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The document discusses various chemical reactions, bonding theories, and properties of elements, including hydrogen bonding, hybridization, and periodic trends. It explains the structure of diborane, the borax bead test, and quantum numbers, along with Dalton's law of partial pressures and the significance of viscosity. Additionally, it covers principles related to carburetors, the Magnus effect, and excess pressure in liquid drops and soap bubbles.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
22 views11 pagesChemistry
The document discusses various chemical reactions, bonding theories, and properties of elements, including hydrogen bonding, hybridization, and periodic trends. It explains the structure of diborane, the borax bead test, and quantum numbers, along with Dalton's law of partial pressures and the significance of viscosity. Additionally, it covers principles related to carburetors, the Magnus effect, and excess pressure in liquid drops and soap bubbles.
Uploaded by
saineela910Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 11
i) M02 oxees Hydrogen chord to chlorine,
HCI 120; -» Cl, +240
ii) Wowidises black lead sutphideto whit lead sulphate
Pos+4H20, — PbSO, +4120
2) Reducing Properties:
i) Hy) reduces Silver oxide to silver,
‘Atz0+H:0; —32Au+H,0 +0,
-_ ii). HyOg reduces KMnO4 to manganese sulphate.
IKMrOy-2H2S04°5i1505-9 80, 2404 Loy
916: P-BLOCK ELEMENTS(G-14)
+, Explain the strwcture of itorane sit prepare?
A” ‘Structure of diborane: eee ar :
|)In diborane, Boron undergoes
sp? hybridisation to form
4 sp? hybrid orbitals.
2)0ut of 4 orbitals, 3 orbitals
‘contain one electron each and he
the fourth orbital is vacant. ¥
3) The two sp” hybrid orbitals of each Boron atom forms
2 sigma bonds with two H atoms.
4) Overlapping of vacant orbital of one Boron, 1s orbital
of hydrogen and sp3 orbital of another forms a
BLE-B bridge bond.
'5) This bridge bond is known as Banana bond (or) Taurbond,
ML. Industrial Preparation: Boron trifluoride is reduced
ty lithium hydride at 450K.
2BF, + 6LiH ~9 ByHy + 6LiF
» Explain Borax bead test with. suitable examples,
‘Az f) Borax hénd test: This testisusefil for te identification
oftbasic radicals in qualitative analy sis
L
»
2) On heating. borax swells into a white, opaque mass of
sodium tetraborate. When it is fused, borax glass is
obtained. This contains sodium metaborate and B,
3) The boric anhydride combines with metal oxides to
form metal melaboraics as coloured beads.
NagB 0, 10H0-NeB,0;—=!, 2NaBO,+B,0;
B,0;#C0.0-3Co(BO)y
017/18 ‘CHEMICAL BONDING(4 Marks/8 Marks)
+ What is Hydrogen bond? Explain different types.
A: 1) Hydrogen bond: Itis the ‘weak electrostatic force of.
attraction’ between Hydrogen atom and most
electronegative atoms like F, O and N.
Different types:
2)Inter molecular Hydrogen bond :1t is the hydrogen
bond formed between wo different molecules ofsame
‘substance or different substances.
x: Bonds present in H20, HF, NH3
3)Intra molecular hydrogen bond :Itisthe hydrogen
bbond formed within the same molecule. .
‘Bonds present in Orthonitrophenol, Ortho hydroxy
Formtion of Heh +
1) In BeClp, the centeal atoms Be(4).
2) It's ground state E.C is ts? 25%
Ws excited state E.C iy 1972s! 2ph 299 2F0
‘Din the excited state, the central Be atom amdergoes ‘sp
hybridisation, iets myer
It forms ?2 sp hybrid orbitals, each with one ¢lectron.
5) These two ‘s-orbiials of Be overlap with p-orbitals of
two Ct atoms to form 2 @ bonds.
6)The bond angle is 180° and shape is Linear. —
sp? lybridisation : One s-orbital and two p-orbitals
snix together to form three 3p” hybrid orbitals.”
x: -BCh;, BF3, CpHg.
Formation af BCI3 + e
Din BCU, the central atorn is BGO).
2yits ground state EC is 1x2 2542ph.
Its excited state E Cis 1s*2s!2pk 2p5 202.
