ETHICS

FINAL EXAM

MULTIPLE CHOICE.

1. Ethics is derived from which Greek word?

A) Ethos
B) Eros
C) Pathos
D) Logos

2. The Latin equivalent of "ethos" is:

A) Moralis
B) Lex
C) Jus
D) Pietas

3. Ethics primarily deals with:

A) Legal matters
B) Morality
C) Customs
D) Power

4. Which of these statements best describes "morality"?

A) It is about understanding logic.
B) It focuses on determining the rightness or wrongness of actions.
C) It’s the same as law.
D) It’s a financial principle.

5. The "Human Act" requires which of the following elements?

A) Knowledge, Freedom, Voluntariness
B) Emotion, Will, Power
C) Intelligence, Virtue, Law
D) None of the above

6. What is the "Object of the Act" in ethical terms?

A) The intended outcome
B) The very substance of the act
C) The time the act is performed
D) The agent’s motive

7. Which type of law is known as the "order of nature"?

A) Human Positive Law
B) Natural Law
C) Divine Law
D) Customary Law

8. Conscience is considered:
A) External
B) Subjective
C) Universal
D) Objective
9. The pre-conventional stage of moral development is common among:
A) Adults
B) Adolescents
C) Children
D) Elders

10. In Kohlberg’s theory, which stage focuses on "obedience vs

punishment"?
A) Stage 1
B) Stage 3
C) Stage 4
D) Stage 6

11. The post-conventional stage is also known as:

A) Principled Level
B) Obedience Level
C) Social Order Level
D) Conventional Level

12. Who is associated with Virtue Ethics?

A) Kant
B) Aristotle
C) Hobbes
D) Rawls

13. "Apatheia," the state of spiritual peace, is valued in:

A) Hedonism
B) Stoicism
C) Utilitarianism
D) Pragmatism

14. Ethical Intuitionism relies on:

A) Non-inferential knowledge
B) Experimental evidence
C) Legal rules
D) Social approval

15. The ethical principle of maximizing pleasure is central to:

A) Utilitarianism
B) Kantianism
C) Hedonism
D) Deontologism

16. In Consequentialism, the morality of an action is determined by:

A) Rules
B) Intentions
C) Consequences
D) Circumstances

17. Utilitarianism seeks to maximize:

A) Profits
B) Happiness
C) Order
D) Tradition

18. Deontologism prioritizes:

A) Rules over outcomes
B) Emotions over logic
C) Pleasure over pain
D) Relationships over autonomy

19. Kantianism requires people to act out of:

A) Emotion
B) Duty
C) Desire
D) Consequence

20. The "categorical imperative" is associated with:

A) Socrates
B) Mill
C) Kant
D) Aristotle

21. Divine Command Theory states that actions are right if:
A) Society accepts them
B) God decrees them
C) They are profitable
D) They are popular

22. Who developed Discourse Ethics?

A) Kant
B) Aristotle
C) Habermas
D) Bentham

23. Pragmatism emphasizes:

A) Knowledge over experience
B) Individual experience and reconstruction
C) Fixed rules
D) Authority

24. Ethics of Care values:

A) Competition
B) Compassion
C) Wealth
D) Power

25. Which ethical theory is based on family roles?

A) Hedonism
B) Role Ethics
C) Utilitarianism
D) Pragmatism

26. According to Stoicism, what is the greatest good?

A) Wealth
B) Contentment
C) Honor
D) Knowledge

27. According to Kant, a "good will" is:

A) The consequence of actions
B) The only thing truly good
C) The will to power
D) Derived from wealth

28. The concept "the ends justify the means" is closest to:
A) Consequentialism
B) Kantianism
C) Deontologism
D) Role Ethics

29. Epicureans in Hedonism caution against:

A) Complete restraint
B) Indiscriminate indulgence
C) Avoiding all pleasure
D) Public criticism

