CULTURAL/ HISTORICAL/ ARCHITECTURAL at least one side, triclinium or dining room opening

HERITAGE from it.

• Curio- town council met with podium Oligarch

TIMGAD - ALGERIA government dominated by small group of decurians-
wealthy citizens
• Timgad, located to the north of the massif of the
Aurès in a mountainous site of great beauty, 480km • Capitolium-Temple Devi acted to Jupiter, Juno, and
south-east of Algiers and 110 km to the south of Minerva
Constantine, is a consummate example of a Roman
military colony created ex nihilo. • Civil Basilica on the other side of the forum, was a
multi purose structure used as a courtroom, covered
• The Colonia Marciana Ulpia Traiana Thamugadi was market, and general meeting place. long and narrow,
founded in 100 A.D. by Trajan, probably as an with a raised tribunal at one end.
encampment for the 3rd Augustan Legion which,
thereafter, was quartered at Lambaesis. Its plan, laid • Public latrine with 24 stone seats equipped with
out with great precision, illustrates Roman urban stylish armrests in a form of dolphins it has a hole on
planning at its height. By the middle of the 2nd the seat for the waste
century, the rapid growth of the city had ruptured the
narrow confines of its original foundation. • Theater beside the forum 4000 people capacity .
Made half century.
• Timgad spread beyond the perimeters of its
ramparts and several major public buildings are built • Outside Middle of 2nd century- neighborhood
in the new quarters: Capitolium, temples, markets begun to arise ignoring to original grid of the city. The
and baths. Most of these buildings date from the grandest of all was the new capitolium.
Severan period when the city enjoyed its Golden Age,
• Colonnade plaza with Corinthian columns on a
also attested by immense private residences.
podium larger than the forum at the center .
• A strong and prosperous colony, Timgad must have Equivalent to a medieval cathedral, a monument to
servedas a compelling image of the grandeur of Rome civic wealth, civic piety, and civic pride seen for miles
on Numidian soil. Buildings, constructed entirely of around .
stone.
• 3rd century a wealthy citizen built a large new
• The streets were paved with large rectangular Market . A rectangular courtyards with porticoes to
limestone slabs and, as attested by the 14 baths cover merchants stall with 6 permanent booths .
which still may be seen today, particular attention was
• Opposite site semi circular exedra housed 9 more
paid to the disposition of public conveniences.
stall s . With 2 statues of the donor and his wife
• During the Christian period, Timgad was a renowned
• 14 baths the most interesting complex is the Great
bishopric.
South Baths built on the early 3rd century . It has the
• a veteran colony a place for discharged legionaries usual mix of cold, warm, and hot rooms .
to settle after 25 years of service. Life should be
• South baths cold, warm, hot rooms unique
enjoyed through hunting, bathing, playing games, and
asymmetric layout
laughing.
• Timgad, as in Rome itself, the most important
• romans forts are almost rectangular and has gates
Christian buildings were on the city’s outskirts, the
on each side that has principal streets which
Donatist Episcopal Quarter built by members of
intersects at the head quarter’s complex in the
Christian sect in the 4th century : a large church,
center or the forum.
baptistry, and a bishops residence .
• Cardo Maximus - north south street, with porticoes
• Following centuries churches were built at the
on other side that sheltered pedestrians from sun and
center of Timgad and temples renovated and torn
rain.
down .
-The streets outlined blocks about 20 meter square.
• Timgad was conquered by the Vandals in the 5th
Each block contained two or three dwellings for
century, year 430 and retaken by east Roman armies
veterans and their families. Nonstandard house plan,
in the 6th century.
most were centered on a courtyard with portico with
 • In the 6th century Byzantine General Solomon KHAMI RUINS NATIONAL MONUMENT
erected a massive castle just outside the city at the
site of a healing spring . ZIMBABWE