43)ln the excited stat, the central B ator undergoes sp
hybridisation ihe
4) It fous 3 sp2 hy-rid orbitals, each with one electron.
5) These 3 ‘sp orbitals of B overlap axially with pz
onbitals of three C1 atoms to form 3 6 bonds. .
6)The bond angle js 120° and shape is trigonal planar.
(a) sp® hybridisation: One s-orbital and three p-orbit-
als mix together to form four sp4 hybrid orbitals .
Ex: CHy, Hy0:
Formation of CHy:
‘im CH, central atom is C46).
2)Its ground state E.C is Is? 25? 2p”.
Its excited state E,Gis 15°2s'2p4 2p) 2p
3)in the excited state, the central C atom undergoes sp?
hybridisation x 2
4){t forms 4 spShybrid orbitals, each with one electron.
5) These 4 spZorbitals of C overlap axially with Is
rbitals of four H sioms to form four 6 bonds.
6)The bond angle is 109° 28'and shape is Tetrahedral,
( y w-PCIs molceule:
spd: One s-orbital, three p-orbitals and one d-orbital
mix together to form five spd hybrid orbitals
| brcltde ,
Formation of PClx molecule:
1)In PCls,the central atom is P(LS).
2)inits excited state she central P atorn undergoes spd.
3) kt forms five spd hybrid orbitals each with oneelectron,
4yThebondangksar 120,97 andthe stapes Tiga tyra, |
(cpa? hybridisation- SFg molecule: ., my
a? :One s-orbital, three p-orbitals and two d-orbitals | —
mix fogether to form six ‘hybridcrbitals ,- [s
Formation of SFg molecule:
1)It SF¢ .the central atom is (16).
2)In its excited state the central $ atom,
3)Li forms six sp"d? hybrid orbitals each
The bod sla we 90 ad 10 "Tervetanin(pn peri wtn t se é
i “ttn a po Le /2
aoe zi
” Mit, Mb
Ba Fae ct Atm, ¥ = Nolume of gas diffused UL Vt
: TT "tine ten for diffusion” i
SA a= > oa = i.
Ih
4) Molecular weight = 2 xvapour density => M= DAD st Ey el
5) Hence for two gases ,ifr,,r, are the rates of diffusion ji, d, are densities ;
M,,M, ate molecular weights; VD, & VD, are the vapour densities, then
A =f. fe i © Beautiful Relation!
ey, 4 © Usetul in Problems
23 Deduce Dalton’s law of partial pressures from kineti¢ gas equation.
A: ri
1) Dalton’s law of partia? pressures: “The total pressure(P) exerted by 2 mixture of non -
Teacting gaseous mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of all component gases
at constant temperature and volume’
2) Consider a gas in a vessel of volume V. Let m, jgns denote the mass, number of moles
and RMS velocity of molecules.
2
From thekinstic ges equation the suo the gas p= 4 "Uo
3) Ifthe gas is replaced by another gas in the same vessel, with MysNsUgrms @8 mass, number
: L myn ju}
of moles and RMS velocity of molecules, then its pressure p, = 7 ae
Imnuy, I mn,u},
Pas WOM rms 1 20302 |
Oxo, 3 Y
Ps a
Hence Dalton’s law is derived. Digcrss the importance’of this medal to se
warions Series Tine spectra in hyciengen atom.
> ara ate Povtultes ‘Ot Bobe’s model of hye
phan
:
1) Electrons in an atom revolve around nucleus in certain
fixed circular paths called otbits,
» 2)Each orbit has fixed amount of energy. These orbits
are denoted by 1,2,3,4).1 (6t) K, Ly My Neveu
3) As long as an electron revolves around the nueleus in
~ a fixed orbit it does not emit (or) absorb energy,
4) Angular momentum of revolving electron Is quantised
caret
era any 78
_ 5) Energy is emitted (or) absorbed when electron jumps
‘from one orbit to another orbit. AE = E2-E=hv
1) Hydrogen specteum-Bohr's Explanation:
1)When electric. discharge is passed through gaseous
2) When the excited electrons came back to lower orbit,
energy will be released in the form of speetral lines.
3) When ain electron jumps from any higher orbit to
) 2-1 produces spectral lines in the UY region.