30. An action in Divine Command Theory is moral if:

A) It aligns with social standards
B) God commands it
C) It leads to happiness
D) It brings immediate pleasure

31. In Utilitarianism, "the best outcome" means:

A) Short-term benefit
B) The most pleasure overall
C) The most wealth
D) The most authority

32. Which philosopher linked knowledge with goodness?

A) Kant
B) Socrates
C) Bentham
D) Nietzsche

33. Ethical theories examining the rightness or wrongness of actions are:

A) Practical
B) Normative
C) Relative
D) Subjective

34. nAccording to Kohlberg, in the post-conventional stage, people act on:

A) Social rules
B) Internal principles
C) Punishment avoidance
D) Peer influence

35. Pragmatism is criticized for being:

A) Objective
B) Too individualistic
C) Conservative
D) Idealistic

36. According to Consequentialism, a morally right action:

A) Follows tradition
B) Has good consequences
C) Is rule-based
D) Avoids risk

37. Divine Command Theory is a form of:

A) Hedonism
B) Deontology
C) Utilitarianism
D) Relativism

38. Ethics of Care criticizes the undervaluing of:

A) Financial success
B) Emotional labor
C) Rational thought
D) Technological progress

39. The belief that moral truths can be known intuitively is:
A) Ethical Intuitionism
B) Relativism
C) Pragmatism
D) Natural Law

40. Conscience is seen as:

A) Rational
B) Universal
C) Subjective
D) Collective

41. Which moral development stage values "authority and social order"?
A) Pre-conventional
B) Conventional
C) Post-conventional
D) Intuitive

42. Kantianism teaches that right action comes from:

A) Authority
B) Duty
C) Wealth
D) Reputation

43. Which of these is a core virtue in Stoicism?

A) Compassion
B) Wisdom
C) Wealth
D) Influence

44. Role Ethics is exemplified in:

A) Kantianism
B) Confucian Ethics
C) Stoicism
D) Pragmatism

45. Which philosophy argues for "maximizing happiness"?

A) Deontologism
B) Utilitarianism
C) Divine Command
D) Role Ethics

46. The principle of "social contract" aligns with:

A) Stage 1 of Kohlberg
B) Stage 5 of Kohlberg
C) Kantian duty
D) Divine law

47. Virtue Ethics focuses on:

A) Laws
B) The moral agent’s character
C) Consequences
D) Duty

48. Who said, "Nothing can be called good without qualification except a
good will"?
A) Kant
B) Socrates
C) Aristotle
D) Habermas

49. Ethics derived from communication and mutual understanding is:

A) Role Ethics
B) Discourse Ethics
C) Stoicism
D) Consequentialism

50. According to Aristotle, moral virtue is:

A) A matter of wealth
B) A matter of character
C) External law
D) Purely subjective

51. Which of the following BEST defines moral standards?

a) Rules established by law to regulate behavior.
b) Principles that guide individuals on what is right and wrong.
c) Personal preferences that vary from person to person.
d) Social norms that are not related to right or wrong.

52. What is the primary purpose of moral standards?

a) To maintain social order.
b) To promote human well-being and the good of all.
c) To ensure everyone behaves in the same way.
d) To enforce laws and regulations.

53. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of moral standards?

a) They are based on impartial considerations.
b) They are established by law or legislature.
c) They are overriding in nature.
d) They involve serious injuries or benefits.

54. What is the difference between moral values and moral norms?
a) Values are beliefs about what is good, while norms are rules about
behavior.
b) Norms are beliefs about what is good, while values are rules about
behavior.
c) Values are personal preferences, while norms are societal expectations.
d) Norms are personal preferences, while values are societal expectations.

55. How does the term "amoral" differ from "immoral"?

a) Amoral means acting without regard for right or wrong, while immoral
means acting against what is considered right.
b) Immoral means acting without regard for right or wrong, while amoral
means acting against what is considered right.
c) Amoral refers to things to which right and wrong don't apply, while
immoral means acting against what is considered right.
d) Immoral refers to things to which right and wrong don't apply, while
amoral means acting against what is considered right.

