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Group 17 CW

The document discusses the properties and reactions of halogens, including their physical states, bond lengths, and oxidation states. It details the preparation and characteristics of hydrogen halides, emphasizing their acidic properties and reactivity. Additionally, it covers the thermodynamic aspects of halogen reactions and their applications in various chemical processes.

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Dr SHAIK HASEENA
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39 views53 pages

Group 17 CW

The document discusses the properties and reactions of halogens, including their physical states, bond lengths, and oxidation states. It details the preparation and characteristics of hydrogen halides, emphasizing their acidic properties and reactivity. Additionally, it covers the thermodynamic aspects of halogen reactions and their applications in various chemical processes.

Uploaded by

Dr SHAIK HASEENA
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——S=—Growp_ 11 elemenntg, T,At (Halogens) ! 1, Br, ‘fe synthetic element. ‘radioactive iogens + Sto salts forming elem units rent only. in combined state » oecuirer yl ‘F octurs = Qs! ie 4 Fluor spar ih car af grabebie t BCagPOug On others + “Rock satt | Nock Sylvie 6 KC re phate iil Carnallite 2KCle MgCl,» O40 pol Horn silvers Agcl. et Mm Sta water > Natt,Mgtl » Mg Bra: . Nooyete Physical properties + / / 1 GWEC ¢ astnps 1” Mav) owrop gaydor! du Physical Stat te: Fs Cl: gases Br, os liquid med Ti" s6tid | “WShie saan) * MP.& BP we, down. the’ gro t teason: Dué 0,’ van der wal’! 4 povens of attractions.» 4// > T from Ff to Ty. re | * Nonfeity.: All, are diatomic i he 3, | , Denstt > EEE EEE 6. BL t from RetoT, 1 FoF s leQBA goemelee FAL TP ad ot ; cl- GL IqA, . $ i Br By 128A cae I-1, ; we BoA. mes covalent radiys: ‘onic’ padius Ue) Fi 012A ie ee | cl oaIA ee ret Br t elA , “ps VGA 64 m4 Lt nasa Loy mapa : ap ih 7. EN: down me troup F: 4.0 OHO PM OAD ayiNoriie” Ct: 3.0 NCA iu pe BECUMB TO hw eet Ti 265 rt Joop *Electron gam eftnaige* aa a >» F > Bro ft > At uindy.. a -3u4 ~333 395 =296 Kin Aetimot ) / EA of F &, > A > Oy f > piiea on . "| ° ae why, 4 2y2.6 1208" 45338 95101" Cin, kT mol.) Sr qnation: NB 7 fa Cha Bry. Md: Ty P d., Combination, gakes place due to which muttiple | ponding may be present which with strengthen the bond but in F since no de orbitals: ary spresent,; there 19 Ao possibility |» p-d., combinatiqns hence no! Multiple | lo, Acc. to Coulsoris a Formation in F,. Since F atom ts smalbes the Yond distonce | i also small. So. thu appreciable inter- nuclear repuisions-& .layge- WA-bp, repulsions in F-molecule- wilk weaken the F-F bond. Hence, the, BE) Of: Fa 1% less, ‘ Colour * f rafot fff ja F,: Pale yellous gas | Clit greenish Yellow Qos By: drongt-red liquid Tr: violet eyystattine, solid...’ explanations; ty oT Tht colour avised due to absorption of Ont of seven Colours, OF VIBEYOR visible light) and the franstission ‘of! all other | Solours among which one colour is! Predominantiy observed, which the : Sur of the substance. This absorbed & Served colours are called tor plementary q ~ ’ eta. The absorption of tight & f Cate Valtnee fa S co ad Gitucke te - | - Rosorbed | : sorbe : colour Violet viole aeginhe 1 yetloud orange!’ re 4 violet |, t Exhibited Yello |, . Oxidation: states +” y on bs: i) -rtchibit + only) aedaont Due’ td | yo ted ion . ‘ s cys ' ' vatras ek, yf m ‘all’ nts seomnpdy. r highest pov) adéorbitsals « » Ghieds ekhintt se! +b in gyounit state + nye eteited” state ? iy od elcitid stated +8 ‘ mn 9 exerted state: +1 Reactivity : F.>> Cl? Br, > Tr oxidising power: Halogens “re strong’ "en &! Wore 44 (ory Li ‘otidants ° tack, of .* on pore Ct Br bef . Tndiga- |. Bout eVEelLous} © * | T osdinie JOTI Les oprenne. ae V down. the ibaa J reason ne te Gan, Rito-Fi ; Ee rye e: aba" $s _ See ale, Ue | { we PEL R iO ‘ bes ie (it vg SEO oo“... ° “) 9. Thermodynamic ecplanation: ‘|. the oxidising. power, depends on the J} net enthalpy of) change. of the reaction bag MORRIE [elie eho, | NLT {j/ ' v , Ay Sethe net enthalpy change’ ot this "rim, is tqual fo the “subm of the 'enthaty . Wirt ys ’ foe . of fusion , enthalpy of vap ourisation: Gli ‘ Ted alt Boe .EGE & hydration mthalpy. nalofigs p22uld!g As dah 5 Xam Xray “Al Fusion | | 4X Sue % Xrq ! Alvap. shi $%2q ae Xig > AMdissociation j,. Xt e— Xe + JAH,’ VOR OMY 3d 02 yy yd Xtq) Xu +A hydration -more ve, thecmetiotmthalpy of this ran, more the Oxidising POLLEN: | alt [iloger] Alffasion| S4uop |} AMaiss. | ESE | AMhyd. nek al 159 foi 1p-333> 7513, ff 306-5 easy lf ead | -310 8 (y_ | 3325" | -389 | O8r5 431.03 fi 15172. |-290 |'-214 | ntolees fate enya Ryn. i attr hn Hye! * All theses react "88 give HK OO Tax, Bh myst 1 (ke ae + Fotrcacts violently even, an dark... * Ch, r reacts Slowly. in ‘dark, vate ‘reacts ; ; violently, in nn Br, + reogts, ON, heating, Math Bry 2D 2HBr: OPO Gy resets reversibly»: +n a cipal contain ST Vul2 at} H+ ae “ys0e Hydrogen Holds + Preparation 2. hens 1. By the action pte cone: H 104 6 ‘on halides -HF&. Hel can be prepared” Caf +. Hy80, — wah + C504 “gel + ysl * veg Het. + NaH e0y?