This is named as Lyman series:
li)n=2 produces spectral lines in the visible region,
This is named as Balmer series.
iii)~3,4.5 produces speetral lines in near IR, IR, far
IR regions. These arenamed as Paschen Brackett
and Pfund series respectively.
= How are the quantum numbers n,/ and my arrived
Explain the significance of these quantum numbers.
A: Quantum Numbers:
1)Principal quantum number (n)
i) It was proposed by lolir fi) Tt is denoted by *a',
) The values of 'n’ are 1,2,3,4.....(or) K,L,M,!
Significance: 'n" signifies
2)Anmuthal quantum mumber (1):
i) It was proposed by Sommerfeld,
ii) Itis denoted ky +".
ili) The values of '! ate 9.1 .2,-..4(n-L).
ignificance:'P signifies i) sbape'of the orbitals,
{i) number of subshells in a main shell
3)Magnetic quantum number (n
4) Itwas proposed by Lance, ji) It is denoted by ‘m',
4ii)The velues of 'm’ range from “-!'t0 including“
Significance: ‘m’ signifies (a) ‘orieutation* of the orbital
in space. (b) number of orbitals in a subshell
~ Itexplains the Zeeman and Sterk effect.
4) Spin Quantum number (5): ;
1) Itwas proposed by Uhlenbeck and Goudsmith,
ii) Iti denoted by
The values of 1 are +2 and ~L.
nce: (signifies direction of spin of electrons,
hydrogen, the electrons absorb energy and are exclied.
i) sire of the orbit (tq) (i, enerzy of the orbit (E,) |
OFE!
erty 7H
ree gatos: HT
|} ©" Atomte rats (2) Electron goin enthalpy (3) 8
|] seqatvity(EN}¢4) Tonisntion Eaithalpy (TE).
Periodic properties: They ara repeating tre: a
physical and chemical properties of elements
periodic table.
1)Atomic radius(AR) It
nucleus and the outer most orbit of the atomt
1 Ir rn ort orn toi ran ica
Reason :Ina group, the differentiating electron enters
the next orbit, So atomic radius increases
1h Ina period horn leftto right: the atomic radiuis decreases.
Reason:In a period .the differentiating electron enters
into the same orbit. So, the effective nuclear charge
increases. Hence atomic radius decreases, *
2)Electron gain enthalpy|Electron affinityGEA)]:
the amount of energy released when an eleezron is
added to an isolated gaspous neutral ator.
i) Ina group, Gemntoptobotiom, sleetron affinity decreases.
Reason : In a group, the atomic size increases,
So, the effeetive nuclear charge decreases,
| Hence electron affinity decreases in a group.
i) In a period, from left to right, the clectron affinity
inertases
Reason :In a period, the atom{c size decreases.
So, the effeexive nuclear charge increases,
Hence electron affinity increases ina period.
Eleetroncga ivity(EN) : tig the tendency of an atom
in. molecule to attract the shared pair of electrons
towards itself
{) Ina group, from top tobottom, the £.'. value eicereases,
| Reason:In a group, the atomic size increases.
So, the effective nuclear charge decreases.
Hence E.N value decreases in a group.
fi) Ina period, from left to right, the F.N value increases
Reason: Ina peried ,the atomic size decreases,
So, the effective nuclear charge inereases.
Hence E.N increases ina petiod,
4) lonisation Enthalpy(TF): Itis the mintmum energy: i
required to remove an electron from the outer most |
orbit of an isolated, gaseous, neutral atom. |
3SIFICA
«What is periodic
the distance between the |
Xessonstn & group, the atomic size increases
So, the effective nuclear charge decreases,
Hence I. value decreases in a group,
Ina period, frome toright, the LE val
Rease
il) ‘What is the principle behind the carburetor of am.
automobile? .
1) The carburetor works on Bemoulli’s principle’.
2) Working: The carburetor contains a nozzle through
- which air flows with @ high speed. The pressure is
then lowered at the narrow neck and the petrol is
‘sucked up in the chamber. It provides the correct
ixture of air to Fuel necessary for combustion,
Define Viscosity. What are it’s units and dimensions?
1) Viscosity: The property of a fluid which opposes
the relative motion between diferent layers is called
viscosity.
