Non-finite forms of the verb

(Fe’lning shaxsi noma’lum shakllari)

1. Fe’lning shaxsi noЗma’lum shakllari shaxsni, sonni, va maylni ko’rsatmaydi, shuning
uchun ham ular gapda kesim bo’lib kelaolmaydi. Fe’lning shaxsi noma’lum shakllarining 2 xil
xususiyatlari bor. Sifatdoshda fe’llik va sifatlik xususiyatlari mavjud. Gerund va infinitivda fe’llik va
otlik xususiyatlari mavjud.
Infinitive
1. Infinitive bu “to” yuklamasini oladigan fe’lning birinchi shaklidir. Gapda infinitive quyidagi
vazifalarda keladi: a) Ega vazifasida: To read is useful. O’qish foydalidir.
b) Ot kesim tarkibida: Your duty is to inform us. Sening vazifang bizni xabardor qilish.
c) Fe’l kesim tarkibida keladi: She began to translate the article. U maqolani tarjima qila
boshladi.
d) To’ldiruvchi bo’lib keladi: I asked him to help me. Men undan menga yordam berishini
so’radim.
e) Aniqlovchi bo’lib keladi; He expressed a desire to help me. U menga yordam berish istagini
bildirdi.
f) Hol bo’lib keladi: I went to the station to see off my friend. Men do’stimni kuztish uchun
vokzalga bordim.
2. Infinitivning zamon va nisbat shakllari bor.
Active Passive
Simple to ask – so’ramoq to be asked so’ralmoq
Continuous to be asking – so’rayotgan bo’lmoq
Perfect to have asked – so’ragan bo’lmoq to have been asked
Perfect so’ralgan bo’lmoq
Continuous to have been asking-so’rayotgan bo’l-q
I want to study – Men ta’lim olishni xohlayman.
I want to be studying now – Men hozir o’qiyotgan bo’lishni xohlayman.
I want to have been studying since 2005–Men 2005-y-dan buyon o’qiyotgan bo’lishni xoh.
I want to be taught – Men o’qitilishini xohlayman.
I want to have been taught – Men o’qitilgan bo’lishni xohlayman.
3. Infinitiv ning Oddiy (simple) va davomli (continuous) shakllari kesimdagi ish harakat bilan bir
vaqtda sodir etiladigan va davom etayotgan ish harakatni ifodalaydi: I am glad to see you. –Sizni
ko’rganimdan xursandman. I saw him enter the house. Men uni uyga kirganini ko’rdim. I want you to
be studying now. Men seni hozirda o’qiyotgan bo’lishingni xohlayman.
4. Perfect Infinitive lar gapning kesimi ifodalagan ish harakatdan oldin sodir bo’lgan va uzoq
vaqtdan buyon sodir bo’layotgan ish harakatlarni ifodalaydi: I want to have entered the University.
Men Universitetga kirgan bo’lishni xohlayman. I want to have been studying for a year. Men bir yildan
buyon ta’lim olayotgan bo’lishni xohlayman.
5. Quyidagi fe’llardan keyin infinitive “to” yuklamasi bilan keladi:
afford-qurbi yetmoq care-qiziqmoq desire-qattiq istamoq
agree-rozi bo’lmoq claim-da’vo qilmoq expect-umid qilmoq
appear-ko’rinmoq consent-rozi bo’lmoq fail-muvaf-sizlik
arrange-rejalashtirmoq dare-jur’at etmoq hesitate-ikkilanmoq
ask-so’ramoq decide-qaror qilmoq hope-umid qilmoq
attempt-harakat qilmoq demand-talabqilmoq intend-niyat qilmoq
beg-yalinmoq deserve-arzimoq learn-o’rganmoq
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mean-ko’zda tutmoq promise-va’da bermoq threaten-xavf solmoq
manage-eplamoq refuse-rad etmoq volunteer-fidoyilik
offer-taklif qilmoq seem-day ko’rinmoq wish-istamoq
plan-rejalashtirmoq strive-harakat qilmoq want-xohlamoq
prepare-tayyorlamoq struggle-kurashmoq wait-kutmoq
pretend-mug’ombir. qil-q swear-ont ichmoq tend-intilmoq, o’ch b-q.
