Apunts Anglès
Grammar:
PRESENT TENSES
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1. Present Simple
○ Use: For facts, habits, general truths, and routines.
○ Example: She works at a bank.
2. Present Continuous
○ Use: For actions happening now or temporary situations.
○ Example: He is reading a book right now.
3. Present Perfect Simple
○ Use: For actions completed in the past but connected to the
present, or experiences.
○ Example: I have visited Paris twice.
4. Present Perfect Continuous
○ Use: For actions that started in the past and are still happening,
or were happening recently.
○ Example: She has been studying for three hours.
PAST TENSES
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1. Past Simple
○ Use: For actions that happened and finished in the past.
○ Example: He traveled to Spain last summer.
2. Past Continuous
○ Use: For ongoing actions in the past, often interrupted by another
action.
○ Example: She was cooking dinner when the phone rang.
3. Past Perfect Simple
○ Use: For actions completed before another action in the past.
○ Example: He had already left when I arrived.
Apunts Anglès
4. Past Perfect Continuous
○ Use: For longer actions that were happening before another event
in the past.
○ Example: They had been waiting for two hours before the bus
arrived.
FUTURE TENSES
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1. Future Simple
○ Use: For decisions made at the moment, predictions, or promises.
○ Example: I will call you later.
2. Future Continuous
○ Use: For ongoing actions in the future.
○ Example: This time tomorrow, I will be flying to New York.
3. Future Perfect Simple
○ Use: For actions that will be completed by a certain time in the
future.
○ Example: She will have finished the project by next week.
4. Future Perfect Continuous
○ Use: For ongoing actions that will continue up to a point in the
future.
○ Example: By 5 PM, he will have been working for eight hours.
RELATIVE SENTENCES
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1. RELATIVE CLAUSES
○ who / that
○ which / that
○ when / that
○ whose
○ where
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2. DEFINING
○ There is no coma ( , )
○ Just essential information
○ Some of the relative clauses can be changed for “that”
○ Example: The girl who sits next to me in class is very friendly.
3. NON - DEFINING
○ There is coma ( , )
○ Gives extra information (goes between the comas)
○ You can’t change any relative clause for “that”
○ Example: My sister, who lives in BCN, is coming to visit next week.
MODALS AND MODAL PERFECT
.… … …
MODAL VERBS:
1. Can
a. uses → ability, request/permission, possibility
b. Example → She can speak Catalan / Can we go …? yes you can /
She can take a bus to work.
2. Be able to
a. uses → ability, possibility
b. Example → Peter is able to ride a bike / Will you be able to arrive
on time?
3. Can’t
a. uses → inability, prohibition, deduction
b. example → We can’t do anything to improve / you can’t talk during
an exam / This can’t be healthy, it’s too sugary
4. Could
a. uses → past ability , polite request, polite suggestion, possibility
b. example → She could exercise for hours when she was young /
Could we have the meeting in an hour? / You could come with her
if you want / This bike could broke if anyone use it
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5. May / Might
a. uses → possibility
b. example → We may/might be living in a different city next year
6. May
a. uses → polite request, permission
b. example → May I have some tea please?
7. Should /Ought to
a. uses → advice, opinion
b. example → You should/ought to end that relationship
8. Need to
a. uses → necessity, obligation
b. example → he needs to find a solution to that problem
9. Have to
a. uses → necessity, obligation
b. example → He has to change habits fast
10. Must
a. uses → necessity, obligation, logical conclusion
b. example → you must be quiet / They chose him for the show. he
must be thrilled
11. Mustn’t
a. uses → prohibition
b. example → you mustn’t copy during the exam
12. Don’t have to / Don’t need to
a. uses → lack of obligation / necessity
b. example → You don’t have to /need to get the bus to go there
13. Needn’t
a. uses → lack of obligation / necessity
b. example → She needn’t take the car. She can go on foot.
Apunts Anglès
14.Would
a. uses → formal request, offer
b. example → Would you stop cutting into the conversation please? /
Would you marry me?
MODAL PERFECT VERBS:
1. Could have
a. uses → possibility to do something in the past which wasn't done
in the end
b. example → We could have gone to the beach last week, but we
stayed at home.
