321.

4 95BL

THE BLAIR LATRINE

A BUILDERS MANUAL FOR THE 4 BAG MODEL

AND HAND WASHING TANK

P/

2ibrary
JAC lfltQfl JonajWater
and 8anft~j,~~Cantj~
TaJ~~+317030 ea~ eo
Fax. +31

MVURAMANZI TRUST 321•~-95BL..j4j

53
 — - -‘ -~~‘- —-- ~ ~- ~ ~ -~ —

1-~

- -~ -: - - ~- - - - - s - -

• - • -- -~ -- - ----• ~ - -. -~- .-:t. - - — -:

- — — - -

¼ - - t — - - —

• -. •‘ - - - - -

k -- -~-
-
-
• -~ -~ • _:~
: --
--
--. - --

-- -~ ----~ • -

- -~ — -:_. -. - • -~ -~ •-- t
~ — -.
-i-’~1__
~‘
~
—
-.
‘‘-t~
.-
---•
—~ 1-- -~•
—ç_
--
4 - - -

t- -~

- -- - — - -- :- - — - * — -- -- -- -- e
—~-L
4t -, -
t
r J —
-~
t —_-_-_r —~ t~~& tc4_
t —
h
t -~

—
•
~‘
~ 4-~r--
4- —
-.
-.
~—
4 — t_t —
-
— —
t: -~
—
- ~.--. - - - - - - 1 - ~_- t t -~ ~ -‘

tt — ) t — - t,!

-t ----_- -~ -_-• •-~ - :-,~. - - - ~-. T -

— ~~---.,r-~
-• ~f1~
-
- ‘
t - —~ --.
1
,- - 4t-- •---
-~ -
—

r -~ — ¾ ~ 1 S-:’- ~ )lt-r_t / 4’ * i~’4~1

-~ - ‘-~~—-~--_ -. -----•--- -.- - - - t,
9’— — t -‘ — - -- — __t - --_ —
-c — 1 S — _~t’ ¼
t - • - - q~-~ -~‘-~- c~~-• -~ t-~2 - --‘~--~

t— -1; 1 ~ ~ 3— — - t —
1 — -~ — t 1— 4
-- ~ -- - -:~ -: - - - •- - ---- — ~- -
—~ — 1_t t —
t — -$4 -.~ - -~
— — -4

-I ~- ¼
— -~ -t4 4 t
r —~ r r
It,

tta~ 41
~ t .t- t -

i ~ t
~t~h- t>

-
ç’ Sj~

t
-~ -

¼ —‘

~ ~ #~ e H , ~
~ c~’
¼-_t~:k
-~ ~
~
~- -~ t-

~- ~ t -t ~ ~ ~ ~ ;r1~ :%t*~%~4~s~
~ ~
-~ -z12--- 1W~~?t — -~ -tf~ - 1 -4-t--

~—~: ~ 1- t s-i:e:~’i;:$-~~~ tJ~

~ -~ ~tf-~ -‘ t~ft_ ~ ~$t 4fl~_t~ ~ -J ~t

~---f’-;~: ~ ~f-~-S :~: ~

~ ~t
~ ~~t~1-4 :_—tt- i._~ ~ — ~— — ~1t- c~- 1 •~‘-,--— -~ ¼

-- t - -- j4t~ - t -- st’ - - - S - t-s-’ - - ~---- - —

— t 1
--- ~---~- -: - ~ ——-~-— ~- -~ ----~--‘ t—- ----- - — -~ -- ~- — ~- - - -- -
-fl ~ ~ 2- -, ~C ¶ 1 - -- t -t —t--

»~~tc -t ~4
t ~
4
- - ~- ;-,--t- •~~f’t — — — - -~ - -~ -~-, - - — - •- t - - - - -- -- -- - -- - — -
~ £j ~,?-4~ ~ ~ r It t- —t, 1 - 1

L -
, -
- -
-k •
- 1~1 -
-r --1 - 1
t~ ~~‘-
-•t~ - - - 1 - ~—1- ---,- -— ~~1 4 4- —

-~‘~ — ~ 1~’~D
-~----~ ~
- -
»—t
-
- - + -
t-—~
- t - - - - - - - -
~ /1 r -~
-~
-

