DYEING

FABRIC SAMPLES

KANIRHYTHAMI S
NEHA GOWRIJ S
SANTHOSH A
VIGGNESWARY
 DYES
FABRICS
AND DYEING
TECNIQUES
Fabrics are dyed at different stages using methods like tie-
dye or piece dyeing. Wet processing ensures proper dye
absorption and colorfastness, with natural and synthetic
fibers needing different dyes.
LEHERIYA
Aspect Details
Leheriya is a traditional tie-dye technique from Rajasthan, India, characterized by its wavy,
Overview wave-like patterns created by folding and tying fabric. It is primarily used on cotton and silk
fabrics.

Fibre Composition Typically, cotton, silk, and sometimes georgette or chiffon are used for Leheriya.

Tie-dyeing: The fabric is folded, tied, and dyed in different shades, creating a unique pattern
Type of Dyeing
of waves.

Natural dyes (e.g., indigo, turmeric, pomegranate) or reactive dyes, direct dyes, and acid
Type of Dye Used
dyes for silk.
Fabric preparation: Fabric is washed to remove any impurities.
Tying: Fabric is folded and tied with strings in a specific pattern.
Process Overview Dyeing: Dye is applied in various colors, usually in stages.
Drying: Fabric is dried after each dyeing stage.
Untying: After dyeing, the fabric is unwrapped, revealing the design.
Traditional and hand-made.
Other Features Patterns can be in different colors, mostly bold and vibrant.
Often used for sarees, dupattas, and turbans.
FLEECE
Category Details
Fleece is a soft, synthetic fabric primarily made from polyester. It is known for its
Overview
warmth and lightweight feel, often used in outerwear and casual wear.

Mainly made from synthetic fibers such as polyester or recycled polyester (PET),
Fibre Composition
and sometimes blended with cotton or spandex for added comfort and stretch.

Fleece is typically dyed using disperse dyeing. This method is suited for polyester
Type of Dyeing
fibers, which are hydrophobic and require a heat transfer or disperse dye.

Disperse Dyes are commonly used for fleece, as they are suitable for polyester
Type of Dye Used
fibers. Some fleece fabrics may also use reactive dyes for blends with cotton.

Preparation: Fleece fabric is pre-treated to remove impurities.

Dyeing: Disperse dyeing is carried out at high temperatures.
Process Overview Finishing: After dyeing, fleece may undergo treatments like brushing or
shearing to enhance its soft, plush texture.

Brushed Finish: Adds a soft, fuzzy texture on the surface.

Anti-pill Finish: Prevents the fabric from forming small balls of fiber,
Other Features (Finish) improving its durability.
Water Repellent Finish: Makes the fabric resistant to water penetration,
often used in outdoor fleece garments.
SPANDEX
Aspect Details
Spandex (also known as Lycra or Elastane) is a synthetic fiber known for its
Overview exceptional elasticity. It is commonly used in activewear, swimwear, and fashion
garments.

Spandex is made from a long-chain polymer, primarily polyurethane, which is

Fiber Composition
created by reacting a diisocyanate with a glycol. It is a highly elastic synthetic fiber.

Dyeing Method: Jet dyeing, padding, and yarn dyeing.

Type of Dyeing Common Dye Types: Acid dyes, reactive dyes, disperse dyes, and direct dyes
(depending on the fabric blend and the desired result).

Spinning: Solution spinning process is used, where the polyurethane solution is

extruded into fibers.
Dyeing: Once spun, spandex can be dyed using suitable methods based on the
Process Overview fiber's composition.
Finishing: Can undergo heat-setting, silicone finishes, or other treatments for
softness and durability.