6. Quyidagi fe’llar esa ko’p hollarda o’zidan keyin to’ldiruvchini olib undan keyin “to” yuklamali
infinitive ishlatiladi va murakkab to’ldiruvchini hosil qiladi:
advise-maslahat bermoq expect-umid qilmoq permit-ruxsat bermoq
allow-ruxsat bermoq explain-tushuntirmoq persuade-ishontirmoq
ask-so’ramoq forbid-ta’qiqlamoq remind-eslatmoq
beg-yalinmoq force-majburlamoq require-talab qilmoq
cause-sabab bo’lmoq get-ko’ndirmoq teach-o’qitmoq
challenge-chaqirmoq hire-yollamoq tell-aytmoq
convinceishontirmoq instruct-ko’rsatma b-q urge-undamoq
dare-botinmoq invite-taklif qilmoq understand-tushunmoq
decide-qaror qilmoq know-bilmoq want-xohlamoq
enable-qiboliyatli b-q. need-muhtoj bo’lmoq warn-ogohlantirmoq
encourage-ruhlantirmoq order-buyurmoq
I asked him to wait here for a while. Men undan shu yerda kutib turishini so’radim.
I urged her to apply for the job. Men uni ishga kirishga undadim.
I got Jack to repair my car. Men Jackni mashinamni tuzatishga ko’ndirdim.
7. “ask, decide, know, remember, forget, explain, understand, show, tell” fe’llaridan keyin
“what, where, how, whether” kabi so’roq so’zlar kelib undan keyin “to”li infinitive kelishi ham
mumkin: We asked how to get to the station. Biz vokzalga qanday borishni so’radik.
8. Odatda sifatlardan keyin, ayniqsa “It is + sifat” birikmasidan keyin “to” li infinitive
ishlatiladi:
anxious-juda istovchi difficult-qiyin pleased-minnatdor
able-qodir eager-intiluvchi prepared-tayyor
boring-zerikarli easy-oson ready-tayyor
common-oddiy good-yaxshi strange-g’alati
dangerous-xavfli hard-qattiq usual-odatiy
It is dangerous to drive in this weather. Bunday havoda mashina haydash xavfli.
It is pleasant to lie on the beach in summer. Yozda plajda yotish maroqli.
9. For + to’ldiruvchi + “to”li infinitive. Bu qurulmada ega kesimdam keyin “for” predlogi kelib,
undan keyin to’ldiruvchi va so’ngra esa “to” yuklamali infinitive ishlatiladi: It is easy for you to say
that. Buni aytish sizga oson.
The water is too cold for the children to swim. Suv bolalarga cho’milish uchun juda sovuq.
10. Quyidagi holatlarda infinitive “to” yuklamasisiz ishlatiladi: a) must, can, could, may, might,
should kabi modal fe’llardan keyin: He can speak German. U nemischa gapira oladi. b) Had better-
yaxshisi, would sooner-yaxshisi, would rather-yaxshisi, birikmalaridan keyin va in order to (uchun)
so’zidan keyin “to” siz infinitive ishlatiladi: You had better stay at home. Sen yaxshisi uyda qol. I would
rather go home. Men yaxshisi uyga boraman. I shouted in order to warn them. Men ularni
ogohlantirish uchun baqirdim.
Lekin: would rather birikmasidan keyin Ega + Kesim kelsa o’tgan zamon shaklidagi fe’l
ishlatiladi: I would rather cook the dinner. Men yaxshisi kechki ovqatni pishiraman. I would rather she
cooked the dinner now. Men hozir kechki ovqatni u pishirsa yaxshi deb o’ylayman. c) make-majbur
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qilmoq, c) let-ruxsat bermoq, see-ko’rmoq, watch-kuzatmoq, hear-eshitmoq, feel-his qilmoq, notice
– payqab qolmoq, fe’llaridan keyin to’ldiruvchi keladi va infinitive “to” yuklamasisiz ishlatiladi: He
made me read this book. U meni bu kitobni o’qishga majbur qildi. I let him go home. Men uni uyiga
ketishga ruxsat berdim. I saw her dance. Men uni raqsga tushganini ko’rdim.
Lekin: Ushbu fe’llar majhul nisbatta kelsa, ya’ni ushbu fe’llarning oldidan “am, is, are, was,
were” yordamchi fe’llari kelsa unda “to” li infinitive ishlatiladi: I was made to do it. Meni buni
bajarishga majbur qilishdi. He was seen to leave the room. Uni xonani tark etganini ko’rishdi.
