Unit - III: Theoretical Aspect of Games, Sports and Yogic

Practice Basics of Games and Sports

Athletics, Badminton, Basketball, Cricket, Football,
Gymnastics, Hand ball, Hockey, Judo, Kabbadi, Kho-kho,
Volleyball, Swimming, Table tennis and Wrestling
Handball.
(One to be opted of your choice)
1) Individual/Team 8) Basic Strategies of the Games
2) Indoor/Outdoor and Sports
3) Number of players, 9) Criteria of participation
Equipment/gears 10) Fouls and penalties
4) Play field areas 11) Scoring rules
5) General rules 12) Winning or losing parameters
6) Interpretation of Rules 13) Safety and Guidelines Awards
7) Advance skills of the Games and
Sports
You need to study
only one game of
your choice
Athletics
Brief History of Athletics
•One of the oldest sports, dating back to ancient Greece.
•First modern Olympic Games (1896) featured athletics as the main event.
•Governed by World Athletics (formerly IAAF).
•Athletics remains the most prestigious Olympic sport today.

1) Individual/Team
•Athletics is primarily an individual sport, but certain events (like relays) are team-based.
•Events include running, jumping, and throwing disciplines.
2) Indoor/Outdoor
•Athletics is mainly an outdoor sport but has indoor variations for certain track and field events.
•Indoor events are held in smaller arenas, while outdoor events are held in stadiums and road courses.
3) Number of Players, Equipment/Gears
•Number of participants varies per event (e.g., individual sprints vs. 4x100m relay teams).
•Equipment depends on the event, including:
• Running: Spikes, starting blocks, batons (for relays).
• Jumping: Pole vault poles, sand pits, high jump mats.
• Throwing: Shot puts, javelins, hammers, and discus.
• Timing Devices: Used to measure race results.
4) Play Field Areas
•Track Events: Standard 400m oval track (100m, 200m, 400m, hurdles, relay).
•Jumping Events: Long jump, triple jump, high jump, and pole vault areas.
•Throwing Events: Discus, shot put, javelin, and hammer throw sectors.
•Road Events: Marathon and race walking routes.
5) General Rules
•Races begin with a starting signal (gunshot).
•Runners must stay in their designated lanes (except in longer races).
•Jumping and throwing events allow a limited number of attempts.
•In relays, the baton must be exchanged within the designated zone.
6) Interpretation of Rules
•False Start: If a runner starts before the signal, they can be disqualified.
•Foul in Jumping/Throwing: If an athlete steps outside the marked area, the attempt is
invalid.
•Lane Infringement: Running outside the lane in sprints leads to disqualification.
•Relay Baton Exchange: If the baton is dropped or exchanged outside the zone, the
team is disqualified.
7) Advanced Skills of the Sport
•Running Techniques: Sprint starts, pacing, breathing control.
•Jumping Skills: Proper take-off, body positioning, landing techniques.
•Throwing Techniques: Grip, spin/rotation, release timing.
•Endurance & Stamina Training: For long-distance events.
8) Basic Strategies
•Sprinting: Explosive starts, efficient strides, and controlled acceleration.
•Distance Running: Proper pacing, drafting (staying behind a runner to reduce air
resistance).
•Jumping: Perfecting run-up speed, angle of take-off.
•Throwing: Improving power and control through core strength and technique.
9) Criteria for Participation
•Age and Category-Based Competitions (U-16, U-20, Senior).
•Qualifying Standards: Athletes must meet set time, distance, or height requirements.
•Drug-Free Policy: Strict anti-doping regulations.
10) Fouls and Penalties
•False Start → Immediate disqualification.
•Stepping Out of Lane → Leads to disqualification.
•Overstepping the Jump Board (Long Jump/Triple Jump) → No valid attempt.
•Dropping Baton in Relay → Team disqualified if not picked up correctly.
11) Scoring Rules
•Timed Events: The fastest athlete wins (e.g., 100m sprint).
•Distance Events: The longest valid throw/jump wins.
•Point System: Used in multi-event competitions like the decathlon (men) and heptathlon
(women).
12) Winning or Losing Parameters
•Fastest Time Wins in races.
•Longest Distance Wins in jumps/throws.
•Total Points Wins in combined events (decathlon, heptathlon).
13) Safety Guidelines & Awards
•Warm-up & Stretching: Reduces risk of muscle injuries.
•Hydration & Nutrition: Essential for endurance events.
•Protective Gear: Proper shoes, compression gear, and medical support available.
•Awards: Olympic Medals, World Championships, National Championships.
Badminton
Brief History of Badminton
•Originated from the ancient game "battledore and shuttlecock" played in England.
•Modern badminton developed in British India in the 19th century.
•Officially became an Olympic sport in 1992.
•Governed by the Badminton World Federation (BWF).

1) Individual/Team
•Badminton can be played both as an individual (singles) and team sport (doubles
and mixed doubles).
•In team tournaments, multiple players compete in different matches to contribute
to the overall team score.

2) Indoor/Outdoor
•Primarily an indoor sport to avoid wind interference.
•However, it can be played casually outdoors, but competitive matches are always
held indoors.
3) Number of Players, Equipment/Gears
•Singles: 1 player per side.
•Doubles: 2 players per side.
•Equipment:
• Racket – Lightweight, made of carbon fiber or aluminum.
• Shuttlecock – Made of feathers or synthetic material.
• Net – 1.55m (5ft 1in) high at the edges, 1.524m (5ft) in the center.
• Court Shoes – Non-marking, lightweight shoes for better grip and movement.
4) Play Field Areas
•Court dimensions: 13.4m x 6.1m for doubles and 13.4m x 5.18m for singles.
•Service areas differ for singles and doubles.
•The net divides the court into two halves.
5) General Rules
•A match consists of best of three games (sets).
•A rally starts with a serve and ends when the shuttlecock touches the ground or a fault is committed.
•Players must not touch the net with their body or racket.
•The shuttle must be hit below the waist while serving.
6) Interpretation of Rules
•If the shuttle lands on the boundary line, it is considered in.
•Players cannot double-hit the shuttle.
•If the shuttle hits the net but lands in the correct service court, the rally continues.
•In case of a let (interruption, external interference), the point is replayed.
7) Advanced Skills of the Game
•Smash – A powerful, downward shot for attacking play.
•Drop Shot – A gentle shot that falls near the net to deceive the opponent.
•Clear – A deep, high shot to push the opponent to the backcourt.
•Net Play – Delicate shots close to the net to control the rally.
•Deception – Using body movement to trick opponents.