2. Can’t / Couldn’t have
a. uses → Certainty that something didn’t happen
b. example → He can’t/couldn’t have done that picture if…
3. May / Might have
a. uses → A guess about a past action
b. example → She may/might have already eaten
4. Must have
a. uses → Certainty or logical conclusion about an event in the past
b. example → He must have felt exhausted after that competition
5. Should / Ought to have
a. uses → Criticism or regret after an event
b. example → We should / ought to have left earlier
6. Shouldn’t have
a. uses → Criticism or regret after an event
b. example → They shouldn't have painted the school’s door
7. Would have
a. uses → Willingness or desire to do something which wasn’t
actually done due to external circumstances
b. example → I would have met you yesterday but I couldn’t leave the
meeting
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8. Needn’t have
a. uses → To express that there was no obligation or necessity to do
something
b. example → You needn’t have bought me flowers.
CONDITIONALS
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Conditionals are sentences that describe a condition and a result. They often
use "if" and describe things that are real, possible, hypothetical, or imaginary.
There are 4 main types of conditionals in English:
1. ZERO CONDITIONAL
● Structure: IF + PRESENT SIMPLE , PRESENT SIMPLE
● Example: If you heat water to 100ª, it boils.
2. FIRST CONDITIONAL
● Structure: IF + PRESENT SIMPLE , WILL + BASE VERB
● Example: If it rains tomorrow, I’ll stay home
3. SECOND CONDITIONAL
● Structure: IF + PAST SIMPLE , WOULD + BASE VERB
● Example: If I won the lottery, I would travel the world
4. THIRD CONDITIONAL
● Structure: IF + PAST PERFECT , WOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
● Example: If I had studied harder, I would have passed the test
Writing:
AN INFORMAL EMAIL
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1. Start with a Friendly Greeting → Use a casual salutation like:
● Hi [Name],
● Hey [Name],
● Hello [Name],
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2. Open with a Friendly Introduction → Start with something personal or
light to set the tone:
● "Hope you’re doing well!"
● "How’s everything going with you?"
● "It’s been a while since we last caught up!"
3. Get to the Point (Casually!) → Transition naturally into the main reason
for your email:
● "I just wanted to tell you about…"
● "I thought I’d drop you a note about…"
● "Quick question about…"
4. Keep It Simple and Friendly → Use short, conversational sentences.
● Avoid formal language → phrases like “I’m writing to inform you”
can be replaced with “Just wanted to let you know.”
5. Close in a Warm Way → End with a friendly sign-off, like:
● "Looking forward to hearing from you!"
● "Let me know what you think!"
● "Catch you soon!"
6. Add a Casual Sign-Off → Use something like:
● Best,
● Cheers,
● Take care,
● See you,
AN OPINION ESSAY
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1. Understand the Purpose
● The goal of an opinion essay is to state your opinion and support it
with reasons, examples, and evidence.
● Keep the tone respectful and logical, even if you feel strongly about
the topic.
Apunts Anglès
2. Plan Your Essay STRUCTURE:
● INTRODUCTION
○ Hook: Grab the reader’s attention (a quote, a question, a
surprising fact).
○ Background: Briefly introduce the topic.
○ Thesis Statement: Clearly state your opinion on the issue.
● BODY PARAGRAPHS (2-3 paragraphs)
○ Each paragraph covers one main point supporting your
opinion.
■ Begin with a topic sentence.
■ Provide reasons, examples, and evidence to support your
point.
■ Address possible counterarguments briefly to strengthen
your stance.
● CONCLUSION
○ Summarize your opinion and main points.
○ End with a strong final statement or call to action.
FOR AND AGAINST ESSAY
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1. INTRODUCTION
● Purpose: Introduce the topic and explain its relevance without
giving your personal opinion.
● How to write:
○ Start with a general statement about the topic.
○ Mention that there are arguments on both sides.
2. PARAGRAPH 1: Arguments FOR
● Purpose: Present reasons why the topic is beneficial or positive.
● How to write:
○ Start with a linking phrase like "On the one hand..." or
"Firstly..."
Apunts Anglès
○ Present each argument clearly, with supporting examples if
possible.
3. PARAGRAPH 2: Arguments AGAINST
● Purpose: Present reasons why the topic could be harmful or
negative.
