SECTION B

Swadeshi Movement:
➢ Swadeshi Movement was launched by Hindus and congress.
➢ They boycotted the British goods.
➢ British cotton was thrown in fire & local cotton became a matter of honor.
➢ Hindus also refused to use British salt. Apart from this Hindus refused to serve in army
and police.
➢ Swadeshi movement gave economic damage to the British govt.
➢ Hindus tried to pressurize British govt to reverse the partition of Bengal.

Silk letter conspiracy (1913)

➢ A movement started by Deoband Ulamas.
➢ Aim was to get independence from British.
➢ Supported by Ottoman Empire.
➢ Messages were conveyed on silk cloth.
➢ Punjab CID discovered this.
G-I Pact (1931)
➢ It was signed b/w Gandhi & Lord Irwin.
➢ Gandhi agreed to stop the non- cooperation movement.
➢ & to attend the 2nd RTC.
➢ On the other hand British govt released political workers.
➢ And gave back their confiscated properties.
Wardah Scheme
➢ It was an educational scheme by congress.
➢ Students were advised to bow in front of Gandhi’s picture.
➢ Hindus leaders were presented as real heroes of Hindustan.
➢ Hindi was introduced as medium of teaching in schools
➢ Spinning cotton was introduced.
August Offer (1940)
➢ Offered by Lord Linlithgow.
➢ Proposed expansion of Executive council with members from all parties.
➢ Elections and new constitution after war.
➢ Announced that no transfer of power to Indians.
➢ AIML and INC opposed.
Great Calcutta Killings (1946)
➢ Also known as Direct Action Day.
➢ Jinnah approved a protest just to show Muslim strength.
➢ Peaceful protest and became violent at calcatta.
➢ 4000 people were killed.

3rd June Plan 1947

7 Marks
Why was Bengal partitioned in 1905?
Administrative Problems:
➢ Bengal was large & densely populated province.
➢ Its population was 10 times greater than the total population of UK.
➢ By area it was much larger than Frnace.
➢ This created administrative problems for British in Bengal.
➢ So British govt: decided to divide Bengal into two parts for better administration.

Geographical Problems
➢ Bengal was composed of two parts i: e East and West Bengal.
➢ West Bengal was dominated by Hindus and developed with industries and sea port
while East Bengal was dominated by Muslims and mostly Muslims were poor farmers.
➢ Educationally West Bengal was much better than East Bengal.
➢ This disparity forced British govt to divide Bengal into two provinces.

To Reduce Political Strength:

➢ Bengal was dominated by Hindus so they were becoming a strong political force
against govt.
➢ Congress also played a vital role in bringing political awareness in Indians and was
taken as big political threat by British
➢ So British adopted their traditional policy of divide & rule.
➢ They divided Bengal to reduce the political strength of the Congress & Hindus.

Q: Why were M-M reforms opposed by Congress?

Separate electorate system
➢ One of the reasons was separate electorate system for Muslims.
➢ Congress called it un- democratic and realized that by this system, Muslim would have
their own members in all councils to present their demands to the British govt.
➢ Congress also claimed that British Govt is going to divide Indians on communal bases.
Advisory councils
➢ Another reason was advisory councils.
➢ Although the number of Indians were increased in councils but these Indians could
only give advices and suggestions to viceroy.
➢ Indians could legislate but could not implement any law as these reforms empowered
Viceroy too much.
Demand of Self-rule
➢ Furthermore, the idea of self-rule was not there.
➢ In 1906, Congress demanded self-rule for the first time and was expecting self-rule
through these reforms.
➢ Congress also wanted the establishment of parliament which was refused by British
govt in these reforms.
Q: Explain why was Lucknow Pact came about?

Unsatisfactory M-M Reforms:

➢ Initially M-M reforms were looking very ideal for Indians
➢ But these reforms could not come up to the expectations of Indians.
➢ This forced both of these parties to set together.
➢ Both communities wanted more favor from in the upcoming reforms.

Loss of Muslim trust:

➢ Muslim felt betray as British reversed the partition of Bengal in 1911.
➢ Moreover British govt: assisted Balkan states against Ottoman Empire.
➢ Muslims realized that British govt: is not sincere with them
➢ So they turn towards Congress and signed this agreement.

Demand of Self Rule:

➢ Congress wanted self-rule.
➢ But after reversal of Bengal partition & Balkan’s war Muslim League also demanded
self-rule.
➢ This policy pleased Congress too much.
➢ Both were demanding self-rule so they signed this agreement.