2) ST units: pa s (or) Nsm~2
3) Dimensions: [MU-!-1y
What is angle of contact?
#1) Angle of contact: When a solid body is dipped in a
liquid,the angle between solid surface and the tangent
drawn to the liquid surface, atthe point of contact,
inside the liquid, is called Angle of contact.
2) For Pure water and glass, angle of contact is 0°.
For Mercury and glass, angle of contact is 140
‘What is magnus effect?
1). The dynamic lit due to spinning ofa ball is called
Magnus effect.
2) When a ball is moving forward with spinning then the
velocity of airabove the ball is larger and below the |
ball is smaller. This difference inthe velocities of air |
Tesultain the prbsetire’¢iffetence between the upper |
And and lower surfaces. This causes dynamic lit
+ 1¢ expression for the excess pres:
liquid drop.
A: 1). Liquid drop in air has one interface
2) Hence, excess pressure in a liquid drop
= Poaside ~ Foutsde =? Percess
i te => Poxcess = |
Where, r= radius of the liquid drop |
= surface tension of the liquid-air interface
+ Give the expression for the excess pressure in the
soap bubble in air
A: 1). Soap bubble in air has two interfaces.
2) Hence, excess pressure in soap bubble
= Frise Powe Pres =
Where, r= radius of bubb
T = surface tension of liquid-air interface.
| Q7&8: TP OF
+> Why
A: 1) A small gap is left between the ends of successive
rails on a railway track,
| 2) Thisisto:
+ Venti
Why
A: 1) Hot air has less density. So it moves upwards due
to
2) To escape this hot air outoff the room, ven
are provided just below the roof.
ators
paint is a good reflector of heat. Good
reflectors bad absorber of heat.
2) So buildings that are painted white to keep cool
during summer
+ State Newton's law of colin
[As Newton's law of cooling: It states that the "ate of loss
af heat of a hot body’ is directly proportional to the
‘difference in temperature’ between the "body and its
sumoundings
+ Cana substance contract on heating? Give an example
AS 1) Yes, Some substances contract on heating.
2) Ex: Cast iron, Rubber, Typemetal.
9&0 10; _KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
State Boyle's law and Charles law.
A 1) Boyle's law: The pressureP) of given mass of gas
is inversely proportional ois volume(V).ateonstant
temperature(T)
Thus Posh, (9) PV Coa,
2) Charles law: The volume(¥) of a given mass of
gas is directly proportional to its absolute
temperature(T), at constant pressure).
v
Thus, VerT (or) 7 = Constant
+ State Dalton’s law-of partial pressures
A: 1) Dalton’s law of partial pressures: It states that |
total pressure(P) ofa mixture ofideal gasesis equal |
to sum of partial pressures, |
2) =P, +P +P3 +
Where, P), P>, P3,...re partial pressures, |
A: Mean free path: Itis the average distance covered by
a molecule between two successive collision:
en : like an ideal
At low pressures and high temperatures.
The pressure ofan ideal gas is
1. iNma
p= ~nmv>= —
3 V
1.
(+ Kinetic Energy E = Nx— mv?
The pressure of an ideal gas in a container is
The above expression does not contain area A
So pressure is independent of shape. fe Thus ( Charle’s law is proved,
From kinetic gas equation PV = imma =x eee
Give the important postulates of kinetic molecular theory of 285°" Sg TORT)
Postulates of KMT: Dan
A> BAH, 3B CAH,
D,
C 4D,
Toial heat change in path - I= AH +AH, +AH,
Total heat change in path “1 AH
From Hiess law AH = 4H, +AH, +AH.
3) ExzC0p can be obtained from ¢,
in two different ways.
Path =T: C+ Qy)-9 Ci i
. pail
V202(@) - COr(,, AH=-283,02KI
‘change in path-NI = (~110.5)+ (283,02
(Grain) 80 2(@)
(QBN
3) tee Temperatere: Low temperate
4) Bffect of Preware: igh
imum conditions:
5) Optimus ; “3
‘Stite and explain Le-Chatelier's principle
the same to Contact process.
