asSociotted

raclgy
is IAlpwed
cohith of - ved maanec
gan
postuats aue
rauobak'sfor er
obs te
the account
expevierts
mocle spectrum
explaun aof
0ate
ws oith &h
AE the
explan
h
four atom
fxed
and Bohr'S Ruthefores
tneoy
Rtherfords
to presere
ydrogern.
BANK
(VUESTION hanens constant atom to
faed Scop
BohrSan "statlornay
vea.
viCe
and
ule
Buhr's unable
oLuctuenÁD. tum"
momen
)Angular spectro
hydroqen mot theeffect.
ewhn
atom
the eny it tnegueny
BohY'
3) s pan's
36D° of mode than
was
orbit, the Drauobacks ticotd could
Jines
n
orbit".
I8tate er ecthc
aue ed ae atomithe model
(2))oth theou
Bom
fix otu Vh nh 27 el
mvr
L=
pr
L: of sophis atoms
What Thewith
Knoornan
In
(2 Qo3hatBob's
details
or
spectra)
E E myr
to ’The un Borns fied
0 Of
Q (3)
 Page No.
Date

Boh theoy failed to xplaun the aatu

ablly of atoms
o fonn oleues by chemica oond

Q3 Explain Tne pinupal quntum unber. What

at predicks
The pronipal quantum number cn' is a pOsTwe
of n oena 12,3,4- . lt
udentes the shel Atomic orbitals, howing tre 3anme
'n' belorg to the sarme shell. With increcse of
ln' Thee mumber oe allowed orbjtals u that hel
nceares and qwen by n set of ovbitals
with giwes value of in' onsitte a sing)e shel
Shells are represend by symbols KLM, N-- .and
So on.Win an inoreae of n'y th distance Rom
the nudes e size of fhe ghell nasesand also the
energy Increases In hyaogen - xe Species the enau
of onbital depends only on The vaes of'n'. In Can
Of wi- electton atoms) the ay Fepends of
orbital depends on n and e'.

Explain Azinuthai Quantum Numb err Houo can

we calclate nzimuthal Quontum umnbey ?

The Azithal Quantum mumber s also caled

Subsidiauy auanturn mumb0Y. Atomic orbitals ojth
Sqme Vae of n b ut dúfferen t vaes of
ConSTue Subshel belbnging to the snel tor
the avenn'The of subghels
Mumb er
Shellis eaual tD n'. huw the hìd Shel
contains t e e Subshells, the Second shell
Contun) tuo0 Subshells the first ghe contains
 omO to (n-). h the K She) contag
Ce subsnellL hayia 4=0 Tue SubshelS on
Sub- level ss hane L to be O,i23-- ohicn ane
represetid bu the Symbos s,P,dtreoPecth vetu.

Q hat is Heiscoberg's uncertainiy prinuple?

ine its eauatuon

Efs mpossible to determine simultaniou

Heisenberg's uncertcdinty pincipie. |:
is impossTble to deten ring
mine toh The posiLion q
Monntun of Tne elecron SilianLeos
gen by
Uncer tainituy in pOSihon
Ap uncer taunE n momentu
The uncertaunit pincpie iS maury
appicocle foY micruScopic pahcle. Tne pocduct ct
the Pasutice Its

E = HY and gie ut sgnifcon

Eauatiris du
aat haeChu quanti zad
fLtien
asical Sigcyitanu
 Page No.
Date

Such 2
e ct that noint e e dunaity at taa
ont. Bu_ foding ° at dieLnt onts axnund
Space aDwrd mucles iesth inuobaslii

fundion
atom. t exploi thde dçmewona) eoncept of
moving e.
Qonat aethe RutherFord 's Drauobocs?

->lt is agaanst law ot electro dynaniCA

+ failed to explain Gtabilty of atonm
According to electromagnetie thuoy uhe swolwing
e shoud ose enugy contnowy 4 auauel u a
spiral path. inaly t wt fal unto nuus.
Bur it does mot hane
The huydroqen atomio Spectrun 8hod
Bhould be continous
tess
band Spectuun d e to continous Re ot enqy
but ut s a ine s p e t n
It coud mot explein tne elechronic Structwwe of
a tom and enevgis 0f eleetron.