11. Gapdagi Infinitivning inkor shakli faqat “not” yuklamasi bilan yasaladi: We decided not to
go out because of the rain. Yomg’ir tufayli biz tashqariga chiqmaslikka qaror qildik. He pretended not
to see me. U meni ko’rmaganlikka oldi. You had better not go out. Sen yaxshisi tashqariga chiqma.
12. “Dare” mustaqil fe’lidan keyin ham “to”li ham “to”siz infinitive ishlatilaveradi: I don’t dare
to ask my teacher a question. = I don’t dare ask my teacher a question. Men o’qituvchimdan savol
so’rashga jur’at etolmayman.
Lekin “Dare” modal fe’lidan keyin “to” siz infinitive ishlatiladi: Dare you tell him about the
accident. Siz unga falokat haqida aytishga jur’at qilaolasizmi? He daren’t come here alone. U bu yerga
yolg’iz kelishga jur’at qilolmaydi.
13. “help”-yordam bermoq, fe’lidan keyin ham “to”li ham “to”siz infinitive kelaveradi: He
helped me to move the table = He helped me move the table. U menga stolni siljitishga yordam berdi.
14. Would like-xohlamoq, would love-istamoq, would hate-yomon ko’rmoq, would prefer-
afzal ko’rmoq birikma fe’llaridan keyin hamisha “to” li infinitive ishlatiladi: I would prefer to have
dinner with my friend. Men do’stim bilan tushlik qilishni afzal ko’raman. I would love to tavel round
the world. Men dunyo bo’ylab sayohat qilishni istardim.
Izoh: O’tgan zamonda biror narsani bajarmagan yoki bajara olmaganlikdan afsuslanishda
“would like, would love, would hate would prefer” birikma fe’llaridan keyin “to” li infinitivning Perfect
shakli ishlatiladi: We would like to have gone on holiday but we didn’t. Biz ta’tilga borishni istardik
lekin bormadik. I would love to have passed the exam. Men imtihondan o’tgan bo’lishi istardim.
15. Biror ish harakatni nima maqsadda bajarishni aytish uchun ham kesimdan keyin “to” li
infinitive ishlatiladi: I came here to study English. Men bu yerga inglizcha o’rganish uchun keldim. He
is going out to send the letters. U xatlarni jo’natish uchun tashqariga chiqmoqda. (unit-63)
16. Biror jonsiz narsaning nima maqsadda ishlatilishini aytish uchun ham “to” li infinitive
ishlatiladi: This knife is to cut butter only. Bu pichoq faqat yog’ kesish uchun. I have money to buy
books. Kitoblar sotib olish uchun menda pul bor. We have no time to talk. Bizni gaplashishsga vaqtimiz
yo’q.
17. the first, the second, the third kabi tartib sonlardan keyin va the next, the last so’zlaridan
keyin hamisha “to” li infinitive ishlatiladi: He was the first man to reach the moon. U oyga yetib brogan
birinchi odam edi. I was the last man to leave the room. Xonani tark etgan oxirgi odam men edim.
18. “Why” va “why not” so’zlaridan keyin hamisha “to” siz infinitive ishlatiladi: Why not go to
the party? Nima uchun ziyofatga bormas ekanmiz?
19. “It + to be + sifat + of + ot/olmosh” shaklidagi birikmadan keyn ham “to” li infinitive
ishlatiladi: It was clever of you not to believe him. Unga ishonmaganingiz aqlliligingiz bo’ldi.
20. Gapda infinitivning egasini aniq ko’rsatib berish uchun “for + ot/olmosh + to li infinitive”
birikmasidan quyidagi holatlarda foydalanamiz: a) arrange for, hope for, prepare for, long for, ask for,
wait for va hokazo fe’llardan keyin: We’ve arranged for the plumber to come tomorrow. Biz
payvandchining ertaga kelishini rejalashtirganmiz. b) anxious, cheap, convenient, dangerous,
difficult, important, necessary va hokazo sifatlardan keyin: I’m anxious for John to go to University.
