Physical education Chapter -1

Management of Sporting Events Class: XII

Sports Management

The term Sports Management can be defined as the efficient use of available resources of a
sporting event to achieve its goals.

Functions of Sports Management

1. Planning

Planning in sports means that organizing a game.Planning is the process of deciding what,
when, where, how, and who is to be done.

According to A.K. Fern, "Planning is a process which is adopted to solve problems and make
work easier during the fulfillment of an objective.

2. Organising

It includes distributing resources and organising personnel in order to achieve the goals
established in the sports events planning functions.

3. Staffing

It refers to identifying key staff positions and to ensuring that the proper talent is serving that
specific job duty in order to achieve the aims & objectives of an organisation.

4. Directing

Directing personnel is a leadership quality and includes letting staff know what needs to be
done and also by when.It helps to initiate action by people in the organisation towards
attainment of desired objectives.

5. Controlling

It refers to all the processes that leaders create to monitor success. It involves establishing
performance standards, measuring actual performance, comparing its irregularities, analysing
deviations & taking correct measures.
Various Committees & their responsibilities

1. Programme Committee: This committee prepares the complete framework of the competitions,
sends information and programme details to the various institutions receives entries and also prepares
the fixtures for the competition.They also prepare a detailed handbook which covers all aspects of the
competition, and is then sent to all involved in the competition.

2. Finance Committee: Responsible for managing the budget of the event. They prepare the budget,
allocate funds to different areas of the event, and ensure that the expenses are within the budget. This
committee keeps a control over the expenditure and a record of all costs incurred.

3. Decoration and Cleanliness Committee: This committee looks after the up-keep and decoration of the
venue of the competition. They also take care of the cleanliness of the venue before, during and after
the event.

4. Welcome Committee: This committee is responsible for the welcome of all the spectators,guests and
the teams. They also have to organise the opening and closing ceremony of the event.

5. Registration and Transport Committee: This committee receives the confirmation of participation of
the teams and arranges the transport for commuting to and from the venue.They also co-ordinate with
the programme committee regarding the arrival and departure of the teams.

6. Boarding and Lodging Committee: The stay of the teams and the officials is taken care by this
committee. They also take care of the food arrangements and provision of refreshments during and
after the event.

7. Playground and Equipment Committee: This committee is incharge of the marking, maintenance and
upkeep of the playground before and during the events. They are also responsible for the availability of
the necessary equipments for the competition.

8. Announcement, Publicity and Record Committee: This committee is responsible for the broadcast of
all necessary announcements before, during and on completion of the event such as-the time of the
events, venue, rules to be followed, details of organisers, etc. Other than this, they provide the running
commentary of the event. The other important responsibility of this committee is to keep a record of all
the results of the competitions.

9. Technical Committee: The task of this committee is to take decision regarding technical
issues;accreditation activities and makes arrangements for various officials such as-referees,
umpires,track umpires, time keeper, lap scorer, etc.Only people with technical knowledge about the
competition can be a part of this committee.

10. First-Aid Committee: Providing quick and timely first aid to the players is the responsibility of this
committee. The members of this committee need to be trained and adept for providing firstaid.

11. Prize and Award Committee: This committee is responsible for procurement and distribution of gift
for the honourable guests at the opening and closing ceremony and prizes for the winners of the
competitions. They also look after the arrangement and distribution of medals, trophies and certificates.

12. Discipline Committee: The responsibility of maintaining decorum and discipline before,during and
after the competitions lies with this committee

13. Committee for Seating Arrangement: The task of this committee is to arrange the seating of the
officials and spectators in such a manner that no obstruction is caused to the players during the
competition.

Responsibilities:

PRE

 Preparing the competition budget in collaboration with the authority.