1) Synthesis of S03 ~ Contact process ¢
250,{g)10,(8) = 2804(8) AH = -189 Ky
2) Effect of Temper ature: Low temperatures f
3) Bffect of Pressure: High pressure is fay
HYDROGEN 4 ITS COMPOUNDS
few lines on the utility of hydrogen ay
|| At 1)Hydrogen is used as a rocket fuel.
2) Hyaogenisusodin fel cells for generating elect
3) The energy released by the combustion of dh
is ‘three times more than. petrol, a
9/4 hydrogen" is used in CNG for ruming
Wheelervehicles
5)Fydropn is wad in gaseous ues ike coal gas &
Diy drogen is used as ‘industrial fue¥
Explain the tirms hard water and soft water
gon method for the removal of hardness ofyy
* 1) Soft water: Water which gives ‘good lather
‘ith soap is called soft water, a
(S4PO5) is commercially calied as calgon W
is added to hard ‘Water it reacts with
‘magnesium ions to displace them,
soft water ca 1) Diamond is the hardest material.
2) Itisa rigid 3 dimensional polymer.
3) Carbon undergoes sp3 hybridisation,
4) Each carbon is bonded to 4 other
carbon atoms 'Tetrahedrally’,
5) Carbon atoms are held by
strong covalent bonds,
6) C—C bond length is 1.54 A and
bond angle is 109°28',
7) Itis a bad conductor of electricity.
Graphite i
1) Graphite is soft.
2) Itis a2 dimensional polymer.
3) Carbon undergoes sp? hybridisation.
4): Each carbon is bonded to 3 other carbon
atoms to form "Hexagonal rings’.
5) Hexagonal layers of carbons are held by.
weak Vander Waal’s forces, 3
8) C-Chond length is 142A and
bond angle is 120°, ; i "
yt Itis a good conductor of electricity . Zl ‘When compared to the ‘atom X, the |
oidpostveion X* comin merece thm leon.
~ Soits positive nuclear charge increase. Hence the Force
of attraction on the valence electrons increases. So mere
‘energy is required to remove the electron in the second
‘ase. Hence IE is greater than IE ).
4) Pactors that effect LE
i) Atomic rodias: As lomicrdius decreases, thenuclear
foree of attraction on the valence electrons increases,
$0, LE value also increases, ae
fi) Nuclear charge(NC): When the ‘effective nuclear |)
charge’ increases, the force of attraction on the valenct |
electrons increases. So, I.E value also increases.
{ii)Screening effeet{SE): The electrons present in the
‘inner orbits’ actasa ‘screen between nucleus and valance
electrons. When the number of electrons in the inner
orbits increases, the screening effectalso increases. This |
sereening effect reduces the effectivenuclearcharze. So, |)
LE value decreases.
iy)Stable Electronic configuration(EC): Atoms with
cornpletely filled (oe half-illedsub-shellsare more stable
than the others. So, LE values are more for siable atoms.
vy Penetr ffect(PE): In a given shell ,the
penetrating power ofthe valence electrons’ decreases in|
the order of s>p>d>f. So, LE value decreases in the
same order
Write an essay on sy
d,f Block Elements:
Ds elements:
1)In s-block elements, the ‘differentiating electron’
enters into ns-subshells.
2) Their General Electronic Configuration(GEC)isns!=2 |
3) They are arranged in two groups; group 1& group2, |
4)Group | elements are called Alkali metals. GECisns!. |
Group 2 lament ae cal Adaline ath mts BCs?
5) They are placed on the loft side of the periodic: table.
i
i
nd'f block elements.
Mi) p-block elements
In p-block elements, the ‘differentiating electron’
‘enters into np-subshells. ;
2)Their GEC is. ns’np!*, i]
3) Tay are arangd ins groups fen group }3 Eras |
* 4)i) Group 13 is called Boron family. Its GEC isns ap |
{i)Group 14 is called Carbon family. Its GEC isns?ag?
‘ili)Group 15 is Nitrogen family. ts GEC is ns*np' a‘ |
_iv)Group 16 is Chalcogen family. is GEC is nszup*
v)Group 17 is Halogen family.tts GEC is ns“ap>
6d series,
4) They are placed atthe jit the P
1Y) Flock elements, j
1) Inf beekelemens, ie ifretating electron exert
into (n-2)F sub shells... —g
2) Theis GEC is (n-2) 1-14 (wiydO 98 Ine,
3) They are classified into 2 series.