8) Basic Strategies
•Singles Strategy: Move the opponent around the court, use variations in pace.
•Doubles Strategy: Maintain effective court coverage, coordinate with your partner, use attacking formations
(front-back, side-side).
•Mix-up shots: Combining smashes, clears, and drop shots to disrupt the opponent.

9) Criteria for Participation

•Players must register under recognized badminton associations for professional tournaments.
•Age and skill-based categories exist for different tournaments.
•Players must adhere to badminton attire and equipment standards.
10) Fouls and Penalties
•Service Faults: Incorrect serve technique (e.g., hitting above waist level).
•Net Faults: Touching the net with racket or body.
•Double Hit: Hitting the shuttle twice before it crosses the net.
•Out of Bounds: Hitting the shuttle outside the court lines.
11) Scoring Rules
•Matches follow a rally point system.
•Games go up to 21 points (must win by 2 points).
•If the score reaches 29-29, the first player/team to score 30 wins the game.

12) Winning or Losing Parameters

•The first player/team to win two games (best of 3 sets) wins the match.
•A player loses a point if:
• The shuttle lands outside the opponent’s court.
• A fault is committed.

13) Safety Guidelines and Awards

•Warm-up & Stretching: To avoid injuries.
•Proper Grip & Stance: Reduces strain on wrist and shoulders.
•Hydration & Recovery: Essential for endurance.
•Protective Gear: Wristbands, knee support, and proper footwear prevent injuries.
Basketball
Brief History of Basketball
•Invented by Dr. James Naismith in 1891 in Springfield, USA.
•First played with a soccer ball and peach baskets.
•Became an Olympic sport in 1936.
•The NBA (National Basketball Association) was founded in 1946, making it the biggest basketball league
in the world today.
1) Individual/Team
•Basketball is a team sport, played between two teams of five players each on the court at a time.
•Teams can have substitutes, and players rotate throughout the game.
2) Indoor/Outdoor
•Primarily played indoors at the professional level.
•Can also be played outdoors in casual and street basketball games.
3) Number of Players, Equipment/Gears
•Players per team:
• 5 players on the court per team at a time.
• Up to 7 substitutes (depending on competition rules).
•Equipment:
• Basketball – Official ball size is 29.5 inches (Size 7) for men and 28.5 inches (Size 6) for women.
• Basketball Hoop – 10 feet (3.05m) high.
• Court Shoes – Designed for grip and ankle support.
• Jerseys & Shorts – Each team wears a uniform with a unique number.
4) Play Field Areas
•Basketball Court Dimensions:
• Standard NBA/FIBA court size: 28m x 15m (94ft x 50ft).
• Key areas: Three-point line, free-throw line, key/paint area, baseline, and half-court line.
•Hoop Height: 10 feet (3.05m) from the ground.
5) General Rules
•The game consists of four quarters (NBA: 12 min each, FIBA: 10 min each).
•Teams try to score by shooting the ball through the opponent’s basket.
•The team with the most points at the end wins.
•Players must dribble the ball while moving (no running with the ball).
•A team has 24 seconds (NBA/FIBA) to attempt a shot.
6) Interpretation of Rules
•Double Dribble: A player cannot dribble, stop, then dribble again.
•Traveling Violation: Moving without dribbling results in a turnover.
•Shot Clock Violation: If a team doesn’t shoot within 24 seconds, the ball is given to the opponent.
•Backcourt Violation: Once a team crosses half-court, they cannot return to their backcourt.
7) Advanced Skills of the Game
•Shooting: Layups, mid-range shots, three-pointers, and free throws.
•Dribbling: Crossovers, behind-the-back, spin moves.
•Passing: Chest pass, bounce pass, no-look pass.
•Defense: Man-to-man, zone defense, shot-blocking.
•Rebounding: Offensive and defensive rebounding to gain possession.
8) Basic Strategies
•Offensive Strategies:
• Fast Break – Quick transitions to score before defense sets up.
• Pick and Roll – Using screens to create open shots.
• Isolation Play – Giving a skilled player space to score.
•Defensive Strategies:
• Full-Court Press – Pressuring opponents across the entire court.
• Zone Defense – Defenders cover areas instead of individual players.
9) Criteria for Participation
•Age-based divisions (youth, college, professional).
•Height is an advantage, but not mandatory.
•Fitness and endurance training are essential.
•Teams must register in leagues (NBA, FIBA, Olympics, etc.).
10) Fouls and Penalties
•Personal Fouls: Contact-related violations (pushing, holding, blocking).
•Technical Fouls: Unsportsmanlike conduct (arguing with the referee, flopping).
•Shooting Fouls: If fouled while shooting, the player gets free throws.
•Team Fouls: After 5 team fouls per quarter, the opponent gets free throws.
11) Scoring Rules
•Field Goal (Basket Made)
• Inside the three-point line → 2 points
• Beyond the three-point line → 3 points
• Free throw → 1 point (awarded after shooting fouls).
12) Winning or Losing Parameters
•The team with the highest points at the end of the game wins.
•If the score is tied, the game goes into overtime (5-minute extra period).
13) Safety Guidelines & Awards
•Proper warm-up & stretching to avoid injuries.
•Hydration & fitness for endurance.
•Use of protective gear like knee pads and mouthguards.
•Awards:
• NBA Championship Trophy (USA Professional League).
• FIBA World Cup (International Competition).
• Olympic Gold Medal (Global Competition).
Cricket
Brief History of Cricket
•Originated in England in the 16th century.
•The first international match was played in 1877 (England vs. Australia).
•Cricket has evolved into multiple formats: Test, One-Day International (ODI), and T20.
•Governing Body: International Cricket Council (ICC).