• Much of the central Timgad was demolished to -Khami Ruins National Monument is located to the
supply the stone . west of the Khami River, 22 km from the City of
Bulawayo. The property, located on a 1300 m hilltop
• The Arab invasion brought about the final ruin of downstream from a dam built during 1928-1929,
Thamugadi which ceased to be inhabited after the 8th covers an area of about 108 ha, spread over a
century . distance of about 2 km from the Passage Ruin to the
North Ruin.
FORT JESUS - MOMBASA KENYA
-The property was the capital of the Torwa dynasty,
• Built by the Portuguese at the end of the 16th which arose from the collapse of the Great Zimbabwe
century at the southern edge of the town of Kingdom:Shona civilization, due to overpopulation
Mombasa, over a spur of coral rock, and kept under environmental degradation, and political instability.
their control for one century, Fort Jesus, Mombasa, between 1450 -1650 and was abandoned during the
bears testimony to the first successful attempt by Ndebele incursions of the 19th century.
Western civilization to rule the Indian ocean trade
routes, which, until then had remained under Eastern -It is composed of a complex series of platforms of
influence. dry-stone walled structures, emulating a later
development of Stone Age culture.
• The design of the fort, with its proportions, its
imposing walls and five bastions, reflects the military -The chief’s residence (Mambo) was located towards
architectural theory of the Renaissance. the north on the Hill Ruin site with its adjacent
cultivation terraces. The population lived in daga huts
• Fort Jesus, Mombasa, bears physical witness, in its of cobwork, surrounded by a series of granite walls.
structures and subsequent transformations, also to
the interchange of cultural values and influences -Agriculture: Sorghum and Millet served as backbone
between and among peoples of African, Arab, of their economy
Turkish, Persian and European origin that fought to
gain and maintain their control over this strategic -These structures display a high standard of
port. workmanship, a great number of narrow passageways
and perambulatory galleries and impressive chevron
• A fortress, a palace, a military base Signified power, and chequered wall decorations.
majesty, and fear. About more than 400 years ago for
Jesus has continued to shape Mombasa’s amazing -Inhabited of the mid 15th center until late 17th
landscape and it witness of many battles. century

• Attacked 9 times by Arabs and Portuguese. -Revetments or retaining walls found expression for
the first time in the architectural history of the sub-
• Now a national museum with cannons and ancient region at Khami, and with it were elaborate
guns decorations ; it still has the longest decorated wall in
the entire sub-region.
•Built with the shape of a human being, Head East,
limbs north and south, legs west -The archaeological remains are also a testament to
long-distance historic trade links with the
• Stand on a granite a coral rock made of blocks of Portuguese, and the wider world, the diverse range
coral Over 400 years ago of imported artefacts provide evidence of 15th and
17th century Spanish porcelain, Rhineland stoneware
• They say Portuguese Latin landed in Mombasa and
and Ming porcelain, many of which are on display in
built a monumental structure still survives hundred of
the Museum of Natural History in Bulawayo.
years it called Jesus.
-There is also a monumental granite cross which
• Fastest way from European mainland to Goa across
illustrates the contact with missionaries at a
Indian Ocean was through Africa’s East Coast and that
traditionally revered and sacred spiritual site.
Mombasa was strategic Mombasa to 4858km to
Goa,India.
NUBIAN MONUMENTS FROM ABU SIMBEL - The wife and mother’s height is on his knee but his
ASWAN children only reached his ankle