-” jot ‘Noth + NaHS0y 4 ici? Wo, SO wii 2: Snigh | purity Hel “ynode'” “bye direct eg “of Rlements! ” 1 Her is convinently mode by the ‘action. 1 of COMLs Hy$0,. 07 NHC : ' NACL + MSO, INH) 504? LHCL- r a t oe Nore: » By the action’ of. Conc. H,SO4 on byomi and iodides we donot get HBr & HT Reason: H6r, HT being strong reducing agents & coh vedi H,50, +0 <7 | NaBr + H80u—> Hbey Naso, ORHBD TE MABPUTHS) SOn Bre tag BHT + MSG TA 804 mE ming, thereforg WEr & HI ore Prepared by th “gckion Of. Phosphoric, acid on atid 14.004 +Nabr + A ! | HRP, 3, Nat ri Mr Ne see , foes EE es ES en ae h - HaPOg ck BSNoBr |S! 30Br+ -NasPo,, Properties 2°” 1 Physical state : HR t Liquid CBP 219-1) ABrDHT MCh OES GAMES yi, ‘2. MP& BP a Pato pocthiond fog “ber At HE HeL | HBr HI “HCL 159K ° ° a i] Be | | Me | ~8a.fe| -nate Mean HT: 222% [ep [rate [We -be7E Tap gp oat AT twp 3 298K MP: HI> HE OHBR> HCL 7 Hel: tes BPD HFS HIS HBr SHEL, MBYE OO Dopo apy odaw ‘The unexpectedly high BP of HF ans ds because df the’ intermolecular Web r), Hence it exsists as associated!’ tke ms vr (Mer 496) ar oo & ty form zig-zag chailig’ to ‘both i 146 SOlid state. Apere \. oF equarg oo) Mt Hk cin EO GOP td ow at TEs hydrogen bond. energy na —ome iN HE gas. - “il in gasebul ‘state ‘also H-bonds eCisy % bocit | 6 OS mix “of > cyclic THF, polymer, dimeric |. WE monomer’ HF. 2. Wet! Aer, At "airk not He bonded in liq! a gas phase - ‘But Ha Mer ‘are wit 7 ow bonded’ in solid state. ° 3. (HF) form 2 Series OF Salts wath alkalieg Vike: KHR OTR: contain ionic, ‘i covalent ..H5 bands Koh (KR) -atnle Toi bat 3. Solubili we fiaiphi : igh These are ‘irl soluble th water” and! form ustant a mixture waitin HF HCL HBr HT sty. | Vejot lin CH 4+ Bond length : a sp from, HF OKT. HE abthpm rete AY as epre ‘f {. per HCY TPM ee | HBr: 141-+-pm , ed Hl L059 PM os a a ° \ 5. stability : ite - § down the group. Reason : Due to t in BL & Lin EN | Stet SGHEUPONCRS bod gyorg ea Ye down 'the* “group Bas HF? B14 kTmol' nel: 432 Kmof HBr: 363 Kime i HI 2 245 kmot" iF, Hcl are Htoble nie 200c. rn | 4. ‘neducing: ; roperty,. | 7 doon, the group. HF < Het < HBr < ‘wr’ me ts + doesnot ‘exhibit “reducing property ' | bECAUse - F co rao be oxidised fy any * oxidant toa | . -Adidte. ste ‘ i. ‘gaseous state . ThUe ae sent covalent: ! ' Tn agq-soln. 1th ey © Aonise ai; so act as acids. | Hel, HBr, AT almost completely jonise Mm water & so these aft sen one V4 HCL gt tO. > 439 HF ionises stightty! 4 ie Their acidic stren th qlocial acctic’ “afi HF £ WELL WBA AT <0 iS rari acid. Nis, determined in x Un, ‘glacial engco0") HF ¢ Wel = Hr= AT “an n 0. pout Pkp, valu. . 1 3. a ‘ Her: 9 5, MeL ta OATS “10, i- Pevgttogtn acid ig an exception. ‘amd it | Fluoride Gcceptors, like SbF: % Nb Fes AsFs. Rxn. ‘lth AqNO,:. Note: 4.5 5 ae - Liq. + HE is used Os non -aqgurous Sebi and ib undergoes self ionisation. QHE = [HF] + F Acid- base reactions occur ha this Soluent. tt Mineral acids, like, NO, 88, HCL, wohen Gissolued i lig. HF, the ming ral gs are forced to accept H* 1 From’ ‘the . These acids acts as’. bases in, ‘i _Solvent HNOg LHF. (Hanoy? an coe HUE AME Day WEL dors behave as an acid, in lig. HE | BR ec. act as acids in liq- HE. p SE, # HF: Wy Berar. aeepo nhs] " HES BRS HT Ley as gut ooh two hoo | btth < HE“: no‘ppt because, Agr! is) soluble they ,.+ AVG Ppte. : Aq NO3 + we AgX Nanos, con | QX= LL, Bot HE i is not stored. in glass” ‘bottlés “batt stored in bottles of war, polythene; Gutta pacha (crystalline trans “Women of natural rubber). Reason : HF reacts with silica. M = Sid, + 2Ha,’—> SiF4. +-2H,0 uo Sty a DHE —> WaSiFe wy ’ c is highly \ pbiscrious and has Dey ‘Foros action: 1! ae Chloride + ~ H ce ae * pre Pore Hot = Naso; + Nodh AB2BK, | Q,804% HCL! ) . [au a dried by passing through cones HS" | Properties: * Colourtess » pungent sintiling oe HCLag ) feondensea Colourless Ma: LBP + 184K) Freezes | of paar Colowrltss voli CFP 159K)» ‘Extremely soluble in woken, & act as Strong add. ort salty HCL+ HyO—> HZOTH! de: 2 Kay! * Gives dense ‘white FUMES with NA3° , Nig HOLS NaACU twhitte subteal® "Whin Hel reacts with finely divide Powdered Fe it Forms only Fecla Ut Not Feta: i eee 1 sory WT Die ml i Fe + 2HCL—+i Fect, + Ha” Reason: liberation of Ha prevents the vo formation . of Feclgsin 5 Bu decomposes the salts, GF weaker acids, ‘ Na,co, HCL — > wNatl + Hj0 +/CO. Nottog + HCL —> Nath + 20° CQ: || + INO1S03 + NS ANCL +iHx0 +80) 7 | Naas + 2HCL —> Hs + QNaCl 21 > | Cog Pit Hel! > Beaoty + TPHg!