Heat-setting: Stabilizes the fiber, making it more resilient and less prone to
shrinking.
Other Features/Finish
Silicone Finishes: Used to improve smoothness and elasticity.
Types Moisture-wicking finishes: Applied to enhance breathability and moisture
management in activewear.
CORDUROY
Category Description
Corduroy is a ribbed fabric, usually woven from cotton. It features vertical ridges
Overview
(wales) and is known for its durability and warmth.
100% Cotton (commonly)
Fibre Composition Cotton-Polyester Blends
Cotton-Wool Blends
Piece Dyeing
Type of Dyeing
Yarn Dyeing
Reactive Dyes (for cotton)
Type of Dye Used Vat Dyes (for deep shades)
Disperse Dyes (for synthetic blends)
Fibre Preparation (Scouring & Bleaching)
Weaving with rib structure
Process Overview Dyeing (piece or yarn)
Cutting of pile
Finishing
Strong and hard-wearing
Other Features Warm and comfortable
Distinctive ridged texture (varied wale counts)
Brushing (soft surface)
Mercerization (luster & strength)
Type of Finish
Sanforizing (pre-shrinking)
Water-repellent or stain-resistant finishes
TAFETTA
Parameter Details
A crisp, smooth, tightly woven fabric with a lustrous surface; commonly used
Overview
in evening wear, linings, bridal wear, and home décor.

Fibre Composition Traditionally silk; also made from polyester, nylon, and acetate.

Piece dyeing (common)

Type of Dyeing yarn dyeing (for iridescent effects)
solution dyeing (for synthetics)

Silk: Acid dyes, Reactive dyes

Type of Dye Used Polyester: Disperse dyes
Nylon: Acid dyes, Disperse dyes

Fibre selection
Tight plain weave construction
Process Overview Dyeing based on fibre type
Finishing (e.g., calendering, sizing)

Calendered finish (adds sheen)

Other Features / Moiré finish (wavy pattern)
Finish Anti-static finish (for synthetics)
Water-repellent or flame-retardant finishes (optional)
ADIRE
Aspect Details
Adire is a traditional Nigerian resist-dyed textile, primarily made by the
Overview
Yoruba people. It is known for indigo-based patterns and symbols.

Fibre
Mostly 100% cotton; occasionally silk or rayon in modern adaptations.
Composition

Type of Dyeing Resist dyeing (tie-dye, stitch resist, wax resist, starch resist)

Type of Dye Traditionally natural indigo, Now also synthetic indigo and fiber-reactive
Used dyes

Apply resist (tie, stitch, wax, or starch)

Dip in indigo dye
Process Overview Dry and remove resist
Repeat for multi-tone effects

Other Features Handmade patterns, culturally symbolic motifs, used for clothing and art

Type of Finish Softening, stone-wash, or enzyme wash for improved texture and feel
OMBRE
GEORGETTE
Aspect Details

Ombre Georgette is a lightweight, sheer fabric with a soft drape, featuring a color gradient effect
Overview
(ombre). It is commonly used in sarees, dresses, and scarves for an elegant look.

Fibre Composition Typically made from 100% polyester, silk, or blends (e.g., polyester-silk, polyester-viscose).

Type of Dyeing Continuous dyeing or dip dyeing for gradual color transition (ombre effect).

Type of Dye Used Polyester: Disperse dyes Silk: Acid dyes or reactive dyes Blends: Combination dyeing

Scouring (removal of impurities)

Pre-treatment (e.g., desizing or bleaching)
Process Overview Dyeing using controlled gradient techniques (e.g., dip-dyeing, spray dyeing, or continuous
dyeing)
Fixation and washing Drying and finishing

Other Features Soft finish Anti-static finish (for polyester)Wrinkle-resistant finish Sometimes shimmer or pearl
(Finishes) finishes for fashion applications
SHIBORI
Category Details

Shibori is a traditional Japanese resist dyeing technique that involves folding,

Overview
twisting, binding, or stitching cloth to create unique patterns.

Natural fibres such as cotton, silk, wool, and linen are commonly used because they
Fibre Composition
absorb dye well.

Type of Dyeing Resist dyeing – parts of the fabric are protected from dye to create patterns.

Traditionally natural dyes like indigo. Modern applications use reactive dyes (for
Type of Dye Used
cotton), acid dyes (for silk/wool), and direct dyes.
Fabric is folded, stitched, or bound tightly.
Process Overview Immersed in dye bath.
Dried and unbound to reveal the pattern.