-Temples moved during the UNESCO International - At the center is God Raw at the top of the cornice
Campaign from 1960 to 1980 to save them from are baboons worshiping the sun
flooding by the Nile and Lake Nasser because they
- Ramses II ruled for 6 decades 1279 to 1213 BCE
were recognised as internationally significant by the
more than 3,000 years ago
international community. The remaining five cover
antiquities of the Aswan area. - Age 90; Iconic figure of ancient Egyptian history
-the Great Temple at Abu Simbel, carved out of an - He developed golf and diamond mining in Nubia,
escarpment of solid rock. Its design and layout allow launched military campaigns, and commissioned a
rays of the sun to penetrate to the innermost plethora of architectural marvels ex. Abu Simbel
chamber twice annually on the equinoxes. completed in 1255 BC after 20 years of construction
•It started with grid lines to outline - 58 m entrance to the back and 45 m width
•They strike the sandstone with a harder stone - 14 chambers 3x12 m
-Carved on the sandstone cliffs along the river Nile - They have excavated tools far from the temples that
3000 years ago might have been used in making the temple:
- Underground chambers 165 ft deep - Copper as a chisel
- Aswan Dam threatened to submerge the temples - The temple was once painted, but the exterior has
faded away, unlike the interior: blue, red, yellow, and
- They transferred the temples block by block and
green
stone by stone for 2 years
- They used a vegetable mixture of water, a binder
- The architect made a gigantic manmade hill
usually made of egg white or vegetable gum, and
- 1963 Aswan Cold War General Asher new leader of pigments
Egypt initiated the construction of the dam to control
- Palm ribs as a paintbrush
the flow of the Nile and to supply water and electricity
to the communities - 1964 construction of the dam
- 186 miles south of Aswan - Egypt and UNESCO worked together to preserve this
heritage
- The dam would cause the site to be submerged
under 200 ft including the twin temple Abu Simbel - 28,000 tons
- The facade has 4 colossal statues that tower 65 ft tall - Ideas to preserve:
largest in all of Egypt
- architects suggest a dam surrounding the temple
- Face spans 6.5 ft length and 3ft width instead of moving them
- 1813 Swiss Explorer Burkhart could only see the - Italian companies. Cutting the top of the hill around
heads the monument before buildings box out of reinforced
concrete beams. 253,000 tons
- Italian Giovani Boni when 4 years discovers that it
was seated not standing - The British said to leave the temple where they
were and let it submerge. Create a dam that will
- Inside 8 statue 30 ft tall ; vestibule leading to 4
separate the muddy water from the clear water. Put a
seated statues
restaurant above with an elevator that will take
- Ramses II carved into the rock glaring to the horizon people down and enter the temple. But it’s not
positive since water can cause the structure to
- At the Pharos feet stand smaller statues: members degrade its quality

of the royal family

-1273 BC Year 31 of Ramses II reign an earthquake - The Zambezi river is one of Africa’s most significant
happened and shock the foundations of Abu Simbel waterways. The 4th largest in Africa, 2,700 km flows
to 6 countries
- The temple isn’t just for worshiping but a
propaganda and it sends a message to anyone who - 110 m height; 1,700 m wide
travels the Nile that he is a Powerful King with bas
reliefs depicting his battles and statues alongside Gods - More than twice the height of Niagara Falls in North
America
- Sanctuary dedicated to Nefertari his 1st and favorite
wife holds many mystery - The spray from the walls can rise over 1,300 ft into
the air
- The bas reliefs in honor of femininity; Cow Goddes,
hippopotamus goddess- protector of pregnant - The mist create a unique microclimate around the
women, falls resulting in rainbows are that add to the magical
atmosphere of the place
- Oct 21 and feb 21 the sun shines and illuminates the
sacred boat on which the priests placed the sacred - The moist supports a diverse range of flora and
bark and the 3 statues while the other remains at the fauna - biodiversity hotspots
dark as it is God of death and darkness
- The rainforest is teeming with life from colorful birds
- Italian marble quarry got the solution: April 1963, to exotic plants
they had the strong and equipment to cut the temples
- Legend or Tales about river spirits and ancestral
without damaging its integrity
guardians: a hidden cave beneath the falls called
-They built a dam to protect the temple from the “boiling pot” home of Nyami Nyami, benevolent river
unpredictable water level while they are at work, they spirit a serpent with a fish’s head.
covered the facade with sand to avoid falling debris
- Another tale: created by the tears of a heartbroken
- Dome- 60m opening, height of 25m, and a width of maiden who lost her lover. Her tears filled with
45m that supports the manmade mountain sorrow and longing were said to have carved the rock
and feared the cascading water.

