BDwbU

Pvwn`vi gvÎv I bgbxqZv

Degree of Demand and Elasticity

ÒAb¨vb¨ Ae¯’v AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡jÓ Pvwn`vi m‡½ `v‡gi wecixZ m¤ú‡K©i K_v Avgiv
Rvwb| wKš‘ `vg cwieZ©‡b Pvwn`vi GB cwieZ©b mKj c‡Y¨i Rb¨ †hgb GK bq, mKj
Avq‡Mvôxi Kv‡QI `v‡gi cwieZ©‡b GKBfv‡e Pvwn`vi cwieZ©b nq bv| GB welqwU m~²
wKš‘ evRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z GwU wewfbœ w`K †_‡K ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| GB fv‡M Avgiv Gi wewfbœ w`K
Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|

GB BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡”Q :

 cvV-1. Pvwn`vi gvÎv I bgbxqZv aviYv
 cvV-2. Pvwn`vi wewfbœ ai‡bi bgbxqZv
 GmGmGBPGj

cvV - 1

Pvwn`vi gvÎv I bgbxqZv aviYv

GB cvVwU c‡o Avcwb Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb –

 bgbxqZv Kv‡K e‡j
 bgbxqZv KZfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq

bgbxqZv (Elasticity)14
Avgiv mevB Rvwb, Ab¨vb¨ me kZ© hw` AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K Zvn‡j GKwU c‡Y¨i `vg Kg‡j
c‡Y¨i bgbxqZv ev
Elasticity ev Pvwn`v evo‡e Ges `vg evo‡j Pvwn`v Kg‡e Avevi GKwU c‡Y¨i `vg Kg‡j †hvMvb Kg‡e Ges
w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv w`‡q `vg evo‡j †hvMvb evo‡e| wKš‘ Pvwn`v, †hvMvb I `v‡gi GZUzKz m¤úK© w`‡qB GKw`‡K `vg
cwigvc Kiv nq `vg Ges Ab¨w`‡K Pvwn`v I †hvMvb GB `y‡qi cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i cy‡ivUv †evSv hvq bv| KviY,
ev Avq cwieZ©‡bi
nv‡ii m‡½ †fv³vi `vg Kg‡j mvaviYfv‡e me c‡Y¨i Pvwn`v evo‡jI `vg Kgvi nv‡ii m‡½ me wRwb‡li Pvwn`v
Pvwn`v ev †hvMvb e„w×i nvi GK bq| Avevi `vg evo‡j mvaviYfv‡e me c‡Y¨i Pvwn`v Kg‡jI `vg evovi nv‡ii
cwieZ©‡bi nv‡ii
m¤úK©, Zvi m‡½ me c‡Y¨i Pvwn`v n«v‡mi nvi GK bq| †hvMv‡bi †¶‡ÎI GB GKB NUbv N‡U| `vg
bgbxqZvi m¤úK©| cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi cwieZ©‡bi nv‡ii †¶‡Î GB †h wewfbœZv, G‡¶‡Î GKwU
c‡Y¨i m‡½ Ab¨wUi †h cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq Zv †fv³vi AvPiY †evSvi Rb¨ Lye ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
GB welqwU e¨vL¨vi Rb¨B bgbxqZv ev Elasticity ev w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv aviYv e¨envi Kiv nq|
bgbxqZv w`‡q ZvB cwigvc Kiv nq `vg ev Avq cwieZ©‡bi nv‡ii m‡½ †fv³vi Pvwn`v ev
†hvMvb cwieZ©‡bi nv‡ii m¤úK©, Zvi bgbxqZvi m¤úK©| wbw`©ófv‡e hLb `vg Ges Pvwn`vi
g‡a¨B Avgiv bgbxqZvi we‡kølY mxwgZ ivwL ZLb Zv‡K wbw`©ófv‡e ejv nq Pvwn`vi `vg
bgbxqZv (price elasticity of demand)| GQvov Pvwn`vi Avq bgbxqZv (income elasticity of
demand), †hvMv‡bi `vg bgbxqZv (price elasticity of supply) BZ¨vw`fv‡eI Avgiv bgbxqZvi
we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvwi|

Pvwn`vi `vg bgbxqZv (Price elasticity of demand)

GK K_vq, `v‡gi GK GKK cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ Pvwn`vi cwieZ©‡bi nvi wbw`©óKi‡Yi gva¨‡gB
Avgiv Pvwn`vi `vg bgbxqZv †ei Ki‡Z cvwi|