1) Individual/Team
•Cricket is a team sport, played between two teams of 11 players each.
•It includes specialized roles: batters, bowlers, wicketkeepers, and all-rounders.

2) Indoor/Outdoor
•Cricket is primarily an outdoor sport played on a large field.
•Indoor cricket exists but is mainly for casual play and training.

3) Number of Players, Equipment/Gears

•Players per team: 11 active players + substitutes.
•Equipment:
• Bat – Wooden, typically made of willow.
• Ball – Made of leather, with a cork core.
• Stumps & Bails – Three vertical sticks and two horizontal bails.
• Protective Gear – Helmets, gloves, pads, and abdominal guards.
4) Play Field Areas
•Cricket Ground: Large oval-shaped field with a 22-yard pitch in the center.
•Key areas:
• Pitch – Where the bowler delivers the ball.
• Wicket – Stumps and bails at both ends of the pitch.
• Crease – Marked areas where the batter and bowler operate.
• Boundary – The outer edge of the playing field.

5) General Rules
•The game is played in overs (6 legal deliveries per over).
•One team bats while the other bowls and fields.
•The batting team scores runs while the bowling team tries to dismiss the batters.
•The team that scores the most runs wins.

6) Interpretation of Rules
•LBW (Leg Before Wicket): If a batter's leg blocks a ball that would hit the stumps, they are out.
•No-Ball: If the bowler oversteps the crease, the delivery is illegal.
•Wide Ball: If the ball is too far from the batter, it is penalized with an extra run.
•Run-Out: A batter is out if the ball hits the stumps before they reach the crease.
7) Advanced Skills of the Game
•Batting: Cover drives, pull shots, cut shots, lofted shots.
•Bowling: Fast bowling, swing, spin (off-spin, leg-spin, googly).
•Fielding: Diving stops, quick reflexes, accurate throws.
•Wicketkeeping: Stumping, catching behind, quick glove work.

8) Basic Strategies
•Batting:
• Rotate the strike to keep the scoreboard moving.
• Build partnerships to stabilize innings.
•Bowling:
• Bowl in good line and length to create pressure.
• Use variations like slower balls, yorkers, and bouncers.
•Fielding:
• Position players strategically based on batter strengths.
• Quick relay throws to prevent runs.

9) Criteria for Participation

•Professional players must be part of domestic and international cricket boards.
•Fitness & stamina are essential.
•Players are selected based on domestic performances for international cricket.
10) Fouls and Penalties
•Ball Tampering – Illegally altering the ball to affect its movement.
•Timed Out – A batter taking too long to arrive at the crease is given out.
•Illegal Bowling Action – If a bowler’s elbow extends beyond the allowed limit.
•Slow Over Rate – Teams delaying play may receive penalties.

11) Scoring Rules

•Runs: Scored by running between wickets or hitting boundaries.
• 1, 2, or 3 runs – Running between wickets.
• 4 runs – Ball crosses the boundary after bouncing.
• 6 runs – Ball clears the boundary without touching the ground.
•Extras: Given for no-balls, wides, leg-byes, and byes.
12) Winning or Losing Parameters
•Limited-Overs Matches (T20, ODI): The team with the most runs at the end of their
innings wins.
•Test Matches: Played over 5 days, the team with the most runs and wickets wins.
•Super Over: Used in case of a tie in limited-overs matches.

13) Safety Guidelines & Awards

•Helmet & Pads: Prevent injuries from fast bowlers.
•Hydration & Endurance Training: Essential for long matches.
•Awards:
• ICC Cricket World Cup (ODI format).
• ICC T20 World Cup.
• The Ashes (Historic Test Series between England and Australia).
Football
Brief History of Football
•Originated in England in the 19th century.
•The first FIFA World Cup was held in 1930 (won by Uruguay).
•Governing Body: FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association).
•Football is the most popular sport in the world, with billions of fans worldwide.

1) Individual/Team
•Football is a team sport, played between two teams of 11 players each (including a goalkeeper).
•It involves various positions: Forwards, Midfielders, Defenders, and Goalkeeper.
2) Indoor/Outdoor
•Primarily played outdoors on a grass or artificial turf field.
•Indoor versions exist, such as Futsal (5-a-side football).
3) Number of Players, Equipment/Gears
•Players per team:
• 11 players on the field (including 1 goalkeeper).
• Up to 7 substitutes (depends on competition rules).
•Equipment:
• Football (soccer ball) – Standard size 5 ball for adults.
• Jersey & Shorts – Team uniforms with numbers.
• Shin Guards – Protects legs from tackles.
• Football Boots (Cleats) – Provides grip on the field.
• Goalposts & Nets – Each team has a goalpost to defend.
4) Play Field Areas
•Standard Football Pitch:
• Length: 90-120 meters, Width: 45-90 meters.
• Penalty Area – Where the goalkeeper can use hands; fouls inside result in a penalty kick.
• Goal Area – Smaller box inside the penalty area.
• Halfway Line – Divides the field into two halves.
• Corner Arc – Used for corner kicks.

5) General Rules
•The game lasts 90 minutes (two halves of 45 minutes each), plus extra time if necessary.
•The team with more goals at the end of the match wins.
•The ball is moved by passing, dribbling, and shooting.
•Players cannot use their hands, except the goalkeeper inside the penalty area.

6) Interpretation of Rules
•Offside Rule: A player is offside if they are ahead of the second-last defender when receiving a pass.
•Fouls & Free Kicks: Given for tripping, pushing, or reckless challenges.
•Penalty Kick: Awarded when a foul occurs inside the penalty box.
•Throw-In: Given when the ball fully crosses the sideline.
•Goal Kick & Corner Kick:
• Goal Kick – Awarded when the attacking team last touches the ball before it crosses the goal line.
• Corner Kick – Given when the defending team last touches the ball before it crosses the goal line.
7) Advanced Skills of the Game
•Dribbling: Skillful ball control using footwork.
•Passing: Short, long, through-ball passes.
•Shooting: Accurate strikes at goal.
•Defensive Skills: Tackling, interceptions, positioning.
•Goalkeeping: Shot-stopping, positioning, handling crosses.