- 180 million years ago magma spewed out the

NATURAL HERITAGE AFRICA ground and created a vassal plateau when it cooled
down it solidified and countless crevices were formed.
MOSI-OA-TUNYA / VICTORIA FALLS Later the plateau was submerged and unfolded a lake
where mud and decaying matter were deposited
ZAMBIA AND ZIMBABWE between the cracks. The plateau rose again and these
deposits became soft sedimentary rocks. The Zambezi
• The Mosi-oa-Tunya/Victoria Falls is the world’s
river started to run across the plateau later. The river
greatest sheet of falling water and significant
eroded away the sedimentary rocks at the most
worldwide for its exceptional geological and
downstream area of the plateau had the first waterfall
geomorphological features and active land formation
was created. Gradually sedimentary rocks were
processes with outstanding beauty attributed to the
eroded one after another and the falls slowly made
falls i.e. the spray, mist and rainbows.
its way.
-1855 Scottish Explorer David Livingston discovered
- The oldest waterfall is a 200,000-year-old waterfall.
the falls named it Victoria Falls after his Queen
The second fall is 180,000 years ago
- Indigenous name is Mosi-oa-tunya
- The current fall is the 8th
- Aka “the smoke that thunders”
- Up the river there is evidence of new cracks which
- Sits on the border between two African nations: could become the next waterfall
Zambia and Zimbabwe. The Zambezi river is the
lifeblood of Southern Africa, flowing directly over
1,500 miles, 4th longest river in the continent. Begins
in the heart of Africa in Zambia and ends in the Indian
Ocean in Mozambique
KILIMANJARO NATIONAL PARK - TANZANIA -It is an outstanding example of the scenic,
geomorphological, ecological and evolutionary
• Kilimanjaro National Park covering an area of some consequences of wind-driven processes interacting
75,575 ha protects the largest free standing volcanic with geology and biology.
mass in the world and the highest mountain in Africa,
rising 5,895m at its peak. With its snow-capped peak, - One of the oldest deserts in the works stretching
the Kilimanjaro is a superlative natural phenomenon, over 1,399miles along the Atlantic coast
standing in isolation above the surrounding plains
overlooking the savannah. - Dunes reaching heights of over 1,000 ft

-Often described as the white peaks of the equator - 2013 UNESCO designated it as a World Heritage Site
outstanding universal value
- Located in Northern Tanzania, East of Africa. It is the
highest mountain in Africa - Boast the tallest sand dunes in the world that
changes its position by the wind
- Rises from the savanna, perennially snow-capped
and frequently ringed with cloud, the dormant - Testament of the power of nature’s forces over
volcano that is Kalimanjaro is genuinely inspiring and million of years wind and water have sculpted this
uplifting sight land scape

- Machame hut at 3,000 m elevation - Rivers like the Orange River carried sediment
towards the Atlantic Ocean. Ocean currents driven by
- Shira Hut at 3,760 m elevation prevailing winds swept this sediment northward. The
benguela current flows were big northward
- Senecio plants look like palm tree but family of intercepts it and pushes it back towards the land.
sunflowers Here the relentless Beth winds take over carrying the
sand particles inland
- Barranco Camp is about 4,000 m elevation
- This process over millennia has created the Namib
- Lava Tower Landmark at 4,600 m elevation
Sand Sea. Shakes by natures forces
- Barafu camp 4, 645 m elevation
- Complex and dynamic environment, different type of
- Uhuru peak 5,895 m ASL dune each with its own characteristics: star dunes,
giants that can reach over a thousand ft high. These
- the tallest mountain in Africa with 19, 341 ft or 5, dunes have motionless arms radiating from central
895 m is comparable to taking a journey from tropics peak formed by variable wind direction. Another,
to the South Pole linear dune, long and straight forming parallel to the
prevailing wind direction. Between these towering
- At about 4000 m high loom a steep Rick face known dunes lies vast areas, flat graven covered planes it
as Barranco Wall- formed by a big landslide about provide a habitat for plants and animals
100,000 years ago
- Daytime temperature can sore to over 120 degrees
- Crater of Kibo peak, the last significant volcanic Fahrenheit while at night the temperature can drop
activity here was about 400 years ago but yellow below freezing
sulfur remains on the surface showing that the
volcano is still active - The Benguela current creates a dense fog bank that
rolls inland providing a source of moisture