Q: Why was KM started by Indian Muslims?

To Protect Khalifa:
➢ After the WWI, the European powers wanted to remove khalifa.
➢ khalifa was symbol of the unity for Muslim Ummah.
➢ He was responsible to take care of holy places like Makkah, Madina & Juresalem.
➢ It was a great concern of Indian Muslims that after the removal of Khalifa what will be
the fate of these places.
➢ KM was started to protect Khalifa.

To protect the system Of Khilafat:

➢ khilafat was considered sacred by Muslims.
➢ Muslims had a spiritual attachment with this as it was started by the companions of
prophet (SAW)
➢ After WWI, victorious allies wanted to abolish the system of khilafat
➢ So Indian Muslims started KM to convnce British govt. not to take such action.

Betrayal of British:
➢ British wanted support from Indian Muslims during WWI which was refused
➢ They promised to take care of the Ottoman Empire.
➢ After victory in war British govt planned to punish the Ottoman Empire by announcing
the treaty of Sevres.
➢ Thus Muslims felt betray and realized that British govt is backing out from the promise
which they made to Indian Muslims during war so they started Khilafat Movement.
Q: Why was Nehru Report objected by M.L?

Strong Central Govt:

➢ Nehru report wanted a strong central govt.
➢ They wanted to establish Hindu raj within India.
➢ Nehru Report wanted a domination of all govt machinery by Congress.

Official Language:
➢ It proposed Hindi as an official language.
➢ This was not acceptable for Muslims.
➢ Muslims realized that this will promote Hindus culture.
➢ Urdu was linked with Muslim League formation.
➢ It was considered a language of Indian Muslims.

Separate Electorate System:

➢ Nehru report objected separate electorate for Muslim.
➢ It proposed joint electorate system.
➢ M.L thought that by joint system Congress would win every possible election.
➢ Muslims would remain at mercy of Hindus.

Q: Why were RTCs conducted during 1930s?

To bring consensus for constitutional work

➢ Many attempts were there.
➢ Simon commission was rejected so Nehru report was compiled.
➢ Due to controversial points in N.R so 14 points were presented.
➢ To bring consensus RTCs were conducted.

To remove communal tension

➢ Communal tension was increasing.
➢ Hindus and Muslims were fighting against each other.
➢ This created governance problems.
➢ By RTCs British wanted to remove communal tension.

Failures of Early attempts

➢ 1st RTC failed as INC was absent so 2nd RTC was conducted.
➢ 2nd RTC failed as Gandhi refused to accept the rights of minorities.
➢ So 3rd RTC was conducted.
Q: Why was the Govt of India Act 1935 so important?

Enhanced Representation For Indians:

➢ There was more say for Indians.
➢ Govt: of India Act increased Indians in councils for legislation.
➢ It provided base for negotiations b/w British & Indians.
➢ It provided a channel for Indians to convey their demands to the British govt.

Provincial Autonomy:
➢ This act granted provincial autonomy to provinces.
➢ It abolished Diarchy.
➢ Thus the provinces were given more rights carry their developmental projects.
➢ New provinces were created such as Sindh, Orissa & NWFP.

Vote Casting Right:

➢ This also increased vote casting for Indians from 5 to 25 %.
➢ Thus provided a platform for Indians to take part in elections and to elect their
members.
➢ It also announced elections for provincial assemblies as well.

Why was Cripps Mission unsuccessful?

➢ Cripps proposed dominion status for India which means self-rule under the British
Monarch while congress demanded a complete transfer of power at the start of WWII.
Congress was not trusting British govt to fulfill its promises after war so Gandhi called it
as post-dated cheque on failing bank.

➢ Cripps also proposed Indian union while Pakistan Resolution was the official policy of
ML in which ML demanded for an independent state where Muslims could practice
their religion freely.

➢ Cripps also proposed a choice for princely states to join Indian union or not. This was
opposed by Congress. Congress realized that by this India would be divided into
number of independent states.
Q: Lucknow Pact was the most important development within India during 1909-1919.
Do you agree or disagree? Explain your answer. [14]

Lucknow Pact 1916

➢ In 1916, Congress and M.L had a joint session at Lucknow in which both parties signed
a pact known as Lucknow Pact.
➢ In this pact Congress accepted the idea of separate electorate system for Muslims for
the first time.
➢ Both parties demanded for more seats for Indians in legislative councils.
➢ Both parties agreed not to support any law against any community if majority of that
community oppose that law.
➢ Congress and M.L also agreed on minority rights and provincial autonomy.
➢ This pact improved relations between Hindus and Muslims and also Congress accepted
M.L as sole political force for Muslims of south Asia.

