JONIOR -INTER

CHEMISTKY

LAQS
AE E -E =h»
()what ae the postulates o Boha's
E h Cgy ob highe osbit
model ot ydtog en atem? DiscusS
E =
8h eugy o Loweu 0Abit.
the imposttance ob this model to
5Th Qnulaoa m ementum ob an
e plain vauious seies ob lune spectgua
electlsn mo Vi hg 00Lound h hHcleus
ihhyd lo gen atom is quatiged
A PoStulates ob Boha's Hodel: Nh
Mevolve
um v =

electth i 0n otom
211
AOund the hucle ua h cesttaihn HNed
cm umagg ob an elettGn
incnla paths called bits (ou) shetls =
Velocity ob an electn
9 Lach o bit is ssocated Wh ieed Loadj la ob an oubi t
eheugy is called eegy level TKey =
p i neiple auahtum numbed
2,3 and also
h plant's cohstant
by k L, H
desigaated
XloeJlg.se c
=
6.625
3) As leng a8 n electsuon evolveg uha
ydlogen spectslm: When hydogen
pestmi ted obit it heithcu loose tos 948 is sujected to silett

90ueheagy
ehegy hehce thege oLbits 0so. electic dischaLge The electloh o
called
Stationaoy oubits hyd LDgCh atom 4ets eRtited to
when an electon jumps LOm aVasuos
spectual Gnes i VaLoe
Low oubit toa highe Obit,it egions is cahed hy dtogen spectu
b so bs en esgy whe an electlecn
jumps oIom ydaogen spectuLm contains 5
hig he oslbjt to
LoDeo oAbit it eumits Sesues ob nes
ene1gy he
,

emit e 0 bsobed en egy

is gven b9,
 Ptln ci pal auak tum thumle
S NO S eLics Region
) 4t 0g
. y oman .y 2,3,+ paLOposed by Neils Bohu,
2 Bal me visibe 4 i s denoted by leteo '*h',
3.
3,4,5 a
Pas cheh
4BHackttt
45,6 ) ts va buas a1,2,3 And
I.R
5,6,1
5
Phund I also desig hed
5 6,1,8 by k,L,
iv) 4+
Slgni fres size eneog y o} an
-5 oAbit
bund seu
4qe ?A3imuthal quant um Humbesl;
Btackett sei a
) t as ploposed b
h3 sommeoLHled.
Paschen seAia 4t wag denoted by
=
lett e ".
Bal dneu suia Tu) ts values ae
Cvisi ble 9agion) oto Cn-1).
iv) 4ts
sionltia the shape ob th
Lyman seuies
(u.vgisn) o bita.
2
plain
about th quLantum O bita va luo shabe
hm beg ghve thei st si ghà ti cance ? S
NLantun numbesua TE2 nLmbeoug whicl Spheou cal
P Dumbel
a9e d
Usehul to identiby the eeoug9 2 Doublo-dumbell
3 4 L g ulas
Ond positien
an lect0h ih an
o
he quantum numbes
ae
n,l,m atam 3) Mag metie u antum nu n bey
deived fsom schnodinge ave
They a Equation.
ob boul Ey pes i) 4t is pA0poced by ande
ajont u m n umbeu ) 4t was denoted by letteo m'
2) Azimu thal aLan tum num beu. ) ts values Cte
- to td
3)Nagneie alLantum
4 spia auauntldn hum beu iv) 4t was etplaing zeeman ettect"
andstaouk ebect
) St signiies spatial odi entatish dt
 4Spin auantum numbesu: 3) S-0tbital can accommodate enly
1 t wos puD POSeA by uhlen beck "
wo electuons. So s-Block contains
OUhd GOld Smith.

) wa
9LObps They 09L IA IA
denoted by a lete "S
) ts valu aso +2 and - LoDP elements.

iv) t S-Block elen.enbs a9e aang ed h

Sigie he die ctih Ob
et Side ob he pecuodic table
Spih ob Un electLGh

v 5) S- Block elenents astometals and

6h ic compounds.

