Dijomoleuules Carbonydrater e They wert regarded gs Hu hydatid ot carbon bearing the General Formula Cur Hrddy Buk 4h detinikon war no longer vatid - Reaaons: fe 5 HCHO A Chi ook BE “nts GLow formyla but are nor carbohydrates. 2 Deoryribore Ces Hoh) & Rhamnose (Cy HyzO¢) are re aad dowk BE in due above Gereval fomnula- Cavbsnydvates are poly hydroxy aldahydes /eener oF te Compounds whit produce cuch unin upon hydrolycis. "AN carlosqydratia are chiral A ophically achive except oh! dilnydroxy ace ton t cht Gch ! \ on Oh Classi cation tavoohydrates * Classificahon -L ) Monosaccharides ba * Cannok produce shi) simp~t corbohydvatea upon hydrolysis - bensral formula (CH,0)n 9°37 Ex- Biyuore (CoHre0,) , Fructose (CoMno,) , Glyceradunyde (CH, O3)iy Odignsoecharides: “Produc 240 Monosaccharides upon hydrolycis Fe. ®) Ditawaider Gener\ formyl a- Ciz H220), + Sucrose + tro Ms Gluvove * erunse + latte + tro HO} Ge + Cone (+ Maltose + Hro ah Ginwse + Alucore bY tWisacclnerides * Rathnose (cighys ory) Rotknose + Uo —> biucore + Galacksbe + Fructose. w) Poysaccharides "GENET fomaula CoMiod, a * Produces several mono sacclardes upon hydrolysis + Polymers of Biucose uni “Ex- Grardh , Celluloy | Syeoqen Un assikunion - 1 geese waste)Sugars — + swurter in taste + Nok sweet | taco + Crystalting, Amorp hows * waker solute Wakr — mSeluble + EXE Mone | dlign ~ secdharidus * Bx: Polysaccnaridey Clash Cabion -I 3 Rasa swore Wee susp vedue the FMoning, Feaonts %) Tollta's reagent (Agt 3 wa gent (Ag SAY = SWE mnivror %) Fentings Feagone LU, oy - red 2 Benedict's agent Co — Uso) - eed EA: ANN monosaccnarides having AdeWyde) kelone afoups & disaccharides ~ maT octose (exept swrose) D non- Teducing supors TMese cant reduce the above reagent KX Suerose A Polysaccharides Note: TAn aacrese Shuchare, Het GAFbOMHT GrOUPS Gt luv K Kuclaye unith ave veined by Gyvo}sidic Nimias ¢. . Podysacchart de = nom FeduLing avvonydrateg (Mey are not sugart)DL Con guration ae CHLOK DLA ~ Giycere\deiyde cno cno on + 4 h on ch, oH i , LE = ghuote b- Qeeratdanyde — h HoH Ciassikakon of monosaccwaridca based on nook © See > Norok CC | Aldehyde (cho) Kelonic (-¢ _ Aldobiove. Keke Wiese Keb tehose 4 Aldo tevose s Aldo pernbosc Kero pentoie Aldo hex os¢ Keke hexose 7 Aldo heptose Keto heptoveAdo wiose (NN) L222) isomers oe cho mo sqm on—- h chor chron D- Dyce, de lee b Blycuraldeny de Kettotrioge (n= 0} ofA Un.-on Veo Aro! — Dihydrory autone \ Chon Aidotetvore (nz 2) Ls) Homers co Uno (4,D) - dtastercomers rt ow n Oh — S . (Z,D) - Ca epimers hon “LOK >= try throse L- Trove ay ) * Epimere— diastereomers which ditter wn bonty: ony at | chiral anter Sime must be diastereomers bub Lonverte need not be vue: Retotetrose (net) 222 Ch, “0H Cron ) \ Go co nt oh on -+-» Chon hon D- Erythrojose. L- Erythrolore(n= 8) Dees che cho che cn cy oH ko h . , no » ih n on 2 ‘ on 4 ho n OM ” ° ow fh h on Cron Chon chon Choon D- Ri Voose D- Arabinose D- Xylose