MM Reform:
➢ Another development was MM Reforms of 1909.
➢ These reforms were drafted by Lord Minto and Jhon Morley.
➢ These reforms proposed separate electorate system for Indian Muslims.
➢ MM Reforms proposed 60 members for Imperial council and 60 more members for
executive council.
➢ It also proposed provincial with 50 members in major provinces and 30 members in
smaller provinces.
➢ For first time, Indians were given a chance to discuss important matters like budget
and finance.
➢ Muslims were happy by these reforms because of separate electorate system while
congress called it undemocratic.

MF Reforms:
➢ MF Reforms were drafted in 1919 by Lord Montague and Lord Chelmsford.
➢ It proposed Imperial council with 60 members in which 33 were Indians and Federal
assembly with 145 members in which 103 members were Indians.
➢ 32 seats were also reserved for Indian Muslims.
➢ It also proposed Diarchy at provincial level in which Govt responsibilities were divided
into two lists. Reserved list controlled by British containing departments such police,
Press etc while Transferred list was controlled by Indian ministers such education,
health and forestry.
➢ These reforms also gave too many powers to G.G to

Rowlatt Act 1919

➢ It was proposed by Justice Rowlatt.
➢ This act proposed arrest without warrant,
➢ Detention without bail
➢ And to expel any person from respective province by provincial governor.
➢ This caused uproar in India because it violated basic human rights.
➢ This act was contradictory to the British judicial system.
➢ Indians called it Black Law and as protest,
➢ Quaid and Gandhi resigned from legislative councils.
The introduction of Rowlett Act was the sole reason for the creation of violence in India during
1919. Do you agree? Explain your answer.

Rowlatt Act 1919

➢ It was proposed by Justice Rowlatt.

➢ This act proposed arrest without warrant,
➢ Detention without bail
➢ And to expel any person from respective province by provincial governor.
➢ This caused uproar in India because it violated basic human rights.
➢ This act was contradictory to the British judicial system.
➢ Indians called it Black Law and as protest,
➢ Quaid and Gandhi resigned from legislative councils.

MF Reforms

➢ Indians were expecting self-rule by these constitutional reforms as Indians helped British
during WW II but self-rule was not granted so Indians protested against this.
➢ MF Reforms also gave too much power to G.G such as to appoint or dismiss any minister
and to approve or discard any law which was objected by the Indians.
➢ These reforms proposed 32 seats for Muslims which was objected by Non Brahmin, Sikhs
and Euro-Asian. They also demanded for seats as well.
➢ MF Reforms enhanced grievances amongst Indians so they started protests, strikes and
demonstrations.

Amritsar Massacre

➢ In 1919, Indians gathered at Jaliyan wala Bagh for peaceful demonstration against
Rowlatt Act and MF Reforms.
➢ General Dyer ordered firing against this illegal meeting. In this incident, 400 people died
and 1200 injured including women and children.
➢ General Dyer was removed from post.
➢ This incident also enhanced the grievances of Indians and resulted in further violence in
India.
Q: How successful were RTCs for constitutional work in India? Explain your answer. [14]

1st RTC (1930)

Participant:
British Govt, M.L & Princely states, Congress was absent as congress wanted assurance that Nehru
Report should be the part of future constitution which was refused by British govt.
Success:
(i) All agreed on Indian union, Princely states provided full support for Indian union.
(ii) Sindh separation from Bombay and to make a full province.
(iii) Responsible govt in provinces.
Failure:
This conference failed as congress was absent and in absence of congress it was not possible to
implement anything in India.

2nd RTC (1931)

Participant:
British Govt, M.L & Princely states, Congress
Success:
(i) All agreed on Indian union, Princely states provided full support for Indian union.
(ii) Sindh separation from Bombay and to make a full province.
(iii) Provincial status for NWFP.
Failure:
(i) Gandhi refused to accept the rights of minorities.
(ii) Gandhi tried to pretend himself as sole spokesman of India which was objected by
Jinnah so Gandhi adopted rude behaiour.
(iii) Govt in UK collapsed.

