2nd BAC 2023/2024

I. Tenses
No key word / habit / daily routine
Simple present
Put “S” in she/he/it – when the subjet is singular
Present continuous Still – now – at the moment – today  To be (am/is/are) + v + ing
For – so far – since – already – recently – just – ever – yet.
Present perfect
have/has + past participle
(one action): Ago – yesterday – last ( a date in the past) /
Past
- Affirmative form: Past - Negative form: didn’t + V? Did…….
The same key words + long action
Past continuous
To be (was/were) + v + ing
Then – coming – later –soon – next – tomorrow
Simple future
Affirmative form: Will - verb – negative form: Won’t + V? Will (s+v)
In – within – this time – before –by + time in the future
Future perfect Affirmative form: Will + have + p p Negative form: Won’t + have + p p
Will (subject) have p p
II. Infinitive V1 + V2
To Expect - Attempt - Appear - Choose - Threaten - manage - Learn - Plan - Pretend ….
Avoid - Enjoy – Regret – Suggest – Consider – Appreciate – Can’t Stand – Detest – Hate – Love –
Ing
Feel Like – PREPOSITIONS…………………………………..……………………………
Base form of the
Make – let – Would rather – Would better – Modals - needn’t.
verb
To + Ing Look Forward.
III. Past And Past Perfect 2 Actions In The Past but One Is before The Other.
-S  Had + PP ……………………………………………..
1st P Perfect
- Cont  Had Been + ing Key Word That Shows The Long Action - while
2nd Past Negative (Didn’t + v) Did + (S + V) ?

IV. Conditional:
If II  Sentence in the present
Reason 1 Conse Quence 2
 Past ≠  didn’t  Would + V ≠ Neg: Wouldn’t + V
If II  Sentence in the past
Reason 1 Conse Quence 2
 had + PP ≠  Would + have + P.P ≠
 hadn’t + PP  Wouldn’t + have + P.P
 Pr  (Not) V + Ing…….
Regret: No Subject  P  (Not) Having + pp….. Aff  Aff =
Neg  Neg =
Wish = if only  Subject Reason: Pr: past ≠ didn’t + V / Past: had + pp ≠ hadn’t + P.P
V. Relative Pronouns
Who 1 Subject (human)
Whom 2 Subjects (human)
Whose Possession (Relation)
Which Object
When Time
1. In General : Which
Place 2. +Preposition : (In, On, At, About, For……………) Which
3. Activity : Where

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 Modality
Must Obligation Modal In the Present
Have To Obligation
Must Certainty (Sure) (Modal + Simple Verb)
Mustn’t Prohibition (For bidden)
Should / ought to Advice (It’s better) Modal In The Past
Shouldn’t /ought not to Advice (Not To Do)
Can Possibility/ Ability (Modal + Have + PP)
Can’t Inpossibility/ Inability
May Probability (May Be)
Needn’t Lack Of Necessity

Cohesive Devices / Linking Words

Reason Because – Since – As No rule
Consequence So – Thus – Hence – Therefore – As a Result No rule
And – Also –As well as – Besides – Moreover –Furthermore – In
Addition To That  No rule
Addition
Not only : 1 : to be: inversion……………………………………..but………………as well
Present 2 : Do/does + subject + simple verb………….but………………as well
Past 3: Did + subject + simple verb………….………..but………………as well
Contrast But – Yet – However – Whereas – While – Nevertheless No rule
Concession Although – Even though – Though + Sentence
Inspite Of Or Despite: Subject 1/  V + ing 2. Adj  Being + adj / N 3.N  N
Cause And Effect Due To – Because Of – Thanks To

Purpose
Subject To – So as To – In order To want
≠ Subject So That – In Order That subject
Passive Voice: We start with what’s After The Verb
Pr: (am,is,are) + pp P (Was, were) + pp Pr perf: (have,has) Been + pp
Pr Cont: (am,is,are) Being + pp P Cont(Was,were) Being + pp P perf: had been + pp
Modal: Modal + Be +pp

Reported speech
Tenses Modals Adverbials
Present Past
am must Had to Now Then
Was…
is Have to Had to Here There
are Were.. Can Could To day That day
have May Might This That
Had…
has Will Would these Those
p Had+pp.. Shall Should yesterday The day before/ The Previous day
Should Should tomorrow The day after/ The following day
Had
Was/were +
been… soon later
Base form of the verb
QUESTION: Simple: if + subject + (tenses, modal, adverbials………………..)
W - h: w  Wh + subject + ( tenses, modal, adverbials………………..)
Imperative:  aff to + simple verb…………………
 neg not to +simple verb………………………….
Reporting verbs:
1- To+ verb: advise – promise – invite – offer – beg – refuse……..
2- V + ing: suggest – deny – admit – V+ preposition