 Preparing schedule for competition.
 Getting information about field sports equipment etc.., for the competition.
 Formation of various sub-committees.
 Sharing information regarding competition date, venue etc.,with the teams participating in the
competition.
 Arrangements of accommodation & food facilities for sports officials & participants.
 Arrangement of prizes for the winners.
 Planning for the availability of all materials & equipment related.

DURING

 Making proper arrangements for the opening of the competition.

 Checking sports equipment & grounds daily.
 Holding every match as per schedule daily.
 Making proper arrangements for refreshments for players & sports officials.
 Announcement of competition results & important information.
 Providing first aid to injured players.
 Keeping all records secure and properly organized.
 Providing information to electronic & print media (if necessary).
 Maintain discipline at the venue.
POST

 Give away prizes & certificates to the winners Media can access detailed results related to the
competition (if necessary)
 Return of security deposit of teams or players after the competition.
 Maintain all records related to the competition.Make payments to sports officials & other
concerned person.
 Provide vehicles etc...,for sports officials coming from outside.
 Prepare competition expense reports.

Tournaments

Tournament is a series of games of one kind that results in a winner after the elimination of the
losers.

Importance of Tournaments :

 Develop values.
 Sports get publicity.
 It helps in selection of players for higher levels of competition.
 Sporting skill & qualities such as cooperation,brotherhood and sportsman spirit are
developed.Provides entertainment for spectators.
 Develops a feeling of patriotism -Unity of Integration Provides opportunity for players to display
best performance.
 Provides experience in organisational skills.Motivates girls and boys to participate in
sports.Provides popularity to players as well as the school.

Types of Tournaments

 Knockout Tournament or Elimination Tournament.

 League or Round Robin Tournament.
 Combination Tournament.

Knockout Tournament or Elimination Tournament

In this type of tournament, a team gets eliminated from the tournament if it loses once.

Bye

A team is exempt to play in the first round. It is due to any of the following reasons:

* Normally bye is given to previous winners in same group to create interest even competition.

* An uneven distribution of teams in tournament.

*There is an odd number of team in league tournament.

Next power of two after no.of team - No.of team = bye.

Consolation Tournament

The meaning of consolation is to provide comfort or reassurance. To provide reassurance to the

losing teams, they are given another opportunity to compete and get the consolation prize.

Seeding Method

The teams that do not play with each other at early stage of tournaments. This is called Seeding
Method.

Seeding: The process of seeding involves placing of good teams with ranking, position from last year,etc.
such that they do not play with each other at early stage of tournament. It is followed to reduce the
chance of elimination of good team at an early stage.

League or Round Robin Tournament

In this type of tournament, each team gets to play with all other teams. Even after losing a
match,the team remains in the tournament.

They are two types

1. Single league tournament : In this type of tournament, each team plays with all participating teams.
Number of matches can be calculated using the following formula: Number of matches = N(N-1)/2

2. Double League Tournament : In this type of tournament, each team plays two matches with each of
the other participating teams.The number of matches can be calculated using the following formula:
N(N-1)

Merits of League Tournament: The advantages of the League or Round Robin Tournament are as
follows:

 Only the best team wins.

 Each player and team gets the opportunity to display their best performance.
 Each team gets the opportunity to play against all the other participating teams.
 The selection of best player becomes easy.
 The long duration of the tournament gives it more publicity.
 Ranking of teams becomes easier.

Demerits of League Tournament: The following are the disadvantages of the League or Round Robin
Tournament:

 Such a tournament requires a lot of funds and resources.

 More number of officials are required in this type of tournament.
 This type of tournament requires more equipment and fields.
  Due to the long duration of the tournament, the academic schedule of the school may be
affected.
 If a team repeatedly loses matches, the players may get psychologically demotivated.
 At times, due to long duration, good players find it difficult to participate.
 Due to the more number of matches, the chances of players getting injured and

demotivation is higher.

Method to Decide Winner in LeagueTournament:

 After playing all the matches, the team that scores the maximum points, is declared the
winner.
 American Method.
 British Method.