3rd RTC (1932)

Congress did not participate as started non-cooperation again
ML participated but w/o Jinnah as he went on self-exile from politics.
There was less representation from princely states.
It was just a formality and there was no concrete outcome so this conference also failed.
Allama Iqbal played the most important role in Pakistan Movement than Cahudary Rehmat Ali.
Do you agree? Explain your answer.

Allama Iqbal

Literary Services:
➢ Iqbal was a great poet of his age.
➢ He was known as the “Poet of East”.
➢ His poetry injected a new spirit of nationalism amongst Indians.
➢ His poetry encouraged Muslims to put their efforts to get independence.
➢ His important writings were Bang-e-Dara, Bal-e-Jibreal, Zarb-e-Kaleem, Zaboor-e-Ajam,
Shikwa and Jawab-e-Shikwa.

Political Services:
➢ Iqbal was very influential in Indian politics.
➢ He became the member of All India Muslim League.
➢ He was also elected as a member of Punjab Provincial assembly.
➢ In 1930, Iqbal presided an annual meeting of AIML at Allahabad.
➢ He gave an idea of separate state for Indian Muslims for the first time in Indo-Pak history.
➢ His speech gave a target for Indian Muslims to be achieved.
➢ he was given the title of “Mufakkir-e-Pakistan” the thinker of Pakistan.

Chaudry Rehmat Ali

Now or Never
➢ He attended the RTCs but he was totally disappointed by the attitude of Muslim politicians.
➢ He denied the idea of federal India.
➢ He gave the idea of complete independent state for Muslims.
➢ In 1933 he wrote a pamphlet" Now & Never" in which he gave the idea of independent
state.

Name of Pakistan:
➢ He proposed the name of PAKISTAN which means a land of Pak people.
➢ In Paistan (P= Punjab, A= Afghania, K= Kashmir, I= Iran, S= Sindh & Tan= Baluchistan).
➢ He formed Pakistan National Movement to fight for idea of Pakistan.
➢ He collected all his articles & interviews in booklet named “Pakistan the father land of Pak
people ".

Unity of Muslim World:

He also suggested federation of Muslim states.
He wanted an economic bloc of Muslim countries to enhance trade amongst each other.
Q: How successful were negotiations during WWII aimed towards independence within the S.C?
Explain your answer. [14]

Day of Deliverance 1939.

➢ WWII started so british needed the support of Indians.
➢ Congress demended for complete transfer of power which was refused so congress
resigned from its provincial ministries.
➢ Muslims celebrated this resignation as they got freedom from tyrannical policies.
Pakistan Resolution 1940
➢ Pakistan Resolution was passed by Muslim League in 1940.
➢ Indian Muslims demanded that Eastern and Western zones of India where Muslim are in
majority should be group together to form an independent state for Indian Muslims.
➢ Initially known as Lahore Resolution.
➢ This resolution provided a hope for Muslims to get independence but this was rejected by
Congress and British govt as congress did not want the partition of India.
Cripps Mission 1942
➢ Cripps came to India to get the support of Indians for WWII.
➢ He offered dominion status for India.
➢ He proposed an option for princely states to opt Indian union or remain independent
states which was first positive devilment from British govt towards independent.
➢ Cripps Mission failed as Indians wanted a complete transfer of power and congress was
also not in favour of option for princely states.
Quit India Movement 1942
➢ Quit India Resolution was passed by congress.
➢ Congress demanded that British should leave this area as soon as possible.
➢ Hindus also launched non-cooperation movement which turn into violent.
➢ This exerted an immense pressure on British govt but this movement came to end with
failure results as British used their army to curtail violence in India.
G-J talks 1944
➢ After the failure of Quit India Resolution, Gandhi persuaded Quaid for meeting.
➢ Gandhi asked for immediate support of M.L to expel British from Hindustan but Jinnah
wanted partition first.
➢ Gandhi proposed the idea of strong central govt in India which was not accepted by Jinnah
as Jinnah wanted Provincial autonomy.
➢ These talks failed because of different opinion but showed M.L as political force of India
and it was certain that independence was not possible without the support of M.L.
Simla Conference 1945
➢ Lord Wavell called a conference of all Indian parties as they wanted to leave India at the
end of WWII.
➢ Lord Wavell proposed the formation of an executive council with equal number of Hindus
and Muslim to run the affairs of India.
➢ It was very positive step for Indians as British govt wanted to leave India.
➢ This conference also came to end with zero result as there was dead lock between
congress and M.L on seats of Muslims in executive council.