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INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY 5)
PART 3.
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6. TYPES OF COMPUTERS:
1. Classification on the basis of working:
1. ANALOG
COMPUTERS
3 types of
computer
s:
2. DIGITAL 3. HYBRID
COMPUTERS COMPUTERS
• ANALOG COMPUTERS:
- Since everything we see and hear changes continuously, this changeable continuous
stream of data is called Analog Data.
- The Analog computers are used to process continuously this varying Analog Data.
- It is used to measure the arithmetical data also. it deals with the physical
quantities, speed, pressure, temperature etc.
- it is used in laboratories; scientific and industrial applications such as frequency,
electrical current etc.
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• DIGITAL COMPUTERS:
- They are electronic based computers.
- They use binary number data i.e. in the form of 0 and 1. Therefore they work on
number system.
- It uses electronic circuits.
- They are much faster and accurate than the analog computers.
- When required the digital computers give exact values.
• HYBRID COMPUTERS:
- the computers having desirable features of both analog and digital computers.
- It is a type of computer that accepts analog signals and converts them to digital and
processes them in digital form.
- For example: Computers used in hospitals to measure the heartbeat of the patient.
- Devices used in petrol pump.
2. Classification on the basis of size:
a.) SUPER COMPUTERS:
- They are very big in size.
- They are very expensive and speed is in BIPS (Billion Instruction per second), FLOPS
(Floating Point Operation Per Second), GFLOPS (Giga Flops or One Billion Flops),
TFLOPS (Tera Flops or One Trillion Flops), PETAFLOPS (Quadrillion of Calculation Per
Seconds).
• Uses of super computers:
- Weather forecasting
- Nuclear energy research.
- Geological research energy research.
- Satellite communication.
• WORLDS’S FIRST SUPER COMPUTER:
- ATLAS in England, 1962.
- SEYMOUR CRAY- father of super computer.
• WORLD’S TOP 10 SUPER COMPUTERS:
- 1. SUNWAY TAITIU LIGHT- CHINA
- 2. TIANTE-2 CHINA
- 3. TITAN- USA
- 4. SEQUORA- USA
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- 5. CORI- USA
- 6. FOREST-PACS- JAPAN
- 7. K COMPUTER- JAPAN
- 8. PIZ DAINT- SWITZERLAND
- 9. MIRA- USA
- 10. TRINITY- USA
• INDIA: India’s first Super computer was PARAM in 1991 which was placed in Pune.
• SUPER COMPUTERS OF INDIA:
- Pune- Aaditya in Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology.
- Banglore- Sahasrat CrayxC40 in Super Computer Education and Research Centre)
- Hyderabad- TIFRCRAYXC30 (Tata Industry of Fundamental Research Facility).
- Delhi- HPC (IIT)
- Delhi- HP Apollo 6000 X 1230/250 (IIT)
- Pune- Param Yuva-2
- FATHER OF INDIAN SUPER COMPUTER- VIJAY BHATKAR.
B.) MAIN FRAMES:
- It is less in size, less in cost and less in speed.
- Therefore, these are lower to super computers.
- Speed- Million Instructions/second.
- They are used in big industries for bulk data processing, Census, airlines, railways
and banking industry.
C.) MINI COMPUTERS:
- Lower in size, cost and speed than main frames.
- It can process thousands of millions/second.
- They are used in business transactional processing.
- Also known as Mid-Size servers.
D.) MICRO COMPUTERS:
- These are like personal computers.
- Desktop computers: less expensive, cheap, easy to carry.
- Laptops: more potable, briefcase computers, battery operated, carry to any place.
- Palmtops: like tablets.
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7. LANGUAGES OF A COMPUTER:
- WHAT IS COMPUTER LANGUAGE?
• Computer Language is a system of communication with a computer. It includes
different and various languages that are used to communicate with a computer
machine.
• There are two types of Computer Languages.
• LOW-LEVEL LANGUAGES.
• HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES.
• LOWER LEVEL LANGUAGE:
- It is a language that machine/ computer understands.
- Every machine comes with a specific assembly.
- The assembly language understands only binaries.
- It consists of numeric codes i.e. 0 to 1.
- These codes are recognized by computer easily and difficult to understand by
humans.
- They have direct memory management.
- No abstraction from the hardware.
- Very time consuming.
- It has two generations of computer:
• FIRST GENERATION LANGUAGE(1GL):
- it is the early primitive computer language which includes 1’s and 0’s- the actual
language that the computer understands i.e. machine language.
• SECOND GENERATION LANGUAGE(2GL):
- It is very different and upgraded.
- Besides the numbers, it includes use of symbolic names.
- The second generation language is called Assembly Language.
