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 版权所有© 2019 华为技术有限公司

● ITU-R has defined three types of 5G application scenarios in June 2015: eMBB
(Enhanced Mobile Broadband), mMTC (Massive Machine Type Communication), and
uRLLC (Ultra Reliable & Low Latency Communication). In addition, the capability
requirements for 5G networks are defined from eight dimensions, such as throughput,
delay, connection density, and spectral efficiency improvement.

● Huawei predicts that there will be 100 billion connections around the world in 2025.
● Huawei Wireless X Labs research shows that Cloud VR, which is rendered by cloud, will
be the development trend of VR in the future. In local VR mode, the VR terminal needs to
be connected to the local server through cables. The user experience is poor and the
cost is high. The Cloud VR implements the wireless function of the terminal and
implements image rendering through the cloud server, this greatly reduces terminal costs
and improves user experience. Cloud VR poses higher requirements on mobile networks,
including bandwidth and latency. For example, entry-level experience requires 100 Mbit/s
bandwidth and 10 ms latency, while ultimate experience requires 9.4Gbps and 2 ms
latency, only 5G networks can meet VR experience requirements. Currently, the
application scenarios of VR are video and Gaming, which will be expanded to more
application scenarios in the future.
● Delay: The delay of the 4G network is less than 50 ms, which is equivalent to half of the 3G
network. However, applications such as automatic driving require a much lower latency
than 4G networks.

🞐 Take automatic driving as an example. Under the existing 4G network delay

conditions, car with a speed of 100 km/h requires 1.6 meters to stop down start
from discovering obstacle until startup braking system. This is the distance
between life and death.

🞐 Under the 5 G network condition, the distance between the vehicle with the same
speed can be reduced to 3.3 cm, which is expected to reach the ABS level.

🞐 5G can achieve a ultra-low latency of 1 ms, which will increase the response speed
of 5G networks by 50 times than the 4G networks.
● Currently, automatic driving mainly uses devices such as video cameras, radar
sensors, and laser rangefinder to operate.

🞐 Level 0: Manual driving, no driving assistance system, only reminder

🞐 Level 1: Assisted manual driving, a single speed or steering control

automation (such as fixed speed cruise, ACC).

🞐 Level 2: In some automatic driving scenarios, the vehicle speed and steering
control can be implemented automatically. But the driver must always keep
monitoring (for example, maintain at the middle of the lane).

🞐 Level 3: Conditional automatic driving, can be hands off, driver monitoring system
and intervene if necessary.

🞐 Level 4: Advanced automatic driving, can be eyes off. In some predefined

scenarios, drivers do not need to be involved.

🞐 Level 5: Full automatic driving, full automation, no need for driver (driverless)
● 4G cannot meet future applications requirements, regardless of the delay,
throughput, and the number of connections.
● Based on the above example, the future services have different requirements on the
network. Therefore, the future network must be flexible.

● 5G is including LTE evolution and 5G new technologies, which are defined in R15 and
R16.

● This course focuses on 5G new technologies including NR and NextGen core

 network.

● LTE is from R8, LTE-A is from R10, 4.5G (LTE-A Pro) is from R12, and 5G is from
R15.

● United States: Verizon is currently undergoing the 28GHz Fixed Wireless Access key
technology verification based on OTSA testing standardization (*); Verizon is joining
3GPP afterwards, and the supplier stated they are no longer providing OTSA-based
product.

● (* OTSA: 5G Open Trial Specification Alliance was announced during Mobile World
Congress 2016 in Barcelona, with the collaboration of Verizon, KT, SKT and DMC, will be
focused on technical fundamentals of 5G radio interface trial activities, with the goal of
promoting a more inclusive, open, and collaborative approach to developing 5G trial. OTSA
formation introduces the risk of standard split. During Mobile World Congress 2017, several
of operator and vendor including DCM, KT, SKT, Vodafone, AT&T, BT, DT, Qualcomm, Intel,
Nokia, Ericsson, Huawei and etc, declared their support on 3GPP 5G standardization.
 OTSA was then dissolved.

● New waveform: The F-OFDM technology is used.

● numerology: refers to the change of the timeslot length and frame structure caused
by different subcarrier spacing.

● mMIMO: Massive MIMO can support up to 64T64R.

● Flexible duplex: The uplink and downlink configurations are flexible. In addition, the
uplink and downlink can be included in the same timeslot.

