1247

Indian Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 3 No. 12 (Dec 2010) ISSN: 0974- 6846

Island eco-tourism: A case study of Andaman islands, India

D. Thulasimala1 and Pearl DevDass2

Department of Geography, Queen Mary’s College, Chennai—600 004, TN, India
Department of Geography, JNR Mahavidhyalaya College, Port Blair, Andaman, India
thulasi_107@yahoo.com

Abstract
A pristine world of silver sands, clear blue seas, coral reefs, swaying palms, tropical forests, volcanic mountains and a
gently undulating landscape is what the Andaman and Nicobar islands are all about. The islands comprising of 572
islands/islets, extend over an area of 8,249 km2. Located between 6o 45” N and 13o 41” N latitudes and 92o 12” E and
93o 57” E longitudes, the islands offer exciting ecotourism products with natural and cultural settings. The present study
dealt with tourism products, what attract tourists to the Andaman and Nicobar islands, preferences and choices among
the touristic places and products. The scope of the present research work includes the assessment of positive and
negative impacts of ecotourism in the Andaman’s as perceived by the domestic and international tourists. It provides
suggestions and recommendations on the basis of the analysis of field data on the tourist profiles, tourism products
and tourism infrastructure. Furthermore, on the basis of the outcome of this research; the research has suggested to
the tourism planners and administrators suitable proposals for the development of ecotourism in the Andaman’s. More
than 60% of the tourists have informed that they received information about the Andaman and Nicobar islands from
their friends and relatives. The age composition of the tourists indicates that 57% of the tourists were in the age group
of 31-50 years and 92% of the tourists were highly educated and none of the respondents in the sample was illiterate.
The occupational structure of the tourists was found mixed, 70% of the total tourists comprised of technicians,
government servants, private sector employees, students and teachers. Occupation wise, money spent by the tourists
indicates that the government sector tourists earned a mean monthly income of about Rs. 28,000 and spent an
average of Rs.72, 000 on their tour. Further, their sources of funding for the tour came from the leave travel
concessions (LTC) schemes. According to the scores given by the visitors, for the natural tourism products, landscapes
topped with 93.4% of the visitors, beaches with 90.5% and scenery with 88.9%, reserved forests with 86.8% and
limestone caves with 68%. Similarly, the cultural and historical tourism products scored 82.2% for the natural history,
historical sites 81.89% and museums 74.7% and heritage sites 72.4%. This clearly indicates that the Andaman has
abundant natural beauty with a rich cultural heritage to become an ecotouristic destination.

Keywords: Andaman, islands, India, Nicobar, tourism.

Introduction 2007). This need for recreational hunting zones led to the
Travelling from one place to another for different creation of protected areas, national parks, and game
purposes has been a part and parcel of the human reserves. In the 1980s, the concept of ecotourism
civilization since its beginning. In the ancient period, it became much more widely known and studied around the
might not have been organized the same way as we do world.
now, in the modern world. Wealthy people have always Over the years, ecotourism has become more and
travelled to distant parts of the world, to see great more popular because people have begun to realize the
buildings, works of art, learn new languages and importance of preserving the environment. More and
experience new cultures and to taste different cuisines. more people are aware and scared of what might happen
Long ago at the time of the Roman republic, places such when the earth's natural resources run out or run low.
as Baiae were popular coastal resorts for the rich. The With knowledge, people are more curious about exploring
word tourism was used by 1811 and tourist by 1840 natural environment and doing good deeds at the same
(William & Theobald, 1998). In 1936, they defined foreign time.
tourist as "someone travelling abroad for at least 24 h". Its Tourism is travel for recreational, leisure or business
successor, the United Nations, amended this definition in purposes. The world tourism organization (WTO) defines
1945, by including a maximum stay of six months tourists as people who "travel to and stay in places
(William & Theobald, 1998). The history of ecotourism outside their usual environment for more than 24 h and
started in the 1950s. Before that, the concept was not not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business
widely recognized or understood. In the history of and other purposes not related to the exercise of an
ecotourism, it existed in a few different forms that activity remunerated from within the place visited" (WTO,
primarily try to achieve the same thing that the current 1995). Tourism has become a popular global leisure
ecotourism does. Ecotourism was first introduced in activity. In 2007, there were over 903 million international
Africa in the 1950’s with the legalization of hunting (Miller, tourist arrivals, with a growth of 6.6%. Also the
Popular article “Eco-tourism: Andaman” Thulasimala & DevDass
©Indian Society for Education and Environment (iSee) http://www.indjst.org Indian J.Sci.Technol.
 1248