—~--~t~ -~Q~4~ ~~__~j -~ ~ ~çr ~ t

~ -ç ~ ;-T?J~
z4 ~ -:X~ct~t -----1içÇ~- - j- - -~~~t-t- --y -»t-.tL

,ri~-~t ~ ç1 ~ ~•t— •1~~~

- ~ ~- ~ ~- ~j’ii. ~ç~» ~
 INTRODUCTION
The standard Blair Latrine consunies about 5 bags of cement and provides a sturdy structure that will in inost cases
outlast the pit, which for most family latrines lies between 12-15 years. A slightly lower cost Blair Latrine has been
designed and tested for several years and uses four bags of cement. This model is now being used in several areas
of Zimbabwe in the Ministry of ff~akh’sNational Rural Sanitation Prograinrne. -

The “4 bag” model uses firedbricks throughout and bas a fully bnck lined pit, ~ concrete slab, a brick vent pipe and
brick superstructure. The roof is ideally made of ferrocement, and consumes one bag of cement. However the roof
cnn also be made of asbestos or tinwhen 3 bags ofcement are required for the entire structure. Most of the saving
in cement is achieved by usin~gtraditional anthili mortars in the superstructure, and by a slight reduction in pit and
sJah size coxnparedto the standard Blair Latrine. The brick vent pipe is made with 4 bricks per course compared
to 6 bricka on the standard modeL Where 4 bricks are used per course great care is required to ensure that the
internal surface of the brick pipe is smooth and not obstructed by cement mortar. The streen for the smaller pipe
measures 225mm X~22Sminwhich also saves on screen material the standard acreen measures 300mna X3(~)mm.
-

The superstructure foundation and the first course of brickwork for the superstructur~are- made with cement
mortared brickwork From then on, tradtional inortar using anthili soi~,often combined with sam!, is used to bond
the fired brick walls of the structure. The internal walis of the structure are plastered with cement mortar and a hard
surface latrine floor is also built. -

From the users point of view any tecbnique ~hich saves on cost is welcome, provided that ~hedurability of the unit
is not scriously affected. Models which use less cement and more tra&tional material are cheaper to construct and
this may have importaØtimplications in the future. However it is not wise praclice to build a cheap Jatrine which laats
only a few years. It is far wiser to build a durable latrine which will last for the length of life of the pit. The high level
of subsidy currentiy provided by donor organisatiöns through the Ministry of Health cannot be sustained for ever,
and now is the time to introduce options which retain all the properties of a standard Blair Latrine, but prov~deit
at lower cost.

Material subsidies for the Blair Latrine vary soniewhat from one programme to another within the Ministry of
Health and Child Welfare Programme. Currently the lowest subsidy, offered by the MvuramanziTrust, isjust 3 bags
ofcement with no wire reinforcing. The owneris expected to provide reinforcing wire and alsoan extra bagofcement
before a subsidy is provided. 4 bags of cement and reinforcing wire are provided as part of the Sida assisted
progralnines in Mashonaland East and Manicaland. Elsewhere 5 bags of cement are provided together witb
reinforciug wire. Screens are provided through the Ministry of Health or NGO’s. Clearily the lower the subsidy the
-

greater the coverage, and this should be the overall abn of the programme tO slowly make the family owner more
-

and more responsible for paylng for and completing the Blair Latrine hiniself, Because the subsidy acts as such a
great iiicentive to the family, reducing the subsidy should take place slowly and in carefullyjudged stages.

This manual also inciudes a description of building a handwashing tank which is fitted to the latrine. Very often the
tank is built at the saaie time as a newlatrine, but it is also possible to add the tank to an older latrine.Handwashing
fomis a vital part of the hygienic process attached to latrine use.

1 wish to acknowledge the full support of the Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, and the Department of
Environniental Health in particular. The drawings used in this manual are taken from earlier manuals produced
for the Ministry of Health with illustrations prepared by Kors de Waard. Much credit is also diie to the fleld teams
who have played an important part In the rural sanitation prograinme. In particular the efforts of Ephraiin
Chimbunde, Nason Mtakwa, Fambi Gono, Philimçm Kademeteme, Joshua Mazanza and their supporting staff are
to be commended.