● How to write:
○ Start with a contrasting linking phrase like "On the other
hand..." or "However..."
○ Present each argument clearly, with supporting examples.
4. CONCLUSION:
● Purpose: Summarize the key points and give a balanced opinion
or leave it open for readers to decide.
● How to write:
○ Summarize the main arguments for and against.
○ State your opinion (if required) or conclude neutrally.
5. TIPS:
● Use formal language (avoid contractions like "don't" or "it's").
● Organize your essay logically with clear paragraphs.
● Use linking words (e.g., however, moreover, on the other hand,
therefore, in conclusion).
● Keep your tone neutral and objective.
FILM REVIEW
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1. WATCH THE FILM CAREFULLY
● Pay attention to the story, characters, cinematography, music, and
themes.
● Take notes on key moments, standout performances, and emotional
impact.
2. START WITH A STRONG INTRODUCTION
● Mention the movie title, director, main actors, and release year.
Apunts Anglès
● Provide a brief summary of the plot (without major spoilers).
● Include your overall impression—did you like it or not?
3. DISCUSS KEY ASPECTS OF THE FILM
● Story & Screenplay: Is the plot engaging? Is it original or predictable?
● Acting & Characters: How well did the actors perform? Were the
characters believable?
● Direction & Cinematography: How was the visual storytelling? Were there
notable shots, colors, or camera work?
● Music & Sound Design: Did the soundtrack enhance the movie?
● Themes & Messages: What deeper meanings or messages does the film
convey?
4. INCLUDE YOUR PERSONAL OPINION
● Support your views with examples from the film.
● Compare it to similar movies or the director’s previous work.
● Discuss any flaws or areas that could have been better.
5. END WITH A CONCLUSION
● Summarize your thoughts and restate your rating or recommendation.
● Suggest who might enjoy the film (e.g., fans of a specific genre).
6. GIVE A RATING (Optional)
● Use a star rating (e.g., ★★★★☆), a number (e.g., 8/10), or a simple verdict
(e.g., "Must-watch," "Skip it").
Vocabulary:
UNIT 2
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1. Gaming → Videojocs
2. Tools → Eines
3. Devices → Dispositius
Apunts Anglès
4. Equipped with → Equipat amb
5. Enabling → Permetent
6. Cutting-edge → D'avantguarda
7. Capable of → Capaç de
8. Wireless → Sense fil
9. Browse → Navegar
10. Upload → Pujar
11. User-friendly → Fàcil d'usar
12. Installing → Instal·lant
13. Updating → Actualitzant
14.Upgrading → Millorant
15. Delete → Eliminar
16. Backed up → Copia de seguretat
17. Deny → Negar
18. Access → Accés
19. Gone viral → S'ha fet viral
20.Realised → Realitzat
21. Characters → Personatges
22.Attend → Assistir
23.Thrilling → Apassionant
24.Meaningful → Significatiu
25.Gifted → Dotat
26.Proof → Prova
27. No matter → Sigui com sigui
28.In person → En persona
PHRASAL VERBS
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1. Speak out → Expressar-se
2. Pick up → Recollir
Apunts Anglès
3. Keep on → Continuar
4. Gave in → Cedir
5. Joined up → Unir-se
6. Get over → Superar
7. Taken over → Prendre el control
COLLOCATIONS
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1. Artificial intelligence → Intel·ligència artificial
2. Heavy rain → Pluja intensa
3. Pleasantly surprised → Molt sorprès
4. Vast majority → Gran majoria
5. Steady jobs → Feina estable
6. Well aware → Molt conscient
7. Perfect match → Combinació perfecta
8. Deadly serious → Molt seriós
9. Deep trouble → Greus problemes
10. Highly unlikely → Molt poc probable
11. Slight difference → Petita diferència
12. Conveniently located → Ubicat convenientment
13. Rapid increase → Augment ràpid
14.Widely accepted → Ampliament acceptat
15. Strongly opposed to → Fortament oposat
UNIT 3
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1. Purchase → Compra
2. High-ended → De gamma alta
3. Brand → Marca