Indian Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 3 No. 12 (Dec 2010) ISSN: 0974- 6846

international tourist receipts were USD 856 billion in 2007 due to the large intake of money for businesses with their
(WTO, 2008). goods and services and the opportunity for employment
in the service industries
associated with tourism. These
service industries include
transportation services such as
airlines, cruise ships and taxis,
hospitality services, such as
accommodations, including
hotels and resorts, and
entertainment venues, such as
amusement parks, casinos,
shopping malls, various music
venues and theatre. The
narrowest definition of tourism
has been presented by the
World tourism organization.
According to this definition,
tourism is any form of travel
Fig. 1. Study area. that involves a stay of at least
one night but less than one
year away from home. But,
generally, tourism is simply
defined as domestic or
international travel for leisure
and recreation (Roe et al.,
1997). Within the huge group of
different types of tourist
activities, we can distinguish
some major segments.
Basically, tourism consists of
two major parts: mass tourism
and alternative tourism
(Mieczkowski, 1995). The
alternative "branch" may be
divided into many other parts
like: agro-tourism, wildlife
tourism, adventure tourism,
nature and ecotourism.

Despite the uncertainties of the global economy, Study area

international tourist arrivals during the first 4 months of A pristine world of silver sands, clear blue seas, coral
2008 followed a similar growth trend than the same reefs, swaying palms, tropical forests, volcanic mountains
period in 2007 (WTO, 2008). However, as a result of the and a gently undulating landscape is what the Andaman
economic crisis of 2008, international travel demand and Nicobar islands are all about. One of the world’s last
suffered a strong slowdown, beginning in June 2008, with outposts of virgin rainforest islands, the Andaman and
growth in international tourism arrivals worldwide falling to Nicobar islands are in the Bay of Bengal. Remote, the
2% during the boreal summer months, while the growth islands are preserved the way they had evolved, still
from January to April 2008 had reached an average of inhabited by tribes and considered the oldest living
5.7% compared to its 2007 level. Growth from 2006 to communities in the world. The Andaman and Nicobar
2007 was only 3.7%, as the total international tourism islands comprising of 572 islands/islets, extend over an
arrivals from January to August were 641 million tourists, area of 8,249 km2 (Fig. 1).
up from 618 million in the same period in 2007 (WTO, The main islands in the Andaman groups are Landfall
2008). Island, Middle Andaman, South Andaman, Port Blair and
Tourism is vital for many countries such as the UAE, Little Andaman. The Nicobar, lying to the south
Egypt, Greece and Thailand and many island nations comprises of Car Nicobar, Great Nicobar, Chowra,
such as The Bahamas, Fiji, Maldives and the Seychelles, Teresa, Nancowrie, Katchal and Little Nicobar. The two
Popular article “Eco-tourism: Andaman” Thulasimala & DevDass
©Indian Society for Education and Environment (iSee) http://www.indjst.org Indian J.Sci.Technol.
 1249

Indian Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 3 No. 12 (Dec 2010) ISSN: 0974- 6846