1 also wish to thank Sida who have encouraged the wider use of lower coat options In water and sanitation projects
in Zimbabwe and have assisted in supporting the research and development ofsuch tecimologies. Thanks are also
due to Norad, WaterAid UK, Rotary, UNICEF and the Oak Foundation who have supported the current
programme of promoting lower cost Blair Latrines.

Peter Morgan

Mvuranianzi Trust - -

Harare P0

September 1995 Fax: +31 7035899 ~

LO:

~% SSISL
 HOW THE BLAIR LATRINE WORKS

The latrine slab is made with two holes, one for the squattirig hole and
one for the vent pipe. T1r vent pipe sucks air from the pit and fresh
air Is drawn dowu tbrough the squat hole. The latrine itself is therefore
odourless.

Flies approaching the latrine are attracted to odôurs coming from the
pipe bui cannotpass the screen to enter the pit. Files escaping from the
latrine are attracted to the light coming down the pipe but are trapped
by the sereen and cannot escape.

THIS IS A CUT OPEN VIEW OF A BLA~RLATRINE

ARROWS INDICATE AIR

FLYSCREEN
CURRENTS

ROOF

VENTPIPE

DOORWAY

SQUATTING
HOLE

VENTPIPE
HOLE

-1-
 MATERIALS REQUIRED TO BUILD
A “4 BAG” BLAIR LATRLNE

Cement 4 bags
-

.River sand approx 1/4 cu.m.

- 4 BAGS CEMENT
Pit sand approx 3/4 cu.m.
-

Relnforcmg wire (20m X 3mm)

Fiyscreen (225mm X 225mm)
(Aluminium or stainless steel)

FLYSCREEN

1500 BRICKS

REINFORCING WIRE

SITING THE BLAIR LATRINE

The site should be chosen by the family with assistance from an Envirönmental Health

Technician and should be at least 30 metres from a well.

The site should be:

Down hill from a well or borehole so that waste from the latr,ine does not drain into the
-

water supply.

Where the soli Is firm so that the latrine will not collapse
-

On silghtly raised ground so that rainwater can drain away

-

Near the house so that the latrine can be used easily

-

Away from trees so that air can flow easily over the pipe
-

Facing the wind so that air biows into the entrance

-

-2-
 MEASUREMENT OF CEMENT
WHERE A LJM1TED NUMBER OF BAGS OF CEMENT ARE BEING USED FOR THE
CONSTRUCFION OF A BLAIR LATRINE IT IS iMPORTANT TO MEASURE THE
CEMENT ACCURATELY SO THAT MAXIMUM BENEFJT CAN IIE MADE OF THE
CEMENT.

ONE BAG OF CEMFfNT CANBE DIVIDEL) INTO 8 X 4.5 LITRE TINS OF CEMENT, WITH
A LITILE LEFT OVER. AS LITRE TIN MAKES A CONVENIENT MEASURÉ. 4.5 LITRES
MEASURES JUST Si-IORT OF THE FULL TIN. -

THE FOLLOWING AMOUNTS OF CEMENT SHOULI) BE USED TO MAKE DWFERENT

PARTS OF THE WFOUR BAG” MODEL OF THE BLAIR LATRINE.

PART OF LATRINE CEMENT USED SAND USED MIX

(4.5 LITRE TINS) (4.5 LITRE TINS)

PIT UNING 8 80 Pit sand 10:1

SLAB 4 20 River sand 5:1
BRICK VENT PIPE 2.5 20 Pit sand 8:1
FOUNDATIONS t 2 16 Pit sand 8:1
INTERNAL PLASTER 4 32 Pit sand 8:1
FLOOR 3.5 14 River sand 4:1
FERROCEMENT ROOF 8 24 River sand 3:1

-3-
 THE CONSTRUCTION

STAGE 1. DIG THE PIT

DIG A ROUND PIT

i.g ME~RESiN
DIAM13TER AND
3 METRES DEEP

DIG THE PIT

WITH STRAIGHT
SIDES -

3
~tE~RES
DEEl’

1.3 METRES

STAGE 2. LINE ThE PIT

LINE THE PIT WITH CEMENT

MORTARED BRICKWORK
USINO A CEMENT MORTAR
MIXflF 10 PARTS PIT
SAND& 1PARTCEMENT.

THE INSIDE DIAMETER

OF TElE PIT SHOULI) DE
1.1 METRES.

