READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Ques%ons 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1
below.
Sending money home
the economics of migrant remi/ances
A
Every year millions of migrants travel vast distances using borrowed money for their airfares and
taking li@le or no cash with them. They seek a decent job to support themselves with money
leC over that they can send home to their families in developing countries. These remi@ances
exceeded $400 billion last year. It is true that the actual rate per person is only about $200 per
month but it all adds up to about triple the amount officially spent on development aid.
B
In some of the poorer, unstable or conflict-torn countries, these sums of money are a lifeline –
the only salvaMon for those leC behind. The decision to send money home is oCen inspired by
altruism – an unselfish desire to help others. Then again, the cash might simply be an exchange
for earlier services rendered by the recipients or it could be intended for investment by the
recipients. OCen it will be repayment of a loan used to finance the migrant’s travel and
rese@lement.
C
At the first sign of trouble, poliMcal or financial upheaval, these personal sources of support do
not suddenly dry up like official investment monies. Actually, they increase in order to ease the
hardship and suffering of the migrants’ families and, unlike development aid, which is
channelled through government or other official agencies, remi@ances go straight to those in
need. Thus, they serve an insurance role, responding in a countercyclical way to poliMcal and
economic crises.
D
This flow of migrant money has a huge economic and social impact on the receiving countries. It
provides cash for food, housing and necessiMes. It funds educaMon and healthcare and
contributes towards the upkeep of the elderly. Extra money is sent for special events such as
weddings, funerals or urgent medical procedures and other emergencies. Occasionally it
becomes the capital for starMng up a small enterprise.
E
Unfortunately, recipients hardly ever receive the full value of the money sent back home
because of exorbitant transfer fees. Many money transfer companies and banks operate on a
fixed fee, which is unduly harsh for those sending small sums at a Mme. Others charge a
percentage, which varies from around 8% to 20% or more dependent on the recipient country.
There are some countries where there is a low fixed charge per transacMon; however, these
cheaper fees are not applied internaMonally because of widespread concern over money
laundering. Whether this is a genuine fear or just an excuse is hard to say. If the recipients live in
a small village somewhere, usually the only opMon is to obtain their money through the local
post office. Regre@ably, many governments allow post offices to have an exclusive affiliaMon
with one parMcular money transfer operator so there is no alternaMve but to pay the
extorMonate charge.
F
The sums of money being discussed here might seem negligible on an individual basis but they
are substanMal in totality. If the transfer cost could be reduced to no more than one per cent,
that would release another $30 billion dollars annually – approximately the total aid budget of
the USA, the largest donor worldwide – directly into the hands of the world’s poorest. If this is
not pracMcable, governments could at least acknowledge that small remi@ances do not come
from organised crime networks, and ease regulaMons accordingly. They should put an end to
restricMve alliances between post offices and money transfer operators or at least open up the
system to compeMMon. Alternately, a non-government humanitarian organisaMon, which would
have the experMse to navigate the elaborate red tape, could set up a non-profit remi@ance
pla[orm for migrants to send money home for li@le or no cost.
G
Whilst contemplaMng the best system for transmission of migrant earnings to the home country,
one should consider the fact that migrants oCen manage to save reasonable amounts of money
in their adopted country. More oCen than not, that money is in the form of bank deposits
earning a Mny percentage of interest, none at all or even a negaMve rate of interest.
H
If a developing country or a large charitable society could sell bonds with a guaranteed return of
three or four per cent on the premise that the invested money would be used to build
infrastructure in that country, there would be a twofold benefit. Migrants would make a
financial gain and see their savings put to work in the development of their country of origin.
The ideal point of sale for these bonds would be the channel used for money transfers so that,
when migrants show up to make their monthly remi@ance, they could buy bonds as well.
Advancing the idea one step further, why not make this transmission hub the conduit for
affluent migrants to donate to worthy causes in their homeland so they may share their
prosperity with their compatriots on a larger scale?