Dd ~ Lynose @ (ry (a) . Diastereomers : (2) (3) (uk) (22) Cay Orb) Ermer: (utd, (13), Ge) Kelo puntote — neay +H chron Unzoh dro deo n on on: Hi on n on yon hon = Kylulose D-Ribuiose B- %y = hs \ Adohexose (nowy Ca¥ Wf eno ine. the ono # - ot a f ce 4 on h ‘Oh h ‘oH on h n on “ on n oh " on a tf n on nw ‘on 4 on _ tHyoh om ok CHL oF (mon - A D-Aiove D-Alvow,ao tite co eho a—_ h er on kh on: n ow 4 oy h h on on 4 oh 4 a—t—on on ——* on + __, H Oe &—F— Oh 4 oh n Lon Con in Aton “Hoh D- Gale - D-Tah 0- Manos oe D-Todose ose Keho hexos t (mesy (rtzgy _——_—— Choon Un,on cron Une on } i i i C20 C=O c=0 ° A Q on om ” oh Oe * " a 0 A cs —_ on son hn oe . * w on On HoH bron Gon yon D-Tagqakye D- Psiuore D-Frncoye D> Sorby se 9 Gluvove (Dextrose | Grape sugar) “Resene in fui & honey Yr ais a ) hU_| did “ain, On +HLo we COMO + Gm oy ™ (Gluvore > CPruch & ) (acess > Alwhol di 8 HOWL een Fame STE AW oy Sverely U3 abm Stuctuyal eluuida kon oF Glutarge Gia coye, EA PERE > Cy Uy On, ~ Ua Un, —Uny toot C (n= hexane) Shawne Cheoncho Glucose Cede exces) (5 of groups) \ Dyrtdine ak ote (Ho wens), ‘ On, Olecns Chitose penttcetaey Nuvon ch= Nobh (yy bony! > — (noms, -¢-0 ae \ 7 Up chon COlutoximne J ef m7 “Bln tntene -cn-tn Gorbony! gip- " i \ mol Ct bolt Giuore tel, dro tte ph hun (Cron), ope’ v t on atom bc Rin i GNuco te Monolyanohydnin oN im Bre wake, won Gasbony) Ganoy but not -Co MSE irons Seow MIA oxidant can opidive Cho te “coor (Lemon Teagunt 1 Chron hut ne -t Gluvnie aud Bon Guay eteewm, “ Von vee Ven, (Chom, one on ’ look Glurerte Aud Csacenaric acid) From above HMR iy 04, i gpaunse wy asCghed te Flowing Shure “eno wh No-ok uomers = 16 ton oar Dextre mtatory | aid TUPAC = (2B, 35, KEW) - 2/3/45 /k, Pentaniproxy hiKanadDie teachons ner_teackons + Reduchon cao * ROWERS oy (hon), or j 1 Sh CH on), tnon Me : | . NaBH, Chron (oor bite) Vv Glucose SNe Naor, Yell ee an Fesinoug mass + Glutore when treated Ulta Nadh “ndergoea " Lobry de - Bruyn Van Ekensyn's rearrangemunt - + Due bb th, »p- Gluse , d- fruchose A D- Mannoie exist in dynamic COpilibrium- oD ue fe this eq. even Trough fuchste has kehmit fune group , it could Ceduce Tollents / Feuinw's | Benedict s Flay ent. cho nob . boo cho on ” = ony anaes = on el n on n on A H ot aa p7o Gon chon ron cho { Fehling’y, 1 (mon, 4 (on, + Smo Y Renedich, 1 (eed Uh ee Chon 2 Failures st per Cnoln Siucture of Biute Saati hol Niall Neantl Gadhia Le © Gluole cant form addition Wompoundi with nancoy ENhyFailed te give NE Hetr usila ScmIFE'S CeAgpnr a a : Atdlehy des chitt +50, ——> wlourless 04 Pink exept getow) pre Giucowe fom! 2 isomene penta- acts none et which hibit Charackisia vk aldehyde functional group i wh ‘ R-c + NaMsDy > teen \ ) So) NA eo m ry » 3 R-c -n \ Aa One mole of ardehyde reach wih 2 mols ek -0n hb fm an ‘ b methano) fb Atal: Que 1 mol glucose reads only waite | mole © uD form 2 iomerie methy) gly sides oh Ca 2 \ uy on = ote oon, eee en RM