* N @45,.0g Ff 2HCL > “ONOKY + SOp4RZO +54 LNANO, + | PACE = pA Nine + Not was Aqua regia: “mix of conc. were Conc. HNO; in. — L a | it dissolves , ju, Pk» ete, Aut FHT NOs +4Cl Autle ‘4no, 2Ha0- SPL + IGH T+ 4 NOy +1sct — t sobre “HOH ;, Uses oF HCl: 4OBE G9). srs | “Tn monutfacture of tl& mith ete : -In monufactire ‘of? mato from, corey Starch ode riser | /+ Tn octracting glue rot bows, & en ‘Bone ‘olactk- a Tt is’ “Used ty smediane. pe alto. "Foxton | Peas ‘to - labour ary He geaction PENI Fluorine reacts Migorously mb yoat - [eeeet! liberating” ezentde : er OzONIside Oxygen Oo — 2H,0* 7 ary h* 3H od 3 ogee * 30, vag. 196 gn wns. Seer yitbot wt “f OF 7 20 — Ort Bafa | 3F, + 3H20 —> 03 + Bhi. Oh dissolves _in water & edits wy because “energy of activation ta hich. Cl + 3H.0 — rHor4 rer 40, iS gut the following reaction occurs rapidly. iy uaa 4 Ch HO j HCL+ HOC . NOTE: spataahael 2 wets ttqets » A Soturated soln. of Ch at 28¢' eontain about 2 of hydrated cl, & 408 o& Br, reacts Very slowly. Br + H,0 —> HBr+, WRrO ~ Sohn. of Br, in water “conta? very small amt. oF Bro. - # * For I, in water, the ‘free ‘tnegy cnorige | is +e. 1 FT apliae- 24 MOL 4 = ' AG: 105k Ty HQ: a HABE + 10, 1 AG= FIO = eit rsa re na NOTE: 1 \ O FRED LOC heossoil F sit! uf p Cd a6, {tens h h po i the Ty the tration of : vr produced by td point the blue colour» starth indicator (with “L. “dissapre® and Sdlution becomes colourless. c Dy + 25,079 'n0% Gqog? j if the titration Plas is -dllowed to: ‘stony for fio minke: the ‘nditator urna! blue again, Reason: The atmos phevic 0) “oxidise forme ‘jodide to, todine wtth which | qives bie colour woith | starch. “UTh ant +2 Lo, ee HO + Ag’: rb eb i pid of ottociton fe (spontaneous) , Reaction with alkalies: ww Cold &-dil, alkalies: , > Fo: berate OF, - 2Na0H + an Oss “9 NaF + OFZ) HO" a pthes: halide- &. _hypohalide, KINoon - aX, 23> nNax FING XO HD . te Gent (by Hot & Conc. “alkalies: ' Pw dy Fiyte liporate OO 4ANadH + 2Fi.— ANA AO2F HO" ad othrersp halide, & hatate . _— 1 ONaoH + 3X2 —s5NoX NaKDs ANP Reaction “with other halidy: Feit ORIATSE; gtner ; rhalides. to. baa fF pup atx day Ky 0 ORE wait cherie oH “(X= CU Bn) , i ' W iy icifyfor gs S. oxidise by NX 4 . ae cla "(KY Oo Rah KCL) UKs br, Ty sr . oxidise only TL t0'1,) Bri! okt 3! a) + UK'Br L “has ‘no ‘reaction with ‘other halidy Fygetidn “with” ammonia: ve{iberate ’ Na ANH a Na uve, OH Ch. * tag ir CLES, Ch > Nels | NH3 + + 3, —s Nel, antl . diy! LOWS. NIK Viberate Na, ol meng Ps oNhacl ty Nu: ‘ ‘ A b Wy fersfoyer Bre! fork BNHy + 387, —> Riri Be + Na “Ta*no yeaction but in Aig: Nig it, fowns | dark brown ppt. | QNHy +3T, —> NIy. Nig t + 3HE, | } ig m, peggussion worer 9 J ele I ins bevy itolubie sin water: bub, readily Soluble Wr Wo/. KT solr. Real oft due” to fovinaition > cot Ty *K LeMnO, + KI+ HOS Leo + PBN 0s Catkatin'e meds). ; af kn. wit metals: yd ostibixne os * Fluorine | rdacts) isith almost all metals forming fluovidtss 2 piae sihixe 24a with Cu it forms protective: Cuf, layer which prevent the, further preactions Chlorine reacts. with metals; ov, , heating, Others algo reacts. with muals, jformlag ionic halides. _ / i Sit Eq: Mg + Br, > Mgbr, i Na+ Lel,—> Nott rs “The ionic character of, these halides are | MF > MCL MBr> MT, 2 : 1. aE a metal Form’ "2 ey different braid with differtnt “OS ; the halide with’ mor 0.5 is more wvalent than that with — . Jower OG tts eat 5 éq: SMC 4, Sn Che ne te, Pocty4.> PECL, covalent “nature | SoClg> SbCl |” aie UFES@ UF TT Rexn! with nori-metals: * ©. Gaorme reacts with almost alt Be pont wnetals: -exccept /-uaith tNuB Or ie L as chlorine on eating. with /non- metals excerpt with Ny OdmineFfqase others react om heating. Hat %2 > DHX (X+ HCLBrT) LB + 3%, —> 2BXs (x = Ket, BoD) Sid] pf oy ———————————— ithe ¢ rd C+ LF mm? Cy Eq: (Coa), teflon: om GRO Chd — ttre, i + Si + Xa Sate (fio Bebe)! . with P: We PGA 15 QP aig SSWAIs |OX =F, LBD), a. RP 5X a 2PX5 (x= FC, Br),, » with i C : s+ 3F,—> SF 23+ Cl_— S.C, | { (that Sacha — S(enzcnerys + Str | i Wiad ont _ mustard, Yer, XeFy, Xeky: | Chlorine | Discovered. “by schtele in m1. | Methods, of Preparation : ‘abouratory methods” ' “By ‘hesiehing Mindy with, HEL. ; 1 MOL HEL, > Mansy + ust aH 0 * By the. mridation of HEL by Arno, P | wy. - | 2KMnd, +loKcL- = ati amintls + sho 1 K, | 10 + LaeneL —s peel» Lets + ate | “) with eno) only; Fi reacts TG: - Ruoliul reactd with’ Xe to form the comps. Ng tart. bpm his ae 3 By the oxidation’ of Hel with hypo chloride, Caott,+ tHCL > CoC! + Ayo + th Nootl+ ZHCL—> Nacl+'Ho+ Cts 4 By oxidation: of \tod dioxide @n 'red'tead. PbO y+ 4HCL 5° PbCty + 2H HOF - ' Pb,04+ BHCL—> 3PbCL + H+ Cyto! 5. By heating ‘Natl wwoith _ Mri) & Gone, 50, 4Natl + Mn, + 4,504 24 Mtl 4NariO, . . TAO + Ch Monufacture : . , rae a8 | 1 Decoms process: a) [" By tne oxidation of HCL with “aftanspherd | OR, ‘in the _ Presence . of - 8s. catalyt. at, ADB K. Stein jer 18h 4HCL+ 0, Tia, 2H OF 2C, 2. Weldons process : — + Pyvotlusite mintral, is heated | ‘Sith ane Mno, + 4HCL —> Minch “+ aio +eh ed NOTE: Mntl> present ny waste “Uquor’ 5 “again tonvertl into Mine, o roduet that” oxidise HCL $0 ‘that. fresh, ‘Mid, Wed’ Nok" ‘Be Faken: ; Moth, +,CatoH), — Mn oH), + Cotte’ “am (OH); + 0, Wir) aMio, + “Yayo. Mn0,'+ CALOH), = Cano, + 426 taleium , manganite ‘ ‘ nd0wYy a5: da = GaMnOy 3 ctthey | ark Solid :, called ‘weldon ymud” which can : "oxidise Het oe HCL > Coch. Monch + 3H.0+Cl, _ Nitrosul. Chloride method ; yi 4Natl + 4HNO, BNeUND Yr MOBI H+ Cy ZNOCL + 0, o> NO, + Cl . Pure chlorine is obtained ‘by’ el _ Aucly (or) PLC, é \ - Patt 2A6BK yo AU a! ath i pee AES PEE eed”) - Electrolytic method: (ad Nelson cell method : ns : Brine soln. Cell : : perforated steel vessel & also acts! as cathode Anode + mete él Nott —» Noh+et, AL anode : oa base. aa At Cathode : 2H.0 +f > y+ 20 Not +o” —> (NOoH by: Costner Kalter fat Dhigsiveet Properties: Ae Qreenishe “yettos gas with pungent Tt is poisonous in noture: - —_— es *Di - isyolves WM ovoaty forming chlorine, waht & bn Bretzing “cooling deposite Crystals of Cli 88.0 “Tk Con be éaisly liquefied, iat, gveintsh= Yellow lig. & Freezes ty pale: ee Solid. MP rears 1154-« ~ J B-P: 239k Chenmeal properties: 5 yy, bot a Rxfs with Metals : = + af -if & metal is able. to. en 2 different chlorides we get metal with chlorids with higher OS “Cut Ci Cuba, 2Fe + 3Cl,—> ‘ares | | Addition rxns. ¥ Cl, form addition... compas “with $0.0, NO. SO,+ Ch PY SOM, Free Fs Cot UL — COM No+ Cl, —> 2NouU oxidation properties: cl, ack OS good-O-A Fe HS + Cl, —> WLS + Noi803 + AO UTP Na sPar 2h § 1\- LFCSO4. F NiS04. +, =>, .Fe,! ASO 4) 57h HE iSO, THO +l. TO AysOe tH HCL’ T, + ©H,0 + 3CL, — ZHIO, + tOHCL eK NoqS,03 + +Cl, +5H,0 —> 2NaHS0, + BHCl ~giaching P property: . : “peaches ty the Preserice of moisty | Fiat +0 “oxi disation. ' MOIS TUNE Cth — Ht + Hao He+{o] nahh fod cit ~ Pegpon sible for tts bleaching ‘i ckon, , spleured, Sy toy» | iSalgur ass ’ seacing “oF ay! 45 eden ‘ye ireerseble ° Mw Affinity | for Hat vl The burning, hydrocarbons | Mike Wort ‘candle or tur mbene ‘oil is. introsaced, Thto a “jor conti tng, Ch, ‘Lhey, sontinut to buin Reason : Cl, removes Hy vom ‘iy dvocarloon toxidation) & “ aves behind corbon pte Ho +, tetas 18Ca* 2AMCLigy 4 wort CoH + BC; — > WOC+ HORCL | ee | MO, jo | Vite Rx. with eee” cfg wmpds: : CH + C1, BS Chg CL Ys CHa Ba 3 ’ “ele used 06 FE fe cxtingushier wnat the pom ‘i iY i ‘alte - . . (wed er alkal! x Wop ds tal val Fits ao 2 CoHe+ Cl, —o Cache t iirkogs 1 perehloro ethane jeje s: Kune: ‘cam phor:) - O+ a, M8 ote ner os i ‘ Uses: i Te ts used for Stevlisation of Atinking water’ For bleaching dod -pulp » -totton th ttl » Th the soya tion: GAN Pe ry For the manufacture of soWwents, Vike, GPE, CHA» GaltrCl » ete, fot tits Tn, the Manuwhactuye, oF, refpigerots. Ike, CECs yin in sectisiges ike. ‘por, BAC, plastics Vike PRC, Tubber, tn thy, ‘preparali ot, oisenous gusts Vike phosgene ’ ai tear. gas. Cet Noy) “y mustard qos in the manufacture, oF pleating Ft, chlorate, hype chlorides, aie le AL UH o fe, Oxides: f are: Fa ass OF, Cli CL,0 , CLO,» CLO. U,05 Br +) ‘Brs0,Br0, » BrO, Ts 105) NOTE: | AS i is nos EN » OF, OF, are called ee ' - yor id rather Oia. . ha. il bay t ‘com ds 0 BROS py li 5 a a3foot yi! gle yulous Qase EE ‘Formed bY Passing Fy into dil. Noon (7) DF, +oNOOH! S'ANORFH ORY HO Tr ts strong oxidant & so used in 5} rotket fuel! ci 90 dod #14 | ff 6 Haermally «stable ob) 298% " Ste: ee {; ; LOViatem: a et F : Pap are angular a ' yf AE 2.2 are al youd gon Formed by passing pr, eectic dt) discharge through a nde dF Os & Fy at, very lov P& at tig. air temp. ei Ana ‘Th, decomposes, at =35%, sb pe Ths unstable orange ~ytllots: colid. OF, oxidises, Pu to, Pur, and tht this ran is Used Tn removing fu fem Spent nuclear fuel ee on! |) Stee Similar, to’ 0: WIA 0 OL BBA 7 Ne Nore si a : | Ro mbination of Kincie& Thetmnodyromic of factors Lead “40° generally Y order oT Stability of oxides formed by halogens | T>c1> Br gE adda di ' Reason: hightr stability - of” oxides of 4 is duet to the qreattr potarisabstty oF the bond between LAO, The ths 0 bond: ist Stable beeduse of the’ Multiple bond,..tormation Ayolaes A? orbitals of Cl atom. Br Lacks both the ed ). at ' erable, henge: Stability. of -Br- oxides “As beast. Gmiddte -rovs. « Br.O% BrO, BrO, exist only at loot & : are very ‘powerful oxidants )aThe oxide in hightr 0.5 Gre More Bn than , those in pened oe . 