4. Label → Etiqueta
5. Good value → Bona relació qualitat-preu
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6. Fitting room → Emprovador
7. Free delivery → Enviament gratuït
8. Shipping costs → Despeses d’enviament
9. Online tracking → Seguiment en línia
10. Advertising campaigns → Campanyes publicitàries
11. Display → Aparador
12. Sold out → Esgotat
13. Short of money → Escàs de diners / Falta de diners
14.Owe → Deure
15.Budget → Pressupost
16. Second-hand → De segona mà
17. Refund → Reemborsament
18. Exchange → Canvi
19. Shabby → Deixat, descuidat, desgastat
20.Reject → Rebutjar
21. Regret → Penedir-se
22.Entire → Sencer/a, complet/a
23.Valuable → Valuós/a
24.Goods → Béns, mercaderies
25.Afford → Permetre’s (econòmicament)
26.Social status → Estatus social
27. Sum → Suma
28.Outfit → Conjunt (de roba)
29.Prevent → Prevenir, evitar
30.Chain stores → Botigues de cadena
31. Count on → Comptar amb, confiar en
COMPOUND WORDS
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1. Homemade → Fet a casa, casolà
Apunts Anglès
2. Check-up → Revisió
3. Everyday → Quotidià, diari
4. Price tag → Etiqueta de preu
5. Self-made → Fet/a per un mateix/a, autodidacte
6. Credit card → Targeta de crèdit
7. Billboard → Cartellera, anunci publicitari
8. Short sleeved → De màniga curta
UNIT 4
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1. Overrated → sobrevalorat/ada
2. Come out → sortir / estrenar-se
3. Star in → protagonitzar
4. Appeal to → atreure, agradar a
5. Venue → local, recinte
6. Audience → públic
7. Remake → nova versió
8. Worth seeing → val la pena de veure
9. Chatchy → fàcil de recordar, enganxós/a
10. Relate to → identificar-se amb
11. Dreadful → horrible / pèssim/a
12. Stunning → impressionnant /extraordinari
13. Long-running → de llarga durada
14.Broadcast → emetre
15.Outstanding → exceptional / extraordinary
16. Live performances → actuació en directe / en viu
17. Recording → enregistrament
18. Let-down → decepció
Apunts Anglès
UNIT 5:
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1. Taking action → Prendre mesures, passar a l’acció
2. Support a cause → Donar suport a, defensar una causa
3. Demonstration → Manifestació
4. Going on strike → Declarar-se en, fer vaga
5. Refugee → Refugiat/ada
6. Homelessness → Sense sostre
7. Unemployment → Desocupació, atur
8. Low wage → Salari/sou baix
9. Welfare programmes → Programa d’atenció/d’assistència social
10. Slum → Suburbi, barri pobre
11. Health care → Atenció/assistència sanitària
12. Prejudice → Prejudici
13. Inequality → Desigualtat
14.Overcome → Superar
15.Juvenile delinquency → Delinqüència juvenil
16. Gangs → Bandes
17. Curfews → Toc de queda
18. Corruption → Corrupció
19. Whalth → Riquesa
20.approach → plantejament
21. in the first place → des del començament /d’entrada
22.devised → elaborar
23.extended → ampliar
24.pledge → comprometre’s / prometre
25.patrol → patrulla
26.launch → posar en marxa / llançar-se
27. sign → signar
Apunts Anglès
28.risky → arriscat-ada / perillós-a
29.funding → finançament
30.gather→ reunir-se
31. tackle → afrontar / tractar de resoldre
32.a far cry from → molt diferent de
33.gone too far → passar-se de la ralla
34.from far and wide → de tot arreu
35.few and far between → no gaires /comptats
36.isn’t far off → (close to the truth)
37. by far → amb una gran diferència
38.Panel discussion → Debat
39.add up to → suposar /significar
40.make up for → compensar per
41.catch up for → posar-se al dia amb
42.watch out for → tenir cura de (take care of)
43.look forward to → esperar amb il·lusió
44.look down on → menysprear (feel superior to)
45.get away with → sortir-se’n amb la seva
46.put up with → aguantar / suportar (tolerate)
47.run out of → quedar-se sense alguna cosa
48.walk out of → deixar/abandonar “la feina”
49.cut down on → reduir (reduce)
50.catch up on → posar-se al dia
51.come up with → proposar “alguna idea” (think of /create)