14
Elasticity k‡ãi A_© wn‡m‡e GLv‡b Avwg e¨envi K‡iwQ bgbqZv| Avgvi Rvbvg‡Z GB k‡ãi e¨envi cÖ_g K‡ib PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vj‡qi
A_©bxwZ wefv‡Mi Aa¨vcK W. n‡i›`ª KvwšÍ †`| mvaviYfv‡e elasticity k‡ãi evsjv wn‡m‡e Ôw¯’wZ¯’vcKZvÕ kãwU evsjv‡`k I cwðgevsjv `y
A‡jB eûj cÖPwjZ| GB kã e¨env‡i Avwg cÖ_g AvcwË ïwb evsjv‡`‡ki L¨vZbvgv A_©bxwZwe` W. AvLjvKzi ingv‡bi Kv‡Q| AgZ©¨ †mbI
GB k‡ãi e¨env‡i cÖej AvcwË Rvwb‡q‡Qb| wZwb G wel‡q wjwLZfv‡eB Zuvi e³e¨ Rvwb‡q‡Qb| Zuvi fvlvq, ÒA_©bxwZ‡Z elasticity-i e¨envi
nq GK wRwb‡li cÖfve Ab¨ wRwb‡li cÖfve Ab¨ wRwb‡li Dci KZ Zvi cwigvc wn‡m‡e| †hgb, `v‡gi cÖfve Pvwn`vi cwigv‡ci Dci KZUv
†m gvc cÖKvk K‡i price elasticity of demand| Bs‡iRx elasticity k‡ãi GB A_© c`v_©we`¨vq elasticity-i †_‡K m¤ú~Y© wfbœ| `yf©vM¨µ‡g
evsjv A_©bxwZ‡Z c`v_©we`¨vi AbyM‡Z¨ elasticity-i Abyev` Kiv n‡q‡Q Òw¯’wZ¯’vcKZvÓ| A_©bxwZi †ÿ‡Î G Abyev` m¤ú~Y©iKg cwinvh©|
c`v_©we`¨vi cv †P‡U eo nIqvi cÖ‡Póv A_©bxwZ‡Z Aek¨ byZb bq| †hgb A‡¼i e¨env‡i mathematical logic D‡cÿv K‡i calculus
differential equations-Gi mvgwMÖK cÖ‡qvM c`v_©we`¨vi AbyKi‡YB A_©bxwZ‡Z mn‡R cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj| wKš‘ elasticity-i `yB A‡_©i weåvwšÍ
LyeB Avðh©RbKÓ (RxebhvÎvi A_©bxwZ, KjKvZv, 1397, c„: 22|) AgZ©¨ †mb †h evsjv kã cÖ¯Íve K‡i‡Qb †mwU nj ÒcÖfve MÖvnKZvÓ| wKš‘
Avwg g‡b Kwi bgbxqZv kãwU Zzjbvq mnR wKš‘ A‡_©i cÖwZ h_v_© AbyMZ| Z‡e GB kã Av‡iKwU Bs‡iwR kã flexibility-i m‡½ ¸wj‡q
†djvi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q| mZK© _vK‡j G mgm¨v †_‡K `~‡i _vKv m¤¢e|