2 ordte” of! stobilit: | oq ud bs ro] “04 C10) < ClLO¢ C4 f ip A Monoxides (M0). NIL WD Gl Te - C10. is. prepared by the, action. Of, el, on qo ppt. i _2HQ0,4 ay vel, 288 HU. hgo'l + a0 1. tis brownish -yulos gas, .- 5 64 : “LTE explodes im presence Of Red, or On heating, 3CL,0+ 1ONH — ONE + 2N,+ 34,0 Tr is very soluble in water to give ~ py po chlorops acid... Lcheaidane MhO+ 4,0 — aHcID touted +8 aa ; sari ' ! B crsrciod pd prameat Obixd je ont a , “pith alkalies Gls Mypochlorites..: ct,O+ 2NooH —> UNaoet ‘0 : Structures } Thy are related to tetrahedron with 2 tp ‘on central” atom * =O \4ipm £0 rpm | Ox \Wipm F ae { Tone } be “ oe tn CO, Br,0, the BA ereetded the tetradhidal JV Rj due |; to stearic eousding of large ene ‘atoms: Participation’ of Mp of Cin oxygen a T- dative bond ith the voctont G-Orbitals of Shy ich) ques the opening of BA Dioxides : Hai op (el,0,) Preparation: : dy , the, action ot chy on Sodium chlorite on ‘Silver chlorate. 7 > ‘Nd, + tly 5 amactis Ur,’ rage} ty 8 “DAgeLH!L004.0, Ww by heating potassium’ ehlorate with H804 Cn) Oxallic acid. KOOP 3HS0, AS ZKHSO4 HCI, + he 2KC10g +HIH,C,0,. a LCL, + LEO, + KyCr,04* (commercial) who Traces piiDC1O, 3. TN ACEO, LSO/aOR: Aus, Trouss ot mal aie y nila ‘ DHOLO rosie de 260.+ as aio Properties: “Tis an qed: ‘colGured jas whch, Condenses to deep Fed tig. Lees me) ~ * Tk acts os power ful ocd sig ond Slerinietion cogent . Ts bleaching powet ie “yo iy More |, "Badd “erat SFC hence, it ts Bs | ag “bleaching: agents for: pper pty fecile: oct Avian S tat dy ot wor Te sdissolues io water to ive "elagy thlorous & chloric acide “a ules LEO, + HO —> HClO, + RCO; - with alkalies: 5 gives, chlor ys. erm sreTte = *nothy wqs 2ClO, + 2Naon —> Neioy# ‘Ndady § fio) Ss, in TAR -marnufacture. of ,. Sodiurn oe ens which: AS used _for pteashing terctiles and, paper; e : 79 2CLO, + ZNO + HOS atl och p1H,0 “EDs PEO. MON FGA Give ~eyO ee j VOysr 403 =>. Chat: 2Or- 6) ; rare pogetenia: Tt iS odd & mole cule ‘ond So paramognel 5 one ———— cant sorrally 2 odd & molecules dimerise vit dane ni The odd: & 1s” Less Logalised ‘on! ae - dentrgt, atom cl A DREBLSE he a, _ strong, , EAI: of 0) aad + posstss orang shape with BA: Ty & Ne anpini sy Baio 2aidh| i pipe H is considered % have - co-~ afte § a 3 elecetron “bond soutpled with Asal uw covalent * ‘oonid.” elf stip. 4 eUiinde— f ie pit iF is kis “iajwirs . the Shorter Jel=0 a Lengsth ‘abo usual utzpm) is LOthibutedudwe. to Ene Prone of. Age bond. ; de UP i+ ae? 4 NOTEG) 5, ‘Br, | i$ ary hats “it? dad is, prepara by Ene action of teetrie charge on Br & ot at low T&P ton: By the action of o on Br at —1¥C { te br, +b, —> 4 SHrO, 20, ‘Tk is Stable ont delols: =age, it hos str. ima” be UG; Yo with” alates ‘it qivs bromide ay! browhater : OBrpsbnadh 3" NeBr abr0, +340 — ae cde!" Preparation: J 1 By othe action Of 03 on WO, Ly, . 4, =a te iso dG rid oily igs “eplosive in in noture and _Frevats™ oe Solid . ryoslam 73 bbe —PROEI AL ego ype Marne Fs with water tt gives er & perchloric a Geis oqo) esl by table a0 — ty, +9 > “os + HCL. ad with alkalies if Gives chlorate, AY Porsbora Cy, + ZNady —s Natio, +N atlOg. - From ‘the molécdlar wt determination, Pay OG e Ss bates te! BEERS Ceisty yO Cle, diay W ay cYaseous = steike cas COg¢parn) C104 SECO, + COV.“ VEY ADS Clog! » Str. are , Nok knowy cur, oe the —. ide Posstbte sth! pitas ABR. fabs) 3 Ws) POW AD vd Oy “al ee ov igi baud ae ot —d—o a7 me 1 $2 2X0 of \o7 No" oN "3 a iy LU yr J if Te vedets with FW N04 epic sll 06 THE = FOO, +i Ct05, §u 3 0F0 RO No ei CO, + yNO U0, » Tm solid state it aciibs, a3. fonic ont ion, fy! ; COT, 2 OME at laid 5126 i ar rs indo pure helog wih 0,05 Santos, PhOg” CLO + BHP, - 4 AS: eblour less Oily lig. Ty ts ‘the: ‘only; ocothermig, “oxide. mf CL, cremaming ootidliga, Ore vedthe “endotherime) at 5 WSS reactivg > tham Lower: oxides & also, 45.900, $D., ‘tong. at av Oxidant as the lower oxides oF Cl. » Stes “ero, units Ore joined through on ox sagen atom. & each CL atom As durrounde + He OF -B yes! eo IT Oo Z 7 ot he Pe dent! oi re ) 110 AC ace q Oc BF ~prittyj ° ape o,f a—~ 2OF Oxides. bp te , : . we pee Wit Theonide ot t,.0ye “ mucs more Stable nid than” “those. OF” Ane other ete tremens: , 0s i tne only bear acide of t whith © is Formed bg the “dehydration of HID Vodice: aed)” verb 4 - PHTO, 3 aa Tait Ha —_ ! ee Qa: Hatt ‘solid! R “ee vnort st stb a OL oxides. “Huth: decomposes Grito elerner heating i above sove: 4g ~ FH is Very soluble ip water to gives: iodic acicl, & So anhydride OF HL. 1001) 20 B TOs HBO. THTOR iss pudeb- pa - » Because ib is hygroscopic tu ually ‘absorbs some water & wast op tds -HTo,. - Tt is Strong oxidising agent, it oxides co te’ Gey Hence TE is" Mel" ‘tn, wile Ast of: 4 eon Wane oat rai (4rd alee ‘ Tide # SCO! Tys Bey. Tite! - TY algo: osidives: HS to: TOs No te: oy rey gt One cat y AR tee oe ge, a baby 1? EES roto aloe Dates /TAt fretties oon Tu 0g - Ore - “moderately stable Lress thon 1,05). . Tyg ts formed= by action of 03 me Ty LT, + VWs —> Ty0q+ 202 Dehydration, of HTO3 with cori.” i460 ‘gion T4Sq- ayahich. is" \emoft- -yelloio solid: On eating ar above Bl TyOy ‘sechipdbs UT ya, ab. 04,05 4,21, 490); Scott a “heating | ‘ot BAe 1,04 Cee. , 57,04 —> 4E,05 1424, ¥ 4 “Thy: sth. Pr, Hee ant, are. aot, known. but «Lay ‘4S, probably To! Te Ty 0g is probably TYATOS ), ic ~ Or acicls_ PEL OCIA, os i oe ohalous t > Hue acid (HOX); 5 5 HOF, HOU HOB, Not ‘ Halous acid (XO) + Moto, db pd 4com ! lig cid “hyo, 4 HCL; » ecg Ferhat atid Ua) TH 04, HBO, Ht 1. Hypoholous, eid psiloo sig os . More recently HOF howe Teen mode by passing yo eK ACE, at; “ai HO] 7. bi + HOSES ROP RF ont “Tt ig Colourless wnstable ast “end decomoss m ity own to, HE YO, ‘Tt is Strong oxidising agent & ond “suite Hy to AyQ.. 555 = — - HOF should be stronger Bhat HOU. HOCL, HOBr, HOF “are Not vary erie & ore Known” opty in agutrouA” soln They tein be! prepared oy) actiori + Halogen Oh Freshy prveipitate,.tqd: in wort LHQO HO} eles HqOaigele + aHOCl “ed, OTE», GOO, ON LN in, acide ‘te ‘hye chiorite. inloou). is Garinetilly 2 Koi. &, used octensiudy 1" itecaching tion Fabric & bor domestic bleath Clom 4 en Coat a enw _ » Tn hot Prob ee “Nidtt: Misproportionaty: rapidly, ind oaks | 310 FO ac eto a. ede * Preparation ma by. th “action oF Hisou on chiovtdey.” Batcion, +, Hs0u—> apcioy Bands a salts are. called ehloditys roindiusied 3 , Meaches: 1996 yen FH plans: 4 : ne “Gree oF EGU’ Wh? allaaline -solot but. in? acid solm - they: CispropoMionate ener treated). bere sup 3! fala di — BHCIO, —> Utioy # Hyer nog th ico Los te er OL i Vi prs Z Hcl, == Ffitio, * cL 202! ov foot Yager! eo ik hog wv HiCLO3 af Fb of Pare. “enpwn; only ‘in, jae spwsnile, 4103 1 exist, as | white ; solid. » beeparétion aby docighion oF ‘nag 08 chlorate «/ iy Caboricr acid is, Dptainel, Rde'to, wash Ls BEsdEr THI, { abi dhtained by oxidation ., moiat, ty, ae Fie IMO, r=4s toy ooh we ao ! iu cHtorates arid”: bromates » deoinpele. | is heating Fn © gy ARCS Tigore OE 80x in absence of catalyst! vat ie temp (b) -ke1dy ais ptbportionatt. © : UNL Og SKCLOy 4, KCL _ chlorates ate used? toe nae. _Hrwwsrt and Matches} aah p3 _ aclog? 1s, Avidely cused | Os eed Rite HCO} LORIdises | S02'th S09" DEM te yOldy HCI, +350, —S Here 3sQi~" Tos pwidistso Tite Ebom gas , aa —— = cee Buz (03? oxIdises” we to Sog* | Cty i054 we? ssa ~ Te. Be WGOs 4. 178, © Qaper: 4 ee *HC1Oy ? edfin~ 4 “prepared by the" dction af atid’ “OY peedhtorate’ Salty 6 i Necioy 1? H1 90, -5 roe “49H,0 +4 20 203, + 60H” a (F96. vat 3H,0 = nee eye * common “For periodic, acid, HEEB in 37 HID, 2HaD, (Or, He ED, called’ Paro. per iodic , acid."* wre exists ay White creetatie “tryst, : | 2HsTO,. 108! iit, 2s 4 os +0, ‘ho 3 !to- LCT AH ® MOGLE, WUD < HCO, & RO Pte iL ae" a Seat 4 wh || r quits e CIO» C10, > OZ > CLOy ~ acidic fee Hors! ROCL >. HOBr sHOE! 5! the ortdising power h Wd os clo > CLO. . Mos. > Coe : J ee Hin all thes CL sph bie ieee Sigagent of wd fairs. COs: wf lidod? tele cur edu 2 Jn 2 - yoke . GEN 126) — foyinth at gr: ote 0 a Hog tiog anni, bsp 1a : : vided CHD oxoanion a i BA UBS) se, / 109 \Tmnol wu a stan gg ngs ae Hid aa wip yonenots | cor 154 : 1Ob™! sue salt Cog Vag? “ot a8 | *X = LO, oR, BOW: a0 3c — ClO + 2c Pe “ee » 8s. Conidered | ‘as mixe woith HCL and WCLO Caled cal. cafohgpson cory | Chtoride .o Ble aching “p of ilime. powder’ * is mix. ‘ot . hypo chine Tcacsey,.34,0] and Basic cal. chlovide [catt,. cous aeety by Passing Cl. or ary Slaked lime. - | 2Co.LOH) yt Cl, — > &Cacocl), Catt, + “LH,0 | Cotly + 4. pO+ CACO), — Cac}, Caron’y,% a0 | 7 pant Of Caco, ua re — | SCOLOH), +2Cl. — Cacoct, .Cact,. Cacoly, « HO | marian peteraret in Bechmanhs “plant. Tt & an yellowish - w hike strong stil of Cl. Soluble ih water, ig “the with Water: ‘In -toldo water CROC, HO! o> CoMe cl com tt »Tn dis Wat, poe dit Bors the wioluble ee UNreacted t me Sr le init ty TeHIwwora Tal: ro 30° > wer + ctos, | Auto- ~oxidation : - Te under goes QUt oxidation Standing. on: long | YF ca0Cls >: DRONE: Sita 03). . 4 Co LOOT racic Cocetds), ' aso result) the Sudilable, Ld with ails acids+ ; ae gives HCO» a Gives HCO » which aecompoxs Si Give toy © a¢aety* Ah H soe fae, Casoe Fath, + acto v veh dg tle 210] CoLocl a= WSO, 3 ‘€aXol? + LHCLO due 7405 Tiberisation . of £03,+1t 5, Good oxidont 4 _ bleaching agent, w with Mas ded or CO, liberate ch. CaOCle + HySO, —> CaSO, BAD Cle! CadCl,.