Can calulate wae numbers using

toansitin of e.

E- Ef
ACc to results desved tom Bohr tnesy of E of
an pabit is neloated to Pinaiple auantum no.
 E=-Ry (2)

Ccmbining
n

Subs ktuting value of Ry in oules ux qe

--3)

This expreyion canbe ruotten un uns

of waenumber f te emited radiaten in
foltouwing steps.
(^E)J =(b)Js (v)H2 -- (4
and by definien
()om': Hz
(c)cms
Combininq ean 3)() (5),we qet
()cm -
(h)js

6o626X1043Y10 n
 the BohYS Reslts

atrnilhucsy fox heyducgu atom

The aalenystcLles for elecren are
mumbetd mj,3-- . Thene iurtlaers aue
rinopl quartum mumbe

StauenAy state, called the Bo acly s s2-@pr

Most ip npey assocattd oi th e
Statueay state. Expresicn K E,-R [/n]
wh n2,3 Ry is Ry dberg Constant tr H
its yoe n s 2S X
O J . Tne lowesr nau
State us calld ground Staie
electrons can also be calelatec f m
sory truyQualitvatly it is jound trar rhe maqoi
cf velotiM ot
of on e increases oith increcUne in

Qoa4 wte shot ote on

6 Aufba's inúpeC)m+e ule
(b) Hund's Tue (aPau exwIOn Tule
feaeny we (f) Boh fomula for Emay e
>Aufbau is a qevman ood 'buuding
bulding wp of otata mans filling up of coita's
with in grournd srate of atom The autbau
 Page No.
Date

() Hund's ue of maximum mutiplicty

(b Paiíng of e in orbitals belongng to
"Sulbsholl does ot occur unle
ach obta) belonging othe subshel) has
9ot one e QchFor ex filing ot P subshe
Tne p Subsnell has degeneoe orbitals
Hue palng of er start5 ohelfour e ent
P-Subshol The Ec of 4 e occupyng
P-obitaJ then coill
coill be
be 11 and ot
11

Qmena
OF an e- in
n
multio- attom duunds
e. he Dwer ne, Sum
enugy
for an oobital, ouer îs its Cn+)
oabtals haue sahe vCes onugue If to0
Then ontta
uoithlouoer Nale of n is of
om EX- Incceasing oTdoy oflowerr enau
Eot oti
in Ltte multi atoms a
( sL2S22p3<3p 248 3d
The Capaity o otal to
,d?ided by accosodate a
Pauli Exclunen finape
Pali
exclwannni
Hor ane belonang to the umien that
gae orbita),
hat ns can Cee t ony 2 vales
noital ths whh ae
i/2/2.
an
with aCCooHdotu ony 2e
rosite splrs.Ex- eljum
and 2 e creator
bitalTSme drferent
tht
atorn hane auoay eae in s ame
ser of ano
S
 Page No.
Date

(ey The fteaenuy of raalaton absoxbe

Oittid when tuanidn occuws Between
twestuctúenuy Attesthat difeu in
eneuay by aE
E-E)
h h

petiey This exnesin 16 commonly

ouon a i BohYs freaenuei
 Pae Na.

Sounne a

))Shotmote on cotnoce raui Tube.

exnuiment ith diaqram
In the yean 1899, JJ Tnomso n investi gate4
th cathode ays found thct the
cathode rays are a stream of vemy Smal,
negatuely charged paciles Uonih ore IS37
dines igny nan a ydogun atom g
Loue trese partide
are prnesent in all atoms.
wee naed eletons
Deflecred pa th

cathode Anode

oiqinaA Porh

Qo12 Wñte zht note n uscovey of meubon

Po- source exywiment witn dhaqran
ExisteNce of an electicey neitua ad nanoe
Parcttces in the mucleus wcus rudlcted by
Ennt Rutnerford in L920 to aceount fog the
dispatty cis atoie
atonmic mo. atonic mans
f an elernet In 1432, James chad wck mea ted
velodty of Protong knocked out fom Pastatfin
 bs an unid entified radiatien peyum
beyllin
rom hat he dctuuin d ma
pastiles ¢ the widertiid iutal radiaticn
wich Came out to be' clmost fhe same as hat
of a
Mtuorn' which was r e i te d by Rutherfd
Pouo thn
polonium Source Bauulliuin