B.Wite_ an essay on g,Pd and ) P- BLock elemets

-blo ck elemehts 1 The elements h which di ttesLenti ati

A Bas ed on the enty o dibbeintiatitg electan enteua into outeumost

electoon , ihto vasuous sub leves , the
- b itad ae called p-block elemen!
elements wee classi ties 1nto 4 blocks, 2) THe genEoLal etectEnic
S Block elements 2)-Block elecments ConiguILOLIon ob P-block ele ments
a) d Block elements
4)-Block eteumnts, is hs hp6

S - block elements
3)p-OLbital can Qccom modake six
Th
The elem ents ih which di besantiatig
electuons. so P-Block contai
p-BLock cshtaihe
e 669ou.
electuen enteug hto o uteuumosSt
gouss
They
hey aa TA, YA YA , VTA & VA
s -04bital aso called 9g -block
99ovp elements.
elemets
4 P- Blo ck elements a aLanged in
2 The ight side ob tha petielic table
geheal electt6nic t

Con big uLAtith 5) Host P-Block elements ao

ob S block elements
iS hs-2 nth het ala 9
boLms coYaint
Cmpounds
3) Block eleme nts: )The 9eneal electlhnic
which the
The elem ents in
CcniguLation ot f-block elements

electuon enteu into I-14

dibbeLontiating is ns(n-)a°* (n-2)f
Pen ultimate d-09tbital 09L 3) These block et ements aLe

classi Hed into 2 seoui e8.f and 5f

cauled d-block elemehts
also kholulh as
seiea. 4f seuieg is
2) The 9enetal ele ctoh ic
Lanthahide seoies.
cChbigLatioh o d-block eleaments
5P sesies is also khouun ae
-10
shs (n-1) d
Actinide seaues
3) d Dubital can accomMOdate 1o
4 -bLock elements aoue a9Langed

electishs so these elemehS 0 a botom o he peouiodic table.

asLnges ten 9Lovps They a9e ( D e t i e TE Qnd TE why

Tto B , VIIT B (3 veical colusnn) >IE kO 0 given at Cm

Discussthe bacto9usthat
4) d- block elements 09Le a90Langed
eect IE 0 an elem eht

i midd le obE the peouodic table.

A TE Te amount ob eneug y
5) These eleme nts sho ulg vasuable SLequind to e move an elect.en

Didation States outm.os+ 0 b i tal ot

oLom
4 f - block elements Solated euttal gageo u at is

1) The elements in which called IE

ditewntiating electMon ehte

Ma)+I E g e
ihto anti b en ulti mote f-0bitals
0942 Calles block
elements
 IE:The amount o eneugy suquiad 3) SCHeeni he «ttect
Stem ove an electsUon om ScLenin ethect incsLeage8,
hi posi+ive gase0 u ion is called rE IE Value decoeageg. 4 SCALCN hg

Co+T.E, + e e bect deccas e I E Value

T.E,>I.E, lecase in n ipos}tive

ioh numbet ob PLOEGNs ae I.E

SCHReniung ebbect
mo than the numbe o

electohs, so tho nuclease atttactisn

4electo4anjc ConbigusLatisn;
taltiuled (oa) ull iled
incLcaaes h ele ctUGns.
09bitals ob an atom 09 mo
Factous ektecting sh IE
) Atomic sige stable So e y have mo I.E Valu

AS -at6mie size incaaases L.E

value decQa9e&. AS atomic Size

deceages I.E value

I E d
Atomic size

2) Nuceat chaLge
AS hucleasu ch0suge ihcsLas es , T.E

Vaue s also eh ccoe4

ucleas chaug e value decLae
E Value deceaLe

NLclea chatge
what is peLio di city 2 How does the bollo wing POpeocti es
Vasiea in 9OUP and peuod?
Atomic size I.E EN lect AOn gaith ethalpy

Hetallie and h Cn metallic hatue NatuDLA ob ki des.