USE WET BRICKS IE -

POSSIJ3LE

-4-
 STAGE 3. FINISH ThE LINING

CONTINUE TElE PJT LINING To ONE

COURSE ADOVE GROUND LEVEL.

S7AGE 4. MAKE THE COVERSLAB MOULD

MAKE A CIRCLE OF BRICKS WITH INTERNAL DIAMETER OF 13 METRES

LAY CEMENT BAG PAPER OR PLASTIC UNDER ThE MOULD SITE
-5-
 STAGE 5 MAKE THE COVERSLAB

ARRANGE BRICKS TO FORM VENT PIPE HOLE AND SQUAT t JOLE AS SHOWN
VENT PIPE HOLE iS i4Omm X l4Omm SQUAT HOLI3 IS 280mm X l4Omm.
CONCRETE MLXTURE IS 5 PARTS WASHED RIVER SAND 1 PART CEMENT
ADD HALF THE MDCTURE FIRST (FULL MIXTURE USES hALF BAG CEMENT)
ADD 3mm REINFOR~INGWIRE WITH l5Omm SPACES
ADD REMAINING MIXTURE UNTIL SLAB is 75mm TIHCK
LEAVE FOR AT LEAST 5 DAYS TO CURE- KEEr WET.

~1

r
15cm 14cm 40cm 31cm

t.
/4’

.—.
__‘-_•

-6-
 STAGE 6. PLACE COVERSLAB ON PIT

BEl) DOWN THE COVER SLAB ON CEMENT MORTAR LAH) OVER THE EIRICKS
ENSURETREORIEWrATION OF THE COVERSLAB IS COR~cj~This IS NORMALLY
~1DWARDSTHE HOMESTE.1J~AND TOWARDS THE WIND. THE VENT PIPE WILL BE
BUILT ON THE SAME SIDE AS THE DOORWAY

A 000D SEAL BETWEEN THE COVER StAD AND THE COLL&fl PRËVE~S~LIES FROM
EN1~RJNGAND LEAVING THE PIT OTHER THAN THROUGH THE SQUAT AND VENT PIPE
HOLES. -

STAGE 7. MAKE THE SUPERSTRU~!JREFOUNI)ATION

THE FOUNDA~ONIS LAB) OUT AS ~HOWN IN
THE J’L4N PROVIDED LATER IN THIS MANUAL
THE POUNDATION IS MADE UP OF BRICKS
(~M~ MORTAJ~DTOGETHER INA COURSE
225mm WIDE. THE SURFA~SOIL IS DUG OUT
FIRST AND THE POUNDATION LAH) ON FIRM
GROUND THE FOUNDATIQN is BUILT UP TO
StAD LEVEL.

-7-
STAGE S. MAKE THE FIRST COURSE OF BRICKS FOR THE VENT PIPE & SUPERSTRUCTURE
THE FIRSF COURSE OF BRICKS IS BUILT UP ON THE FOUNDATION WITFI CEMENT MORTAR (8
PARTS PIT SMID & 1 PART CEMENT). THE MEASUREMENTS SIIOULD BE TAKEN FROM THE PLAN
IN THIS MANUAL THE VENTILATION PIPE IS MADE WITH FOUR BRICKS PER COURSE
ARRANGED AS SHOWN IN THE DIAGRAM. IT IS VERY IMPORTANT THAT THE INTERNAL
MEASUREMENT OF l4Omm X l4Omm IS MAINTAINED THROUGHOUT THE LENGTH OF THE PIPE.

THE BRICK VENT PIPE BUILT ON LOWER COST

MODELS OF 11-1E BLPJR LATRINE IS MADE WITH
4 BRICKS PER COURSE. IT IS VERY IMPORTANT
TO ENSURE THAT THE INTERNAL MEASUREMENT
IS MAINTAINED AT 14OMM X 14OMM AND THE
INTERNAL SURFACE IS SMOOTR