56. What is the defining characteristic of a moral dilemma?

a) A situation with only one right choice.
b) A situation where all choices are wrong.
c) A situation where there are two or more conflicting options, neither of
which is morally acceptable.
d) A situation where there is no clear right or wrong answer.

57. In the context of moral dilemmas, what is a "moral agent"?

a) A person who is obligated to make a decision in a morally challenging
situation.
b) A person who is always morally right.
c) A person who is responsible for enforcing moral standards.
d) A person who is always morally wrong.

58. What is the difference between an epistemic and an ontological moral

dilemma?
a) Epistemic dilemmas involve a lack of knowledge, while ontological
dilemmas involve conflicting moral principles.
b) Epistemic dilemmas involve conflicting moral principles, while
ontological dilemmas involve a lack of knowledge.
c) Epistemic dilemmas are self-imposed, while ontological dilemmas are
world-imposed.
d) Epistemic dilemmas are world-imposed, while ontological dilemmas are
self-imposed.
59. Which of the following is an example of a self-imposed moral dilemma?
a) A doctor who must choose between saving one patient or another.
b) A soldier who is ordered to kill innocent civilians.
c) A person who has to choose between lying to protect a friend or telling
the truth and risking their friendship.
d) A person who has to choose between stealing food to feed their family
or going hungry.

60. What is the difference between an obligation dilemma and a

prohibition dilemma?
a) An obligation dilemma involves a conflict between two obligations,
while a prohibition dilemma involves a conflict between two prohibitions.
b) An obligation dilemma involves a conflict between two prohibitions,
while a prohibition dilemma involves a conflict between two obligations.
c) An obligation dilemma involves a conflict between an obligation and a
prohibition, while a prohibition dilemma involves a conflict between two
obligations.
d) An obligation dilemma involves a conflict between two obligations,
while a prohibition dilemma involves a conflict between an obligation and
a prohibition.

61. According to Kant, what is the foundation of moral acts?

a) Culture.
b) Religion.
c) Freedom.
d) Reason.

62. What is freedom of association?

a) The right to speak freely without government restrictions.
b) The right to choose one's state in life.
c) The right to organize and participate in groups.
d) The right to bear arms for self-defense.

63. Which of the following is NOT a type of freedom discussed in the

provided content?
a) Freedom of speech.
b) Freedom of the press.
c) Freedom of religion.
d) Freedom of choice.

64. What are the three elements of a moral act?

a) The objective act, the subjective goal or intention, and the concrete
situation or circumstances.
b) The objective act, the subjective goal or intention, and the
consequences of the act.
c) The objective act, the subjective goal or intention, and the moral
principles involved.
d) The objective act, the subjective goal or intention, and the cultural
context.

65. Why is freedom considered the foundation of moral acts?

a) It allows individuals to act according to their own desires.
b) It allows individuals to make choices based on their own moral values.
c) It allows individuals to escape from the constraints of society.
d) It allows individuals to live according to their own beliefs.

66. What is culture relativism?

a) The belief that all cultures are equal.
b) The belief that one's own culture is superior to others.
c) The ability to understand a culture on its own terms.
d) The practice of judging other cultures based on one's own standards.

67. What is ethnocentrism?

a) The belief that all cultures are equal.
b) The belief that one's own culture is superior to others.
c) The ability to understand a culture on its own terms.
d) The practice of judging other cultures based on one's own standards.

68. Which of the following is a positive Filipino quality mentioned in the

content?
a) Fatalism.
b) Crab mentality.
c) Colonial mentality.
d) Hospitable.