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 FUNCTIONS
Request could you + verb / would you mind + ing / can you + verb
Respond Certainly – sure – go ahead – yes, please
Asking for Could you clarify, please ?
clarification Could you be more explicit ?
Lack of understanding Sorry, I don’t get you.
I’m afraid / I didn’t understand you ?
Expressing complaint Sorry to say this but……………………
I’m afraid ; but I have a serious complaint………………..
Responding - Oh, I’m sorry about that
- Well, I’m afraid, there isn’t much we can do about it.
Apology Please, accept our sincere apology / I’m sorry for that
Respond Never mind - It’s ok
Opinion As far as I’m concerned / In my view / to my mind
Asking about opinion What do you think …. ? / what’s your opinion about….. ?
Agreement I share your idea – you are right – I agree with you
Disagreement I don’t share your idea – I’m not with you
Asking for advice What should I do ? - What your advice for……….. ?
Giving advice You should – I advise you to – If I were you, I would
……………………..
Responding to good Congratulations ! That sounds exciting ! - Oh good news
news
Responding to bad I’m sorry about that.
news
Certainty Certainly - surely
Making offer Can I………………..? / would you like me to……..?
Decline offer No, it’s ok, thank you.
suggestion Let’s + V / what about / how about+ V + ing / I suggest
DO – MAKE
DO MAKE
Ironing – laundry – work – job- Fun – food meal – cup of tea –
business- favour – good – harm – arrangement – choice – decision –
best – hair – nails pray – dishes - difference – effort – excuse –
damage fortune – mess – mistake- money –
noise – speech – remark –
suggestion- bed - peace

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 COLLOCATIONS
1. adult illiteracy higher education
2. adult literacy human rights
3. boarding school informal education
4. brain drain information technology
5. civic education international organisations
6. common good local community
7. communication technology look forward
8. critical thinking make a mistake / mistakes
9. cultural diversity mobile phone
10.developed countries natural disaster
11.developing countries non-formal education
12.digital camera non-governmental / organisation
13.educational system note taking
14.equal opportunity old fashioned
15.equal rights pay attention
16.formal education problem solving
17.gender / descrimination rural areas
18.general assembly school subject
19.generation gap secretary general
20.have access sense of humour
21.have fun sustainable developpement
22.healthcare take care
23.high priority take place
24.kind hearted left handed
25.brightly light short sighted
26.old fashioned well known
27.deeply rooted easy going
28.good looking labour saving machines
29.vacuum cleaner

PHRASAL VERBS
Infinitive Français ‫العربية‬
1. Stay out Dont return home
2. Lock out Close / keep out
3. Let in Let someone enter
4. Log out disconnect
5. Fill in Complete ( application form)
6. Hand in Submit,give
7. Hand out Distribute
8. Put out Extinguish fire/cigarettes
9. Sneak out Escape – walk quietly
10. Knock out Beat
11. Check in Register
12. Go through Experience

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13. Figure out Understand
14. Turn down Refuse
15. Put off Delay / unwear
16. Put on Wear / dressedin
17. Break down Stop / working
18. Calm down Calm
19. Bring up Educate a child /mention a topic
20. Show up Arrive
21. Take after Resemble
22. Build up Become stronger
23. Cheer up Make happy
24. Pull out Leave
25. Take out Invite out
26. Ask in Invite in
27. Passout Faint
28. Start out / set off Go on a journey
29. Let out Express a feeling
30. Watch out Pay attention
31. Find out Discover
32. Come out Disappear
33. Pick up Learn/collect
34. Take up Learn
35. Pull down Destroy
36. Set up Establish / start
37. Write down Take a note
38. Come across Meet/find by chance
39. Make up Invent a story/lie
40. Hold up Delay
41. Look up Search in a dictionary
42. Look after Take care
43. Look into Examine
44. Look forward Have intention
45. Give up Stop
46. Go up Increase
47. Go down decrease
48. Run out of Don’t have
49. Take off Leave land (plane)
50. Catch up with Be at the level
51. Break out Start suddenly
52. Carry out execute
53. Cross out Draw a line on a wrong thing
54. Bring about Cause to happen
55. Apply for / call for demand
56. Get along with Have a good relation
57. Put up with Tolerate
58. Knock out beat
59. Drop in A short visit
60. Cut down on reduce
61. Let down disappoint
62. Look down on humiliate
63. Grow up Become adult
64. Stand for mean
65. Run into / come across Meet / find by chance

IRREGULAR VERBS

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Infinitive Past Simple Past Participle Français ‫العربية‬