BDwbU-4 c„ôv-64
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Q / Q
|e| = Pvwn`vi `vg bgbxqZvi gvb FbvZ¥K nq e‡j Avgiv P~ovšÍ (absolute)
P / P
gvb |e| we‡ePbv Kwi|
GLv‡b Q n‡”Q g~j cwigvY Ges Q n‡”Q GB cwigv‡Yi cwieZ©‡bi cwigvY| P n‡”Q g~j `vg
Avi P n‡”Q `v‡gi cwieZ©‡bi cwigvY|
`v‡gi ev Av‡qi GK GKK cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ Pvwn`vi ev †hvMv‡bi †h cwieZ©b nq Zv‡K cÖavbZ:
cuvPwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| G¸‡jv nj wb¤œiƒc:
1. P~ovšÍ bgbxq (perfectly elastic), |e| = 
2. bgbxq (elastic), |e|>1
3. GKK bgbxq (unit elastic), |e| = 1
4. Abgbxq (inelastic), |e| < 1
5. P~ovšÍ Abgbxq (perfectly inelastic), |e| = 0
hLb GKwU c‡Y¨i `v‡gi GK GKK cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ m‡½ Pvwn`vi Avg~j ev Amxg cwieZ©b N‡U
ZLb †mB cY¨‡K ejv nq P~ovšÍ bgbxq (perfectly elastic) A_©vr bgbxqZv‡K Avgiv hw` e
w`‡q cÖKvk Kwi Zvn‡j Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi |e| =|
hLb GKwU c‡Y¨i `v‡gi GK GKK cwieZ©‡bi d‡j Pvwn`vi GK GK‡Ki PvB‡Z †ewk
cwieZ©b nq ZLb †mB c‡Y¨i Pvwn`v‡K ejv nq bgbxq (elastic) ev |e|>1| A_©vr c‡Y¨i `vg
hLb kZKiv 10 fvM evo‡e ZLb Gi Pvwn`v 10 fv‡Mi †ewk K‡g hv‡e| Avevi `vg hLb
kZKiv 10 fvM Kg‡e ZLb Gi Pvwn`v 10 fv‡MiI †ewk evo‡e|
hLb GKwU c‡Y¨i `v‡gi GK GKK cwieZ©‡bi d‡j Pvwn`viI GK GKKB cwieZ©b nq ZLb
†mB c‡Y¨i Pvwn`v‡K ejv nq GKK bgbxq (unit elastic), |e| = 1| A_©vr c‡Y¨i `vg hLb
kZKiv 10 fvM evo‡e ZLb Gi Pvwn`vI 10 fvMB K‡g hv‡e| Avevi `vg hLb kZKiv 10
fvM Kg‡e ZLb Gi Pvwn`v 10 fvMB evo‡e|
hLb GKwU c‡Y¨i `v‡gi GK GKK cwieZ©‡bi d‡j Pvwn`vi GK GK‡Ki PvB‡Z Kg cwieZ©b
nq ZLb †mB c‡Y¨i Pvwn`v‡K ejv nq Abgbxq (inelastic), |e| <1| A_©vr c‡Y¨i `vg hLb
kZKiv 10 fvM evo‡e ZLb Gi Pvwn`v 10 fv‡MiI Kg Kg‡e| Avevi `vg hLb kZKiv 10
fvM Kg‡e ZLb Gi Pvwn`v 10 fv‡Mi Kg evo‡e|
hLb GKwU c‡Y¨i `v‡gi GK GKK cwieZ©‡bi d‡j Pvwn`vi †KvbiKg cwieZ©bB nq bv ZLb
†mB c‡Y¨i Pvwn`v‡K ejv nq P~ovšÍ Abgbxq (perfectly inelastic), |e| = 0| A_©vr c‡Y¨i `vg
kZKiv hvB evo–K ev KgyK Pvwn`vi †¶‡Î Zvi †Kvb cÖfve co‡e bv|

A_©bxwZ c„ôv-65
GmGmGBPGj

wPÎ 4.1 : P~ovšÍ bgbxq Pvwn`v †iLv

wPÎ 4.2: P~ovšÍ Abgbxq Pvwn`v †iLv

BDwbU-4 c„ôv-66
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

wPÎ 4.3: GKK bgbxq Pvwn`v †iLv

|e| <1

wPÎ 4.4: Abgbxq Pvwn`v †iLv

|e| >1

wPÎ 4.5 : bgbxq Pvwn`v †iLv

Avevi GKwU mij ˆiwLK Pvwn`v †iLvi wfbœ wfbœ we›`y‡Z Pvwn`vi `vg bgbxqZv wfbœ wfbœ nq|
K¨vjKzjv‡mi aviYv e¨envi K‡i Avgiv GwU mn‡RB †`Lv‡Z cvwi|

wPÎ 4.6 : GKB †iLvq wewfbœ bgbxqZv

A_©bxwZ c„ôv-67
GmGmGBPGj

AB Pvwn`v †iLvi ga¨we›`y‡Z |e| = 1, ga¨we›`yi Dc‡ii As‡ki †h †Kvb we›`y‡Z |e|>1 Ges
ga¨we›`yi wb‡Pi As‡ki †h‡Kvb we›`y‡Z |e| < 1. Drcv`‡bi †¶‡Î dv‡g©i AvPiY we‡køl‡Y
Pvwn`vi `vg bgbxqZvi aviYvi e¨envi Avgiv c‡i †`Le|
†iLvsk bgbxqZv (Arc Elasticity) †ei Ki‡Z †M‡j Avgiv wb‡Pi m~Î Aej¤^b Ki‡Z cvwi|
GwU nj:
(Q2  Q1 )/(P2  P1 )
|e| =
(Q1  Q 2 )/(P1  P2 )

wPÎ 4.7: †iLvsk bgbxq Pvwn`v (arc elasticity)