69. What is the difference between absolute and critical cultural

relativism?
a) Absolute cultural relativism accepts all cultural practices without
question, while critical cultural relativism questions cultural practices in
terms of power relationships.
b) Absolute cultural relativism questions cultural practices in terms of
power relationships, while critical cultural relativism accepts all cultural
practices without question.
c) Absolute cultural relativism is based on individual preferences, while
critical cultural relativism is based on societal norms.
d) Absolute cultural relativism is based on societal norms, while critical
cultural relativism is based on individual preferences.

70. What is a potential drawback of absolute cultural relativism?

a) It can lead to moral relativism, where there is no objective right or
wrong.
b) It can promote cultural imperialism.
c) It can prevent understanding and tolerance between different cultures.
d) It can provide a clear framework for determining right and wrong.

71. What is the difference between a moral standard and a moral value?
a) A moral standard is a general rule about our actions and behaviors,
while a moral value is an underlying belief or ideal about what is good and
desirable.
b) A moral standard is an underlying belief or ideal about what is good and
desirable, while a moral value is a general rule about our actions and
behaviors.
c) A moral standard is a personal preference, while a moral value is a
societal norm.
d) A moral standard is a societal norm, while a moral value is a personal
preference.
72. What is the difference between a moral act and a moral behavior?
a) A moral act is an action that is freely chosen and comes into existence
through our exercise of reason and will, while moral behavior is acting
according to one's moral values and standards.
b) A moral act is acting according to one's moral values and standards,
while moral behavior is an action that is freely chosen and comes into
existence through our exercise of reason and will.
c) A moral act is a specific action, while moral behavior is a general
pattern of behavior.
d) A moral act is a general pattern of behavior, while moral behavior is a
specific action.

73. What is the difference between a moral dilemma and a moral conflict?
a) A moral dilemma involves a conflict between two or more moral
principles, while a moral conflict involves a conflict between a moral
principle and a personal desire.
b) A moral conflict involves a conflict between two or more moral
principles, while a moral dilemma involves a conflict between a moral
principle and a personal desire.
c) A moral dilemma is a situation where there is only one right choice,
while a moral conflict is a situation where there is no clear right or wrong
answer.
d) A moral conflict is a situation where there is only one right choice, while
a moral dilemma is a situation where there is no clear right or wrong
answer.

74. What is the difference between a moral principle and a moral rule?
a) A moral principle is a general guideline for action, while a moral rule is a
specific rule that applies in a particular situation.
b) A moral rule is a general guideline for action, while a moral principle is a
specific rule that applies in a particular situation.
c) A moral principle is a personal belief, while a moral rule is a societal
norm.
d) A moral rule is a personal belief, while a moral principle is a societal
norm.

75. What is the difference between a moral judgment and a moral

decision?
a) A moral judgment is a statement about the rightness or wrongness of
an action, while a moral decision is a choice to act or not act in a particular
way.
b) A moral decision is a statement about the rightness or wrongness of an
action, while a moral judgment is a choice to act or not act in a particular
way.
c) A moral judgment is based on personal preferences, while a moral
decision is based on societal norms.
d) A moral decision is based on personal preferences, while a moral
judgment is based on societal norms.

76. What is the difference between a moral obligation and a moral

responsibility?
a) A moral obligation is a duty to act in a certain way, while a moral
responsibility is a duty to take care of something or someone.
b) A moral responsibility is a duty to act in a certain way, while a moral
obligation is a duty to take care of something or someone.
c) A moral obligation is a personal belief, while a moral responsibility is a
societal norm.
d) A moral responsibility is a personal belief, while a moral obligation is a
societal norm.

77. What is the difference between a moral value and a moral virtue?
a) A moral value is a belief about what is good and desirable, while a
moral virtue is a character trait that is considered morally good.
b) A moral virtue is a belief about what is good and desirable, while a
moral value is a character trait that is considered morally good.
c) A moral value is a personal preference, while a moral virtue is a societal
norm.
d) A moral virtue is a personal preference, while a moral value is a societal
norm.