Method of preparing fixture in league tournament

1. Cyclic method.

2. Staircase method.

3. Tabular method.

Combination Tournament

When the number of teams is too many, the competition is played as a Combination Tournament.For
example, in national and international level games.

Usually, these tournaments are organised in four ways:

1."Knockout-cum-Knockout

2. League-cum-League

3.. Knockout-cum-League

4. League-cum-Knockout

1. Knockout-cum-Knockout Tournament

In this type of tournament, teams are divided into four zones. Each zone has knockout
competition.Thereafter, the winner of each zone then competes with each other in knockout matches.
The team that wins in this inter-zone competition is declared the winner,.

2. League-cum-League Tournament: In this type of tournament, teams are divided into four zones and
each zone plays matches on the basis of league format. Winners of each zone again play matches on the
basis of league format and finally the winner is declared.

3. Knockout-cum-League Tournament: In this type of tournament, the teams are divided into zones
where they play knockout matches.The winners of each zone then play inter-zonal matches on the basis
of league format and the winner is declared accordingly.
4. League-cum-Knockout Tournament: In this type of tournament, all the teams are divided into four
zones. At the zonal level, the teams play matches in the league format till a winner is declared. Then,all
the zonal winners compete with each other in the knockout format, at the inter-zonal level. Finally,a
winner is declared.

Intramural:

The word intramural is derived from the Latin words intra and muros, which means 'within walls.The
teams compete within the walls of the institution e.g. inter-class or inter-house tournament.

The objectives of intramural

 To provide incentive, motivation and opportunity to learn various skills.

 To develop sportsman spirit among students.
 To improve-social interaction among the students.

Significance of intramural

 It improves the sense of citizenship and adult living.It helps in selection of teams for
participation in extramural tournaments.
 It brings out the hidden talent of the students.
 It develops leadership qualities in students.
 It creates recreational atmosphere among the teachers and students.

Extramural

This encloses the activities which are performed outside the walls of the institution or school. It means
that students of two or more schools participate in such competitions.

The objectives of extramural

 To improve the standard of sports.

 To provide experience to students.
 To develop sportsmanship and fraternity.
 To broaden the base of sports.
 To provide the knowledge of new rules and advanced techniques.

Significance of extramural

 They provide recreational opportunities for the campus community...

 They give positive experiences, regardless of race, nationality, age and gender.
 They provide an opportunity to develop motor skills which will be beneficial throughout life.
 They develop important values and skills such as self-esteem, social skills, sportsmanship and
self-motivation.
 They give an opportunity for relaxation from strenuous school work and the rapid pace of
modern living.
Community Sports Programmes:

Community sports programmes are those which are not usually related to competitions. The
programmes have various objectives like creating awareness, creating a sense of integration among
people and raising funds for charitable organisations. Some of these programmes are Sports day. Run
for fun, Health run, Run for specific cause. Run for unity and Run for awareness.

1.Sports Day

The aim of Sports Day is to ensure the participation of maximum students of the school. It is such a
sporting event where each child is involved in one way or the other.

During the academic session, one day is kept aside for Sports Day, during which the students participate
enthusiastically.

The purpose of Sports Day is toensure participation of students and to develop interest in sports. These
activities develop good qualities such as co-operation, association,healthy spirit of competition,
tolerance, discipline,team spirit, respect and unity.

2.HEALTH RUN : These are organized by health departments to Know the standard of health in a country
along with raising funds for charity.3.RUN FOR FUN : It is also organized to spread the message among
masses to remain healthy and fit. It may be organized to motivate the people to remain fit.

4.RUN FOR UNITY:It is organized to show unity and peace among the people of different religions. Its
purpose may be national and international integration and brotherhood.

5.RUN FOR SPECIFIC CAUSE: This is the run related to specific or noble cause. Most of the social non-
profit organizations organizes these runs for creating awareness about AIDS, Educating the girl child,
Cancer.