● New multiple access: such as SCMA

● D2D: Device communicates with the device without a network. Devices can
communicate with each other.

● V2X：Vehicle to Everything
● NSA: NR has no independent control plane but only the user plane.

● MSA (Multiple Stream Aggregation): The terminal can use multiple base stations of the
same or different standards for data transmission.
● NSA is number 3 and 6

● Others are SA.

● Rel16 will further improve the Rel15 functions and provides a complete uRLLC low latency
and high reliable capabilities.

● uRLLc service explores the industry's network requirements and further improves
standards, technologies, and deployment specifications.

● Application: EE CEO thinks that users will explore and apply new technologies and will
not sit and wait for the industry plan.

● Standards: R15 NSA/SA standards are mature. Considering more openness and more
improvement, and more industry participation in 3GPP, R16 may be frozen in the first
quarter of 2020.
● One important feature of 5G is "simplified“, the ecosystem, network, and business model
are simplified. A simplified chip supports all 5G and earlier RATs. The simplified network
adopts the co-site, co-antenna, and single-core network modes.

● Because it is simplify, the development speed of 5G will be beyond imagination: It takes 10

years for 3G to reach 500 million users, 5 years for 4G, while for 5G will be 3 years based
on prediction.
 ● The second generation chipset of the mainstream chip vendors is expected to be
available in 2019Q4. Other than the C-band and N41 frequency bands, chip vendors have
planned for the Sub 3G FDD frequency band. It is estimated that 700M is the first FDD
frequency and its terminals will be ready by 2019Q4.
● The Kirin 980 integrated with Huawei Balong 5000 will be installed on Huawei's first 5G
foldable mobile phone Mate X.

● Spectrum Fragmentation and Radar Satellite Interference

● Secondary harmonic: If C-Band is selected, secondary harmonic interference may occur
in the uplink and downlink decoupling /DC/CA.

● Uplink and downlink decoupling: The uplink 1.8GHz is the first choice by
considering the industry chain, distance between sites, user experience, and
evolution of installed base equipment.

● Roaming frequency: From the perspective of the first frequency of 5G in major regions
around the world, C-Band is likely to become a global roaming frequency.

● If the frequency band is not specified, it is referred to C band.

● Many of the C-band spectrums that are auctioned before 2018 are used for LTE TDD,
WiMAX, and other fixed services.
● Apart from smart driving, 5G applications in other vertical industries will be
introduced.

● Smart grid: The source is the cost of optical fibers. It also requires high reliability and
low latency for the network. It mainly focuses on the laying of the last mile. Currently, it
has great application opportunities in Europe and China.

● UAV: The value of commercial applications is in agriculture, forestry, and security. To

ensure the control of UAVs, the future network needs to ensure low latency and mobility.

● IoT communication is divided into two scenarios which are broadband IoT, which is used
for video surveillance, security, and LPWA. Have different network requirements.
● In June 2015, ITU-R defined 3 biggest application scenarios of 5G in the future, which are
eMBB (Enhanced Mobile Broadband), mMTC (Massive Machine Type Communication)
and uRLLC (Ultra Reliable & Low Latency Communication), and define the requirements
for 5G network from 8 perspectives, including throughput, latency, connection density and
spectrum efficiency improvement and etc.

● Huawei predicts that there will be 100 billion connections around the world by 2025.
● To reach the high performance of 5G, we need new spectrum, new architecture, and
new air interface.
● For SA/NSA option, can use the example of UE camps on the LTE network in idle mode.

● When the LTE network is upgraded to NSA, is like upgrading the old TV which is
connected to a video player to a large-screen TV.

● When the LTE network is upgraded to SA, is like connecting a computer host to a large
screen.

● The network functions defined in NGC is inherit from the EPC NE design. Most
network functions have corresponding NE entities in the EPC.

● The main network functions of the NGC are as follows:

🞐 AMF:

■ End node of the uplink NAS signaling;

 ■ NAS signaling security;

■ AS security control;

■ 3GPP signaling node for intra-system interoperation;

■ UE reachability management in idle mode;

■ UE location management;

■ UE access authentication;

🞐 SMF:

■ Session management;

■ UE IP address allocation;

■ User plane function selection and control;

■ Service UPF control;

■ QoS and policy execution;

■ Downlink data arrival notification;
● The centralized CP helps simplify O&M, improve O&M efficiency, and accelerate the
deployment of new services.