-8-
STAGE 9. MAKE THE BRJCK VENTILATJON PIPE
THE BRICK VENTILATION PIPE IS NOW RUiLT UP TO 28 COLJRSES AS SHOWN IN THE
DIAGRAM. CEMENT MORTAR IS USED TO BOND THE BRICKS .THE INTERNAL MEASUREME~T
OF l4Onun X l4Omni MUST BE MAINTAINED AT EVERY COURSE AND THE INTERNAL WALLS
KEFT SM000TH. AT EVERY FOURTH CQURSE THE BR1CKWORK IS MODIFIED TO .INCLUDE
A ‘TOOTW WHICH WILL LATER FORM.THE CONNECI1ON BETWEEN THE VENT PIPE AND Th-IR
WALL OF THE SuPERSTRUCrURE. THESE ARE 1SHOWN IN THE DIAGRAM,

I3ACKFILL

BACKFILLTHE SPACE BETWEEN THE FOUNDATION AND THE CO VERSLAB WITH HALF BRICKS,
STONES OR WELL RAMMED SOIL. LEVEL 0FF TO HEIGHT OF THE SLAB.

-9-
STAGE 10. JHJ1LDING THE SUPERSTRUC-FURE

THIS 15 MADE WITH FIRED BRJCKS BONDE[) WITH ANTHILLIMORTAR 1HE ANTIIILL
MORTAR MAY BE MIXE!) WITH SANE) OR COWDUG ÏÖ MAKE MORESUITABLE FOR
MORTAR WORK. THE SUPERSTRUCWRE WALL IS BONDED TO THE VENT PIPETHROIJGII TUE
TEETH PREVIOUSLY MADE ON THE IijPE: S

THE WALL IS RUILT UP TO A HEJGHT OF L8m (WHICIL IS ABOUT 2! COURSES OF BRICKS)

WHEN THE SUPERSTRUCI’URE IS F1NJSI-IED THE INSIDE WALL IS PLASTERED WITH CEMENT -

MORTAR USING A MDCTURE OF 8 PARTS PIT SAND & 1 PART CEMENT.1’HIS PROTECTS THE
WALL FROM THE WASHING WATER USED IN THE LATRINE.

-10-
STAGE 11. MAKING THE IATRJNE FLOOR

ONCE THE BRICK WALLS HAVE BEEN BUILT

AND PIASTERED THE LATRINE FLOOR CAN BE
MADE. THE CONCRETE FOR THE FLOOR IS
MADE WITH 4 PARTS RIVER SAND & 1 PART
CEMENT. THE CONCRETE IS LAID SO THAT IT
SLOPES DOWN FROM THE BRICK STEP AT THE
EW1’RANCE TO THE SQUAT HOLE. IT IS FINALLY
SMOOTHED DOWN WITH A STEEL FLOAT

STAGE 12 MAKING THE FERROCEMENT ROOF

A FERROCEMEWF ROOF IS MADE TO THE MEASUREMENTS

SHOWN BELOW WIT!! A MIXTURE OF 3 PARTS WASHED RIVER
SAN!) & 1PART CEMENT. THE ROOF SHOULD BE MADE OVER A
SHEET OF PLASTIC. THE MOUW CAN BE MADE OF BRICKS.
CIUCKEN WIRE IS USED AS REINFORCING. A RECESS IS MADE
FOR THE VENT PIPE. THIS SHOULD BE MEASURED ON SITE. THE
ROOF IS CURED FOR 7 DAYS & KEPT WET AT ALL TIMES.

NOTE: THE MEASUREMENTS SHOWN BELOW

MUST BE USED AS OULDES ONLY.

THE EXACF MEASUREMENTS FOR THE ROOF

SHOULD BE TAKEN FROM THE ACFUAL STRUCTURE
ALLOWING FOR A 5OMM OVERIAP ALL AROUND.

1.75m

CHICKEN WIRE

—11—
 STAGE 13 ADDING THE ROOF

THE TWO PARiS OF THE FERROCEMENT

ROOF ARE CAREFULLY LIFTED,
WASHED DOWN & FITFED
TO THE STRUCFURE IN
A BED OF CEMENT MORTAR

SrAGE 14. FITI1NG THE FLYSCREEN

THIS ISA VERY IMPORTANT PART

OF THE LATRINE AND CONTROISS
FLIES. THE SCREEN SHOULD BE
MADE OF STAINLESS STEEL OR
ALUMJ.NIUM. THE SOtEEN SIZE
IS 225mni X 225mm. 1T IS FTITED
TO THE HLEAD OF DIE VENT PUt
IN STRONG CEMENT MORTAR.