- Nara melon have deep tap roots accessing

NAMIB SAND SEA - NAMIBIA underground water sources, quiver tree it store water
in their trunks and branches. These adaptations shows
-The Namib Sand Sea lies along the arid African coast
the power of natural selection to shape organism to
of the South Atlantic lying wholly within Namibia’s
their environment
Namib-Naukluft Park. It covers an area of 3,077,700
hectares, with an additional 899,500 hectares - Welwitschia Plant that is endemic to the Namib
designated as a buffer zone. desert. True marvel of adaptation short wide stem
almost entirely buried in the sand with two long strap-
- The Namib Sand Sea is a unique coastal fog desert
like leaves that can reach up to 13 ft absorb moisture
encompassing a diverse array of large, shifting dunes.
from the fog
 Some plants ages 2000 years old oldest living help him to rid her of a wraith (spirit) that was making
organisms on earth. her resistant. Sundiata is conceived.

-Oryx also known as gemsbok can go In childhood, Sundiata faces two obstacles:
for weeks without drinking water they first, because of the prophecy, the king's first wife
obtain moisture from the plants it eats Sassouma Bérété spreads vicious rumors about him
and Sogolon to elevate her own son's stature; and
second, he is crippled and does not walk until the age
- The fog basking beetle collects water
of 7. Despite his physical limitations, hisfather sees
by allowing fog droplets condense on its
wisdom in his son and gifts him a griot Balla Fasséké,
body the son of his griot. The king dies soon afterward and
his eldest son, Dankaran Touman, is given control by
- Brown hyena and bat-earned fox have the elders, who do not see much future in the
developed nocturnal habits crippled boy. One day, when Sogolon is embarrassed
by the queen mother, Sundiata uses a rod to help
- Namib sand gecko that matches the himself stand on two legs, and from this day onwards,
sand making it almost invisible his strength is unmistakable.