- The codes written in an Assembly Language are converted into Machine Language
(1GL).
• HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES:
- It is the type of language that is easily understandable and close to human language.
- It is the type of language which allows the specification of a problem solution.
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- It is human friendly and understand their problems easily.
- The high-level languages are designed to make less errors and make programs far
easier.
- These are called the third generation languages (3GL).
- Along with symbols and numbers It uses words and commands also.
- This language is much easier to understand.
- The third generation languages include C, C++, Java, Java script and some others.
c++
(middle
level
language)
Java Visual
Script Types: basic
Java
• C++ is also called middle level language. It has the combination of both high-level
and low-level languages. It is free-form and statically typed program language.
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8. BASICS OF INTERNET AND NETWORKING
- HISTORY OF INTERNET:
• In 1969 Department of Defense of America had set up a network called ARPANET
(Advance Research Product Agency Network).
• They connected a computer in California with the others in UTAH.
• In 1985 the term internet was introduced in America and in 1995 Internet was
introduced in India.
• Internet was previously used for defense purposes.
• VSNL was the first company through which internet came to India.
• Credit goes to Rajiv Gandhi.
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- REQUIREMENTS FOR INTERNET CONNECTION:
COMPUTER
INTERNET
SERVICE Requirement: MODEM
PROVIDER
(ISP)
BROWSER
• BROWSER:
- In simple words, it is the software which allows its users to access the internet.
- The first browser of world is WWW i.e. WORLD WIDE WEB (1989). It was the first
web browser.
- Internet’s popularity came from it.
- W 1.0 was the previous version. It was static. (1990-2000) (it was passive where the
users couldn’t participate)
- W 2.0 is the new, active and dynamic version. (2000-2010) (it is dynamic such as
blogs, tweets, HTML, shopping sites).
- W 3.0 is more dynamic (2010-2020).
- Other browsers include:
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- MOSAIC
- NETSCAPE
- INTERNET EXPLORER
- MOZILA FIREFOX
- GOOGLE CHROME
- YAHOO
- SAFARI
- OPERA
- SEA MONKEY
- FLOCK WEB
- MAXTHON
- AVANT
- PHASEOUT
• IP ADDRESS
- IP stands for INTERNET PROTOCOL ADDRESS.
- It is a numerical number assigned to every computer participating in a network.
- It’s a protocol used for communicating data.
- Computer has two addresses: IP (remains with Net) and MAC (remains with
computer).
• IP address has two versions: IP𝒗𝟒 and IP𝒗𝟔.
- The Internet Protocol Version 4 consist of 32 bits address and there are 4 octets (8
bits each) which are separated by dots (.)
- The Internet Protocol Version 6 consist of 128 bits. There are 8 groups of 16 bits
where each group is called hextet. Each group is separated by colon ( : )
- IP STRUCTURE (IPV4)
- IP addresses consist of four sections.
- Each section is of 8 bits Long.
- Range is from 0 to 255.
- For example: 128.35.0.72 (128 shows the network i.e. 8 bits and rest of number
shows computer/host 32 bits)
- RANGES:
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CLASS ADDRESS RANGE SUPPORTS
A 1.0.0.1 to 126.255.255.254 Supports 16 million hosts on each of 127
networks.
B 128.1.0.1 to 191.255.255.254 Supports 65000 hosts on each of 16000
networks.
C 192.0.1.1 to 223.255.254.254 Supports 254 hosts on each of 2 million
networks.
D 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 Reserved for multicast groups.
E 240.0.0.0 to 254.255.255.254 For future research purposes.
• A, B, C are called unique cast or home net.
• D is called Multicasting such as Radio T.V.
• E is called research and development.
• A is for large network.
• B is for medium network.
• C is for small network.
• D will be multi-tasking which has many receivers. (Govt. employees) (224-239
RANGE)
• E is for research and development and experimental purpose. (VIPs) (240-255
RANGE)
• It is calculated as:
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A 0 8 24 27=128 224=16,777,216 0.0.0.0 to
127.255,252.255
B 10 16 16 214=16384 216=65,536 191.0.0.0 to
191.255.255.255
C 110 24 8 221= 28=256 192.0.0.0 to
2,097,152 223.255.255.255
D 1110 224.0.0.0 to
239.255.255.255
E 11111 240.0.0.0 to
255.255.255.255
• However now we are moving towards IP𝑣6 due to limitedness of IP𝑣4.
• INTERNET ASSIGNED NUMBER AUTHORITY: It is the authority that is used to manage
the IP address space, allocations globally and regulates IP addresses.
• REGIONAL INTERNET REGISTRY (RIR): It works to allocate IP address blocks to local
internet registries all over the world.
https://tinyurl.com/WHATSAPPUGC
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