Peoiodicity: Tke ob ilas paAOP eslties at egulae

ithte vals a called pesiodicty

Atomic Sige
4 a gtop om top to bottom atomic sige ih CoLeas es

a p.uiod om Let to uight atmic Si3e decteases

decteasea

IOhisation hegy
4n a 9LOU om toP to botom senisation ehe1gy decoeae
0hisation eneOLg y hcALeageI
aa peiod Lom Lett to i ght
slectHGne gativity:
pusm top t0 b0ttem alectlo neg ati vty deccog
decmse e
an a
9&toUp
to Jight 8lectto heg ativit in ctoaLeI.
4h a Peiod uen e t
-
ElectHoh gain nth alpy
toP o botton 8lect4n gaih enthalpy
&LOV
deccages 8lectAoN gain enthaulpy
aPeLuod om leht to ught
4h

inc eas es
 Netallic and non Hetallit hatu

9ODD boLam top to botttm metalli c natu

inctoases andhcn-4netallic natuse decloage0

n
3n a pesiod om Let to ight metallic hatia decteaseg
and h on -netalic nate eh cLea9e
Nate O IdeR

44n a 9LoUP Lom top to bottem basic natwle ob idea

ihce ases and acidic nat o 8ides deceae

a Peiod m Lett to üght Bagic natuou o ei des

decages and Qcdic natu o ides h

hceases
4M SAQ
uwmt ozonelsS?
Ans, The unsatwiated hydocabons Aeoct uith O3 d fsim t h e ozonides

Called 0zonoysis -
En+ H0
ChC t03 CH2 CH 2HCHD + HD
Ehyten -O
Ehyene ogonide.

250) h a r polymaisaion9

Pns: Simpla molecuea oto tgeHen to tdim oanqi moecules u Cod Fol
mea and the poce u Cauud poymnisakon

n CH2 2 CH2 150D aEm

Eyten
200 0eH,- cH,
Poythene
3e) una is Eomeicas somen
sm Etve ENOmpla?
Ans The Compounds hawing soma mole cula1 femuua but dtPPent în the
a a g m a n t ot atoms above and belbw e Planu
CH H3 CH

C-2-butena CH
Totans -2- butene
 ot autiactHon beoeen pottially Coddtoae ovalent bond
postve hangid hydbuogen atom ( The aom which donates 8lec

and a htghly uecPuoneqatiue atomhon Pa Caud dond atdm.

highly
F0N) of sama molecule d v) Tne atom whtch accept the
anotheA moecul aled hydiDEleceLo pai ausd acceptst
3n bond
Thee ane o tud Hpes: Room dondi to acceptoishouo
bond single heodkd auow monR
I n t e molecuson hudogern buu
ii Into moleeuan hydgen bor NH aNHgH NH
J o t e noleculaa bydupaen oond
Ammonium îoD
Pomud no Erpiain tthe npatdisation
The hudogun bond CAPLa
he huotdisattorn
atoms of two defeeen
the tnvewed n Pcl5 motecule
Caued as
u
Pola molecuule3
Pns
hudbuoqun bond. t h e Centto
ot molecudaa
In Pcl5 phes pöous

atom
H-Fui H-F mMuN H-F, H2o, N I atomic numben 15
phospoas
electionic Confquna-
IoPa moleculon buduoR bondGround
state
)
The
The
nuydnoqen bond Pdimed wittio tion: is 2P 2s2 3P 3P 3P
the Same
molkcle a Knewn EncTted state 8lecHLontc CoDe
o n P a moleculan hyduogen

bond OH
3p3d
E t I n the fiust
2acTted state

( Salisaldet
Ae phesptou undergos spd hybr
otho funo pbenet
Rsation
aw fve sp°d huditd
Poumation of mere
e ) Eaplain the
ane Pimed
Foimed
Codidinate Covalent bond with Slbitals oeala-
otbftals
These pive hubrtd
to
one 8amp dib?tal of
Chustina