8) Basic Strategies
•Offensive Play:
• Tiki-Taka (Short, quick passes to maintain possession).
• Counter-Attack (Quick attack after winning possession).
• Crossing & Heading (Delivering the ball into the penalty box).
•Defensive Play:
• Man-to-Man Marking (Each defender marks an opponent).
• Zonal Defense (Defenders guard specific zones).
• High Press (Pressing opponents aggressively to win the ball).

9) Criteria for Participation

•Players must be part of a registered club or national team to compete professionally.
•Age groups exist (U-15, U-20, senior teams).
•Fitness tests and training are essential for selection.
10) Fouls and Penalties
•Yellow Card: Warning for reckless fouls, time-wasting, or unsporting behavior.
•Red Card: Immediate expulsion from the match (for serious fouls, violent conduct).
•Accumulated Fouls: Too many fouls lead to free kicks or penalties.

11) Scoring Rules

•Goal: Scored when the entire ball crosses the goal line between the goalposts and under the crossbar.
•Own Goal: If a team accidentally scores in their own net, it counts for the opponent.

12) Winning or Losing Parameters

•The team with more goals at the end of 90 minutes wins.
•If tied:
• Some matches go to extra time (2 x 15 minutes).
• If still tied, a penalty shootout decides the winner.

13) Safety Guidelines & Awards

•Warm-up & Stretching: Prevents muscle injuries.
•Hydration & Fitness: Essential for stamina.
•Fair Play: Respecting opponents and referees.
•Awards:
• FIFA World Cup (Biggest international tournament).
• UEFA Champions League (Top European club competition).
• Ballon d'Or (Best player award).
Gymnastics
 HISTORY

 Brief History of Gymnastics Originated in Ancient Greece as

part of military training.
 Modern gymnastics was introduced in the 19th century in
Germany. Included in the Olympics since 1896 (Men’s) and 1928
(Women’s).
 Governed by the FIG (International Gymnastics Federation
 GYMNASTICS OVERVIEW

 • Gymnastics can be both an individual and a team sport.

 • Individual events include performances by a single gymnast.
 • Team competitions involve multiple gymnasts contributing
scores to a total team score.

 • Primarily an indoor sport.

 • Events take place in gymnastics halls, arenas, or training
centers with specialized equipment.
 EQUIPMENT & PLAY FIELD AREAS

 • Gymnasts perform solo or in teams (size varies by competition).

 • Equipment: Leotards, Pommel Horse, Balance Beam, Uneven Bars,
Parallel Bars, Vault Table, Floor Mat.

 • Standard Gymnastics Arena:

 - Vault Runway & Table, Balance Beam (5m long, 10cm wide)
 - Uneven Bars & Parallel Bars, Floor Exercise Mat (12m x 12m)
 - Pommel Horse & Rings (Men’s Events)
RULES & SCORING

 • Routines are scored based on difficulty, execution, and artistry.

 • Deductions for mistakes like poor form, balance errors, and falls.
 • Difficulty Score (D-Score) + Execution Score (E-Score) = Total
Score

 • Fouls and Penalties:

 - Falls: Deduction of 0.5 points.
 - Unstable Landing: Small hops or extra steps reduce scores.
 - Time Violation: Exceeding limits results in deductions.
 ADVANCED SKILLS & STRATEGIES

 • Vault: Yurchenko, Tsukahara, Amanar.

 • Balance Beam: Aerials, flips, split leaps.
 • Floor Exercise: Tumbling passes, dance elements, artistry.
 • Bars: Release moves, handstands, dismounts.
 • Rings & Pommel Horse: Strength holds, swings, flips.

 • Strategies: Consistency, Artistic Expression, Strength &

Flexibility, Landing Precision.
 PARTICIPATION, SAFETY & HISTORY

 • Olympic minimum age is 16 years.

 • Gymnasts compete in different levels based on skill.
 • Must qualify through national & international events.

 • Safety Guidelines:
 - Warm-Up & Stretching reduces injury risk.
 - Protective Gear: Grips, wrist supports, padded mats.
 - Spotting & Supervision for high-risk moves.
Handball
BRIEF HISTORY OF HANDBALL

 • Originated in Europe in the late 19th century.

 • First played in Germany and Scandinavia.
 • Included in the Olympics since 1936 (Men) and 1976
(Women).
 • Governed by the IHF (International Handball
Federation).
HANDBALL OVERVIEW

 • Handball is a team sport played with 7 players per team

(6 court players + 1 goalkeeper).
 • Primarily an indoor game, though beach handball is
played outdoors.
 • Objective: Score goals by throwing the ball into the
opponent’s net.
 PLAYERS, EQUIPMENT & PLAY FIELD

 • Number of Players: 7 per team (including goalkeeper), with up to 7

substitutes.
 • Equipment:
 - Handball (size varies for men, women, and juniors).
 - Team uniforms, goalkeeper gear, and indoor sports shoes.
 • Play Field:
 - Standard Court: 40m x 20m.
 - Goal Area: 6m semi-circle around the goal.
 - Free Throw Line: 9 meters from the goal.
 - Penalty Mark: 7 meters from the goal.
GENERAL RULES & INTERPRETATION

 • The game consists of two 30-minute halves.