groups of islands, the Andaman and the Nicobar are peak the highest peak of these islands is 732 m and
separated by a deep, ten degree channel. permission must be obtained from the range offices at the
The main aboriginal groups in the Andamans are the Arial bay. The nearby Austin islands are also worth a visit.
Onges, who live on the Little Andaman. They are food Mayabunder which is a small town situated in the North
gatherers who hunt fish and collect honey. Most of the Andaman Island (242 km away from the Port Blair) and
Great Andamanese are settled today on the Strait Island, the district headquarter for the north and middle Andaman
north of the South Andaman. The Jarawas, who were district.
originally located on the preserved site of Port Blair now The Rangat and Baratang come under the middle
live on the western coasts of the middle and the South Andaman group of islands. Rangat which is a small town
Andaman, hummed in by the Andaman trunk road (ATR). situated in the middle Andaman Island (170 km away
The most evasive tribe of all, the sentinelese, lives on the from Port Blair). The grand trunk road links Port Blair to
north Sentinel Island west of the South Andaman and all the middle Andamans. The Baratang contains the mud
are of Negrito origin. The Nicobarese, the largest group, volcanoes and the beautiful limestone caves are a major
seem to be of mixed Burmese, Malay, Aron and Shan tourist attraction in the islands. The other volcanoes in the
origin. The Shompen of the Great Nicobar live on the area are the Barren islands volcanoes, which are the only
coast and barter in honey, cane and nuts. active volcanoes and also the known examples of
In the north Andaman, Diglipur and Mayabunder which volcanoes in India. These have erupted sporadically, with
come under the study areas of the North Andaman recent eruptions of 2005 believed to have been
islands, whereas the Rangat, Baratang and the Havelock, associated with the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. The
Neil Island cover the middle Andaman. Similarly, Port previous major eruption recorded was on 18th Feb 2003
Blair, Sippighat Creek, Carbyns Cove Beach, Chatham and the Narcondum volcano is considered as a dormant
islands, Ross Island, Rutland islands and Chidiyatapu volcano.
areas come under the south Andamans and finally the Port Blair, Chidiyatapu, Wandoor, Rutland and
Hut Bay, in the Little Andaman islands. The Andaman Havelock islands come under the South Andaman group
and Nicobars are fringed by one of the most spectacular of islands. Port Blair, the capital city of the Andaman and
reefs in the world and currently they are not only Nicobar islands is the communication link to the Indian
significant for the Indian Ocean region, but are also, mainland. Wandoor is the central part of the south
globally (Kulkarni, 2000; Vousden, 2000; Turner et al., Andamans, which lies in an area of primary forest
2001; Andrews & Sankaran, 2002). patches, mangroves, farmland and paddy. The Mahatma
From a tourist point of view these islands have Gandhi marine national park (MGMNP) is one of the two
immense potential. The clear waters and white sandy marine national parks of the Andaman and Nicobar
beaches make the Andamans a perfect tropical paradise. islands (30 km away from the Port Blair city). The park
These islands are separated from one another by narrow consists of 15 islands, with rich corals and mangroves
straits. The four straits which divide the Great Andamans covering an area of 281.50 km2. Chidiyatapu is a small
are the Austen strait, Humphrey’s strait, Middle or village at the southeastern tip of the south Andamans,
Andaman strait and Macpherson's strait. On the extreme some 30 km from Port Blair.
north away from the North Andamans, lies the Landfall
Island; the Labyrinth islands are off the south-west coast Methodology
of the South Andamans off the east coast of the same The study was based on both primary and secondary
island lies the Ritchie's Archipelago also known as the data. The data for the study had been collected through
Archipelago islands. The Baratang lies in between to the questionnaires from major tourist places in Andaman
east of the middle and south Andaman and Rutland islands namely- Port Blair town, Cellular jail, Carbyns
Island near the southern end of the south Andamans. At cove, Ross Island, Jolly Bouy, museums, zoo, mount
the southern end of the southern group of the Andaman Harriet, Neil island, Havelock island, Baratang and all the
lies, the Little Andaman Island. It is completely flat and resorts on the beach and hills.
separated from the Rutland Island by the Duncan Altogether 305 samples were taken, 286 from the
passage in which lies the Cinque Island and a few other mainland Indian travelers and 19 from the foreign
tiny islets. nationals from different countries. The data have been
Diglipur and Mayabunder come under the north collected from the different tourist places but sequential
Andaman group of islands. Diglipur is a small town period from April 2008 to June 2008. The secondary data
situated in the north Andaman Island (290 km away from have been collected from the department of forest,
the Port Blair). It is the northern most point of the tourism department and other wings of Andaman and
Andaman chain. 9 km in land from its harbour at Arial Bay Nicobar administration have also helped to provide such
is a bazaar. There are small beaches beside the needed help in the form of photographs, documents and
mangrove swamps. A sandy beach, 11 km further one at literature. The demographic details have been collected
Kalipur is connected by road and further Lamya Bay from the census office at Port Blair.
beach are easily accessible. The thickly forested, Saddle
Popular article “Eco-tourism: Andaman” Thulasimala & DevDass
©Indian Society for Education and Environment (iSee) http://www.indjst.org Indian J.Sci.Technol.
 1250

Indian Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 3 No. 12 (Dec 2010) ISSN: 0974- 6846