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1. abide abode abode demeurer ‫يمنع‬
2. arise arose arisen s'élever, survenir ‫ينهض‬
3. awake awoke awoken (se) réveiller ‫يستيقظ‬
4. be was / were been être ‫ يوجد‬/ ‫يكون‬
5. bear bore borne supporter ‫يتحمل‬
6. beat beat beaten battre ‫يضرب‬
7. become became become devenir ‫يصبح‬
8. begin began begun commencer ‫يبدأ‬
9. bend bent bent (se) courber ‫ينحني‬
10.bet bet bet parier ‫يراهن‬
11.bid bid bid offrir (un prix) ‫يمنح‬
12.bind bound bound lier, relier ‫يربط‬
13.bite bit bitten mordre ‫يعض‬
14.bleed bled bled saigner ‫ينزف‬
15.blow blew blown souffler ‫ يهب‬/ ‫ينفخ‬
16.break broke broken casser ‫يكسر‬
17.breed bred bred élever (du bétail) ‫يربي‬
18.bring brought brought apporter ‫يجلب‬
19.build built built construire ‫يبني‬
20.burn burnt burnt brûler ‫يحرق‬
21.burst burst burst éclater ‫ينفجر‬
22.buy bought bought acheter ‫يشتري‬
23.cast cast cast jeter, lancer ‫ يقذف‬/ ‫يرمي‬
24.catch caught caught attraper ‫يمسك‬
25.choose chose chosen choisir ‫يختار‬
26.cling clung clung s'accrocher ‫يتعلق‬
27.come came come venir ‫يأتي‬
28.cost cost cost coûter ‫ يساوي‬/ ‫يكلف‬
29.creep crept crept ramper ‫يفر‬
30.cut cut cut couper ‫ يجرح‬/ ‫يقص‬
31.deal dealt dealt distribuer ‫يتعامل‬
32.dig dug dug creuser ‫يحفر‬
33.do did done faire ‫يفعل‬
34.draw drew drawn dessiner ‫يجر‬
35.dream dreamt dreamt rêver ‫يحلم‬
36.drink drank drunk boire ‫يشرب‬
37.drive drove driven conduire ‫يقود‬
38.dwell dwelt dwelt habiter ‫يسكن‬
39.eat ate eaten manger ‫يأكل‬
40.fall fell fallen tomber ‫يسقط‬
41.feed fed fed nourrir ‫يطعم‬
42.feel felt felt sentir, éprouver ‫يحس‬
43.fight fought fought combattre ‫يحارب‬
44.find found found trouver ‫يجد‬
45.flee fled fled s'enfuir ‫يهرب‬
46.fling flung flung jeter violemment ‫يرمي بقوة‬
47.fly flew flown voler ‫يطير‬
48.forbid forbade forbidden interdire ‫يمنع‬
49.forget forgot forgotten oublier ‫ينسى‬
50.forgive forgave forgiven pardonner ‫يسامح‬
51.freeze froze frozen geler ‫يجمد‬
52.get got got obtenir ‫ يحضر‬/ ‫يأخذ‬
53.give gave given donner ‫يعطي‬
54.go went gone aller ‫يذهب‬
55.grow grew grown grandir ‫ينمو‬