Common finishes include softening (for better hand feel)

Other Features
Washing (to remove excess dye)
(Finish) Fixing (to enhance colorfastness)
CUPRO
Aspect Details
Cupro is a regenerated cellulose fiber made from cotton linter, a byproduct of cotton production.
Overview
It's known for its silky feel, breathability, and drape.

Fibre Composition 100% cellulose derived from cotton linter, a waste product from cotton processing.

Type of Dyeing: Exhaust dyeing (both exhaust and continuous methods) is commonly used.
Type of Dyeing &
Dye Types Used: Acid dyes, reactive dyes, and direct dyes. Acid dyes are preferred for rich,
Dye Used bright shades and good color fastness.

Production: Cotton linter is processed through a copper-ammonia solution, then regenerated

into fibers.
Spinning: The fibers are spun into yarns.
Process Overview Dyeing: The yarn or fabric is dyed using appropriate methods like exhaust or continuous
dyeing.
Finishing: The fabric may undergo finishing treatments like softening or anti-wrinkle finishes.

Finish Types: Soft finish, smooth hand feel, anti-wrinkle, and water repellency finishes are
Other
common.
Features/Type of Breathable, lightweight, and has a luxurious feel similar to silk. It is also biodegradable, making
Finish it eco-friendly.
VELVET
Category Details
Velvet can be made from various fibres including:
Silk (luxurious, soft)
Fibre Composition Cotton (more affordable, softer)
Synthetic fibers (polyester, nylon for durability and lower cost)

1. Piece Dyeing (dyed after fabric is woven)

Type of Dyeing 2. Yarn Dyeing (dyed before fabric weaving)

Acid Dyes (for silk velvet)

Type of Dye Used Disperse Dyes (for synthetic velvet like polyester)
Reactive Dyes (used for cotton velvet)

Weaving: Velvet is woven using a cut-pile method, which creates loops that are then cut to
create the soft texture.
Process Overview Dyeing: The fabric is then dyed (piece or yarn dyeing depending on the method).
Finishing: Velvet is finished by brushing and pressing to enhance its sheen and softness.

Brushed Finish (for extra softness and sheen)

Other Features
Crushed Velvet (a finish that creates a texture resembling wrinkles)
(Type of Finish) Antique Velvet (an older, distressed finish often used in vintage clothing)
GARMENT
DYED HOODIE
Aspect Details
Brand/Product Champion – Reverse Weave Garment-Dyed Hooded Sweatshirt

Fabric Composition Cotton-polyester blend (commonly ~82% cotton / 18% polyester)

Effect Soft hand feel with a washed, vintage look

Fibre Composition Natural fibre: Cotton - Synthetic fibre: Polyester

Type of Dyeing Garment dyeing

Reactive dye (for cotton)

Type of Dye Used Disperse dye (for polyester if needed)

Garment is fully stitched

Process Overview Dyed as a whole unit
Washed & softened

1. Reverse Weave construction (minimizes shrinkage)

Other Features 2. Brushed interior for warmth

1. Softener finish
Type of Finish 2. Optional enzyme or stone wash for vintage look
MELANGE
Aspect Details

Melange fabric is made by blending fibers dyed in different colors before spinning. It gives a
Overview
heathered, mixed-color effect and is widely used in casualwear and knitwear.

Fibre Composition Cotton, cotton-polyester, cotton-viscose, cotton-modal, wool, rayon, or synthetic fibre blends.

Type of Dyeing Fibre dyeing (main), dope dyeing (for synthetics), or yarn dyeing (occasionally).

Reactive dyes (for cotton and other cellulosic fibres)

Type of Dye Used Disperse dyes (for polyester)
Acid dyes (for wool and nylon)

Fibres are dyed in different colors.

Dyed fibres are blended in specific proportions.
Process Overview Blended fibres are spun into yarn.
Yarn is then knitted or woven.