The interviewing process consisted of a direct percentage analysis has been done for all variables
personal approach to 305 tourists within the study area, extracted from the questionnaire and put into data set.
the respondents from various parts of India as well as First a simple frequency of each of the fields with column
various parts of the world (national & international percentages has been made and then two way tables
tourists). Qualitative and quantitative methods were using certain pairs of variables have been carried out, in
combined to obtain data about the structure of the eco- order to analyze variations. The analyst begins to explore
tourism and the tourism attitudes and perceptions. The the data, by measuring the central tendency of the data,
questionnaires focused on 4 categories of questions: (1). and more importantly, the dispersion of the data around
Personal information, (2). Tourism products, (3) Tourism this central tendency. Frequency analysis is particularly
Infrastructure, (4) Tourism planning and development. useful for describing discrete categories of data having
The response rate was high with very few individuals multiple choices or Yes/No response formats. This
approached refusing to participate in the survey analysis involves constructing a frequency distribution.
(Appendix 4.1 for the questionnaire used in the study). The frequency distribution is a record of the number of
Data collection scores that fall within each response category. The
The extent of data that had to be collected and the frequency distribution, then, has two elements: The
location-based challenges, a range of instruments was categories of response; and The frequency with which
used for data collection from different groups. Both respondents are identified with each category. The only
qualitative and quantitative data from primary and technical requirement of the frequency analysis is that the
secondary sources were collected. The choice to use categories of response be mutually exclusive and
qualitative research methods for a research will be exhaustive. This means that the same observation cannot
shaped by the dimensions of research questions. For the be counted as belonging to more than one response
collection of primary data from the field, along with category. The frequency analysis must be exhaustive in
observations, the questionnaire and personnel interview the sense that all respondents must fit into a category.
with the tourists are done. A simple random sampling The tables so generated are numerous, only select tables
method (SRS) has been used for the collection of are therefore included in the text while others are so as to
information from the tourists from selected tourist spots show the variations therein.
by using the questionnaire. The secondary data have
been collected from various organizations like the Results and discussion
department of tourism, the forest department, department This has spoken of the national and international
of Statistics and state library of the Andaman and Nicobar arrivals in the Andaman and Nicobar islands and the
islands and census of India, India tourism development personal details of the tourists, their purpose of visits,
corporation and online information through Internet. For frequency of visits, sources of information, their
the present study, field observation has been used as expectations, age composition, educational levels,
another important instrument for collection of qualitative occupational structure of the tourists, incomes and money
data, especially for that on the socio-cultural and spent by the tourists, funding sources for the tours and
environmental impacts of tourism activity. At each field finally the visitors’ satisfaction
site, we observe tourist behaviour, the interactions of about the tour/visit episodes. Apart from this, a detailed
tourists with local people and the impact of such analysis of the different tourism products and
interactions. Further, interviews have been conducted infrastructure services and the nature of visitor services,
with the tourists for seeking their views on development of hospitality services and the tourism products such as the
the Andamans as an ecotouristic destination, the positive natural, ecological, cultural and historical were made in
and negative factors existing in the tourism practiced. The order to understand the responses and scores and also
statistical analysis was undertaken using procedures from the perceptions of the tourists to the islands. Finally, as
the statistical packages for social sciences, known per the views and suggestions expressed by the tourists,
popularly as the SPSS and described in Table 1. Nationality of tourists. tourism planning and development was
Brayman and Cramer (1997). This Country No. % also dealt with in some detail. The
package has been used to develop an in- nationality of the tourists is predominantly
India 286 93.80
depth analysis of questionnaire surveys. domestic (93.8%) and only 6.2%was of
Australia 05 1.60
The frequency distribution, cross U.K 04 1.30
the international arrivals. This may be
tabulations of various indicators, Canada 03 1.00 due to the off season for the foreign
correlation between variables, pie charts Finland 02 0.70 tourists when the field data was collected
and graphs have all been generated The Netherlands 01 0.30 (Table 1).
using SPSS, to strengthen the analysis Israel 01 0.30 As regards the purpose of visits,
and recommendations. New Zealand 01 0.30 91.8% of the tourists have come to the
For the purpose of description of Switzerland 01 0.30 Andamans for holidaying only and the
sample and respondent related Italy 01 0.30 remaining (6.6%) have come for
characteristics, a frequency and Total 305 100 employment purposes (Table 2). 90% of
Popular article “Eco-tourism: Andaman” Thulasimala & DevDass
©Indian Society for Education and Environment (iSee) http://www.indjst.org Indian J.Sci.Technol.
 1251