Renn hu bony oe Hemiach (Aw) Glucose exis WD ALomeric Gry: A- BLY Aurore + Te W the glarare crysralieed from yA one 4) Sol” gp o'c Lud Londikyns ) opt thee Leh’ areB- PUFN Glucase — + GIUWse Saburakd From IH aq. soln Gt lo ¢ (nok and-) mp iste re Lay) aise + Wun tither A Dojuuase or RD- gMaiase it dissoived tH baler, ir ford if, Gn equilibrium minture of yy KL hyd during Which , the Specie Tokahtn ok a Y and BD Spntancously + Me spontaneout change in the Specific rotahn ># a ow Rk wun \epr in waly 1% Mula Tokalon. PLY Giuease = LDU ghatate + B—DLrY GHecose BALE) Ju rove Ouyy Gary sug? Cae > pee, +i? __be eB £1929 + Dpen sWuchave Gil Yo explain mubarotalon. a Cyclic thuchure ot Ose “The open struckuve failed to explain the abwe exp fch- fo oF waa gyen & “cycle. sx-mawbertd hemi- cual” ctruedre- 7 Me Hema acetal shucture i formed due to mbvomolecular addikon of OH ak sm ay Cao at ft ¢ "Th leadt fe L eitterert) diattereomenic Produch whid, differ an vonks- a Ca (Anomeric ©) “Mee diatowrurs > fmromun, MRE Mo” OF daira Lentery In wyeltL Shae, Dt gatove = pan Open han, \ ‘no ae a on ore " n on A on Tn 7 on chon n oh Ayvow oan " LT ( &- elt ghey) TU Armes, Cy cpus, on 4 w—jp— oh Diasteeymers om——h OO nooo Ch one | geeeee tt abi gro d no nbn Mm N-AH- Ph auaen G Heron Nhe Gree” \ on . in an C=N-KH-P) wen wm Et nooH hor +L wot A> on 4 z a One n Crs mime “pon Caron Cro oh Ginuie bisphory! hydra g CFrucose also neds 2 moley of Phenyl hydrating bo hrme Veo of fu ofa?) Cave sazore\ Hawerth’s struchure Calucopyrenase nea OO -KM A- DEF) -Q Moke, nh ee , » n—p- on ° uv on +— bh eee on onyi" oh 6 A on veto Ours * wu 2 " oh on 4" ¥ n yn " : ° ” cre . : B-DUY- Gyre Fructose - hemi ocetal Structure Manse emouttel structure oun ‘unott ie 20 SoH —}— oh w ane — T° on nob nm “ * Oh on , a on ° 7 " vt i . XW) Fruchase Tl - Aaomérs , Co epinvneyy, on —+— Diakercomer _ on J ° NO & Oniral ONKS Om uN Unain ‘Te a—— on * Aol chatn= 4 Wy Hawort’s Shuchure (Frucho pyYen oc) oon, ; I ve - 4 1, Chol at n los 7 2 on on = oh res i ae ae bn th a x DLA Fruckse. , 4 n oh on Fon en =” = A 4 4 b cr eo h al * on on " ‘ ° . | oh 0 us beNote: * For fruuoig, the pyrenose Slyuchine jy E65 Gorman Whig Faranoe shuchure is preberved Fruchse is GVen So membered cydic hemi acetal shuchire. During the formakon of the shuchure | He -Ok Group ar shh Carbon, undergoes inWamoletu lar nucleophilic add, HKOM ally Grbon at 2d 6, Housorte's skeucre ( Frugte Auranoie) ees & 2 ) ef 0. OL \ ni (oO - { y eye the The 7 wey bd ” " a “0 = ED. Unk Ont ® | 2 by “Ven mn %- DE) Muchidremmmsht * on on * 4 mm OL on on ° 2 a on wt Maney neh " a BDL) FruchterDisacchartdes paemean Suurese Clone Sugar | mae 5491) SOM es Vcamrlis, eng tana Sugarcang + Highly Sclubl im Ho een (bce rot) 7 MP? 185% Pineapples wee a " Dexke rotabry Cx, = 166° + Now -redtetng Sus ar * DotsKt fom Osarone * Doent exhibit mutare tahon- wydrelysis poet Gat, 0, Fo SemNet, Con OF + Co