 • Dribbling is allowed, but no double-dribbling.
 • Steps Rule: Maximum 3 steps without dribbling.
 • Holding Rule: Players can hold the ball for a
maximum of 3 seconds.
 • Substitutions: Unlimited but must be done in the
substitution zone.
 ADVANCED SKILLS & STRATEGIES

 • Advanced Skills:
 - Jump Shot: A powerful shot while jumping.
 - Spin Shot: A curved shot to deceive the goalkeeper.
 - Fast Break: Quick transition from defense to attack.
 • Strategies:
 - Fast Passing: Quick ball movement to break defense.
 - Defensive Formations: 6-0, 5-1, or 4-2 defensive
lineups.
 - Goalkeeper Positioning: Cutting angles and
anticipating shots.
 PARTICIPATION & FOULS

 • Participation Criteria:
 - Open to all ages; professional leagues require skill
training.
 - National and international qualification tournaments.
 • Fouls & Penalties:
 - Minor Fouls: Result in a free throw.
 - Major Fouls: Lead to 2-minute suspensions.
 - Red Card: Serious fouls result in ejection.
 - Penalty Throw: Given for major fouls inside the goal area.
SCORING & WINNING RULES

 • Scoring:
 - A goal is scored when the ball fully crosses the goal
line.
 - Each goal is worth 1 point.
 • Winning or Losing:
 - The team with the most goals after 60 minutes wins.
 - If tied, extra time or penalty shootout is played.
SAFETY GUIDELINES & AWARDS

 • Safety Rules:
 - No dangerous tackles or aggressive pushing.
 - Optional protective gear like elbow/knee pads.
 • Awards:
 - Olympic Gold Medal (Top honor).
 - World Handball Championship Titles.
 - Club Competitions (Champions League, National Titles).
Hockey
BRIEF HISTORY OF HOCKEY

 • Field Hockey originated in the UK in the 19th century.

 • Ice Hockey developed in Canada in the late 19th
century.
 • Field Hockey became an Olympic sport in 1908 (Men)
and 1980 (Women).
 • Ice Hockey has been part of the Olympics since 1920.
 • Governed by the FIH (Field Hockey) and IIHF (Ice
Hockey).
HOCKEY OVERVIEW

 • Hockey is a team sport played with 11 players per

team.
 • Objective: Score goals by hitting the ball into the
opponent’s net using a hockey stick.
 • Played on a field, ice, or indoor surface (Field
Hockey, Ice Hockey, Indoor Hockey).
PLAYERS, EQUIPMENT & PLAY FIELD

 • Number of Players: 11 per team (including goalkeeper), with

substitutes allowed.
 • Equipment:
 - Hockey stick, ball (or puck for ice hockey), protective gear.
 - Shin guards, mouthguards, gloves, and helmets (for ice
hockey).
 • Play Field:
 - Field Hockey: 91.4m x 55m artificial turf field.
 - Ice Hockey: 61m x 30m ice rink with boards.
GENERAL RULES & INTERPRETATION

 • The game is divided into quarters (15-minute quarters for

field hockey, 20-minute periods for ice hockey).
 • Players use sticks to control, pass, and shoot the ball or
puck.
 • Physical contact is limited in field hockey but allowed in
ice hockey.
 • Fouls include dangerous play, obstruction, and stick
interference.
ADVANCED SKILLS & STRATEGIES

 • Advanced Skills:
 - Dribbling: Controlling the ball/puck while moving.
 - Drag Flick: A powerful shot used in penalty corners.
 - Slap Shot (Ice Hockey): A strong, fast shot using a full swing.
 • Strategies:
 - Formations: 4-4-2 or 3-5-2 for field hockey.
 - Power Play (Ice Hockey): Advantage when the opposing team
has fewer players due to penalties.
 - Pressing Defense: Applying pressure to regain possession
quickly.
PARTICIPATION & FOULS

 • Participation Criteria:
 - Open to all ages; professional leagues require skill training.
 - Teams qualify through national and international tournaments.
 • Fouls & Penalties:
 - Minor Fouls: Free hit (Field Hockey) or 2-minute penalty (Ice
Hockey).
 - Major Fouls: Green, Yellow, and Red cards (Field Hockey); Game
misconduct (Ice Hockey).
 - Dangerous Play: Lifting the stick too high or rough tackling.
SCORING & WINNING RULES

 • Scoring:
 - A goal is scored when the ball/puck fully crosses the goal
line.
 - Field Hockey: Goals can only be scored from inside the
shooting circle.
 - Ice Hockey: Goals can be scored from anywhere on the ice.
 • Winning or Losing:
 - The team with the most goals at the end wins.
 - If tied, extra time or a penalty shootout is played.
SAFETY GUIDELINES & AWARDS

 • Safety Rules:
 - Players must wear protective gear (helmets, shin
guards, mouthguards, gloves).
 - No high sticks, reckless tackles, or intentional hits.
 • Awards:
 - Olympic Gold Medal (Field & Ice Hockey).
 - Hockey World Cup Titles.
 - National and Club Championships.
Judo
BRIEF HISTORY OF JUDO

 • Judo was founded in 1882 by Jigoro Kano in Japan.

 • It was developed from traditional Jujutsu techniques.
 • Became an Olympic sport in 1964 (Men) and 1992
(Women).
 • Governed by the IJF (International Judo Federation).
JUDO OVERVIEW

 • Judo is a modern martial art and Olympic sport that

originated in Japan.
 • It is an individual combat sport where athletes aim to
throw, pin, or submit their opponent.
 • Judo is based on leverage, balance, and technique rather
than brute strength.
PLAYERS, EQUIPMENT & PLAY FIELD

 • Number of Players: 1 vs 1 competition.