GLv‡b P1 †_‡K P2 `vg cwieZ©‡b cwigvY Q1 †_‡K Q2 cwieZ©b nq| GB cwieZ©b‡K

mvgwMÖKfv‡e we‡ePbvi Rb¨ GB †iLvsk c×wZ|
P I Q hZB 0 n‡Z _vK‡e ZZB †iLvsk bgbxqZv dQ/dP. P/Q A_©vr we›`y bgbxqZvq
cwiewZ©Z n‡Z _vK‡e|
wb‡Pi Q‡K wewfbœ bgbxqZvi gg©e¯‘ I †gvU Av‡qi Dci Zvi cÖfve wbw`©ó Kiv n‡q‡Q|

QK 6 : bgbxqZvi aib I Zvi cÖfve: mvims‡¶c

Pvwn`vi bgbxqZvi gvÎv wbw`©ó iƒc msÁv Av‡qi Dci cÖfve

BDwbU-4 c„ôv-68
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

|ed|>1 bgbxq Pvwn`v c‡Y¨i `v‡gi GK GKK `vg Kg‡j we‡µZvi

cwieZ©‡bi Zzjbvq Pvwn`vi GK Avq evo‡e
GK‡Ki PvB‡Z †ewk cwieZ©b

|ed| = 1 GKK c‡Y¨i `v‡gi GK GKK `vg Kg‡j Avq

bgbxq cwieZ©‡bi Zzjbvq GKB _vK‡e|
Pvwn`v Pvwn`viI GK GKK
cwieZ©b

|ed| < 1 c‡Y¨i `v‡gi GK GKK `vg Kg‡j Avq

Abgbxq cwieZ©‡bi Zzjbvq Pvwn`vi Kg‡e|
Pvwn`v GK GK‡Ki PvB‡Z Kg
cwieZ©b|

mvims‡ÿc

bgbxqZv `vg ev Avq cwieZ©‡bi nv‡ii m‡½ †fv³vi Pvwn`v ev †hvMvb cwieZ©‡bi nv‡ii
m¤úK© cwigvc K‡i| Pvwn`vi `vg bgbxqZv‡K cuvPfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| P~ovšÍ Abgbxq,
bgbxq, GKK bgbxq, Abgbxq I P~ovšÍ Abgbxq| GKwU mijˆiwK Pvwn`v †iLvi wfbœ wfbœ
we›`y‡Z Pvwn`vi `vg bgbxqZv wfbœ wfbœ nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 4.1

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b

1. bgbxq Pvwn`vi †¶‡Î c‡Y¨i `vg hLb kZKiv 20 fvM evo‡e, ZLb Gi Pvwn`v
K. 20 fv‡Mi Kg evo‡e| L. 20 fv‡Mi †ekx Kg‡e|
M. w¯’i _vK‡e| N. †KvbwUB bq|
2. GKwU mij‰iwLK Pvwn`v †iLvi ga¨we›`y‡Z-
K. |e| = 0 L. |e| > 1
M. |e| = 1 N. |e| < 1

msw¶ß cÖkœ
1. †iLvsk bgbxqZv I we›`y bgbxqZv ej‡Z wK †evSvq?

A_©bxwZ c„ôv-69
GmGmGBPGj

2. †gvU Av‡qi Dci Pvwn`vi wewfbœ bgbxqZvi cÖfve D‡jøL Kiæb|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. bgbxqZvi aviYv Pvwn`v I `v‡gi we‡køl‡Y †Kb ¸iæZ¡c~Y©? P~ovšÍ Abgbxq †_‡K P~ovšÍ
bgbxq ch©šÍ KZ¸‡jv bgbxqZvi gvÎv _vK‡Z cv‡i? wPÎmn e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2. †iLvsk bgbxqZv I we›`y bgbxqZvi cv_©K¨ wPÎmn Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| Pvwn`vi `vg bgbxqZvi
wewfbœ gvÎvq `v‡gi cwieZ©‡b we‡µZvi Av‡qi wK ai‡bi cwieZ©b nq?