mrog 2 Glucaye Fruckse Sucrose oe ——) *be* (d) seee-get = “14-05? =z v cer . Dearo- rotahry SMerore wpon hydro lyn gives an overall \aeve rola hory veithvre Lomishng, OF ¢qui molar mix. of jute ZL fructose Tris is version of — SUCrOLE oman 0, ° * . om 8 sn 0 =n, ; a N= Gly tosidie linea wrt 4 ° a cn oY " J onLaer A R-DI-) Fractoe "Ty W @ digaccharidg oF &-D LY : ' Maerese smu, be Co Grlan sk XD Glulop In we Struct, _ bs an aX ygen & Giben of @-DE Gucrtursmie are jsned by Mie > "2 Ghyoaudic Vinbage ombite C of SUOoSe is won redmelns Ga the 0h a ar an dic lin Nel Qltae © ucloe are uted up ™ gyi kage formate. Malhose Sourtes - like, arty TWh Crycralline * Waker stub “MPH ite te Sec 7 (Ayu : Redmciny Susp, + foms — bsarone thin mu tartlahy,, Preparation : dias, MY Cy Hit, W Comes) + ho . 7 Cn q Stir, mal loye Hydrolysis yarolysil Camirey FAD Malte wy . (matroie) Oo XD -Gluie > eeunon ' Tr te shuchire ok malhoce the Le- Wh Ghyeakt di inte sone pk Me and DUD gluropyranoy, ace jomed “Y ope uni onpiny Ree th> iG redading apr. ab amomene Carbon: .'. Th Lactose, —— + Sour: Mil, sable crystalline “SoluBE in Ayo MPs We "dash votatoy CXye Ss tv? * Reducing sugar + Fim O84aone + Mutarcrakion Hydeotysis Phagliton Cotta QF MLO Guan Ch oy, + Gh Og “D~ Galaukte &d- Aluvote “Th loctmie, co of BDAY Galacrae & Cok B-D~ luise Bre joned by la By vast te Waleage vn Cho on ‘Q on h on hn mo van ht = on n mA —_ 4 ° | ok on: n ow . yq—— oa B-D- Galactore onomen a Qn 4 er ow c noe * W a a = e ow on aon Reative sweotnes mo © Frudoie - Canvate [Fruit sugar "Glue — denieose Gorse = 14 Glu case 94 Mallote = 3b WB s loo Galactose = 32 Frochtes 193 Polysa CMartden ooteeneee oes ex Stara), A ntese, Glyrogen Deahin “Colours, amorphous *Non-rducin, “Dont Woth, olaxone durivakves Srardn [Cy Mipos Tn Seurte? Bia, whent, maize, loarley , potalca “BRIE amor phe bu in Wee * Sparinay bolu! "Cis-r0) 4 Amgase + (80-88) 7 Fra ype Amy lane *Unbrandad polymer , wake Soluble Ito yay "UNtar polymer 2r0-ipow & - dled Qieure 4 Vihee Bylo taic Winhasey, HW joing byse mue glyeasidic "MOS impark a heli cal Structure * Ean turnek helix Consists of 4- glcsse unih + Th is Water seluby sOwy bu colour vith Skah todd in presen ob KT due be fowmation ot a charse tan sher Gm pux Is 5 hen oh HS noon ~ on 4 7 op An a4 L Cd) ° Amfopecin + Brandhed polymngs of —k- amylogluide aurd Main chain: “Lindar polar 0 aD “Guise Unity pine by 4~ Glysosids ¢ Snkaaeg Side-dhatn : “Unear piymer of Verve aD Glue unin “fined Hy Wh ~ Slyeotldie Wnbeeys, "Me main and + yd. chans are joined by Vb-glyusidee ' eases We Side chain S prevent te helical Seranaenunk te tee main rae * Water insolubly * Dott give blur color wh J, . ane ca “ nh r 2 i 2 = Yo hh ® Wo. B —o tA w id Stovds +o Amylase _, Glatose tn bahia,Celiutose ( CeHty On)n * Clouriers Sorphoua Tr¥olubu in Ho “Soluble in ammoniok Grlor), — [Schucitacas » ‘] Gilulow Atk trso. B-D-Glstte 5 [righ P “Dount by