Indian Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 3 No. 12 (Dec 2010) ISSN: 0974- 6846

the tourists were the first timers who Table 2. Purpose of visits of tourists. Money spent by tourists belonging to
Purpose No. %
have never visited the Andamans different occupations indicated that
Holiday 280 91.80
before (Table 3). Out of the remaining the government sector tourists earned
Employment 20 6.60
10% only a few were repeaters for the Medical tourism 03 1.00
a mean monthly income of about
second and the third time. Business 02 0.70 Rs.28,000 and spent an average of
Of the samples surveyed, 61% Total 305 100 Rs.72,000 (Table 10). Further, their
have informed that they received sources of funding for the tour were:
information about the Andamans from Table 3. Frequency of visits of tourists. 32% government and semi-
their friends and relatives (Table 4). Frequency No. % government where the money came
Another 28% of the tourists have First time 275 90.10 from the leave travel concessions
received information from books and Second time 21 6.90 (LTC) schemes. The affordability of
media. Only 4% of the visitors have Islanders 07 2.30 the government and semi-
shown that they have received the Third time 02 0.70 government employees were due to
information from the tourism Total 305 100 the LTC facilities extended by the
department. It is important therefore government to visit the Andamans
that the tourism department and the Table 4. Information sources of tourists. after the Tsunami. Further, 87.5% of
government must take adequate Sources No. % the tourists expressed that they were
steps for proper dissemination of Friends 131 43.00 fully satisfied with their visit to the
information for the benefit of the Relatives 56 18.40
Andamans.
tourists and tourism development for A number of suggestions were put
Books 50 16.40
the Andamans. forward by the visitors. Some of the
As for the expectations of the Media 34 11.10 important views regarding the
tourists, 84% of the visitors have said Internet 13 4.30 problem with the present Andaman
that their expectations were true and Tourism dept. 12 3.90 tourism had lack of transportation,
found what they expected to get Islander 08 2.60 accommodation and food and
(Table 5). In the age composition of Employment 01 0.30
drinking water. As for the positive
the tourists visiting the Andamans, things about the Andamans and
Total 305 100
57% were in the age group of 31-50 ecotourism potentials, the visitors
years and the educational level of a showed that beautiful landscapes and
majority was of the University level Table 5. Meeting expectation of tourists beaches, good climate and corals
(71%) and another 21% were of the Expectation No. % and underwater life as potential
collegiate level (Table 6 & 7). True 257 84.30 elements. Replying to the tourism
Accordingly, it may be concluded that Real 48 15.70 planners’ concerns, the tourists
about 92% of the tourists were highly Total 305 100 suggested that the Government
educated and none of the should take full responsibility for
respondents in the sample was tourism development and the
Table 6.Age composition of tourists.
illiterate. The occupational structure planners should carefully develop
Age (Years) No. %
of the tourists was found mixed, Up to 20 33 10.80
nature-based tourism. The tourists
comprising of technicians, 21-30 49 16.10 suggested that all basic facilities of
government servants, private sector 31-40 93 30.50 transport, accommodation and food
employees, students and teachers. 41-50 80 26.20 and beverages should be developed
These groups represented about 51-60 47 15.40 through proper government
70% of the total tourists visiting the Above 60 03 1.00 interventions.
islands (Table 8). As for the average Total 305 100
incomes and monies spent by Conclusions
different age groups of tourists, it has Table 7. Education of the tourists. The nationality of the tourists is
been noticed that generally the higher Education No. % predominantly Indian (93.8%) and
monthly income groups spent more Elementary 02 0.70 only 6.2% was of the international
money, with an exception of the age Secondary & arrivals. This was due to the fact that
21 6.80
group 60 plus years above. The Senior secondary the interviews were held not in the
visitors below 20 years of age had Collegiate 65 21.40 ‘season’ for international arrivals. As
shown a very low average monthly University 227 71.00 regards the purposes of visits,
income, even though their share of Total 305 100 91.8%of the tourists have come to
expenditures was relatively high. This was due to the fact the Andamans for holidaying. Regarding sources of
that the age groups were generally dependents on the information about the Andaman and Nicobar islands, 61%
income earning members of the family (Table 9). of the tourists received information from their friends and

Popular article “Eco-tourism: Andaman” Thulasimala & DevDass

©Indian Society for Education and Environment (iSee) http://www.indjst.org Indian J.Sci.Technol.
 1252

Indian Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 3 No. 12 (Dec 2010) ISSN: 0974- 6846

Table 8. Occupational structures.