uctor

QoB Nhat aue dhe ebssuwatisna tor a- ScatleLng

exuinent?
>. Most of o- patide paussed Stroigu thuogh
t e gold foil oitout any dgletion whih
indicatus that mOst f the atom i5enty
my
A vey few a- pauties tred ba
exacy us tni Ouon pcuth-ohih indicates
tnat whoie ms s onntruted at he
cunte of tne atomn ceud elees
Tiue raadis
duus of ne qtom 1s e y small e in
he ord oIo m, wnee as fur ulew) is

he electOn revove
ere planets evule nt aoun d The Sun
hen thi6 model s alled planetay
mod ila mo del.
 4 nhat aneresults of Rutnerford a-scat edng
eKpeÚent
Same as G13
xplanaiom
Qe1s gie diaggamatic ^«-sCectleuiungrpoi non
oF Ruthenferd Aomic treoy

Explauin
á) ISoelectronic spei es
16) exchange enegy
Magneic auattum mume
(d) Spin q'
veYsotopey uoith eg
f)) sobens with eg
Cbegenerate orbitals
Omoda surtae
-wR Speas oith ec
Bounday gwfa e dingoam
C)mmwsieo spe tra
 Paos o.

Atoms and ions hav@nq ame o of e- dre

isoelectronic.Tue ec of i5Delectroni spedes is
save Eq- NS,0,F,Nat

(b) tis the enegy eead cohen tuoo os more

electronS coitn sarne spin excharge Tniy
nosit in the degerwrate oYbi tals efa supshe

His thee quantun unbe wnich giwes

nfomation obout, the elaiue spctiay osentoatior
Df
Of obta) in aa qen subshel For.any subshell,
o
V sof mi ae possible conihnge hosl
m -l-(e-)l-2)-- o, --

G) Spn quantum mumbee speufies The AAeEY

Spin tote of e in an rbital An e Spins
aound kto axis. Inis mparts Gfet Spin
anaulae momertu cto tne e. Te tuoo
onetation whicn tne spin angua uomertu
Of an e can ta wp 4i mse to spin Stts whiche
can be distinguithed tom eai othu by gpin q
m. ohicw can be eihn +/2 t-/2

(es lsotopes of an lernent has Sane nbey of

otons but diffeent umbe o meutory in
Thoiy uei.es the nuotn munber is the
al) jsotopes hav sanne nosition innodun
Vuodc table whh rnibit Smila enenical
poop ectis. Eg- H, ?H 3H
 PeNo,

) The atoms ot dfunt elements

haing Same
anee ma mumbele but ciHe
atontomumbeeis cold isobauso Tkuy
hawre differert chemical uopuuties cuR
dilferent nositin in modeo iodie

(9) he atoms op different elements hawin

Sane'mo of' etons in tiu muclei
is cad isoones Eq-8
(b) The ovbtals oi tn Same energy and rne
Corresponding ocwe funcions belng different
aue coud degenertte oYbi tals
regon
0)+ )s a hollDw sprlcal in ohi
Cannot be

Q) H- species aue those nat ce

Consist of single Mus ovoihycogan
ted by'a
SMqie e. Eg-"He*, L2t, Beat

-x
 Page No.
Date

(9) If atom 1ses enway,tre

me e pawses from
higen to loUerenegy dvel, enoay cis
uleosd and a Spectoc in Of speAc
uocelenqth is emitud.Tis uire conatitte
emisien speuum.
Oo What is JJ Thomson's atomic mode ith
diagram
JJ ThomSon proposed that an atom s n
spheical shane oith fhe raciusaximatly lom
uw conich the nositwe cnaMge us wnihoy
dooibuted.
he e aue enbedded insUc a mannet aS to
qive mmore stable electrostatic ar sangemert
+ s also knouon as uootteuelenodel
The pasitue charge io diiubted ice fibous
maia) & e aue embedded ice seeds.
Mas of atorn is asumed to be uniformly distrikuted
Over t e atonm