CLEAN SCREEN CAREFULLY OF ANY

MORTAR & DEBRIS TO ENSURE
A GOOD AIR FLOW.

-12-
 METHODS OF UPGRADING
THE “4 BAG” MODEL

1. POINT THE ANTRILL MORTARED

BRICKWORK W1TH CEMENT MORTAR
TO ADEFFHOF ONE CM.

OR

2.. PLASTER THE EXTERNAL

WALLS OF THE LATRINE
WITH CEMENT MORTAR

PLANT GRASS
AROUND
IA’flUNE TO
REDUCE EROSION

MAINTENANCE

THE MOST IMPORTANT MAINTENANCE OF THE BLAJR LATRINE IS

TO KEEP THE INSIDE CLEAN BY WASHING WITH WATER. WASH
DOWN THE LATRINE SLAB EVERY DAY IFPOSSIBLE. INSPECT THE
FLYSCREEN EVERY SIX MONTHS TO SEE IE IT IS UNDAMAGED.

DAILYUSE
USE THE LATRINE AS A BATHROOMS IE POSSIBLE BUILD A
HANDWASHING TANK ON THE LATRINE. GOOD HEALTH COMES
FROM GOOD HYGIENE.
-13-
 DIMENSIONS OF SLAB AND STRUCTURE

1350

114E DIAMETER OF THE CONCRETE SLAB IS 1.3m AND IS PLACED OVER A

BRKX LLNED PIT WIT!! AN INTERNAL DIAMETER OF ilm. THE PIT iS 3m DEEL’.
THE POUNDATION SHOWN ABOVE AS THE DOVfED AREA IS 225mm WIDE.
111E BRICKWALLS ARE A SINGLE BR1CK THICKNESS. TI-IE SQUAT HOLE IS
AM’ROXIMATELY 125mw WIDE AND 275 300 mm LONG. THE VENT PIPE HOLE
-

MEASURES 140mw X l4Omm. THE BRICK VENT RAS THE SAME INTERNAL SLiB.

-14-
 INTRODUCTION TO THE HAND WASHING TANK

The regular use of the Blair Latrine, together with improved access and use-of safe water are
essential components of an improved hygienic way of life~They form the cornerstones 0fl
which all public health is built. Yet the full benefitsof safewater and improved sanitation can-
not be attained unless each person is able to wa.sh thoroughly each day.

One of the most important aspects of improved bodily h~,,gieneis handwashing. The hands
should be thoroughly wasbedseveral tinies during each day. Most important the hands should
be washed before and after eating each meal, and also after each visit is made to the toileL

Very large nunibers of B~lairLatrines have now been built inZimbabwe. They are very popu lar
because they are almostodour free and also control flies. Becaüse thçy do nQtsmell and offer
a convenient place of privacy they are often used as wash rooms- and thus their usefulriess is
increased. However at the present time very few Blair Latrines are builtwithan easy access
to a handwashing facility. Where handwashing is dificult the full benefits of improved
sanitation can never be attained. - - -

This part of the manual describes how a strong and permanent handwashing facility can be
built onto a standard Blair Latrine at minimum cost. The facility consistsof a srrrall tank huilt
from cement, sand and bricks which forms a reservoir on the side of the latrine. A small copper
tube is introduced through the wall ofthe tank tocontrol the flowofwater. The flow is-stopped
by introducing a small plastic covered wire or rubber plug into the end of the tube.

One eighth ofa bag of cement is required (one five litre tin) and a small piece of thin copper
tubing. A few [fredbricks, some pit and river sand a few strands of thiri wire are alst needed
for reinforcing. A short length of 3mm wire is also required for the handle of the tank’s cover.

Once thefacility is built and a week is allowed for curing, the plug is introduced into the copper
tube which acts like a spout allowing a controlled amount ofwater to drainfrom the tank. Once
the hands are washed, the plug is introducedback into the copper tube.Thus the tube and plug
act like a tap.

1f carefully used, one filhing of the handwashing tank with water can give several days of use
before it requires topping up. A bar of soap can be conveniently left ofthe top of the facility.

The regular use of this simple faciity gr~atlyimproves personal hygiene and is recommended
for use on all Blair Latrines. — - -

-15-
 STAGES IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE HANDWASHING FACILTY

STAGE 1.