78. What is the difference between a moral norm and a moral law?
a) A moral norm is a general guideline for action, while a moral law is a
specific rule that is enforced by the government.
b) A moral law is a general guideline for action, while a moral norm is a
specific rule that is enforced by the government.
c) A moral norm is a personal belief, while a moral law is a societal norm.
d) A moral law is a personal belief, while a moral norm is a societal norm.

79. What is the difference between a moral right and a moral claim?
a) A moral right is a claim that someone has to something, while a moral
claim is a right that someone has to something.
b) A moral claim is a claim that someone has to something, while a moral
right is a right that someone has to something.
c) A moral right is a personal belief, while a moral claim is a societal norm.
d) A moral claim is a personal belief, while a moral right is a societal norm.

80. What is the difference between a moral duty and a moral

responsibility?
a) A moral duty is a requirement to act in a certain way, while a moral
responsibility is a duty to take care of something or someone.
b) A moral responsibility is a requirement to act in a certain way, while a
moral duty is a duty to take care of something or someone.
c) A moral duty is a personal belief, while a moral responsibility is a
societal norm.
d) A moral responsibility is a personal belief, while a moral duty is a
societal norm.

81. In the lifeboat dilemma, what makes the situation a moral dilemma?
a) There is only one lifeboat available.
b) The lifeboat can only hold six people.
c) There are more people who want to board the lifeboat than it can hold.
d) There is no way to save everyone.
82. In the Heinz dilemma, what are the two conflicting moral principles?
a) The right to life and the right to property.
b) The right to life and the right to justice.
c) The right to property and the right to justice.
d) The right to life and the right to happiness.

83. Which of the following is NOT a factor that could influence a person's
decision in a moral dilemma?
a) Their personal values.
b) Their cultural background.
c) Their religious beliefs.
d) Their physical appearance.

84. What is the importance of considering the concrete situation or

circumstances when making a moral decision?
a) It helps to ensure that the decision is fair and impartial.
b) It helps to ensure that the decision is consistent with one's moral
values.
c) It helps to ensure that the decision takes into account all relevant
factors.
d) It helps to ensure that the decision is based on sound reasoning.

85. Why is it important to study ethical dilemmas?

a) To learn how to make the right decisions in difficult situations.
b) To develop a strong moral compass.
c) To understand the complexities of moral reasoning.
d) All of the above.

86. What is the difference between a moral principle and a moral rule?
a) A moral principle is a general guideline for action, while a moral rule is a
specific rule that applies in a particular situation.
b) A moral rule is a general guideline for action, while a moral principle is a
specific rule that applies in a particular situation.
c) A moral principle is a personal belief, while a moral rule is a societal
norm.
d) A moral rule is a personal belief, while a moral principle is a societal
norm.

87. What is the difference between a moral judgment and a moral

decision?
a) A moral judgment is a statement about the rightness or wrongness of
an action, while a moral decision is a choice to act or not act in a particular
way.
b) A moral decision is a statement about the rightness or wrongness of an
action, while a moral judgment is a choice to act or not act in a particular
way.
c) A moral judgment is based on personal preferences, while a moral
decision is based on societal norms.
d) A moral decision is based on personal preferences, while a moral
judgment is based on societal norms.

88. What is the difference between a moral obligation and a moral

responsibility?
a) A moral obligation is a duty to act in a certain way, while a moral
responsibility is a duty to take care of something or someone.
b) A moral responsibility is a duty to act in a certain way, while a moral
obligation is a duty to take care of something or someone.
c) A moral obligation is a personal belief, while a moral responsibility is a
societal norm.
d) A moral responsibility is a personal belief, while a moral obligation is a
societal norm.

89. What is the difference between a moral value and a moral virtue?
a) A moral value is a belief about what is good and desirable, while a
moral virtue is a character trait that is considered morally good.
b) A moral virtue is a belief about what is good and desirable, while a
moral value is a character trait that is considered morally good.
c) A moral value is a personal preference, while a moral virtue is a societal
norm.
d) A moral virtue is a personal preference, while a moral value is a societal
norm.