 • Equipment:
 - Judogi (Judo uniform) with a belt indicating rank.
 - Protective gear like mouthguards (optional).
 • Play Field:
 - The fighting area (tatami) is 10m x 10m with a safety
zone.
 - Matches take place on padded mats to ensure safety.
GENERAL RULES & INTERPRETATION

 • Matches last for 4 minutes (Golden Score rule applies in

case of a tie).
 • The objective is to score points using throws, pins, and
submissions.
 • Ippon (full point) wins the match immediately.
 • Waza-ari (half-point) requires two to win.
 • Penalties (Shido) are given for passivity or rule violations.
 ADVANCED SKILLS & STRATEGIES

 • Advanced Skills:
 - Throwing Techniques: Seoi-nage, Uchi-mata, Osoto-gari.
 - Groundwork: Pins (Osaekomi), Armlocks (Juji-gatame),
Chokes (Shime-waza).
 - Counters: Using opponent's momentum against them.
 • Strategies:
 - Grip Fighting: Controlling the opponent’s lapel/sleeve.
 - Balance & Footwork: Staying centered to avoid throws.
 - Attack Timing: Quick transitions from standing to groundwork.
PARTICIPATION & FOULS

 • Participation Criteria:
 - Judokas compete in weight categories.
 - Age and skill levels determine competition divisions.
 • Fouls & Penalties:
 - Shido (Minor Penalty): Passivity, defensive posture, illegal
grips.
 - Hansoku-make (Disqualification): Illegal techniques,
dangerous moves.
 - No strikes, kicks, or joint locks on legs allowed.
SCORING & WINNING RULES

 • Scoring System:
 - Ippon: Instant victory by a perfect throw or submission.
 - Waza-ari: Half-point (two Waza-ari = Ippon).
 - Osaekomi: Holding opponent down for 20 seconds
scores Ippon.
 • Winning:
 - Achieving Ippon or accumulating two Waza-ari.
 - If tied, Golden Score (Sudden Death) applies.
SAFETY GUIDELINES & AWARDS

 • Safety Rules:
 - Judokas must bow before and after each match.
 - No dangerous or illegal techniques allowed.
 - Proper falling techniques (Ukemi) prevent injuries.
 • Awards:
 - Olympic Gold Medal (Top honor in Judo).
 - World Judo Championship Titles.
 - National and Regional Tournaments.
Kabaddi
BRIEF HISTORY OF KABADDI

 • Kabaddi originated in ancient India over 4,000 years ago.

 • It was introduced in the Asian Games in 1990.
 • The Pro Kabaddi League (PKL) was launched in 2014,
boosting global popularity.
 • Governed by the International Kabaddi Federation (IKF).
KABADDI OVERVIEW

 • Kabaddi is a team sport that originated in ancient India.

 • It involves two teams taking turns to send a raider into
the opponent’s half to tag players and return safely.
 • The objective is to score points by touching defenders
while avoiding being tackled.
PLAYERS, EQUIPMENT & PLAY FIELD

 • Number of Players: 7 players per team on the field, with 5

substitutes.
 • Equipment:
 - No specialized equipment, but players wear jerseys,
shorts, and shoes.
 • Play Field:
 - Standard field size: 13m x 10m for men, 12m x 8m for
women.
 - Divided into two halves, one for each team.
GENERAL RULES & INTERPRETATION

 • Each team alternates between raiding and defending.

 • A raider has 30 seconds to tag opponents and return to
their half while continuously chanting 'Kabaddi'.
 • Defenders try to stop the raider by tackling or holding
them until the time runs out.
 • Points are awarded for successful raids and tackles.
 ADVANCED SKILLS & STRATEGIES

 • Advanced Skills:
 - Toe Touch: Quick leg extension to tag an opponent.
 - Bonus Point: Gained if a raider places one foot in the bonus line with
defenders behind.
 - Chain Tackle: Defenders link arms to stop a raider.
 • Strategies:
 - Super Tackle: 3 or fewer defenders tackle a raider for extra points.
 - Do-or-Die Raid: A mandatory raid when a team fails to score in two
consecutive raids.
 - Defensive Formations: Teams use a mix of blocking and trapping
tactics.
PARTICIPATION & FOULS

 • Participation Criteria:
 - Players must have stamina, agility, and strategy.
 - Teams qualify through national and international
tournaments.
 • Fouls & Penalties:
 - Holding the raider’s jersey or hair is a foul.
 - Crossing the centerline before the raid is complete results
in a penalty.
 - Arguing with referees or misconduct leads to warnings or
disqualification.
SCORING & WINNING RULES

 • Scoring System:
 - 1 point per tagged defender in a raid.
 - 1 point for successfully tackling a raider.
 - Bonus points for touching the bonus line or executing a
Super Tackle.
 • Winning:
 - The team with the highest score at the end of two halves
wins.
 - Matches consist of 40-minute playtime (20 minutes per
half).
SAFETY GUIDELINES & AWARDS

 • Safety Rules:
 - Players must warm up before matches to avoid injuries.
 - No dangerous or violent moves are allowed.
 - Proper tackling techniques reduce injury risk.
 • Awards:
 - Kabaddi World Cup Titles.
 - Pro Kabaddi League Trophies.
 - Asian Games & National Championships.
Kho-Kho
BRIEF HISTORY OF KHO-KHO

 • Kho-Kho originated in India and has been played for

centuries.
 • The first official rules were introduced in 1914 by the
Deccan Gymkhana.
 • The Kho-Kho Federation of India (KKFI) was established
in 1955.
 • The sport has gained international recognition, with
tournaments held worldwide.
KHO-KHO OVERVIEW

 • Kho-Kho is a traditional Indian team sport that

emphasizes speed, agility, and teamwork.
 • It is played between two teams of 12 players each,
with 9 active players on the field.
 • The objective is for the chasing team to tag all
opponents as quickly as possible.
PLAYERS, EQUIPMENT & PLAY FIELD

 • Number of Players: 12 per team (9 active players on the field, 3

substitutes).
 • Equipment:
 - No special equipment required; players wear jerseys, shorts,
and sports shoes.
 • Play Field:
 - A rectangular field (27m x 16m) with two poles at either end.
 - The central lane divides the field for chasers to run and tag
defenders.
GENERAL RULES & INTERPRETATION

 • The game consists of two innings, each with 9 minutes for

chasing and 9 minutes for defending.
 • The chasing team sits in a row, alternating directions, and
one active chaser attempts to tag defenders.
 • Defenders aim to avoid being tagged by running and
dodging around the field.
 • Chasers can only move in one direction and must tag
defenders without breaking movement rules.
 ADVANCED SKILLS & STRATEGIES