BDwbU-4 c„ôv-70
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV - 2

Pvwn`vi wewfbœ ai‡bi bgbxqZv

GB cvVwU c‡o Avcwb Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb –

 Pvwn`vi wewfbœ ai‡bi bgbxqZv
 †hvMv‡bi `vg bgbxqZv
 bgbxqZvi ev¯Íe wPÎ I A_©bxwZ‡Z Zvi e¨envi

Pvwn`vi bgbxqZvi aviYvi cÖ‡qvM mvaviYZ: †`Lv hvq †fv³vi Pvwn`vi auvP †evSvi Rb¨ wKš‘,
Avgiv Av‡MB e‡jwQ, G¸‡jv Ab¨vb¨ †¶‡ÎI e¨envi m¤¢e Ges Zvi e¨envi n‡qI _v‡K| Gi †fv³v‡`i Av‡qi
cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ m‡½
g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ nj †fv³v‡`i Av‡qi cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ m‡½ Zvi Pvwn`vi gvÎvi cwieZ©b Zvi Pvwn`vi gvÎvi
cix¶v| G‡K ejv nq, Pvwn`vi Avq bgbxqZv (income elasticity of demand)| GQvov Av‡Q cwieZ©b cix¶v‡K
ejv nq, Pvwn`vi Avq
Pvwn`vi AvovAvwo bgbxqZv (cross-elasticity of demand), †hLv‡b GKwU c‡Y¨i `vg e„wׇZ bgbxqZv| GQvov
†fv³vi Ab¨ c‡Y¨i Pvwn`vi †¶‡Î cÖwZwµqv cix¶v Kiv nq| Av‡Q Pvwn`vi
AvovAvwo bgbxqZv,
†hLv‡b GKwU c‡Y¨i
Pvwn`vi Avq bgbxqZv‡K Avgiv mgxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g wjL‡Z cvwi wb¤œiƒc: `vg e„wׇZ †fv³vi
Ab¨ c‡Y¨i Pvwn`vi
Q M †¶‡Î cÖwZwµqv
eM = .
M Q cix¶v Kiv nq|

GLv‡b Avq M hvi cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ cwigv‡Yi (Q) cwieZ©‡bi AbycvZ cvIqv hv‡”Q|
GLv‡b AvovAvwo bgbxqZv‡K Avgiv mgxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g wjL‡Z cvwi wb¤œiƒc:
Qx Py
exy = .
Qy Qx
GLv‡b cY¨ `y‡Uv X I Y; Y c‡Y¨i `vg cwieZ©‡b X c‡Y¨i Pvwn`vi cwieZ©b wbw`©ó Kiv n‡”Q|

†hvMv‡bi `vg bgbxqZv

GKBfv‡e Avgiv †hvMv‡bi `vg bgbxqZvI †ei Ki‡Z cvwi| Gi m~Î n‡jv :
Qs / Qs
es =
P / P
wewfbœ gvÎvi †hvMv‡bi `vg bgbxqZv †iLvq †`Lv‡bv hvq|