Men Jonning universitetda o’qishini istayman. c) advantage, disadvantage, demand, disaster, idea,
mistake kabi otlardan keyin: It was a mistake for you to lend him the money. Pulni unga qarz
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berganing xato bo’ldi. d) too va enough so’zlaridan keyin: It was easy enough for her to find a job.
Ish topish unga yetarlicha oson bo’ldi.
Nominative with the infinitive (Infinitivli nominativ)
Ega + kesim + to + V
1. It is said (aytishlaricha), it is reported (xabar berishlaricha), it is likely (ehtimol), it seems
(o’xshaydiki), it is supposed (o’ylashlaricha), it is thought (o’ylashlaricha), it is known (ma’lum
bo’lishicha), it is believed (ishonishlaricha), it is expected (umid qilishlaricha), it is alleged
(isbotlanishicha), it is understood (tushunishlaricha), it is considered (o’ylashlaricha) deb
boshlanuvchi ergashgan qo’shma gaplarni tarkibida infinitivli nominative bo’lgan soda gaplar bilan
almashtirish mumkin: It is said that Henry eats ten eggs a day (ergashgan qo’shma gap). Aytishlaricha
Henry bir kunda 10ta tuxum yeydi ekan. Henry is said to eat ten eggs a day. (sodda gap). Henrini bir
kunda 10ta tuxum yeydi deyishadi.
2. Gapning kesimi tarkibida likely (ehtimol), unlikely (ehtimoldan uzoq), certain (shubhasiz),
sure (aniq) sifatlari bo’lganda ulardan keyin infinitivli nominative ishlatiladi: They are likely to come
soon. (It is likely that they will come soon). Aftidan ular tezda kelishadi. The goods are unlikely to arrive.
Tovarlarning yetib kelishi amri mahol. He is sure to return soon. U albatta tezda qaytib keladi.
GERUND
1. Gerund fe’lning otlik va fe’llik xususiyatiga ega bo’lgan shaklidir. Gerundda infinitivga
qaraganda otlik xususiyati ko’proq. Gapda Gerund quyidagi vazifalarda keladi.
a) Ega vazifasida: Reading is useful. O’qish foydalidir.
b) Ot-kesim tarkibida: My hobby is dancing. Mening sevimli mashg’ulotim raqsga tushish.
c) fe’l kesim tarkibida: He finished reading it. U uni o’qishni tugatdi.
d) vositasiz to’ldiruvchi: I remember reading it. Men uni o’qiganimni eslayman.
e) I am fond of reading. Men o’qishni yaxshi ko’raman.
2. Gerund quyidagi zamon va nisbat shakllariga ega:
Active Passive
Simple Reading – o’qish Being read – o’qitilish
Perfect Having read – o’qib bo’lish Having been read – o’qitilib
bo’lish
I enjoy reading. Men o’qishdan rohatlanaman.
I enjoy having read. O’qib bo’lishdan rohatlanaman.
I enjoy being read. Men o’qitilishdan rohatlanaman.
I enjoy having been read. Men o’qitilib bo’lishdan rohatlanaman.
3. Gerund bilan ifodalangan ish-harakat gapning egasiga tegishli bo’lsa Active Gerund
ishlatiladi: He likes inviting his friends to his house. U do’stlarini uyga taklif qilishni yaxshi ko’radi. Agar
Gerund orqali ifodalangan ish-harakat kimdir tomonidan bajarilayotgan bo’lsa Passive gerund
ishlatiladi: He likes being invited by his friends. U do’stlari tomonidan taklif qilinishni yoqtiradi.
4. Gapning kesimidagi ish-harakat bilan bir paytda va kelasi zamonda sodir bo’ladigan ish-
harakatni ifodalash uchun Simple Gerund ishlatiladi: I am surprised at watching this film. Men bu
filmni tomosha qilib ajablanayabman. We think of going there in the summer. Biz u yerga yozda
borishni o’ylayabmiz.
Gerundning predloglardan keyin kelishi
1. Predlog talab qiluvchi ko’pgina fe’l, sifat, sifatdosh va otlardan keyin Gerund ishlatiladi va
gapda predlogli vositali to’ldiruvchi bo’lib keladi:
Preposition + Gerund
Advantages of - afzalligi Approve of – tasdiqlamoq
Apologise for – uzr so’ramoq Decide against – qaror qilmoq
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