Seria.
10. Muara Beach – A scenic beach destination ideal for picnics, sunset views, and relaxation
along the South China Sea.
These attractions showcase Brunei’s blend of Islamic culture, royal heritage, and natural
beauty, making it a unique destination for travelers.
3.8 5 TOURIST ATTRACTIONS
Brunei offers a mix of cultural, historical, and natural attractions. Here are five must-visit
tourist attractions:
1. Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque – A breathtaking mosque in Bandar Seri Begawan,
famous for its golden dome, Italian marble, and artificial lagoon, symbolizing Brunei’s Islamic
heritage.
2. Kampong Ayer (Water Village) – Often called the “Venice of the East,” this historic village
is built on stilts over the Brunei River and offers insight into traditional Bruneian life.
3. Ulu Temburong National Park – A protected rainforest paradise featuring a canopy walk,
waterfalls, and diverse wildlife, ideal for eco-tourism and adventure seekers.
4. Istana Nurul Iman – The official residence of the Sultan of Brunei, recognized as the
largest palace in the world, which opens to the public during Hari Raya Aidilfitri celebrations.
5. Royal Regalia Museum – A museum showcasing the Sultan’s royal artifacts, including
ceremonial weapons, crowns, and gifts from world leaders, reflecting Brunei’s royal
traditions.
These attractions highlight Brunei’s Islamic culture, royal heritage, and natural beauty,
making it a unique travel destination.