 • Advanced Skills:
 - Sudden Direction Change: Quick turns to confuse defenders.
 - Pole Dive: Using the pole for rapid directional changes.
 - Fake Dodges: Making defenders think a chase is over before attacking.
 • Strategies:
 - Chain Chasing: Passing the role of the active chaser quickly to maintain
momentum.
 - Ring Play: Defenders form circles to confuse chasers.
 - Time Management: Chasing team tries to tag as many players as
possible before time runs out.
PARTICIPATION & FOULS

 • Participation Criteria:
 - Players must have speed, agility, and endurance.
 - Teams qualify through regional, national, and international
tournaments.
 • Fouls & Penalties:
 - Early Kho (Chaser passes the role before touching the pole)
is a foul.
 - Crossing the central lane without tagging is a violation.
 - Defenders stepping out of bounds are considered 'out'.
SCORING & WINNING RULES

 • Scoring System:
 - Each successfully tagged defender earns 1 point.
 - The team with the most points at the end of both innings
wins.
 • Winning:
 - If scores are tied, an extra round (tie-breaker) is played.
 - The team that tags more defenders in the shortest time
wins.
SAFETY GUIDELINES & AWARDS

 • Safety Rules:
 - Players must warm up to prevent muscle injuries.
 - Chasers should avoid reckless diving to prevent collisions.
 - Proper footwear is essential for grip and movement.
 • Awards:
 - Kho-Kho Federation of India (KKFI) National Championships.
 - Asian Kho-Kho Championship.
 - Schools and College-Level Tournaments.
Volleyball
BRIEF HISTORY OF VOLLEYBALL

 • Invented in 1895 by William G. Morgan in the USA.

 • Originally called 'Mintonette' before being renamed
Volleyball.
 • Became an Olympic sport in 1964.
 • Governed by the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball
(FIVB).
VOLLEYBALL OVERVIEW

 • Volleyball is a popular team sport played

worldwide.
 • Two teams of six players each compete to score
points by hitting a ball over a net.
 • The objective is to ground the ball in the
opponent’s court or force an error.
PLAYERS, EQUIPMENT & PLAY FIELD

 • Number of Players: 6 players per team on the court, with substitutes available.
 • Equipment:
 - Volleyball (weighs 260-280g, 65-67cm circumference).
 - Net (2.43m high for men, 2.24m for women).
 - Knee pads, jerseys, and court shoes.
 • Play Field:
 - Court size: 18m x 9m, divided by a center net.
 - Attack line 3m from the net separates front and back rows.
GENERAL RULES & INTERPRETATION

 • A match consists of best-of-five sets; the first to

25 points (15 in the final set) wins a set.
 • A team must win by at least 2 points.
 • Each team can hit the ball up to three times
before sending it over the net.
 • Players rotate positions after winning a serve.
 ADVANCED SKILLS & STRATEGIES

 • Advanced Skills:
 - Spiking: Jumping to hit the ball forcefully downward.
 - Blocking: Preventing a spike by jumping at the net.
 - Jump Serve: Powerful serve with topspin.
 - Digging: Defensive move to prevent the ball from touching the ground.
 • Strategies:
 - Quick Sets: Fast-paced passing to confuse opponents.
 - Defensive Formations: Setting up blocks and coverage zones.
 - Serving Tactics: Targeting weak passers to disrupt opponent attacks.
PARTICIPATION & FOULS

 • Participation Criteria:
 - Players must have good jumping ability, reflexes, and
teamwork.
 - Teams qualify through national and international
tournaments.
 • Fouls & Penalties:
 - Double Hit: A player cannot hit the ball twice in succession.
 - Lifting: The ball must not be carried or caught.
 - Net Touch: Contacting the net during play is a violation.
 - Out of Rotation: Failing to rotate properly before a serve.
SCORING & WINNING RULES

 • Scoring System:
 - Rally scoring: Every rally results in a point for one team.
 - Points awarded when the ball touches the opponent’s
court or an error occurs.
 • Winning:
 - Best of five sets; first to 25 points (final set to 15) wins.
 - A team must lead by 2 points to win a set.
SAFETY GUIDELINES & AWARDS

 • Safety Rules:
 - Warm-up and stretching to prevent injuries.
 - Proper footwear to avoid slips and falls.
 - Avoid diving on hard surfaces without protection.
 • Awards:
 - Olympic Gold Medal.
 - FIVB Volleyball World Championships.
 - National & Continental Tournaments.
Swimming
BRIEF HISTORY OF SWIMMING

 • Swimming dates back to ancient civilizations like Egypt

and Greece.
 • Competitive swimming became popular in the 19th
century.
 • It was included in the first modern Olympics in 1896.
 • Governed by the International Swimming Federation
(FINA).
SWIMMING OVERVIEW

 • Swimming is both an individual and team sport.

 • It involves racing over a set distance in pools or
open water.
 • There are four main strokes: freestyle, backstroke,
breaststroke, and butterfly.
PLAYERS, EQUIPMENT & PLAY FIELD

 • Participants: Swimmers compete individually or in relay teams.

 • Equipment:
 - Swimsuit (competitive suits reduce drag).
 - Goggles for clear vision underwater.
 - Swim cap to reduce resistance.
 - Starting blocks for race initiation.
 • Play Field:
 - Olympic pools: 50m long, 25m wide, 10 lanes.
 - Open water events take place in lakes, rivers, or oceans.
GENERAL RULES & INTERPRETATION

 • Swimmers must follow the designated stroke for

each race.
 • False starts lead to disqualification.
 • Turns and finishes must follow stroke-specific
rules.
 • Relays require swimmers to touch the wall before
the next swimmer starts.
ADVANCED SKILLS & STRATEGIES

 • Advanced Skills:
 - Flip Turns: Used in freestyle and backstroke races for faster
turns.
 - Dolphin Kick: Used in starts and turns for extra propulsion.
 - Streamlining: Reducing drag to swim faster.
 • Strategies:
 - Pacing: Maintaining speed for long-distance races.
 - Sprinting: Maximizing power in short-distance events.
 - Breathing Technique: Minimizing resistance while
maintaining oxygen levels.
PARTICIPATION & FOULS