A_©bxwZ c„ôv-71
GmGmGBPGj

bgbxqZvi ev¯Íe wPÎ I A_©bxwZ‡Z Zvi e¨envi

†hme c‡Y¨i myjf Ges Dchy³ weKí cvIqv m¤¢e †mme cY¨ mvaviYZ: bgbxq (elastic) nq mnR I myjf weKí
KviY †m¸‡jvi `vg evo‡j †fv³v‡`i c‡¶ Lye mn‡RB Zvi Pvwn`v Kwg‡q w`‡q weKí `ªe¨ µq _vK‡j c‡Y¨i Pvwn
m¤¢e nq| GiKg mnR I myjf weKí bv _vK‡j c‡Y¨i Pvwn`v mvaviYZ: Abgbxq (inelastic) mvaviYZ: Abgbxq
nq| KviY ZLb
nq| KviY ZLb †fv³v‡`i c‡¶ `v‡gi cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ m‡½ Zvi Pvwn`v cwieZ©b m¤¢e nq bv| †fv³v‡`i c‡¶ `v‡
bgbxqZvi GB ˆewkó¨ Abyhvqx wewfbœ c‡Y¨i `vg e„wׇZ Zvi Dci †gvU LiP KZ n‡e Zv wbf©i cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ m‡
K‡i| †Kvb& ai‡bi c‡Y¨i Dci Ki emv‡j miKv‡ii ivR¯^ evo‡e, Avi †Kvb& ai‡bi c‡Y¨i Zvi Pvwn`v cwieZ
Dci Ki emv‡j ivR¯^ Kg‡e Zv wbf©i K‡i †mme c‡Y¨i bgbxqZvi Dci| Drcv`K ev m¤¢e nq bv|
we‡µZv‡`i wm×v‡šÍi †¶‡ÎI GUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| †Kbbv, GB bgbxqZvi DciB
wbf©i K‡i †Kvb& c‡Y¨i `vg evov‡j we‡µZviv jvfevb n‡e, Avevi †Kvb& c‡Y¨i `vg evov‡j Zv
Zvi Rb¨ ¶wZKi n‡e| myZivs miKvi, Drcv`K, we‡µZv mevi Rb¨B c‡Y¨i bgbxqZv m¤ú‡K© †Kvb& ai‡bi c‡Y¨i
Dci Ki emv‡j
aviYv Lye `iKvi| miKv‡ii ivR¯^
GKRb †fv³vi Rb¨ †Kvb cY¨ Abgbxq n‡e Avi †KvbwU bgbxq n‡e Zv Zvi Avqmxgv ØvivI evo‡e, Avi †Kvb&
ai‡bi c‡Y¨i Dci
A‡bKLvwb cÖfvweZ nq| Avq Kg _vK‡j GKRb †fv³vi Kv‡Q GK`g wbZ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Qvov Ki emv‡j ivR¯^
Ab¨ A‡bK wKQyB wejvm`ªe¨ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e, †hgb: wUwf, †cvlvK, ågY BZ¨vw`| Zvi Kg‡e Zv wbf©i K‡
d‡j Gm‡ei †h Abycv‡Z `vg evo‡e Zvi PvB‡Z †ewk Abycv‡Z Zvi G¸‡jvi Pvwn`v Kg‡e| †mme c‡Y¨i
A_©vr Gme cY¨ H †fv³vi Kv‡Q DuPygvÎvq bgbxq| wKš‘ Avq †ewk _vK‡j GB GKB cY¨ bgbxqZvi Dci|
†fv³vi Kv‡Q cÖ‡qvRbxq wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡e, ZLb Gm‡ei †h Abycv‡Z `vg evo‡e †mB
Abycv‡Z Zvi Pvwn`v Kg‡e bv| A_©vr Gme cY¨ Zvi Kv‡Q n‡q IV‡e Abgbxq| wb‡Pi Q‡K
GKRb †fv³vi Rb
Avgiv wewfbœ ai‡bi c‡Y¨i Pvwn`vi `vg, Avq I AvovAvwo bgbxqZv †`L‡Z cvw”Q| GLvb †Kvb cY¨ Abgbxq
†_‡K Avgiv AviI †`LwQ †h, c‡Y¨i bgbxqZv Ges Zvi aib ci¯úi Nwbôfv‡e m¤úwK©Z| n‡e Avi †KvbwU
wb‡P GKwU wbw`©ó evRv‡i wewfbœ c‡Y¨i wewfbœ bgbxqZvi ev¯Íe wPÎ Dc¯’vwcZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| bgbxq n‡e Zv Zvi
Avqmxgv ØvivI
QK 7: wewfbœ ai‡bi bgbxqZvi ev¯Íe wPÎ A‡bKLvwb cÖfvweZ
nq|

Pvwn`vi `vg bgbxqZv Pvwn`vi AvovAvwo bgbxqZv Pvwn`vi Avq bgbxqZv

cY¨ e Pvwn`vi cY¨ exy c‡Y¨i cY¨ eM c‡Y¨i
aib aib aib
Miæi gvsm 0.92 Abgbxq Miæi gvsm 0.28 weKí gvLb 0.42 cÖ‡qvRbxq
ï‡qv‡ii gvsm
Avjy 0.31 Abgbxq gvLb,gvM©vwib 0.67 weKí gvM©vwib -0.20 wbK…ó