See ae reeies oon ut Lantana sey
Sf series - known as Actinide series:
syThey are placed separately at the bottem of the
periodic tale, saree
| a2/:0nGANIC CHEMISTEY
IMPORTANTNAMED REACTIONS:
i cerca
Methyt iodide is beated with
in the presence of dry ether to-form
ethane,
2CH; T+2Na—22 582° 50, H +2Nal
2) Uccarboxylation: Sudinm propionate is heated with
sodalimre to form OMAR i"
CyHyCOONa + NaOH yg Cz Hg + N1QCO3
3) Kolbé's electrolysis! Aqtieous pofussitm acetate
fn electrolysis forms ethane
2CHsCOOK + 2110 > Cytig 142002 7 r2KOH-+H: T
Sar Areal
Bénzene reactions!
* 4) Halogenation: Benrene reacts with chlorine in
.
the presence of Any. AIC/3 io farm ching benzene,
Otc es Bnet
5) Friedel - Craft's alkylation ‘Benzene reacts with
alkyl chloride in the presence’ of anhy. AICI; to
CH
form methyl benzene. a ede
OQ +HCl
@ CHC) Aste
6) Friedel - Craft's aeylation: Benzene regets with |)
acetyl chloride in the presence of anh. AICI; to
form acetophenone: oc,”
G+ cwycor_sHa8, +H “pal
nica, bageane
ee
‘REY MRR Jar:
+ State Grahatn’s Inw of diffusion,
A: 1) Graham's law of Diffusi
‘of a gas is inversely proportiGnat to the square root of its |
density(d)",
= 1) Dalton's law uf parti pressures: "The wral pressure
‘exerted by amixture of ron-reacting gases is equal tothe
"Sum of the partial pressures’ of all the component gases”
‘at constant temperature ay! volume,
oe Per Phat
0,02) and CH, (16)
Hence, CH, diffuses faster.
02: STOICHIOMETRY
ion number of oxyzen in
(DOF: Let the oxidation number of O = x
Onidation number of P= —1
2(x)+2(-1) = 09 2x-2-0 => 2x = 42
(il) OF Ys Lot oxidation number of O = x
Oxidation number of F =
Now, x42(-1}-0 os xeH2
oxet]
in 540 grams of glucose,
‘| As Weightof glucose= $40.¢
GMW of glucose (CgH 206) ~ 180
Weight of the substance © 540
GM Wofthe substance 180 ~
* Calculate the weight of 0.1 mole of Sodium
carbonate,
Az No, of moles of NayCO3 (n) = 0.1,
GM.W of NayCO; = 106
‘Weight w= nx GMW =0.1 x 106= 10.62
Number of moles =
03:7 Teper! Hea COU. BRNM
"The rate of diffusion(r) |
diffuses fastor amangN). Oy. Cy gases?
é 1) The molecular weights ofthe given gases are Ny, 28), |
2) The lighter gases diffuse faster thon heavier gus, |
* How many number of moles of glucose are prevent |
What are disproportiona tion reactions ? Give an |
Stuie the first law of the thermodynamics.
2 a dynamics: a
, igi eee be created nor destroyed, uti it
car be transformed from one from SS.
2) "Thetotel energy ofagystem eats surroundings
State third law of thermodynamics.
© Third law of thermadyncavicy > “The entropy of a
pure and perfectly crystalline substance approaches zero
when the temperature approaches absolute zero.*
+ What is entropy?
1) Entropy (8) :Entropy is ameasure of disorderness or
randomness of molecules of the substance The greater
the disorder in a system, the higher is the entropy.
2yOruer of E ur jlguid® 8 gofid
+ What de homugencons cquilibriam Write ve
homogencons reactions. "
A: 1) Homogencons cquilibrinm:tt is the equilibrium in
Which the reactants and products are in the same physical
state, Ex 1; Nog) +3Hpg) = 2NHy,)
2) EXD: Haig) typ) 2 2Hlygy
Whar is heterageneons equilibrium? Write twa
heterngencous reactions,
A: Dlfeterogenco tts equilibrium: Teis the equilibrium in
which the reactams and products are in different physical
Siaies. 2)Ex 1: CaCOy,==2Ca0, +CO si)
Fr 2: COQ) + Chay F200 .g)
+ What is Lewi
>
acid? Give one example?
