Human Biology
Human Biology
com
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• The total mark for this paper is 90.
• – usemarks
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P66432A
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Answer ALL questions.
1 The table lists four features of blood. It also shows four main components of blood.
Put a tick () in a box if the component shows the feature.
(4)
Components
Feature
Red blood cell Plasma Platelet Phagocyte
transports oxygen
has a nucleus
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2 The diagram shows a model representing the arrangement of bones in the arm.
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....................................
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...............................
3 ............................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
wrist
palm
4 ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................
A = thumb A B C D E
1 ............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 ............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(b) Vitamin D is important for the growth and development of healthy bones.
Explain how vitamin D helps the growth and development of bones.
(3)
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3 Enzymes are protein molecules.
(a) (i) Which sub-units form enzymes?
(1)
A amino acids
B fatty acids
C glucose
D glycerol
(ii) Describe how a solution can be tested to see if it contains protein.
(3)
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(b) A scientist investigates the effect of temperature on two different enzymes, A and B.
Enzyme A and enzyme B both digest proteins.
The results of the scientist’s investigation are shown in the table.
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(ii) Describe the effects on enzyme B of increasing the temperature from 80°C to 90°C.
(3)
(iii) Describe the differences between the rate of protein digestion shown by
enzyme A and enzyme B.
Refer to the graph in your answer.
(3)
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4 The graph shows the percentage of people vaccinated against tuberculosis (TB) in a
country between 1980 and 2010.
It also shows the number of cases of tuberculosis in that country.
8.0
100 7.5
TB vaccination
90 7.0
80 6.5
70 6.0
60 5.5
Percentage of TB cases
TB vaccination per 100 000
50 5.0
40 4.5
30 4.0
20 TB cases 3.5
10 3.0
0 2.5
1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010
Year
A bacterium
B fungus
C protozoan
D virus
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(ii) Describe the relationship between the percentage vaccination and the
number of cases of TB.
(4)
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(c) Explain how vaccination can give a person immunity to a disease.
(5)
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5 The diagram shows a sperm.
X Y
(ii) State two other structures, apart from mitochondria, that can be seen in the
sperm if it is viewed using an electron microscope.
(2)
1 ............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 ............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Explain why there are a large number of mitochondria found in a sperm.
(3)
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(c) The actual length of the sperm between X and Y on the diagram is 3 µm.
Calculate the magnification of the sperm shown in the diagram.
[1000 µm = 1 mm]
(4)
magnification = × ......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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6 (a) The diagram shows a Bowman’s capsule and its associated blood supply.
A
B
ultrafiltration
(ii) State three differences between the composition of blood in vessel A and the
composition of blood in vessel B.
(3)
1 ............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 ............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 ............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(iii) Explain how blood vessel A and blood vessel B help the process of ultrafiltration.
(4)
substances
diffuse out
dialysis
fluid blood
dialysis tubing
The dialysis fluid contains glucose at the same concentration as in the blood
flowing through the dialysis tubing.
Suggest the effect on a person undergoing dialysis if the concentration of glucose
was below that of the blood flowing through the dialysis tubing.
(3)
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7 A student uses this apparatus to investigate the energy content of different foods.
thermometer
water
glass tube
stand
mounted needle
burning food
1 ............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 ............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 ............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(ii) State three factors that should be controlled during the investigation.
(3)
1 ........................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 ........................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 ........................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Explain why the energy content of a sample of food is likely to be higher than
the energy of the same sample measured by this method.
(5)
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(b) The diagram shows a calorimeter. This is a piece of apparatus that is used to
measure the energy content of a sample of food accurately.
thermometer
stirrer
water
heatproof platform
food burning
oxygen
Discuss the features of this calorimeter that will give a more accurate measurement
of the energy in a sample of food than the method used by the student.
(4)
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8 The diagram shows a reflex arc involved in a reflex action.
(b) Using a line labelled Z, show on the diagram which part of the reflex arc would be
connected to a receptor.
(1)
(c) Describe how the nerve impulse passes from position X to position Y in the reflex arc.
(6)
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