90. What is the main difference between "amoral" and "unmoral"?

a) Amoral means acting without regard for right or wrong, while unmoral
refers to things to which right and wrong don't apply.
b) Unmoral means acting without regard for right or wrong, while amoral
refers to things to which right and wrong don't apply.
c) Amoral means acting according to one's moral values, while unmoral
means acting against one's moral values.
d) Unmoral means acting according to one's moral values, while amoral
means acting against one's moral values.

91. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of moral standards?

a) They are based on impartial considerations.
b) They are established by law or legislature.
c) They are overriding in nature.
d) They are associated with special emotions and vocabulary.

92. What is the main purpose of non-moral standards?

a) To promote human welfare.
b) To establish rules and regulations for society.
c) To guide decisions about matters of taste or preference.
d) To enforce laws and maintain order.

93. What is the difference between an epistemic and an ontological moral

dilemma?
a) Epistemic dilemmas involve conflicting moral principles, while
ontological dilemmas involve a lack of knowledge.
b) Epistemic dilemmas involve a lack of knowledge, while ontological
dilemmas involve conflicting moral principles.
c) Epistemic dilemmas are self-imposed, while ontological dilemmas are
world-imposed.
d) Epistemic dilemmas are world-imposed, while ontological dilemmas are
self-imposed.
94. Which of the following is an example of a world-imposed moral
dilemma?
a) A doctor who must choose between saving one patient or another.
b) A soldier who is ordered to kill innocent civilians.
c) A person who has to choose between lying to protect a friend or telling
the truth and risking their friendship.
d) A person who has to choose between stealing food to feed their family
or going hungry.

95. What is the difference between an obligation dilemma and a

prohibition dilemma?
a) An obligation dilemma involves a conflict between two obligations,
while a prohibition dilemma involves a conflict between two prohibitions.
b) An obligation dilemma involves a conflict between two prohibitions,
while a prohibition dilemma involves a conflict between two obligations.
c) An obligation dilemma involves a conflict between an obligation and a
prohibition, while a prohibition dilemma involves a conflict between two
obligations.
d) An obligation dilemma involves a conflict between two obligations,
while a prohibition dilemma involves a conflict between an obligation and
a prohibition.

96. What is the main argument for cultural relativism?

a) It promotes understanding and tolerance between different cultures.
b) It provides a clear framework for determining right and wrong.
c) It ensures that all cultures are treated equally.
d) It prevents cultural imperialism.

97. What is the main argument against cultural relativism?

a) It leads to moral relativism, where there is no objective right or wrong.
b) It promotes cultural imperialism.
c) It prevents understanding and tolerance between different cultures.
d) It provides a clear framework for determining right and wrong.

98. What is the difference between a moral act and a moral behavior?
a) A moral act is a specific action, while moral behavior is a general
pattern of behavior.
b) A moral act is a general pattern of behavior, while moral behavior is a
specific action.
c) A moral act is an action that is freely chosen and comes into existence
through our exercise of reason and will, while moral behavior is acting
according to one's moral values and standards.
d) A moral act is acting according to one's moral values and standards,
while moral behavior is an action that is freely chosen and comes into
existence through our exercise of reason and will.

99. What is the difference between a moral norm and a moral value?
a) Norms are general rules about behavior, while values are underlying
beliefs about what is good.
b) Values are general rules about behavior, while norms are underlying
beliefs about what is good.
c) Norms are personal preferences, while values are societal expectations.
d) Values are personal preferences, while norms are societal expectations.
100. What is the primary purpose of moral standards?
a) To maintain social order.
b) To promote human well-being and the good of all.
c) To ensure everyone behaves in the same way.
d) To enforce laws and regulations.

PREPARED BY:

Eli Marie V. Manlapaz

Instructor

Approved By:

Dr. Nora D. Halog

Vice President for Academic Affairs