Frightened her son will lose control, the

- Evidence of early life settlement as queen mother Sassouma Bérété orchestrates exile for
artifacts such as tools have been found Sundiata, Sogolon, and their immediate family. For
seven years, they travel from asylum to asylum,
- Sand people also known as bushman sometimes being shown great hospitality and
hold a unique connection to the Namib occasionally being mistreated by their hosts. All the
desert for thousands of years they roamed while, Sundiata learns of new people and customs,
these arid lands. They believe that the while impressing most people he meets. He spends a
desert is alive with spirits particularly long time with Moussa Tounkara at
Mema, who helps raise Sundiata and teaches him the
ways of war so as to potentially groom the boy as his
- Early 20th century diamonds have
heir.
been discovered in Namibian coast thus
brought mining companies impacting the Sundiata also learns during his exile about the
region significantly evil sorcerer king Soumaoro Kanté, who is slowly
forcing the cities of Mali and beyond under his control
- Challenges and uncertainty in future due through cruelty. When Niani falls to the sorcerer king,
to climate change, human a search party is sent to Ghana to find Sundiata and
encroachment, and development ask him to claim his mantle as ruler. Though his choice
to return to Mali and battle the sorcerer-king upsets
pressures
the Moussa Tounkara, he is ultimately given his
blessing and the first of his subservient armies.
LITERATURE HERITAGE AFRICA
Sundiata goes to many cities and lands that he
SUNDIATA: AN EPIC OF OLD MALI visited during his period of exile, slowly building up
his army. Finally, his armies come up against those of
Sundiata's father, Maghan Kon Fatta, was king Soumaoro. Though Sundiata is successful in his
of the city of Niani. One day, a soothsaying hunter battles, he cannot harm the sorcerer king because the
foretells that he will produce a great ruler through the latter has magical protections. Sundiata turns to
marriage of an ugly woman. Later, two hunters bring a magic for help, and through sacrifice is able to craft a
woman to offer as his wife, and he sees this is the magical arrow. In their largest battle, Sundiata nicks
foretold woman, Sogolon. The hunters earned her by Soumaoro with the arrow and the sorcerer king loses
defeating a monstrous buffalo that was terrorizing a his power. Soumaoro retreats and escapes.
land far away. Through showing kindness to an old
woman, they were taught the secret of the buffalo Accompanied by Fakoli, Soumaoro's nephew
and then given their choice of woman by the king who revolted after being betrayed by his uncle,
whose realm was being terrorized. The old woman Sundiata pursues Soumaoro for several days. They
told them to choose the ugliest maid, and they did. finally trap him in a cave with nowhere to go; they
The king takes Sogolon for his wife, but she refuses to have won. After his victory, Sundiata defeats the
let him consummate the marriage until magic powers kings who stayed loyal to the sorcerer king. He then
returns to Niani and founds the Mali Empire, splitting After the coming of the locusts, Ogbuefi
it up to show respect for all the rulers who promise to Ezeuder, the oldest man in the village, relays to
serve him. Okonkwo a message from the Oracle. The Oracle says
that Ikemefuna must be killed as part of the
The griot ends the epic by praising Sundiata retribution for the Umuofian woman killed three years
and his rule of the golden age of the Mali Empire. He earlier in Mbaino. He tells Okonkwo not to partake in
tells the audience that Mali is eternal and that the murder, but Okonkwo doesn't listen. He feels that
reminders of history are everywhere, but only the not participating would be a sign of weakness.
griot can know all. Consequently, Okonkwo kills Ikemefuna with his
machete. Nwoye realizes that his father has murdered
THINGS FALL APART - CHINUA ACHEBE (NIGERIA)
Ikemefuna and begins to distance himself from his
Things Fall Apart is about the tragic fall of the father and the clansmen.
protagonist, Okonkwo, and the Igbo culture.
Okonkwo becomes depressed after killing
Okonkwo is a respected and influential leader within
Ikemefuna, so he visits his best friend, Obierika, who
the Igbo community of Umuofia in eastern Nigeria.
disapproves of his role in Ikemefuna's killing. Obierika
He first earns personal fame and distinction, and
says that Okonkwo's act will upset the Earth and the
brings honor to his village, when he defeats Amalinze
earth goddess will seek revenge. After discussing
the Cat in a wrestling contest. Okonkwo determines
Ikemefuna's death with Obierika, Okonkwo is finally
to gain titles for himself and become a powerful and
able to sleep restfully, but he is awakened by his wife
wealthy man in spite of his father's weaknesses.
Ekwefi. Their daughter Ezinma, whom Okonkwo is
Okonkwo's father, Unoka, was a lazy and fond of, is dying. Okonkwo gathers grasses, barks, and
wasteful man. He often borrowed money and then leaves to prepare medicine for Ezinma.
squandered it on palm-wine and merrymaking with
When Ogbuefi Ezeuder dies, Okonkwo
friends. Consequently, his wife and children often
worries because the last time that Ezeudu visited him
went hungry. Within the community, Unoka was
was when he warned Okonkwo against participating
considered a failure and a laughingstock. He was
in the killing of Ikemefuna. Ezeudu was an important
referred to as agbala, one who resembles the
leader in the village and achieved three titles of the
weakness of a woman and has no property. Unoka
clan's four, a rare accomplishment. During the large
died a shameful death and left numerous debts.
funeral, Okonkwo's gun goes off, and Ezeudu's
Okonkwo despises and resents his father's sixteen-year-old son is killed accidentally.
gentle and idle ways. He resolves to overcome the
Because the accidental killing of a clansman is
shame that he feels as a result of his father's
a crime against the earth goddess, Okonkwo and his
weaknesses by being what he considers to be
family must be exiled from Umuofia for seven years.
"manly"; therefore, he dominates his wives and
The family moves to Okonkwo's mother's native
children by being insensitive and controlling.
village, Mbanta. After they depart Umuofia, a group
Because Okonkwo is a leader of his of village men destroy Okonkwo's compound and kill