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56.hang hung hung pendre, accrocher ‫يعلق‬
57.have had had avoir ‫يملك‬
58.hear heard heard entendre ‫يسمع‬
59.hide hid hidden (se) cacher ‫ يختفي‬/ ‫يخفي‬
60.hit hit hit frapper, atteindre ‫يضرب‬
61.hold held held tenir ‫يسسك‬
62.hurt hurt hurt blesser ‫يؤذي‬
63.keep kept kept garder ‫ يحتفظ‬/ ‫يحرس‬
64.Knit Knit Knit tricoter ‫يحبك‬
65.kneel knelt knelt s'agenouiller ‫يركع‬
66.know knew known savoir, connaître ‫يعرف‬
67.lay laid laid poser à plat ‫ يحط‬/ ‫يبسط‬
68.lead led led mener )‫يقود (إلى‬
69.lean leant leant s'appuyer ‫يستند‬
70.leap leapt leapt sauter ‫يقفز‬
71.learn learnt learnt apprendre ‫يتعلم‬
72.leave left left laisser, quitter ‫يغادر‬
73.lend lent lent prêter ‫يقرض‬
74.let let let permettre, louer ‫يترك‬
75.lie lay lain être étendu/ s’allonger ‫يتمدد‬
76.light lit lit allumer ‫يشعل‬
77.lose lost lost perdre ‫ يضيع‬/ ‫يخسر‬
78.make made made faire, fabriquer ‫يصنع‬
79.mean meant meant signifier ‫يعني‬
80.meet met met (se) rencontrer ‫يلتقي‬
81.mow mowed mown tondre ‫يمدد‬
82.mistake mistook mistaken Se tromper ‫يخطئ‬
83.overcome overcame overcome surmonter, vaincre ‫يتجاوز‬
84.pay paid paid payer ‫يؤدي ثمن‬
85.put put put mettre ‫يضع‬
86.quit quit quit quitter ‫يغادر‬
87.read read read lire ‫يقرأ‬
88.rid rid rid débarrasser ‫يتخلص‬
89.ride rode ridden chevaucher ‫يمتطي‬
90.ring rang rung sonner ‫يرن‬
91.rise rose risen s'élever, se lever ‫ يرتفع‬/ ‫ينهض‬
92.run ran run courir ‫يجري‬
93.saw sawed sawn scier ‫ينشر بآلة‬
94.say said said dire ‫يقول‬
95.see saw seen voir ‫يرى‬
96.seek sought sought chercher ‫يبحث‬
97.sell sold sold vendre ‫يبيع‬
98.send sent sent envoyer ‫يرسل‬
99.set set set fixer ‫ينصب‬
100. sew sewed sewn coudre ‫يخيط‬
101. shake shook shaken secouer ‫ يخض‬/ ‫يرتعش‬
102. shed shed shed verser (des larmes) ‫يدرف الدموع‬
103. shine shone shone briller ‫يلمع‬
104. shoot shot shot tirer ‫يطلق النار‬
105. show showed shown montrer ‫يظهر‬
106. shrink shrank shrunk rétrécir ‫يلبس الجوارب‬
107. shut shut shut fermer ‫يغلق‬
108. sing sang sung chanter ‫يغني‬
109. sink sank sunk couler ‫يغرق‬
110. sit sat sat être assis ‫يجلس‬
111. Slay slew slain égorger ‫يذبح‬
112. sleep slept slept dormir ‫ينام‬
113. slide slid slid glisser ‫ينزلق‬
114. sling slung slung lancer (avec force) ‫يرمي‬
115. slit slit slit fendre, inciser ‫يذوب‬
116. smell smelt smelt sentir (odorat) ‫يشم‬
117. sow sowed sown semer ‫يزرع‬
118. speak spoke spoken parler ‫يتكلم‬

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119. speed sped sped aller à toute vitesse ‫يسرع‬
120. spell spelt spelt épeler ‫يتهجى‬
121. spend spent spent dépenser ‫ينفق‬
122. spill spilt spilt renverser (un liquide) ‫يصب‬
123. spit spat spat cracher ‫يبصق‬
124. split split split fendre ‫يذوب‬
125. spoil spoilt spoilt gâcher, gâter ‫يتلف‬
126. spread spread spread répandre ‫ ينتشر‬/ ‫ينشر‬
127. stand stood stood être debout ‫يقف‬
128. steal stole stolen voler, dérober ‫يسرق‬
129. stick stuck stuck coller ‫يلصق‬
130. sting stung stung piquer ‫ يلسع‬/ ‫يخز‬
131. stink stank stunk puer ‫يعرق‬
132. stride strode stridden marcher à grands pas ‫يهرول‬
133. strike struck struck frapper ‫يضرب‬
134. string strung strung enfiler, tendre (une corde) ‫يشد‬
135. strive strove striven s'efforcer ‫يكابد‬
136. swear swore sworn jurer ‫يحلف‬
137. sweat sweat sweat suer ‫يعرق‬
138. sweep swept swept balayer ‫يكنس‬
139. swim swam swum nager ‫يسبح‬
140. swing swung swung se balancer ‫يتأرجح‬
141. take took taken prendre ‫يأخذ‬
142. teach taught taught enseigner ‫يدرس‬
143. tear tore torn déchirer ‫يمزق‬
144. tell told told dire, raconter ‫يخبر‬
145. think thought thought penser ‫يظن‬
146. throw threw thrown jeter ‫يرمي‬
147. thrust thrust thrust enfoncer ‫يصر‬
148. tread trod trodden fouler aux pieds ‫يهرب‬
149. undergo underwent undergone subir ‫يخضع‬
150. understand understood understood comprendre ‫يفهم‬
151. upset upset upset bouleverser ‫يقلق‬
152. wake woke woken (se) réveiller ‫يستيقظ‬
153. wear wore worn porter (des vêtements) ‫يلبس‬
154. weave wove woven tisser ‫ينسج‬
155. weep wept wept pleurer ‫يبكي‬
156. win won won gagner ‫يربح‬
157. wind wound wound enrouler ‫يهب‬
/ ‫يسحب‬
158. withdraw withdrew withdrawn (se) retirer
‫ينسحب‬
159. wring wrung wrung tordre ‫يشد‬
160. write wrote written écrire ‫يكتب‬
V-ED V-EN Traduction
PREFIX