sphenca) loud of posechor

elechron
Qo18 hat ws De Broqle s Hypothin ?
Explaun dual behauioUT Of mattu

The ntLe of e- oL firsk

onosed bs De- Brogli.
AccordLing to De- Grglie theDy al)mouin,
nauiclus nae odre yorties
In i924, hee uoposedthar mat Should
Rxhibit a dual behawiour .
Tnis means fhat electon Should hCUe
momentum, P a popty of Ptide as
The retatiorn he qare between and p
Df aa malasial pCLicle
mvP
His Prediction was confimad by diff ration
2xpemments
Explain
(a) WNave n a t u of E MW
(o) Pautie mawe of EMW

(a) Dìfferent ype of MW are wleng To,

frequenuy, uocremo , tde , velouy
Wowelnatns Tue distance lolo 2 conseuine
+roughs eolled wcuelength. Its
31 ont is(m).
FreqmeDUyaThe mo
qiven pol t in of UaneA
Orne Second is
mat
 caled frequency Si onit(Hz r S)
lniawe
Waue number s 1t is mumbo of waweenqths
nee enqtn. Si onit is (cm)
unit
Ampltude: o Hmpítude of wae is highr of
the cest auare of armlde denot es intensity
of rodatier
to
Cb) Max Plank put forh his qua ntunm tneYy Tuoy,
explain black - body radiation Acc o
The engy of eletromagneic radiatuon
depends upon The freqenay e mot the Qmplkucte
nane1Quantum Smalust
He gave the
uantty of E tnat can be emited
absobed in the fom E M raciation. Tne E
op q a r t u of radiation is prportional to
|is freauency andE= eiven by
h

Q20 nat is maqnetie Q No ? Houw can ne calcLalcte

|for m= )2,34 --
’The magnetic orbita) Q No gineo infermation
ooouttne relatie spaticl omentaion of orbitals
In a given subshell. For gien valee of e,
Tanges betuecn i s u a
fhe

n c clom,jossibue ales af m wil1

be-3,-2,-1, 0.l,+2 r3
 Page No.
Data

Q21 hhar is Max Planx's quartuum fhuy?

y According to Moax Plank's theoy) theuponE
of elecTomagnetio radiation duend
atude.
the frequeruy e mot the The
Plank aae te mane quantu' o
6malet quaty of E thar can be
eitd or absor bed un the Porm ot
electronmagnitic radi ation.
Te E ofone quanlm Of radiation

given by E h
ruuonortionalily constant
Caled Plank's constant o
found out to be
6-626 XLo34l.
Js.

Q22 Dafereniate blo

(h) lsotopeo Sobars
-clsobarS 1Sotoneo
(d)sotopeo E, 1sotornes
a) Atomfo no Atom) mow no

prerent in lemem s present in eleet'

meeleuo
1+ 16 epresented lt i5 representated
by by A
 I+ helpS in cdassi t cannot be
|Acation e identifica wd to define
hon of element the type of

t is average ot of Jt istotal
Df pin tne qtoms
ues

(sobars
(b lsotop e
The atomic mas
ma are - AromiC
eaLeal.
di eferent

Usual lcal Vsualy nnysical

orutiesa e eoreeutig a i similat
different
Atomic munmber ane
Atom)c m0 are
differernt
Chemical elements Sae chenical
elennents hawing different
a edferent Mans mnnbers.
 EqH,H
30
noof ditferent
ar
eutrons Of eleetrons e
kes Sane - potons of Sanve
no
OS neut
noof garue atomic
no Same
e ove They
houre They
tones I90 tsotopes Cc)
Qo24Daw shapes 6f 25,2p or bitals :bi )

23

2P2
 Na

2s hat aue the mames o Sess cin

tunaitien
The om)ssion ines consn the five
&evis ths, Le Heot of electronic transi tor
from the eXated hydgn atonms y ace
Lyman Seles
Ba Seies
Poochen Seuis
Bracketl seies
Pfund s i s