community, he is asked to care for a young boy his animals to cleanse the village of Okonkwo's sin.
named Ikemefuna, who is given to the village as a Obierika stores Okonkwo's yams in his barn and
peace offering by neighboring Mbaino to avoid war wonders about the old traditions of the Igbo culture.
with Umuofia. Ikemefuna befriends Okonkwo's son,
Okonkwo is welcomed to Mbanta by his
Nwoye, and Okonkwo becomes inwardly fond of the
maternal uncle, Uchendu, a village elder. He gives
boy.
Okonkwo a plot of land on which to farm and build a
Over the years, Okonkwo becomes an compound for his family. But Okonkwo is depressed,
extremely volatile man; he is apt to explode at the and he blames his chi (or personal spirit) for his failure
slightest provocation. He violates the Week of Peace to achieve lasting greatness.
when he beats his youngest wife, Ojiugo, because she
During Okonkwo's second year in exile, he
went to braid her hair at a friend's house and forgot
receives a visit from his best friend, Obierika, who
to prepare the afternoon meal and feed her children.
recounts sad news about the village of Abame: After a
Later, he severely beats and shoots a gun at his
white man rode into the village on a bicycle, the
second wife, Ekwefi, because she took leaves from his
elders of Abame consulted their Oracle, which told
banana plant to wrap food for the Feast of the New
them that the white man would destroy their clan and
Yam.
other clans. Consequently, the villagers killed the
white man. But weeks later, a large group of men
slaughtered the villagers in retribution. The village of After Mr. Brown becomes ill and is forced to
Abame is now deserted. return to his homeland, Reverend James Smith
becomes the new head of the Christian church. But
Okonkwo and Uchendu agree that the Reverend Smith is nothing like Mr. Brown; he is
villagers were foolish to kill a man whom they knew intolerant of clan customs and is very strict.
nothing about. Later, Obierika gives Okonkwo money
that he received from selling Okonkwo's yams and Violence arises after Enoch, an overzealous
seed-yams, and he promises to do so until Okonkwo convert to Christianity, unmasks an Egwugwu, the
returns to Umuofia. nine clan leaders. In retaliation, the Egwugwu burn
Enoch's compound and then destroy the Christian
Six missionaries, including one white man, church because the missionaries have caused the Igbo
arrive in Mbanta. The white man speaks to the people people many problems.
about Christianity. Okonkwo believes that the man
speaks nonsense, but his son, Nwoye, is captivated When the District Commissioner returns to
and becomes a convert of Christianity. Umuofia, he learns about the destruction of the
church and asks six leaders of the village, including
The Christian missionaries built a church on Okonkwo, to meet with him. The men are jailed until
land given to them by the village leaders. However, they pay a fine of two hundred and fifty bags of
the land is a part of the Evil Forest, and according to cowries. The people of Umuofia collect the money
tradition, the villagers believe that the missionaries and pay the fine, and the men are set free.
will die because they built their church on cursed land.
But when nothing happens to the missionaries, the The next day, at a meeting for clansmen, five
people of Mbanta conclude that the missionaries court messengers who intend to stop the gathering
possess extraordinary power and magic. The first approach the group. Suddenly, Okonkwo jumps
recruits of the missionaries are efulefu, the weak and forward and beheads the man in charge of the
worthless men of the village. Other villagers, including messengers with his machete. When none of the
a woman, soon converted to Christianity. The other clansmen attempt to stop the messengers who
missionaries then go to Umuofia and start a school. escape, Okonkwo realizes that they will never go to
Nwoye leaves his father's hut and moves to Umuofia war and that Umuofia will surrender. Everything has
so he can attend school. fallen apart for Okonkwo; he commits suicide by
hanging himself.
Okonkwo's exile is over, so his family arranges
to return to Umuofia. Before leaving Mbanta, they
prepare a huge feast for Okonkwo's mother's kinsmen
in appreciation of their gratitude during Okonkwo's CULINARY HERITAGE
seven years of exile.
JOLLOF RICE - WEST AFRICA
When Okonkwo returns to Umuofia, he
a popular, flavorful, and iconic West African
discovers that the village has changed during his
dish, typically made with long-grain rice cooked in a
absence. Many men have renounced their titles and
rich, tomato-based sauce, often seasoned with
have converted to Christianity. The white men have
peppers, onions, and spices, and can be served with
built a prison; they have established a government
meat or fish.
court of law, where people are tried for breaking the
white man's laws; and they also employ natives of The core ingredients are long-grain rice,
Umuofia. Okonkwo wonders why the Umuofians have tomatoes, peppers (often red bell peppers and/or
not incited violence to rid the village of the white chilies), onions, and spices like garlic, thyme, and
man's church and oppressive government. other herbs and spices.
Some members of the Igbo clan like the INJERA - ETHIOPIA
changes in Umuofia. Mr. Brown, the white missionary,
respects the Igbo traditions. He makes an effort to Injera, Ethiopian flatbread, typically made
learn about the Igbo culture and becomes friendly from a batter of fermented teff (Eragrostis tef) flour
with some of the clan leaders. He also encourages and known for its spongy texture and sour taste. The
Igbo people of all ages to get an education. Mr. Brown word injera is derived from the Amharic word ənǰära.
tells Okonkwo that Nwoye, who has taken the name
Isaac, is attending a teaching college. Nevertheless, Injera is a staple of traditional Ethiopian
Okonkwo is unhappy about the changes in Umuofia. cuisine. It is usually made with flour ground from the
seeds of teff, a grain that was domesticated as many
as 6,000 years ago in Ethiopia and Eritrea and that is
the smallest known grain in the world. Its small size  salt
prevents the removal of bran and germ, and thus,
when ground, teff produces a whole-grain flour  pepper
(containing bran and germ). Injera can also be made
 water
using barley, millet, or wheat flour.