CIJT A SLOT WITH A HAMMER AND CI-IJSEL ONE

?VIETRE ABOVE THE LATRINESLAB LEVEL IN
THE PLA~EINIJICATED ON THE DIAGRAM. THE
SLOT SHOULD DE ABOUT 2OMM DEEP. THE
REINFURCED CONCRETE RASE SLAB OF THE
TANK WILL FIT INTO THIS RECE~SS.

STAGE 2.
t

MIX 0.5 LITRES OF CEMENT WITH 1.5 LITRES PIT SAND AND APPL’(TfLÈ MORTAR
ABOVE THE SLOT TO A HEIGHT OF ABOUT 250MM. TH!S ACTS AS A WATER PROOF
LAYER OF THE TANK AND IS EASIER TO APPLY AT THIS SÏAGE~ -

-16-
 STAGE 3.

RUILt) UP A 11305E PILE OF

BR[CKS TO SUPPORT A TIN SHEET
JUST BELOW THE LEVEL OF THE
SLOT. THIS WILL FORM THE BASE
UPON WHICH THE CONCRETE
BASE OF THE TANK WILL BE
BU1LT.

j.1

STAGE 4.
MIX 13 LLTRES OF CEMENT
WITH 43 LITRES RWER SANI)
AND BU1LD UP A LAYER OF
CONCRETE ON THE TIN SHEET
ABOUT 4OMM THICK. THE
CONCRETE SHOULD ENTER
THE SLOT CUT INTO THE
LATRINE WALL. ADD SEVERAL
LENGTHS OF THIN
REINFORCING WIRE INTO THE
MDCFURE. SHAPE THE
CONCRETE IN A CURVE ON THE
OUTER FACE.
t

-17-
 STAGE 5.
CUT TWO BRICKS IN 1-IALFALONG THE LENGTH
OF THE BRICK SO THAT 4 1-ÎALF BRICKS WILL BE
- MADE. THREE OF THESE WILL DE USED TO MAKE
- THE OUTER WALL OF THE TANK.

STAGE 6.

MIX 0.5 LITRESCEMENT

WITH ~ LITRES PIT
SAND. USING THIS
MORTAR AS BONDING
ADD EACH BRICK
UPRIGHT AS SHOWN
IN THE DIAGRAM.
THREE BRICKS ARE
REQUIRED TO
COMPLETE THE
()UTER WALL.

-18-
STAGE 7.

ONCE THE THREE BR1CKS ARE

CEMENT MORTARED iN PLACE
CUT 2 MORE SLOTS IN THE WALL
OF THE VENT PIPE AND 2 SLOTS IN
THE LATRINE WALL AS SHOWN IN
THE DIAGRAM. CUTSOME WIRE
AND NAIL THE ENDS OF EACH
PIECE OF WIRE WITHIN EACH
SLOT. TWO WIRES ARE
REOUIRED. PIACE IN THE
POSmON SHOWN. THESE WIRES
SUPPORT THE BRICKWORK OF
THE TANK.

sTA(;E s.

MIX A FURTHER 2 LITRES OF

CEMENT WITH 8 LITRES OF PIT
SAND. PLASTER THE OUTER
WALL OF THE TANK. FOLLOW
THIS BY APPLYING THE REST OF
THE MORTAR TO THE INSIDE OF
THE TANK SO1’I-lÂT THE WALL. IS
THJCK AND STRONG. MAKE THE
INTERNAL PLASTER WORK AS
SMOOTH AS POSSIBLE. PIASTER
OVER THE WIRE INSERTS INT()
THE WALL OF THE LATRJNE.

-19-
 STAGE 9.

ADD THE COPPE1~TUBE. THE

SMALL CO~PERTtffiI3 IS 125MM
LONG AND PRESSED THROUGH
- _~THEWALLOFTHETANKATA
POINT BETWEEN THE BRICKS.
THE TUBE IS PLACED WW
DOWN IN THE TANK, AND
ABOUT 25MM ABOVE THE
BOTJ’OM OF THE TANK. THE
TUBEMUST DE SECURELY
PLACED AND TIGHTWITIUN
THE CEMENT MORTAR. THE
TUBE SHOULD BE PLACED SO
THAT IT SWPES SUGHTLY
DOWNWARDS TO THE GROUND.
THE TUBEIS BWWN OUT BY
MOUTH TO CLEAR ANY CEMENT
INSLDE. THE CEMENT MORTAR
AROUND THE TUBE IS
TROWELLED FJRM. A WOODEN
TWIG CAN BE FYVFED TO THE
TUBE FROM THE INSIDE TO
REDUCE WATER FLOW AND
CONSER VE WATER iN THE TANK.