Softener finish for improved hand feel

Other Features / Bio-polishing to reduce fuzz
Finish Anti-pilling finish
Moisture-wicking treatment for activewear
QUESTIONS
NATURAL IMPURITIES IN
COTTON,WOOL, AND SILK
FIBRES
Cotton: Primarily composed of cellulose
(~94%), cotton contains about 6% natural
impurities, including proteins (1.3%), pectins
(1.2%), oils, fats, waxes (0.6%), mineral matter
(1.3%), and ash (0.5%)
Wool: Wool consists of approximately 61%
keratin and 39% impurities, such as wool wax
or grease (11%), suint (8%), dirt (8%), and
other substances including water (12%)
Silk: Silk fibers contain natural impurities like
sericin (a gummy protein), waxes, and
mineral salts.
 Synthetic fibres, such as polyester and nylon, may
contain added impurities from manufacturing
processes, including residual monomers, catalysts,
stabilizers, and additives. These substances can affect
the biodegradability and environmental impact of
synthetic textiles .

ADDED
IMPURITIES IN
SYNTHETIC
FIBRES
 GAS SINGEING PROCESS
WITH LINE DIAGRAM

Gas singeing is a process where fabric passes over a

burning gas flame, allowing protruding fibers to burn off
without damaging the main body of fibers. The main
components of a gas singeing machine include a gas
burner, guide rollers, and a fabric feeding system .

GAS SINGEING
CONTINUOUS DESIZING, In continuous processing, fabrics undergo
SCOURING, AND BLEACHING desizing to remove size materials, scouring to
eliminate natural impurities, and bleaching to
PROCESS WITH LINE achieve desired whiteness. This is typically
DIAGRAM done in a sequence of washing and chemical
treatment units. A schematic representation
of this process can be found in the referenced
source .
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
HYPOCHLORITE AND
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
BLEACHING

Hypochlorite Bleaching: Utilizes sodium

hypochlorite, a strong oxidizing agent
effective in removing color but can
damage fibers and is not suitable for
colored fabrics .
Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaching: A milder
oxidizing agent that preserves fiber
strength and is safer for colored fabrics. It
requires higher temperatures for
effective bleaching .
DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN FULL
BLEACH AND HALF
BLEACH

Full Bleach: Aims to remove all natural

color, resulting in a pure white fabric.

Half Bleach (Semi-Bleach): Partially

removes color, often using hydrogen
peroxide, preserving some natural hue
and fiber strength .
MERCERISING PROCESS
OBJECTIVE AND DESCRIPTION
WITH LINE DIAGRAM

Objective: To enhance luster, strength, dye

uptake, and dimensional stability of cotton
fabrics.
Description: The process involves treating
cotton with a strong alkaline solution (usually
sodium hydroxide) under tension, causing the
fibers to swell and rearrange their structure.
This results in improved physical properties. A
schematic representation is available in the
referenced source .
ADVANTAGES AND
LIMITATIONS OF VARIOUS
STAGES OF DYEING AND
EXAMPLES OF MACHINERY
Stages of Dyeing:
Fiber Dyeing: Offers excellent colorfastness; however,
it's costly and inflexible for color changes.
Yarn Dyeing: Provides good color uniformity; suitable
for patterns like stripes and checks.
Fabric Dyeing: More economical; allows for quick
response to fashion changes.
Garment Dyeing: Enables dyeing after garment
construction; offers flexibility but may result in Machinery Examples:
uneven dyeing. Jet Dyeing Machine: Used for fabric dyeing; offers
high efficiency and uniform dyeing.
Winch Dyeing Machine: Suitable for delicate fabrics;
operates at low tension.
Paddle Dyeing Machine: Commonly used for
garment dyeing; provides gentle agitation.
COLOUR FASTNESS
PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS DYES
USED IN TEXTILE INDUSTRY
Colour fastness refers to the resistance of dyed textiles to fading
or bleeding under various conditions.
Reactive Dyes: Excellent wash and light fastness; form
covalent bonds with fibers.
Direct Dyes: Moderate fastness; primarily used for cellulosic
fibers
Disperse Dyes: Used for synthetic fibers; good light fastness.
Vat Dyes: Outstanding fastness properties; suitable for
cotton.
Acid Dyes: Applied to protein fibers; varying fastness levels.
Fastness properties are influenced by the dye-fiber interaction
and processing conditions .
 DYEING

THANK
YOU