Pps th P

d) Ir oas po posed by 3idguick-Fdim a s p - p bond

bond ane

i a spectau type of Covalent Five Such type c

J tIv
ond tn which the shaned pai Piesent n Pds
motecuue s
ot the
EecPio o Conbuted y ona The shape
pumamidal, bond
Of the ement out botn the
Toigona
1ements shauea &aal ihallad Qnmls qe/120
 (1 Cive the
SAQ'Ss dubttal
moKctan ED Of O2 m
2wgu
dagnam of N2and O2 CalCuate Eleceonie Conftqunaion of O(B)
th
cspective bond 8ide Wüte s2s 2P 2u 2
the
magnesic natwie e Nz and O2
molecules
Pns:
MOED of N2molecUe
1 P
Electonic Confiqunation oNCA)=
s2 2

2S
T
2P T
2Py N

/ E
R \S
23 S
O molcule Mos

ns 4 oden OP eniqu levels ot

of
1S S molecuan slbttals of O2

N2 molecule
Mos
didel ef Bond d e No O
8nequ levels dia No Of
ot
ibita molecula anti bondinq eeons
2

2 [oo]
T2)L ..Thne a tuwo unpained Eect
Bond öide 2 No Of bondina lech Ons, hence o2 u pcamagnetic
NO OP aoRbprdinq natwie.
eleohro
a0) What hydioqen bond?
Eplain the diEFHENE
typ Of
Thie ane no
unpaired elecrLong. hudogen bond wth 8amplu?
ens: Hudogen
Hudogen Bond:
6oo
nab *
*

Hudogen bond deptnud

C the Deak leCestatic Pdica
 detve Idea gas Eauatar
Accdidig to eoylcs l a s Vx

CT Const)
* chailes (aw vdT
ACCodng to

eExplaín he hubiidisatton Const)

invowed to sFG nolecuue XAccddtng to Avogadies laudp
Pms vdo ( P^T Cont)
the C e n t i a
* n sFe ulphuwN u au these es
laus
By Combig
autom
Sulphu atbomic numb 6| V
T
Ground state electiontc Coneauat V
ton: 1s 2s ap as* 2P 3 3P
PV DRT
dEncted stare &teconic ConRi|
waion : is'2s"ps 3s"3P 3Py 3Pz 3 | F SEcoplaqases molecues

3
Io the Second 8nctedStat
R Ccenst
Sulphwn undegoes spd hybodi-
saion
Theu ae st sp°d2 hybaid
3ibftals ae ¢dimd -

T
These Stx hybtd dibitals ova PN
lapps uith P abtta ot loh
fudine to ASinm sp°d-p bond.

such Such type of bonds aa

T T
Grahams
8plain erahamA
and 8aplato
)state ad
Stote
the molecule
ot
dtffuson Ee&e v ets
give s
» The Shape
btpymamidai o dTffuson
au Of
aud
octahedion/Squau
appltcat on
eond angie
Gsahams a Ofdtfusfon

tempeIatwie and
At Constant
dtffusion
PneuMe the rare o
popittonra
F ga R 1nuensly
oot of tts dens>ty
4o Squane
a Caud
d1 moles welgbr
law of drffuaton.

qranams
 Mathematfcalu tt a Epused ) These Coulston a a Cald a -
SHC Celllston
) o G a s molecules has no ataciona
VD no iepulston Thay au BucPic
neutial
Thete n o qrauitattona etca
i)Tha pxemuu ct tte qes i due

volume oe a s dtffuaed tbumbattmant of 8> moecule

amon hemselues d stthe
TPma tokan
walls Of Contain
i The aweoge eenac &unay
t
O gs molcule u directy poto-

dz vDPotional to t s a b s e u t e tempe
d v P aut
KE &T KE T
8wte the pestulates ot Finetic
nolcula thesy otgaes om Ktnutic
cduce30 aws
Ans: Eauakens

Knehc Meleculan Thedy ot asen

DecucHon bouleslauo
Th theoy uas popesed by
Mawet, Boutzmano & claukas. No Conot)
Kinetie P Equati-
Pestulates: Accoidig
to

T h e gas Contains Laugeumbe 6n mou-

O nuH &e discaet paticles l l i d RewiROq the cquation

molecues

total Voluma
PV xmnuKE mou|
t) uhan Compa
o g a the voume et Single aa
molecule ù nugligabla.
PV x KE Ke = KT|
D The
gas nmolecule msu iandom PV KT.
t o diffeent dtsucons uith Deducton De chates lauo
hiah veloittes- Thay coutce wim
Each othe dS uith the waull
vT AtP Const
ORthe Containi - Accoiding to Rnete gas