wPwb 0.31 Abgbxq cwbi, gvLb -0.61 m¤úyiK gvsm 0.35 cÖ‡qvRbxq

we`y¨r 1.20 bgbxq wPwb, dj -0.28 m¤úyiK we`y¨r 0.20 cÖ‡qvRbxq

†i‡¯Íviuvq 2.27 bgbxq we`y¨r, 0.2 weKí †iu‡¯Ívivq 1.48 wejvm`ªe¨
LvIqv cÖvK…wZK M¨vm LvIqv
AvovAvwo bgbxqZv †
m~Î: hy³ivR¨ I hy³iv‡óª wewfbœ Rixc †_‡K mvwR‡q‡Qb Salvatore| 15 `y‡Uv c‡Y¨ abvZœK
†m¸‡jv weKí A_©vr
GKwU c‡Y¨i `vg n«v‡
†h cY¨¸‡jvi `vg bgbxqZv 1 Gi Kg wKš‘ 0-Gi †ewk †m¸‡jv‡K Avgiv ejwQ mvaviYfv‡e Ab¨wUi Pvwn`v K‡g|
Avevi hLb FbvZ¥K
Abgbxq| †h¸‡jv 1-Gi †ewk wKšÍy AmxgGi Kg †m¸‡jv‡K Avgiv ejwQ mvaviYfv‡e bgbxq| †m¸‡jv m¤ú~iK †Kb
AvovAvwo bgbxqZv †h `y‡Uv c‡Y¨ abvZœK †m¸‡jv weKí A_©vr GKwU c‡Y¨i `vg n«v‡m Ab¨wUi ZLb GKwU c‡Y¨i `
Pvwn`v K‡g| Avevi hLb FbvZ¥K ZLb †m¸‡jv m¤ú~iK †Kbbv ZLb GKwU c‡Y¨i `vg e„wׇZ e„wׇZ Ab¨wUi Pvwn`
K‡g|
Ab¨wUi Pvwn`v K‡g|

15
Dominick Salvatore: Microeconomic Theory, 3rd edition, 1992.

BDwbU-4 c„ôv-72
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Avq bgbxqZv hLb 1 Gi Kg wKš‘ 0-Gi †ewk ZLb cY¨‡K Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi cÖ‡qvRbxq,
hLb Zv 0-Gi Kg ZLb Zv wbK…ó, hLb 1-Gi †ewk ZLb Zv wejvm`ªe¨|

mvims‡ÿc
Pvwn`vi Avq bgbxqZv, †hvMv‡bi `vg bgbxqZv BZ¨vw` fv‡eI bgbxqZv we‡kølY Kiv hvq|
†Kvb& ai‡bi c‡Y¨i Dci Ki emv‡j miKv‡ii ivR¯^ evo‡e ev Kg‡e wKsev †Kvb& c‡Y¨i
`vg evo‡j ev Kg‡j we‡µZvi †gvU Avq KZUv evo‡e ev Kg‡e Zv wbf©i K‡i †mme c‡Y¨i
bgbxqZvi Dci| ZvQvov GKRb †fv³vi Rb¨ †Kvb& cY¨ Abgbxq ev bgbxq n‡e Zv Zvi
Avqmxgv Øviv A‡bKLvwb cÖfvweZ nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 4.2

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b

1. c‡Y¨i Dci Ki Av‡ivc K‡i miKv‡ii ivR¯^ e„w× ev n«vm wK‡mi Dci wbf©i K‡i?
K. c‡Y¨i `vg L. c‡Y¨i Pvwn`v
M. miKv‡ii evwYR¨ bxwZ N. c‡Y¨i bgbxqZv
2. Avq bgbxqZv hLb 1-Gi Kg wKš‘ 0-Gi †ekx, ZLb cY¨‡K ejv nq-
K. wejvm`ªe¨ L. cÖ‡qvRbxq
M. wbK…ó N. †KvbwUB bq

msw¶ß cÖkœ cÖkœ

1. †hvMv‡bi `vg bgbxqZv wK?
2. Avq bgbxqZv ej‡Z wK †evSvq? cÖ‡qvRbxq, wbK…ó I wejvm`ªe¨ wKfv‡e Avq bgbxqZv Øviv
wba©vwiZ nq?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. bgbxqZvi we‡kølY miKv‡ii ivR¯^ bxwZ wba©vi‡Y †Kb ¸iæZ¡c~Y©?

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖ‡kœi DËi

cvV - 1 : 1. L 2. M
cvV - 2 : 1. N 2. L

A_©bxwZ c„ôv-73