+ CO, ra ifoeog BHC cia The Chlovine Liberated ww this aren. is called availodle- chlorine. ri The quality & price ot bleaching i i based omnis Zech) WVGLAbLE, Cl. for! “good qua lity, dleaching: pow der. Available ; 7. VS BOBBY. , “i | Ctbewrikeally BOY) pas compotion: | ‘In the presence of Cott: catalyst “Liberate MY gen. I ' Loot, ie, 2caCla,* Or © Cato), SoCs Coty’ Coch, * 0, a (eyed yi MIC * dD ‘Tt act 08 Good oxidising agent .« Geel. QS disintectant ap qieenitidac bseod + As On Oa] dont! @ aeNSRar re LAPP 03 -Th the manvficietiire 26.) CCH, sido ut LAS bleachifig, agent for :esttoit: & wobod nlp ‘onddeaen Po pee » Conny PbO'AS PHO, # CaCly on Fe SO+ + ‘FagOy + ages 5! FERS, +i Cael, iw, O) otk “eat, + END), — bec N04 : _sCqoen + ant, — ate * NF 30 Cact, FORT + LHC => GaGa F eke Op} 420 ho CeOdy! FHS ts RUST EHD suf. une 7 Ss Rach AE GROS" with. org c_ Brnpils youl! Caocty » distilled ehcly Fes a GHgon was of poly ar yciel iT | a - acetone APT) OL uses: a a AIGSIG % Eee nh LHI Dwt u Available ch! : aeiiiogenoss4 Se yin OP CaO je oaistieg sak a! J excess-Of acid “TSP URS Cl, liberates. . He aye "| passed | “through” oda = “cess Kr Soin. . ine Created with hypo) i 7) LOVE NO . Wityue caocl, * + HSO4 POLL, ch WT Ty Ab i su T+ LNos Oy 9 2 NOT & No si0, yop +hypd 22% ‘oles ae wo" qr of cao; ag’ xt 7 s00qm_ of Co0U, 51) Hates y epromyl chloride tbs “confirmatory. test :, dor. chi forides, Metal chloride + K,CrO1+ 12804 ce, ‘ polln ERE sc ale Oar ped, Vopotrs , chrom chloride liberate - absotbed-in (oo eh t Noor soln. JT eur) 4 Yellow soln. Noro a) 69 added lead TS =onetate: TNE ow ppt. (Phere), Kylr.0, + 47 NoCL + @H,S0} =>. AKHSOat 4nla.HS04 + me aa 0 CPO, + 4NooH —S “Nail, BNact 4140 Na: Na lrOg + (CHgcoo} Rb — Pace, LCI NOTE: it oe YR{Lows, + Tracts of Cl, also ray liberate. This test is not given by: a ent 0) Covdlemehloridenelixess-tigeiss OKs ete, ‘» Tnsoluble chlasides: likes Ages Paty. Sbel, Interhatogen compounds +, . They form various = ifn ‘comps IKE AX, Axes AXg2 AX io cp A: sLorger, noloqen. ee : Xs Serialler halogen AS the ratio of « =padit of Racthat ‘ORK iacreatths HOZo}" ator. 7. PHF Pas *: Eq: Tec. tee Preparation = =" ; - By direct action - a Halo fue 09 action Of haldgeris:: “bh unto om Clyt F tequal VoOb) Bea e Cl, + BF, KASS FL) - 208 veeg e T+ Ch. (equi molar) 4 es Fey Tho DCI, (eceess 1 QTC yon (TC, Br, + 3A, (diluted with Ny) 26° as oF E ‘tee Fy) esr be Ret Oc * a §ical gtates wit Ls an ges: dag, c grtl : : ‘ wh “ruby nt solid We form) ‘biown Sail spec form)’ Tr : Black solidus ir eranstable © dittetted ectopic CU ¢ colourless, 3Hx 40HADL EY HOT Se At, + 30 9 ‘sit + Oe | Ht Reactivity: 5 CLR > arrys t he > > ef 8 6 ys st > bers ood CAshbes i, 3 ay 08 293) (#10 1K me Matt 8. Thermal: soil: Per , tee ~ e ‘© For AX type compte ® SAE ditt; the. thermal Stability, fk te { LFA? bre>, CLE AULD ‘TBr >, Beet 107099 Structure sigs! an i cerita ‘atin ce + ftanEADs as ‘eeeited state” _ ul é' | 3 bp: "cH sian ‘burt Testing! | 1 993 rod} dpi bosth. 4 - ee . Pella: gem) wee 3 F pee boy ae IS east vasa ide, th. - Ka FS senbh FE YiROR " } uf fa pop wtp an Pl J otis - Xely? hdd 3 Shoe [1.554 tp solid state .. forms planar dimeric” ‘molecule (LG) 24. 10 eo ey cl 268 CL Mors cise oe 2% 355 mS ag 7 Te eMC T I ps spkdt pn “iwetez peels sD ET Todint atom of Tdly gets extra ‘€ pair from CL atom of Onothers ‘Tey ./50 that toch T atom ix’ Suir. by SE pairs around ths Thus’each “T ator /is mvolwed: Lim spPd® hgb. The/6e" pairs ave atroanged 2m > Octahedyal, manner of which 2kp ocuupy opposite come of ottahedvon, ALL otams Dea Gn an , - >; PlOne So that’ 2 squary are AXs eypes 1H Bly Tsharing yon_edge. "SEG, BBP Whe Ap, 4'Square pyrarnit SD EAGS . LiG¢ ‘ SP? sats ire bp’. { peritagonal bi pytarnidl (ae 34 wohen. , LCL reacts with org: ‘ompde: ‘ CLF : very reactive - CIF: Fluorinaty, “many metals & -Tt con simmultaneowily Huorinate & - TCk sis wotll knowns it, ig: ‘eee as =a TU, TBr: most, stable. hail hon —-metals. 1,.DI | SCLE 4: DAL 8 DAK HSCs fed?" DTM o gt | OCLE +> U => UFC + Xe - SPP es | 75/0004 OCLFS Ss -SFE FIC chlorinate - a compa. CUP, Ske. S5Ct- ae "sat | CAF S00 ~ SOFC: Pe .. | “CF i So. 4 C\ SOLE | At J Tift’ 9 reagent’ Am ithe atstb Su No. of; pats weoilsdo bg ed iodine ie is Campsute | id ide! bands PAL.ey “Dagret of wnsatiration. evrisy, simply, the, “quote, (mb), ‘of o- saturated Sol. of TCL which reat with o Heed wits {ORT gy 1 1 “Heb=c-H +IclL — ~~~ c~ i” bodinates OS Well’ as! chtorin ates’ depen ding on conditions. es . Sa ict, acid vapout, Cntr nation, ih POPC Edad J Tet in” lOdination A Dire OTE Tels Ter are partially. fopised in. qused State, rtl: jonistsz!to" “ar etherit of th 2ICl == t + Gad » | goth Tcl & Ter, Con. be used as ‘00n- O4s;, ronising 5 lent... form addition compas. swith’ Alkali metal halides.” aiding, polyhotide, Nobr+ Tey oS. No* Ltr ray KI+ Te = Ke Ene” gM AXg. “tape compas. : en 5 Cg» Batata Tash Pe GIR | +. CU So dts GBP; Hc) & {5 commercially " avatlabe: Wodse syd, yn CIF, Teciets) ” Luaith) eecesy jl, CF CUR) Cass Sur iet ae "TR e.only stable, below. 