Basic translation terminology

Source text
(ST)
In
source
Language

Source culture

•
(TT)
In
Target

I
Target text

Language

Target culture
One also needs to consider and adapt to the culture when
translating

Communication triangle Message (m)

•
•
Sender (s) A Receiver (r)

Linear: less important = not the whole story

Communication does not succeed in a linear way
M has implied in formation (eg irony, sarcasm)
• if a message goes through the linear arrow then those
implied pieces of information are not passer
• this happens when the communicative events are
monolingual
Communication triangle in translation

Message (st) Message(tt)

Use of sl Use of tl
Translator

Author (a) Target audience (TA)

Terms in Greek

• source text = apazocudo nezappaoua jyasa Wijn

-

• source language = ageisa-conjn-unepioxusa Jynissa Nezozudo

,

• target text:
• target language = gara scoxos perappage
=
 Lexical correspondence vs equivalence

Equivalence (gr Iodurapia) has 2 meanings:

1. The relationship of functional correspondence between an
item of the St and an item of the Tt, such an item can be a
word, a phrase or an idiom
2. A specific translation technique

Correspondence is a term from contrastive linguistics and

denotes the semantic identity between words of different
languages

Example = correspondence of the wore believe is πιστεύω

In the phrase "he believes that language is not affected by culture"
the equivalence of believe is the word υποστηρίζω υποστηρίζει πως
η γλώσσα δεν επηρεάζετε από τον πολιτισμό

• Equivalence is always decided ad hoc

• for every translation it might be different because of the
context, the situation etc

Koller presented the types of equivalence

1. Denotative
a. One to none eg eng = cross-couture Gr - no translation
b. One to one eg eng: cat gr: Jaza
C. One to many eg eng:figure gr: apiopios Ellora
,

D. Many to one eg eng: clash, conflict gr: Gijaporon

e. One to partial eg eng: cozy - gr: cirezo
 Translation techniques

Borrowing and calque

Borrowing= Savseo
calque= Enzuuto

The conceptual side,

Lexical sign Signified the mental image
Example = the mental
= tree representation
Signifier
The lexical side, the
sounds or characters
Lexical side = Tree

But= not all individuals have the same mental image

Borrowing is applied when A concept from the sl needs to be

transferred to the tl but the tl has no means of expressing it

Example

Signified Signified

Signifier Signifier
sandwich,
Halloween, selfie

A borrowing can be a transference or a neutralization

• transference = the transfer of a word without any change in
the way that it is written eg. Selfie, roundabout, fax,
Halloween etc
• naturalisation = when a word is adapted to the
morphological and phonetic rule of the tl eg Hapzu , acardio
,
ocireories

• this also concerns the use of different alphabet and the

creation of derivatives eg Wupzahl Dozil
,

• both the signifier and the signified are borrowed in these cases
↑
Calque

= technique by which a sl word or expression is translated

through literal translation of its constituents
• example = skyscraper=.organosirens European Union= Auparician Avaron
• In the case of claque only the signified is borrowed while the
signifier is literally translated

Recategorisation and modulation

• Recategorisation works at the lexical level

• Modulation works at the pragmatic level

Recategorisation is a technique through which equivalence is

achieved through changing the grammatical structure eg changing
one part of speech for another
Example =
Verb noun = keep refrigerated = A larpiec pujcio
do

Adverb verb =he will be back soon= Ser da approa va jupisa

Modulation
• equivalence is achieved through changing the view point eg
when we use passive instead of active voice (or vice-versa),
when an abstract concept is used instead of a specific or
when the order of adjectives is reversed
Example=
• A black and white film = Ma autopaion Ecuvia-reverse order
• this is considered by many wrong = Goydoi Depoir curo eiras jados
a -
A->P
• I need to fix my car apaie
=
paciza za para-specific for abstract
va

The two can co-exist in a phrase,eg

Keep refrigerated Diaznpeizal

-
deo Yusio
Adaptation, equivalence and neutralization

Adaptation

= the total change of cultural reference, when a cultural item/

situation of the sc does not exist in the tc
• replace a cultural reality of the source language with the
target language
Example =
Eng. Cricket to gr. Football, Eng cheddar to upabispa
He kissed his daughter on the mouth Appayiasa spixza en hopn zou
Equivalence / cultural equivalence

• translate a cultural reality of the sl with a cultural reality of

the tl which is almost the same or expresses the same
meaning
• used for the translation of fixed expressions and proverbs
Example=
Once bitten twice shy = Oboos Hanna xujo puscia man
sco ,
zo
proper
Like a bull in a China shop= jar Ejaparzas de vajodogaio
Pub = putupapia

• In equivalence we have the same reality in the Sc and the Tc

• In adaptation the reality is different

Neutralisation

• we transfer only some of the semantic content of a sl element

to the tl
• used when we aim to avoid unnecessary explanations
• cultural reference is partially transferred
I will eat fast food -) θα φάω κάτι πρόχειρο instead of quor-pou re
Economy and amplification

Economy
• technique by which a translation ends up having less words than
the original
• there are subcategories as to why this technique is applied
Sub categories:
1. deletion = translator consciously leaves out information as
to achieve better effect, and to avoid the unnecessary
repetitions
Example = oh my God!= Des nou !

2. Concentration - when structural or lexical differences

between languages impose a TL equivalent of less words
Example = Kaza en popa zur Jehzir pogopiou En = clockwise
zou

-nar za dir En = both

3. Concision - translator consciously used less words to avoid

repetitions
4. Implicitation - translator leaves out information consciously
either because such info is evident and obvious or can be
easily inferred by the audience
Example
She baked the bread in the clay oven out in the yard · Gunde Pupizo

sto
poupvi
Amplification
• when a translation ends up having more words than the
original
• there are sub categories
1. Gloss - when the translator assumes that the audience will
need more info to understand the meaning of something. -
gloss may appear in parentheses next to a word or
expression
2. Dilution - only when structural or lexical difference
between languages impose a Tl of more words eg clockwise
to hazai en Gopa zur Gazzir zou pogogion
3. Periphrasis - when the translator consciously used more words
to avoid repetition of the same term eg. What a cozy room to
z opoppo han Jaseo Janciro

4. Explicitation - precise info is added because otherwise they

cannot be inferred by the audience
Example= I Entarction zou'21
The Greek revolution Of 1821
Recasting, articulation and interchange

Recasting:
• refers to the change of the order of words
• this may be done because of syntactic or idiomatic
expressions of the tl or to make sense
Examples:
first-come, first served

Jos epxerar copciros Ejuconperziran

,
can officers

Articulation:
• when connective phrases are added in order to make explicit
in the tt the connectivity between two elements in the st
Example =
• you should change the batteries. They have long stayed out
= da apecies va
aygazas patacapies diva inerar codin acepo expropo goines

Interchange:
• king of recasting
• swapping of position between two neighbouring elements
• also involves recategorisation
Example =
She wouldn't stop stressing that this was wrong

zovisa enfavagnuera de ricar

jodos
Compensation:
• used in order to make up for something that was lost in the
translation
Examples:
Firar
n scrpavou
; Singular
En - is it your turn? Not clear
En - is it your turn, John? Clear
 e
>
-
L
-
&
·
·
o
·
E
·
E
E
i
&
·
·
·
· :