 • Participation Criteria:
 - Swimmers must meet qualifying times for competitions.
 - Training and endurance are essential for success.
 • Fouls & Penalties:
 - False Start: Early start leads to disqualification.
 - Incorrect Stroke: Not following the proper stroke technique.
 - Lane Violation: Swimmers must stay in their assigned lane.
SCORING & WINNING RULES

 • Scoring System:
 - The fastest swimmer to complete the distance wins.
 - In relays, the team with the fastest total time wins.
 • Winning:
 - Time-based rankings.
 - Points are awarded in team competitions based on
finishing positions.
SAFETY GUIDELINES & AWARDS

 • Safety Rules:
 - Proper warm-up and stretching.
 - Lifeguards must be present during practice and
competitions.
 - Hydration is essential for endurance.
 • Awards:
 - Olympic Gold Medals.
 - FINA World Championships.
 - National and collegiate swimming championships.
Table Tennis
BRIEF HISTORY OF TABLE TENNIS

 • Originated in England in the late 19th century as an

indoor version of tennis.
 • Officially became an Olympic sport in 1988.
 • Governed by the International Table Tennis
Federation (ITTF).
TABLE TENNIS OVERVIEW

 • Table Tennis, also known as Ping Pong, is a fast-

paced indoor sport.
 • Played as singles (1v1) or doubles (2v2).
 • The goal is to score points by making the
opponent miss the ball.
PLAYERS, EQUIPMENT & PLAY FIELD

 • Number of Players: 1 or 2 players per team.

 • Equipment:
 - Table Tennis Racket (paddle).
 - Table Tennis Ball (40mm diameter, 2.7g weight).
 - Table (2.74m long, 1.525m wide, 0.76m high) with a net
(15.25cm high).
 • Play Field:
 - Indoor table with a smooth playing surface.
 - Divided by a center net.
GENERAL RULES & INTERPRETATION

 • Matches are played best of 5 or 7 games, with

each game up to 11 points.
 • A player must win by 2 points.
 • Players alternate serves every 2 points.
 • The ball must bounce on both sides of the table in
a serve.
ADVANCED SKILLS & STRATEGIES

 • Advanced Skills:
 - Topspin: Adds forward spin for aggressive shots.
 - Backspin: Slows the ball and causes it to drop quickly.
 - Flick Shot: A quick wrist shot for short balls.
 • Strategies:
 - Looping: A high-speed topspin attack.
 - Blocking: Defensive shot to control opponent’s speed.
 - Placement: Hitting the ball to the opponent’s weak areas.
PARTICIPATION & FOULS

 • Participation Criteria:
 - Players must have quick reflexes and hand-eye
coordination.
 - Competitions include national and international levels.
 • Fouls & Penalties:
 - Double Bounce: The ball must bounce only once before
returning.
 - Net Fault: Serve must clear the net.
 - Illegal Serve: Tossing the ball incorrectly results in a fault.
SCORING & WINNING RULES

 • Scoring System:
 - Players score a point when the opponent fails to return
the ball.
 - Games are played to 11 points, with a 2-point lead
required.
 • Winning:
 - A player must win 3 out of 5 games (or 4 out of 7 in
major tournaments).
SAFETY GUIDELINES & AWARDS

 • Safety Rules:
 - Proper warm-up and stretching.
 - Avoid excessive force to prevent injuries.
 - Maintain grip on the racket to prevent slips.
 • Awards:
 - Olympic Gold Medals.
 - ITTF World Championships.
 - National & Continental Championships.
Wrestling
BRIEF HISTORY OF WRESTLING

 • Wrestling dates back to ancient civilizations like

Greece and Egypt.
 • Included in the first modern Olympics in 1896.
 • Governed by the United World Wrestling (UWW).
WRESTLING OVERVIEW

 • Wrestling is a combat sport involving grappling

techniques.
 • It can be practiced individually in different weight
categories.
 • Styles include Freestyle, Greco-Roman, and
Folkstyle.
 PLAYERS, EQUIPMENT & PLAY FIELD

 • Number of Players: 1 vs 1 (individual competition).

 • Equipment:
 - Wrestling Singlet (tight-fitting uniform).
 - Wrestling Shoes (lightweight with ankle support).
 - Headgear (protects ears from injury).
 • Play Field:
 - Circular wrestling mat (9m diameter, safety zone
around it).
GENERAL RULES & INTERPRETATION

 • Matches consist of two 3-minute rounds.

 • Wrestlers score points for takedowns, escapes,
and reversals.
 • Greco-Roman: Only upper-body moves are
allowed.
 • Freestyle: Leg attacks are allowed.
ADVANCED SKILLS & STRATEGIES

 • Advanced Skills:
 - Takedown: Controlling the opponent and bringing them to the
mat.
 - Reversal: Switching from defense to offense.
 - Pinning: Holding the opponent's shoulders on the mat.
 • Strategies:
 - Stamina and endurance training.
 - Fast footwork and hand control.
 - Using leverage to dominate opponents.
PARTICIPATION & FOULS

 • Participation Criteria:
 - Divided into weight categories.
 - Wrestlers must meet competition regulations.
 • Fouls & Penalties:
 - Illegal moves like choking, biting, or striking.
 - Fleeing the mat to avoid engagement.
 - Failing to engage actively results in penalties.
SCORING & WINNING RULES

 • Scoring System:
 - Takedown: 2-4 points.
 - Reversal: 1-2 points.
 - Near Fall: 2-4 points.
 • Winning:
 - Victory by Fall (Pinning opponent’s shoulders).
 - Technical Superiority (10-Point lead).
 - Decision by points or disqualification.
SAFETY GUIDELINES & AWARDS

 • Safety Rules:
 - Proper warm-up and conditioning.
 - Use of protective headgear and mouthguards.
 - Referees ensure safe play.
 • Awards:
 - Olympic Gold Medals.
 - World Wrestling Championships.
 - National & Collegiate Wrestling Titles.