● Distributed UP:

🞐 The position of the UP mainly considers the service delay requirement (for
example, the vehicle network service).

🞐 User experience + saving bandwidth

● Video optimization: Deploy wireless analysis applications at the edge to assist TCP
congestion control and bit rate adaptation.

● Enhanced reality: Edge applications fast process user locations, camera images and
provide auxiliary information to users in real time.
● Enterprise distribution: Traffic on the user plane is distributed to the enterprise
network.

● IOV:MEC analyze the data of sensors on the vehicle and road side, and send the delay
sensitive information such as dangerous information to surrounding vehicles.

● IOT: Aggregates of MEC application and analyzes messages generated by devices and
generates decisions in real time.

● Video stream analysis: Analyzes and processes videos at the edge to reduce the costs
of video collection devices and reduce the traffic sent to the core network.

● Auxiliary sensitive calculation:The MEC provides high-performance computing,

performs delay-sensitive data processing, and sends the results to the device.

● Through L3 to network edge to realize a flexible service scheduling. We believe that L3

should be at least moved to the aggregation layer in the 5G bearer network. It is
better if move the L3 to the access layer.
● In terms of network slicing, Flex-Eth is used as the core to construct pipes. As Flex Eth
uses the TDM timeslot allocation mode, services can be completely isolated, and E2E
hard pipe slicing can be implemented. Each slice network corresponds to the same
types of service or similar requirements. In each slice, different users can be isolated by
using the current VPN and QoS mechanisms. At the management and control layers,
each segment has its own view and resource allocation.
● The data channel uses the LDPC code to perform channel coding, and the control
channel uses Polar code to perform channel coding. LDPC codes are suitable for data
transmission with large data volume and low delay due to its better performance and
decoding delay. Polar coding is used as the coding scheme for control channel due to
its excellent performance on small packet transmission.
● FR1: The Sub 6G frequency band which is the low-frequency band and the primary
frequency band of 5G. The frequencies below 3 GHz are called sub3G, and the other
frequency bands are called C-band.

● FR2: Millimeter-wave that more than 6GHz which is the high-frequency band and is the
extended frequency band of 5G, which is rich in spectrum resources.
● Due to different situations in China Unicom, there are some uncertainties in frequency
usage. However, the group needs to unify the frequency assignment.

● Generally, China Mobile has 100MHz bandwidth in 2.6 GHz. In order to compete with
China Mobile, China Unicom and China Telecom need to have sufficient spectrum to
ensure that the rate is not lower.
🞐 China Unicom has 100 MHz bandwidth in 3.5 GHz. If the 1.8 GHz (2*30M) or 2.1
GHz (2*30M) can be used for 5G, 160M spectrum resources can be used for 5G.
Therefore, the frequency is sufficient.
🞐 As for whether to use 1.8 GHz or 2.1 GHz for 5G spectrum, the general principle is
to minimize the impact on the existing network, that is, to use a relatively
light-loaded spectrum for 5G.

■ As shown in the preceding figure, the 1.8G is heavily loaded and the 2.1G is
lightly loaded. Therefore, the 2.1G is used as the 5G bearer. However, due
to the discontinuous coverage of 2.1G in some areas, frequent handovers
of 5G users will occur. Therefore, need to evaluate the sites where 2.1G
needs to be supplemented.

■ If the 5G coverage is good, the 1.8G can be used to carry the 5G. However,
if 1.8G is used to carry the 5G, it will have a great impact on the existing
LTE and 3G users.

● If the 1.8G or 2.1G is used to carry the 5G, need to consider the impact of the 5G on the
existing 4G and 3G networks.
● It is recommended that you discuss with the customer based on their situation.
● The downlink coverage of 2.6G is 6.5 dB higher than the 3.5G band (estimated by RND),
and the estimated coverage area is 40% more. The propagation loss of the 64T DL 2.6G
is greater than the DL 3.5G by 6.5 dB (including 3dB penetration loss).
● Compared with the downlink coverage, the uplink of the C band has the 13.7dB
coverage gap.

● Uplink and downlink decoupling band defined in RAN15.0:

🞐 DL 3.3G~3.8G + SUL 700/800/900/1800/2100M

🞐 DL 4.4G~5.0G + SUL 900/1800M