Eauatom PV mnu
Reutng the eaucutt o n

PV xmau Ke mnu'
PV KE (ke KT >c7

P KT (P Conat A D AH

A AH

AH

V ConstaOt xT C AH V

vaT.
dereiminaion o
DeducRon grahams (ao Uses In tthe
otemidlate
heat E reactions of
oo At PT Const Meactions

to Kinete ga &quation siate S p : C+O2 CO2

Accestdk0
AH -3a3 52 Ks/mole
PV mnu mn M)
4 Altenattve steps:
PV Mu -283-D,ks|r
3PV
c+0 Co,aH 2

u s KS|mo
M CotO CoAH2-UO
Total AH -3a3 S2

aActds & eaes

u At P Const onsted tauoy Acid,
Base

Constant theduy 2
Aclcl Poton donti a
P
acid
HF
E e l , HaSO4
State and &aplain Hes's Hc Hgo+c
law F Contant heat summation CBae) CAcid)

GRve EAampl eae

a Basee
Pioto acceptoi
The total &thalpuy change dutng E NH H,0
the Conmplate Couue O a aacion
Hc tNH> NH+c
whcthN the Jleaction Ackd) CBcu)
some
toras plac 1n one& s P Si io Aid
We about Conjugatt
SeNeao steps
ui
Base pai
 uwith o sPon9 actd
acicd ard base ushich
A poin OF NHOH+ NH4
puoton s Calud
dcefea
by on CaCOH)2+ Cacl2

Conjuaa Acid ae pai a

w Aaueous souion et NHuCu
Hl+ HD H0 + actdic &ptain2
Acid) e a CConjuoate Conugre
Acid) Base) Pns:NHud ebtainud by uattHo
& e about leois Pcid otSPLOnoAcid H and u a k
Bae theduy 2 base aDH In nHucl Hu
fromn
f ro ?t
A deusi ACe Speci
obtained weaK
weak base
base, So

of a chemical
Asubstance undugobs cauttonc hydols's
hich (op) accept an euceton NH+Ho NHYOH +Ht
NHyOH HT
" y ti,O
C o s d i n a t e Cowalen
pain fotm o
Th pH L
bond & Colled Acid".
Aqueous Soluttom ot CHCoONk
H,o+t H
(Ad4)(Ac4) CHudontum baAic, 8aplatn
a on) CHCoDNa u
obalnad
buy
Ane:
ucaction eak actd CHcooH
Leuois eae
A Substanc di a
chemi cal specte and sPong baue In CHCooNa
donate a slactton pai CH2isD obtolned uom weak
which
anton
t fm a Co-otdtnate covauent
asid So t undegoes
ond is Callnd lens a s e
hyduous
NH t H NH4 CHaCodt Ho>CHoDH +OH
(Acid) Ammontum on)
(a Th pH >
(8ute about eupfn solufons 9 kechatetto
State &e &aplan
Soution uhich iesists cham
ns:A A the same c
when addittom poinapla & appy
n ts pH vaue

tthe Rououng &quilibrtum

SRa-
of sPng Actd i sttong bae
Acidtc Buffen
ction
actdte b u t e Souion conU) Nac t SRacg) C
sH a weaK acid ad ts SolE|stoutement

uocHon at
chemtea
ba
Stlong T a
K a

CHCoDH +CH3 CoDNa eaullbum Subfected to

Bupe Chanae in Aue ( ) tempvdtuoa

bae basfc) buRfen Sotution lc) Concentateon The EqutLtbTTun
An
to the d{rec{om în
Conlsts of a weax base and sautpesttion shffs
hch the change s Teduces
 t 3H2 2H3 H -q2ks. high piesuieu favouab 1
The above ouackon u Erothumido the Sunteis of s03 But a
and the fsuoand mackon takas Kgh paesune the towos uaed
Place decrase n voume. this paoces a e Csodad