PEANUT SOUP

GHANA, NIGERIA, SENEGAL, AND SIERRA LEONE

It is believed that the dish originated among

the Mandinka people of Mali, who would grind
roasted peanuts into a paste and use it as a base for a
savoury stew. Over time, the recipe spread
throughout the region, with different variations
emerging in different communities.

One of the most interesting aspects of

groundnut stew is how it has evolved over time to
reflect the changing cultural and economic landscape
of West Africa. While the basic recipe has remained
relatively consistent, different regions and
communities have put their own unique spin on the
dish, incorporating local ingredients and spices to
create a wide variety of flavour profiles. For example,
in Ghana, groundnut stew is often made with okra,
which gives the dish a thick, viscous texture. In
Nigeria, the dish is sometimes made with egusi, a
type of melon seed that is ground into a paste and
used as a base for the stew. In Mali, the dish is
sometimes made with baobab leaves, which give the
stew a tangy, slightly sour flavour.

IRIO – KENYA

Irio is a staple food in Kenya. The word Irio simply

means food in the Kikuyu community of Kenya. It is a
very simple but delicious side dish made with
Potatoes, Corn, and Peas. This amazing dish is also
referred to as African mashed Potatoes, Kenyan
mashed Potatoes, or Mukimo.

INGREDIENTS FOR MAKING IRIO

– Potatoes, Corn, Peas, salt, and pepper, and water for

boiling. It’s very straight forward and you need just
one pot to get your lunch or dinner ready! This recipe
yields a thicker chunky mass compared to the popular
mashed potatoes but the end result is super amazing.

 Potatoes

 Corn

 Peas