Occupation Frequency % References
Banking 25 8.2
Business 2 0.7 1. Andrews HV and Sankaran V (2002) Sustainable
Defense 6 2 management of protected areas in the Andaman and
Doctor 6 2 Nicobar islands, ANET, IIPA, FFI, New Delhi.
Engineer 24 7.9 2. Brayman A and Cramer D (1997) Quantitative data
Government 51 16.7 analysis with SPSS for windows, Routledge, London &
Home maker 15 4.9 NY.
IT 8 2.6 3. Kulkarni S (2000) Ecological assessment of coral
Medicos 3 1.0 reefs in Mahatma Gandhi marine national park,
Private 40 13.1
Wandoor, Andaman and Nicobar islands:
Student 44 14.4
Conservation implications, Wildlife Instt. of India,
Teacher 29 9.5
Technician 52 17 Dehradun.
Total 305 100 4. Mieczkowski Z (1995) Environmental issues of tourism
and recreation, University press of America, New
York.
Table 9. Income by ages of tourists & money spent. 5. Miller MJ (2007) Understanding the impact of
Money mean individual and organizational factors on ethical
Age (Years) Monthly mean income
spent awareness and behaviour. Consortium J. Hospitality
Up to 20 4,788 68,083 Tourism. 12(1), 25-35.
21-30 18,827 39,828 6. Roe D, Leader WN and Dalal Clayton DB (1997) Take
31-40 30,120 62,692 only photographs, leave only footprints: the
41-50 26,875 69,162 environmental impacts of wildlife tourism, IIED wildlife
51-60 29,585 77,848 & development series, London. p: 10.
Above 60 20,333 67,333 7. Turner JR, Vousden D, Klaus R, Sutryanarayana C,
Total 24,517 63,725
Fenner D, Venkataraman K, Rajan PT and Subba Rao
NV (2001) Remote sensing and rapid site assessment
Table 10. Income by types of education & money spent. survey, report of phase I- April 2001. GOI/UNDP GEF,
Mean monthly Average money Coral reef ecosystems of the Andaman islands, New
Educational type Delhi.
income spent
Liberal 14,079 45,088 8. Vousden D (2000) The management of coral reefs
Professional 22,545 64,007 ecosystems of the Andaman and Nicobar islands,
Students 1,923 51,000 mission report- GOI-UNDP GEF, PDF-B phase, New
Technical 37,028 69,761 Delhi.
Total 24,517 63,725 9. William F and Theobald (1998) Global tourism. The
next generation, business economic. Elsevier Sci.
relatives. As regards the expectations of the tourists, 84% Burlington, MA.
of the visitors said that their expectations were fulfilled 10.WTO (World tourism organization) (1995) UNWTO
and they indeed found what they expected to get from the technical manual. Collection of tourism expenditure
islands. In regard to age composition, 57% of the tourists statistics, http://pub.unwto.org.
visiting the Andamans were in the group of 31-50 years. 11.WTO (World Tourism Organization) (2008) World
For a majority, their educational level was of the tourism barometer, http://www.tourismroi.com .
University (71%) and 21% were of the collegiate.
Accordingly, 92% of the tourists were highly educated
and none of them was illiterate. The occupational
structure of the tourists was mixed: 70% of the tourists
comprised of technicians, government servants, private
sector employees, students and teachers. Occupation
wise, money spent by the tourists indicated that the
government sector tourists earned a mean monthly
income of Rs.28,000 and spent an average of Rs.72,000.
Their sources of funding for the tour were: 32%
government and semi-government where the money
came from the leave travel concessions (LTC) schemes.

Popular article “Eco-tourism: Andaman” Thulasimala & DevDass

©Indian Society for Education and Environment (iSee) http://www.indjst.org Indian J.Sci.Technol.