Ques%ons 1-7
Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs, A–G.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B–H from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i–x, in boxes 1–7 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i Stability of remi@ances in difficult Mmes
ii Effect of cutback in transacMon fees
iii Targeted investments and contribuMons
iv Remi@ances for business investment
v How to lower transmission fees
vi MoMvaMons behind remi@ances
vii Losses incurred during transmission
viii Remi@ances worth more than official aid
ix How recipients uMlise remi@ances
x Frequency and size of remi@ances
xi Poor returns on migrant savings
Example:
Paragraph G xi
1 Paragraph A
2 Paragraph B
3 Paragraph C
4 Paragraph D
5 Paragraph E
6 Paragraph F
7 Paragraph H
Ques%ons 8–13
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 8–13 on your answer sheet.
Countries are unwilling to enforce lower transacMon fees as they are worried
about 8……………….., and villagers lose out when post offices have a special relaMonship with one
parMcular money transfer agency.
Each remi@ance might be small but the total cost of remi@ance fees is huge. Governments
should 9……………….. on small amounts and end the current post office system or make it more
compeMMve. Another idea would be for a large non-profit associaMon, capable of handling
complicated 10……………….. to take charge of migrant remi@ances.
Migrants who send money home are able to save money, too, but it receives li@le or no interest
from 11………………… If a country or organisaMon sold bonds that earned a reasonable rate of
interest for the investor, that money could fund the development of homeland 12…………………
The bonds could be sold at the remi@ance centre, which could also take donaMons
from 13..……………….. to fund charitable projects in their home country.

READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Ques%ons 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2
below.
Angelo Mosso’s Pioneering Work in the Study of Human Physiology
A
ScienMsts in the late nineteenth century were beginning to invesMgate the funcMons of blood
circulaMon, trying to tease out the reasons for variaMons in pulse and pressure and to
understand the delivery of energy to the funcMoning parts of our bodies. Angelo Mosso (1846–
1910) was one such pioneer, an Italian physiologist who progressed to become a professor of
both pharmacology and physiology at the University of Turin. As was true of many of his
enlightened, well-educated contemporaries, Mosso was concerned about the effect of the
industrial revoluMon on the poorer working classes. Hard physical labour and an excessively long
working day shortened lives, created condiMons conducive to accidents, and crippled the
children who were forced into such work at a very early age. One of his most influenMal
contribuMons to society came from his work and wriMngs on faMgue.
B
Early experimenters in any field find themselves having to construct previously unknown
equipment to invesMgate fields of study as yet unexplored. Mosso had reviewed the work of
fellow scienMsts who had worked on isolated muscles, such as those extracted from frogs, and
who had observed movement and faMgue when these were sMmulated electrically. He found
two major issues with their methodolgy: there was a lack of evidence both that the findings
would be relevant to the human body, and that the dynamometers used to measure the
strength of movement could give accurate results. He therefore became determined to
construct an instrument to measure human muscular effort and record the effects of faMgue
with greater precision.
C
His device was named an ergograph, meaning “work recorder”. To modern eyes it seems
remarkably simple, but such is true of many invenMons when viewed with hindsight. It allowed
the measurement of the work done by a finger as it was repeMMvely curled up and straightened.
There were basically two parts. One held the hand in posiMon, palm up, by strapping down the
arm to a wooden base; this was important to prevent any unintenMonal movement of the hand
while the experiment was taking place. The other part was a recording device that drew the
movements of the finger verMcally on a paper cylinder which revolved by Mny increments as the
experiment proceeded. The index and ring fingers of the hand were each inserted into a brass
tube to hold them sMll. The middle finger was encircled with a leather ring Med to a wire which
was connected to a weight aCer passing through a pulley. The finger had to raise and lower the
weight, with the length and speed of these flexions recorded on the paper by a stylus. In this
way, he not only learned the faMgue profiles of his subjects but could observe a relaMonship
between performance, Mredness and the emoMonal state of his subjects.
D
Mosso’s interest in the interacMon between psychology and physiology led to another machine
and further groundbreaking research. He was intrigued to observe the pulsing of circulaMng
blood in paMents who had suffered traumaMc damage to the skull, or cranium. In these paMents,
a lack of bone covering the brain allowed the strength of the heart’s pumping to be seen
beneath the skin. He carried out experiments to see whether certain intellectual acMviMes, such
as reading or solving a problem, or emoMonal responses, such as to a sudden noise, would
affect the supply of blood to the brain. He detected some changes in blood supply, and then
wanted to find out if the same would be true of individuals with no cranial damage.
E
His soluMon was to design another instrument to measure brain acMvity in uninjured subjects.
He designed a wooden table-top for the human subject to lie on, which was placed over
another table, balanced on a fulcrum (rather like a seesaw) that would allow the subject to Mlt,
with head a li@le higher than feet, or vice versa. Heavy weights beneath the table maintained
the stability of the whole unit as the intenMon was to measure very Mny variaMons in the
balance of the person. Once the upper table was adjusted to be perfectly horizontal, only the
breathing created a slight regular oscillaMon. This breathing and pulses measured in the hands
and feet were also recorded.
F
Once all was in equilibrium, Mosso would ring a bell, while out of sight of the subject. His
hypothesis was that this aural sMmulus would have to be interpreted by the brain, and that an
increased blood flow would result in a slight head-down Mlt of the table. Mosso followed the
bell-ringing with a wide range of intellectual sMmuli, such as reading from a newspaper, a novel,
or a university text. He was no doubt well saMsfied to observe that the MlMng of the table
increased proporMonately to the difficulty of the subject ma@er and the intellectual
requirements of the task. Mosso’s experiments indicated a direct link between mental effort
and an increased volume of blood in the brain. This research was one of the first a@empts to
‘image’ the brain, which is now performed by technology such as MRI (magneMc resonance
imaging), commonly used in making medical diagnoses today.