d ) Effeck PARAwu: So an opimum pusLte about

In he Poumakon e Ammonia -2
attm a ed.
the fsuwand eackon eavous
C-¬ffect Dtemperatu
decease n voume 4 uel>2v)
In the ötmatton of SD31he
Accedit lechatelt prinipla fouoand a c t i o n taiLs place Eno-

pewL » JwquÜred 1-e

*huimte aaactions
about 20D a m ued n th
the
ACCoidnq to lechatlien Poici plu
Syntheais of Ammorxa ouw temperatole fawowabl
diy eefec Otempexatue: eut at o u , t e M p e a t w l a j the
n the 8tnation d ammonia 'u Lactton » not toRs ptace So
a &o theimic o0acion ACC8ding ao opttmum tempeotuu about
tto lechateile poocipla , i t req uires e t a23 E wd 3 to
o tempeawie
but at loO Mefcct Cataluat:
tempeaatuote, the xeactin Slouo To Speed up the weaction VOss

An opRmum tempoiaone of w e d as Catoyst

ued op+Rmum CondiKons:

Opfimum Condtons plesume : - 2 am

pnessue : oD dtm Tempiatwe: C13-*23R

Tempexatwe: 25 445 atm Catayst: V2Os
Catat - Fe
5Dscws wit ielevant chemic-
ptomot - Mo ad
EaAatons votOus muthod
y 2s02t02 2s03Ha-1eAkoRpang hyocgen pouoiida
d b o e neacion & gaotheimic and wrete 4 otdts[ nq Ee 4
proPekse
and toks edudng Ot HD2
place

voum An
ydbiogen peDnide piepaad
I the famation of soie by the Eectuolsis Og 50/. aque-
Fouoand wactions takas placa dleca-| Solution Sulphuaic actd
eae n velume. Ha g a & tbenated at the
Accoding t techatelier
prickplacad Cathod and pedisulph
o) The Chtsine 8as Gbuated ot

ALcl eonod
caco A Red hot angde
Curube Finaly he amadgam a eack

A CzHz Cetylene wth wate NaOH and huduogen

C Ubeated at cathode
>enzena CH3
2Nac 2na+2c
methyl enzena
Anode 2c +

21) rathode .
2Na. Hqt 2e
ChCHAa Ccl4 C (B
KOH NaHa3
Ane NaHt 2H,0 2aOH taHtH
A 2 CH2 CH Exptaän chain, Pestíonal Functitdl
uoup s o m e i s m and metanísm

2 dt boiomw
ehane ons: Choin isomenism: he Compounds hon-
Same molecuian f8mula but diffent
CHE C Acetyene
in tength Caled chain isomeis

C CH CA E CH CH2 CH"C CH- CH- CH3

D- buutane Tso butane
BY B

2 TePia brOmo pesitional isomeaism: Tne compounds auin

Same moleculat falmuua but dfffeant r
Ehane Peson of mupla bond ( Funciona
koew adbOut
Casme qoup )subsH tuent , sad peiom
2 what do you
iaite he poüniplasomeiem-
Keldnen pbcess 1 CH-CH-CH= CH2 9 CH CH = CH- CH

Batena 2 Butene

An papaaion Sdium budotomo-FupcKoraaOup isomesilsm:

S a m e molecutax
The Compounds hawinA
de bCastnen Keukacn Paocs: fotmuloa but dpfeunt n Punctional 8io
Sodiun Calud unciona gnoup isomuism
byduoide s
paepaned p
eH -CH-H CH oH CHgCH,-0-CHC
Commeicially by the elecPolugiu utanei br s t t t &the
Sodiuo chlBda in Castnes
keune Metameism:
Poces The
Copounds hawtng Sama molkaas
Bin Souiom lectielused Bimuna but di¢fen t tn aukul oups
usna meucy 0 Cathodee
that auu ctachad to sam funckonas
and aoup
Cocon as
anode
The Sodium CH3-CH-D-CHrcla CHo-CH,-HCH
metal a
dischaqed Enen
Cathodle and meypop
Combines uith
meiwy t
Bm amalgam.