\: L) Lois Acid: An electron pait acceptor is called Lewis
acid, 2) Bx: BF3,CO9, H*
What is « Bronsted base? Give one example?
* 1) Bronsted base: A proton acceptor is called bronsted
base, 2 ) Ex: H90, Ng,
Q48.0 5: “SBLOGK ELEMENTS:
* Describe the important uses ‘of quick Time.
A: Uses of Quick lime:
1) Manufacture of cement, dye stuff, NagCOs.
2) Purification of sugar
Describe the important uses of Caustic Soda fo
Sodium hydroxide. 3 E
+ Sodium hydroxide is used | ‘when magnesium ‘metal Vor in
emt parti
ight ard eves MgO ane MgaN. i
2)2Mg+02—2Mg0; SMM MayN)
Cone the biological in) nt
£5 Sudinm(Xa): Sodium lon help Nati Kin
‘the transmission of nerve signals,
ii)regulation of flow ‘of water across the cell membranes.
_ 2) Potassiom (i¢):Potassium ions help in
* Dactvating many enzymes.
‘i)oxidising glucose to produce ATP.
What is the importance of Cut2
of cell?
= 1)Ga ion are present in tones ard teeth,’
2) Ca® ions tegulate heart beating.
3) Ca’? ions are necessary for ‘blood clotting”,
Why gypsum is added to cement?
+ 1) Gypsum is added to cement to increase the setting
time.
2) So, the process of setting ofthe cementbcomesslow.
‘and coment gets sufficiently hardened.
6&7: P-BLOCK ELEMENTS[G-13 814]
Explain inert pair effect.
‘The reluctance of ‘ns! pair of electrons to take part in
bond formation is called inert pair effect.
Give the formiila of boradine, What is its eonimon
name?,
1) The formula of borazine is BaNsHg.
2)T's common nameis "Inorganic benzene”,
Graphite is'4 good conducior. Explain,
-1)In Graphite, ach carbon undergoes sp? hybridisation.
Each carbon ator has one electron in pure ‘p’ orbital
2)Due to the presence of these free electrons, graphite
actsas a good conductor of electricity.
Why is diamond hard?
1) In diamond, cach carbon undergoes p* hybridisation. |
2) Each carbon is bonded with four other carbon atoms
tetrahedrally by strong covalent bond.
3)Due to strong covalent bonds diamond is hard.
4) Also diamond has rig! tree dimensional network.
What are silicones ° Give the uses of silicones.
{) Silicones: Silicones are organo- silicon polymers
having Si-O-Si linkage. c
2) Uses: Silicones are used in the preparation of ©
i) silicone subber. i) paintsand enamels.
Name any two man-made silicates.
Man made silicates: ‘glass and cement. |
Why is CO poisonous?
1) COis_poisonous
in the functioning
=o
because of its ability to form
bin. Tecapeley ete
| G10: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
| + gixplain (a) Position isomerism (b) functional group.
‘What i$ Biochemical Onygen-Demand (BOD?
Binebemical Oxygen Demand (HOD):Iis thet
of oxygor used naps steno Pe
“water, during fivedays, at 20°C)
Which ois ede acid rio? What ite pH ae? |
:: Oxides of Nitrogen, Sulphur and Carbon dissolved in.
tin water cause acid rain, pH_of Acid rain is 5.6. ©
Define Reegptor, sink
1) Receptor : Its the medium which putea tel
polluter. ee ae
2) Sink: Ii the medium which resins and ineracts
with polluanis and reduces itt effect,
What is PAN? What effect is eaused byt?
1) PAN means Peroxy acetyl nitrate,
2) ise component of Phatochemical smog,
3) Effects of PAN: |) It has toxic effect
ii) lis respiratory icitant snd eye itant.
Name two adverse offesié éaused by aeid rains
1) Acid rains reduce the life of historical buildings
2) Acid rains decrease the fertility of soil -
3) Acid tains decrease quality of drinking water
A
fsomerism with one example
) Position isomerism; It is the phenomenon of
compounds to have the same moleculer formula but