Ques%ons 14-19
Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A–F.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A–F from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i–ix, in boxes 14–19 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i A finely balanced measuring machine
ii Head injuries are a window into the brain
iii Measuring changes in body weight
iv Measuring faMgue through finger movements
v Reasons for the development of the ergograph
vi Effects of faMgue on young factory workers
vii Reasons behind early physiological research
viii EsMmaMng the difficulty of reading tasks
ix Mosso’s theory supported by experimental results
14 Paragraph A
15 Paragraph B
16 Paragraph C
17 Paragraph D
18 Paragraph E
19 Paragraph F
Ques%on 20
Choose the correct le@er, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct le/er in box 20 on your answer sheet.
The text suggests that Mosso undertook his original research because he wanted to
A support previous researchers’ results.
B make a more accurate measuring device.
C rebuild an exisMng machine.
D study the movement of frog muscles.
Ques%ons 21–25
Label the diagram below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 21–25 on your answer sheet.
The Ergograph
Ques%on 26
Choose the correct le@er, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct le/er in box 26 on your answer sheet.
What is the writer’s overall purpose in wriMng this arMcle?
A to describe Mosso’s early research into human physiology
B to argue that Angelo Mosso was an original designer
C to discuss differences between Mosso and other early researchers
D to link Mosso’s experiments to modern brain imaging technology

READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Ques%ons 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3
below.
Who Wrote Shakespeare?
William Shakespeare is the Western world’s most famous playwright – but did he really write the
plays and poems that are a/ributed to him?
There has been controversy over the authorship of the works of Shakespeare since the
nineteenth century. The iniMal impetus for this debate came from the fact that nineteenth
century criMcs, poets and readers were puzzled and displeased when they were presented with
the few remaining scraps of evidence about the life of “Shakspere”, as his name was most
commonly spelled. The author they admired and loved must have been scholarly and
intellectual, linguisMcally giCed, knowledgeable about the lifestyle of those who lived in royal
courts, and he appeared to have travelled in Europe.
These criMcs felt that the son of a Stra[ord glove-maker, whose only definite recorded
dealings concerned buying property, some minor legal acMon over a debt, tax records, and the
usual entries for birth, marriage and death, could not possibly have wri@en poetry based on
Classical models. Nor could he have been responsible for the wide-ranging intellectually and
emoMonally challenging plays for which he is so famous, because, in the nineteenth century
world-view, writers inevitably called upon their own experiences for the content of their work.
By compiling the various bits and pieces of surviving evidence, most Shakespearian scholars
have saMsfied themselves that the man from Stra[ord is indeed the legiMmate author of all the
works published under his name. A man called William Shakespeare did become a member of
the Lord Chamberlain’s Men, the dramaMc company that owned the Globe and Blackfriars
Theatres, and he enjoyed exclusive rights to the publicaMon and performance of the dramaMc
works. There are 23 extant contemporary documents that indicate that he was a well-known
poet or playwright. PublicaMon and even producMon of plays had to be approved by
government officials, who are recorded as having met with Shakespeare to discuss authorship
and licensing of some of the plays, for example, ‘King Lear’.
However, two Elizabethans who are sMll strongly defended as the true Shakespeare are
Christopher Marlowe and Edward de Vere, both of whom would have benefited from wriMng
under the secrecy of an assumed name.
Marlowe’s wriMng is acknowledged by all as the precursor of Shakespeare’s dramaMc verse style:
declamatory blank verse that liCed and ennobled the content of the plays. The records indicate
that he was accused of being an atheist: denying the existence of God would have been
punishable by the death penalty. He is recorded as having ‘died’ in a street fight before
Shakespeare’s greatest works were wri@en, and therefore it is suggested that he may have
conMnued producing literary works while in hiding from the authoriMes.
De Vere was Earl of Oxford and an outstanding Classical scholar as a child. He was a strong
supporter of the arts, including literature, music and acMng. He is also recorded as being a
playwright, although no works bearing his name sMll exist. However, in 16th century England it
was not acceptable for an aristocrat to publish verse for ordinary people, nor to have any
personal dealings with the low-class denizens of popular theatre.
To strengthen the case for their respecMve alternaMves, literary detecMves have looked for
relaMonships between the biographies of their chosen authors and the published works of
Shakespeare. However, during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, there was no tradiMon
of basing plays on the author’s own life experiences, and therefore, the focus of this part of the
debate has shiCed to the sonnets. These individual poems of sixteen lines are sincerely felt
reacMons to emoMonally charged situaMons such as love and death, a goldmine for the
biographically inclined researcher.
The largest group of these poems express love and admiraMon and, interesMngly, they are
wri@en to a “Mr W.H.” This person is clearly a nobleman, yet he is someMmes given forthright
advice by the poet, suggesMng that the wriMng comes from a mature father figure. How can de
Vere or Marlowe be established as the author of the sonnets?
As the son of a tradesman, Marlowe had no aristocraMc status; unlike Shakespeare, however, he
did a@end and excel at Cambridge University where he mingled with the wealthy. Any low-born
arMst needed a rich patron, and such is the argument for his authorship of the sonnets. The
possible recipient of these sonnets is Will Ha[ield, a minor noble who was wealthy and could
afford to contribute to the arts; this young man’s friendship would have assisted a budding poet
and playwright. Marlowe’s defenders contend that expressions of love between men were
common at this Mme and had none of the homosexual connotaMons that Westerners of the
twenty-first century may ascribe to them.
The Earl of Oxford had no need of a wealthy patron. The object of De Vere’s sonnets, it is
suggested, is Henry Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton, whose name only fits the situaMon if one
accepts that it is not uncommon to reverse the first and surnames on formal occasions. De Vere
was a rash and careless man and, because of his foolish behaviour, he fell out of favour with
Queen Elizabeth herself. He needed, not an arMsMc patron, but someone like Henry to put in a
good word for him in the complex world of the royal court. This, coupled with a genuine
affecMon for the young man, may have inspired the conMnuing creaMon of poems addressed to
him. Some even postulate that the mix of love and stern advice may stem from the fact that
Henry was de Vere’s illegiMmate son, though there is no convincing evidence of this fact.

Ques%ons 27-29
Choose THREE le@ers A – G
Write the correct le/ers A – G, in boxes 27–29 on your answer sheet.
Which THREE of the following are given as reasons for the arguments that someone else wrote
Shakespeare’s works?
A Shakespeare did not come from Stra[ord.
B We have li@le informaMon about Shakespeare’s life.
C We know that Shakespeare did not go overseas.
D Shakespeare went to prison for owing money.
E Shakespeare spoke only the English language.
F Shakespeare’s life appears to have been limited.
G The plays suggest that the writer was familiar with a high-class lifestyle.
Ques%ons 30–35
Complete the table below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 30–35 on your answer sheet
Evidence for Different Authors

He was an actor.
Shakespeare He had 30……………….. for prinMng and putng on the plays.
31……………….. consulted Shakespeare before approving performance of the play

The plays use his wriMng style.

He was an excellent student.

Ques%on 36
Choose the correct le@er, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct le/er in box 36 on your answer sheet.
The sonnets are useful for researchers because they are
A shorter and easier than the plays.
B all wri@en to the same person.
C more personal than the plays.
D addressed to a lower-class person.
Ques%ons 37–40
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A–G, below.
Write the correct le/er, A–G, in boxes 37–40 on your answer sheet.
37 W.H. was probably a young man because
38 W.H. could have been Marlowe’s friend because
39 W.H.’s name could have been Henry Wriothesley because
40 W.H. could have been De Vere’s friend because
A W.H. had some influence with important people.
B the poems are addressed to the writer’s child.
C the content of the poems strongly suggests this.
D W.H. was able to provide financial support.
E W.H. had been to Cambridge University.
F W.H. had a lot of high-class enemies.
G the poet may have changed the order of his iniMals