drolye an eatily aa shard, CMI —lineor pay ok BDA gluse uni, fed hy Ua ghyuosiore Way Mu Hn ~ * w ™~ Kin pe 4 on hon Mee pdymevic chains Gre arunyd at-by side Wpar ing e Sore Kee shade Te bundles oF Mae Pelymerie draing ae ener Kt digest Cellulose due L other mammale car ig Human beings bo Hue Absenu of alin lore ot Tne dua to THe Prewne Qummnant mammals can digest llulpse fae enn ye ulldog which Convert Cullilase ty fide: ‘i he Termites antams O kind & bocteria Shich ALgradys Feed Lv bn uvods callulose YY wood inl, gluse A Mana+ Sourees Grhn (ay-95) 7% of lulose Wood Cua-us)y. of cellulase + Uses: + Cllulese Aeemle - arhbdat rayon (autal rayon) * Gllulose nilvake Gun cothny ~ Making Smokelest gun poioder Lb eXplosives Giyeaguns “Tn antral body, in called Carbs are stored on BNyeqen and $s? animal starch Pretent in bia, muscle & liver “ wlunever beby needs Glutere, Ye emymus breae down glyvogen te autos Structure: — Genitar be Amylepeckn Righty brandnd Compared to amylo peek yy Applications of Caredayarduy “Essenkal for plants animale Nite SU thay maior Food needs “Honey ty an ‘inshant Solute ho Onureyy . Shwoag- moleuales as Stayth plants L AMegen WM Anivals * Cet waite of bacteria ® plan - cellulore “Provides wwoodenut clottren. * Deoxyribore in DNA & Riboscin @na “Found in biosysttms i Combinabont with proens, \ip da: “Some carbs are modiked a4 anhbiokuSdenKheakon test fey carbohysraten there F Molah's tak . BML s wink ering Corcolnydrate + a naptho) nh, Lillian Finer syn taenis coon cno w . f a ol nO, y—-b-bh a “ Geor); RY Wyo’ 7 \ (cnon3 7 Chan \ a on chyon it on D-avatinow L ls c rv ‘OW 2 A cro Bette on " " 7 n on nyo on. 4 2 i “ leche on w cnyon De OWuves¢ ( far preparing foe next higher mum ber of aldose + Usd fer cht's mutod Cdgradaken fo ext loute number) ve ON eeu } CHo CHAN Conedseo (cnecours), i ectones | Fal ore : (roms (ery “Hy nr, 0COLin . ons ae o a gluseaN on, cto patra le Ason_, 1 e ° am a (ron; Ks) Y on on (crons 1 cro D-arabinoie Ruth's utr d Cdegradaon fe next lover member) mo cro (ron), Gr, Tro aren co 1 2 \ Gren, “Ee emo (Cnony onon 1 ) Chom hon Due Conversion of glutore to fructose OH 1 Ch =N-NPh ge el gmne nie \ i. GN -NHP) Cron, Lee was 1 i Choiy Onon 1 unon be She vase Gia ot Fone Convention of Fuumre te 9 Woe 4 Chron Gnon on A ca » \ i ney Cn nai ly (CroW),, vanes Grom, esha \ 1 (non), con on ee ! ¥ -lachose Men Ne-n | sire he n—}— on on f_ in —t-on n—bon Chea Vt ees fee\ : Pyrennce oh oor ue pe) Puunie$s a gheordie Whasy of 9 DOr g1v ose LPL? huclye Maltose ee Vie = )yesidic Meee of 2a De) glacopyranace ono oe h Qn ‘ oO. 4 on on \ oH ° on am * on Me Vis Nonaae oF BDL) galachse © BD qlurase an — OL wm h on . " by A beNavn, Aaa seeing of DED Game (Tae = 1008 unis) tum 4» ntl ov 3 _ . 2 : on Armylopeckia Var tethage of @-DL) arrute c d Sde chain - 1,6 ining yaa wnyon ces COL Ky 7 OLR Celludose Pedi) gous - Whe Inte ge os . S ae a) von OKs Sp oh AL Ms 4 a on