Coppertube
note: in order to make the tube fit
more securely in the tank wall apiece
oftiinepon putty Ls~moulded and attached
to the tube half way aloiig iL~length.

STAGE 10.

A PLASTIC BAG IS PLACED WITHIN THE TANK

AND FILIPJ) WITH SAND AND LEVELLED 0FF
AT THE UPPER END OF THE TANK. ADD A
PIECE OF PLASTIC SHEET OVER THE TOP OF
THE TANK THE LID OF THE TANK WILL BE
CASTE ON TOP OF THIS SHEET.

-20-
STAGE 11.

MLX t LITRE CEMENT AND 3 LITRES RIVER SAND. USE THE MIXTURE TO BUILD
THE LID OF THE TANK. FOLLOWING THE LINE OF THE TANK TO MAKE A
NEATLY FIlTINO LID. ADDSEVERAL STRANDS OF THIN REINFORCINUWIRE
INTO THE MJXFURE. MAKE A HANDLE FROM 3MM WIRE. -

STAGE 12.

ALLOW TO CUR.E FOR 5 DAYS. TAKE OUT THE SAND BAG. TH()ROLJGHLY
CLEAN OUT THE TANK SO THAT NO SAN1) OR GRIT REMAINS. BEFORE F1LLJNG
WITH WATER FIND A SUITABLE STOPPER FOR THE COPPER PIPE. THIS CAN BE
MADE OPA WOODEN TWJG OR THICK GRASS STEM. IT CAN ALSO DE MADE OF
RUBBER OR RUBBER COATEt) WIRE. THE TUBESHOULD NOT DRIP ONCE THE
TANK HAS BEEN FILLED WITH WATER AND THE STOPPER HAS BEEN FITFED.
THE HANDWASHING FACILITY CAN THEN 13E PUT TO USE,

- 21-
 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF TIIË
HANDWAS HING FACILITY.

ONCE THE HANDWASHING TANK IS CUItEE) IT CAN BE PUT TO USE.

1.THOROUGHLYWASH AND CLEAN OUTTHE TANK AND WASH THE LID --

2. FIND A SMALL WOODEN STOPPER TO FIT IN THE END OF THE CÔPPER TUBE
3. FILL UP THE TANK WITH WATER AND REPLACE THE LID
4. USE THE TANK EVERY TIME YOU LEAVE THE TOILET -

5. PLÂCE A PIECE OF SOAP ON THE TANK COVER 1~ORRË(ULAR USE.

6. PL4CE SOME FLOWERS OR HERBS UNDER THE “TAP” TO USE WASTE WATER

7. GET INTO THE HABLT OF REGULARLY F1LLING THE TANK WITH WATER
& 1F TELE TUBE BECOMES SLOCKED CLEAR IT WITH A THIN WJRE
9. REPIACE THE WOODEN STOPPER FROM TIME TO TIME

REMEMBER - - -

CLEAN YOUR HANDS OFTEN!

-22-
 MAVOKO ANOBATA ~~SV1NA

YAKAWANDA

NDEDZIPI NGUVA

DZATINO SUNGIRWA
KUGEZA MAYOKO:
-NGUVA DZOSE ~[ISA~I1J TADYA
..NGUVA DZOSE TAPEDZA KUI)YA
-TISATI ‘I1ABATJ’A CHOKUDYA CHOSE
-NGUVA DZOSE TARVA MUKUSUANI)ISA CIII MBUZI
-23-
t
t
 ‘.~‘-~--~ _-~q-~_.~_~
--~-e’~ ~‘--.-~--
~ ~ : -~L ~ ~

- --~ ~ —~-—.--~.-‘ -.

4 ~ ~ — ~- ~

~ :::~ ~I4 ~

— ç 5 ~ ~ — ~ 4 .~ —

1. ~ ~ ~.L -