30% & made as if BXe Fj anilyi ry LUE, + 3X6, : Trey is easily’ ween ‘by el solide Tot ti Glad + OOO Titty On, dtcompos és: i r ae Tach, otc1+ Te wating’ “yy! som temp eS bo "CLF; one; of the Most! Reactive Compas. “Ct cqtches.. fire, SspontonGisly with | wood, ia dex a "CLR was, ued ih ar m world” wot sy BiS4 as 0 rst 5 CUFs used to make Ug. which iv used “ine enridhinent! Pop UE = 2Clh; +0 > OR ie att Aci eat ad sibs + Cla- Bsn oad + CUR ty 0 power ful~ ‘thlovi aig Gert for® spr goic * SeGripds. © | “ACES OMT EEO gr, 4 deh B0y A4CUP3 + ALO? “ALF 2a 30, ee. VICI 2Clfy + INA; — > HF +o. Nh wars - BAe tHE + BNG+ ot wiles . 25 (used “in short range BS 15 cover oe DB. ea anockdts ).: 049 Cr+ 6F, — TeuRdiead ‘a : : LGrry se Sores Leia" SbR 1 Cur, + Pte Tele H Letkea”™ DF Fa ‘hore diate! ase Jas; /soluenti= | Reason: Itt “has— -Convinient i nange SD 116? f ai LGM Rot 16.8'C,, 8, BB /F 126°C) a : *9, Tt is Good , but) not violent Pane agent. | a Ttyelt” oni ses much | fore” Than: _ CUR. 4 : de PbS PGT Ve eh Bree i) “ute Tels: undergo, Sty, ionisatign, iasege Jepis ae of Tal. hiboi et » CLe,» ar, . TFs are iad roids _ TARY: uaz inate: “many, ‘apis eae CLF, + 20 3 iS F UD AHF p | Bre ts 38 = B13 + BAB auBle Fy STOR P StFaf) BrFy £0, ee BrFs + Gk >: LCs MBeRdib ey Sol Tig) + UKs - EDR “7a au Lie BFp Sell lon ists, 8 ‘O electri Ch ’ uf TEs aw fo AFer,; ee AX type : epi 010 io not TF, 1s, violent ofluosinating: aggit I: IF, + 1,0 — TOs DHFI)" + “OTR + SiO, Se aeOR SFE Th + CsF —> ,Ca[tee] | i Poly holidesis Ju— ‘Halide tong Aredet “ih lec of on halogens, tor, vinterhalogen, MP tom ‘palyhalidgy.. sal hi eo Tye Tee fly, its 333 | ‘ ‘More. .comnpler , ions, sud 9A, us j Pinta iodi (ts) » hepta iodide —_— m4 ee ee ee iodide (LAshave ailso-be : Prepared, ne tornpdt containing the largty ' Yiodide ions: qmnrally -contain arge Metol iors like Cs", Large, JSromyle | Cations like... Rant ; ee Reason :. A large, anion oat with” tarqe coon - hee YEO ; High: cy, a hence. highs “LES. KL0;. HO, RbTys_ Niet, TONS NTIS PoT, -TCewe sec. MAY be_ oteodl by direct addition: Of: to" Tes 4d * Brf, Gr; most. less” stable: “A Less) “eormmor than =], : - Cl; comps. are” neal & very! ‘tus 2 Known. Fy compds. are: ‘Not own” dit tack of d-orbitals. ~ Seu ERA © These de® formed | Os) Pollowss sf Tey} KCL i> REO on 2 7! | ely + EERIE 0 ag | TFs eer Se eTR ed Itt + KBr % BrIChs 4 i iCUF ae ASF a Fey ASF, “bil an | Poly Ratides a! cae tly ical’ tori: «°° compas. Crystalline , stable {satuble 7 re water, & . wn duct ehectricity ‘m-soln4- ond. rent Jee Geemnpsit of he oting — ait vodUcts: OT QkCOMPosttorn- are ov 1 rved. -by t LE of edie The x dieali metals e bighast for! sri natide ons $0... Ee smal, atege remains bonded to the: atta : Cy Aa tsr4 Tax r Bb Sans PRoel +tq, aaa KE ; Tet) = = ikCUY Ir, om + TCLs Bg at nea spd: 25p AAD... Tug: we By) spd? , 4bp, 2Lp al Me “planar. : /NOTE: td &, ‘te ‘gonduct; decoidity ‘in ‘molten state. Molten _tlecholysis, Liberats mw T, Welz at -both © - alechrodea. Hence taf chet 1. Molten” Ten’ behaves, in “A sar ony 3 Toy, <3 Uh, Ny a ETcen, Ty. ! 3. Electrolysis of IL; dsp “in pa y ‘nl at cath od ; " “a ton Sof. oi 4p molten Tcl aye Mts: cond activity due Formation of completa. y! — —_— r eee RR ta ty 4 ther 3 By Pgbail as Qn; “ulgttroptitic. tinting Eq: Act fannde elects to: 4- “iodo, acetonide Ur" rattaksy. Pi D184 "Ty a soln. of Tn an ert Solvent | is Passed doona céttiot * ethange sin, Some iodine. S Pttaiwed in resid! He “ewiny Te meres) +P AT. yooh fetated wither | AW ty REC RINT “A, Large no-of comp as are ad whic encore ee vee AAO ebinp lee ion. tne Ae Eq: cremg, 1803" ‘es ee hdd [E(Ay),T C104 [IWy),] agetate, TcApel penzoate * Molten ICly has conductivity CRs. 210 avai) ‘ me tory | electrolysed | both 1, REL, ot “both” ean “It, = rey # Tey r | q, Famiga Hs Er cacéfatteds]” | % acehic electrolysed / im: nettio! anhydride, _pronhydride, using fg ; eleetrody™ ~ “one: area ‘of AgT ts «Formed tat cathode ° for This suggests at 3, Fara days. T (cHscoO), =? 17? + Scngcoo™ hy on ‘ot Br? con we Pr a bkanied. from” Sta “wattp & dring A ig 0,01 ie, ater contoing. | Br” ions, stepd Yavolved 2 da Sea water is added withy #86, to adjust the .PH sat 3. Brtreated with chlorine which. liberates 8r, 2) » Cla beBr is — Bryoracr Bi, ‘ “distilied ort by heating sol.& is plown OWE. tn Oe CUTCeNnte of dir. Which | possed into NO.CO3 , Sol: By, No. Br & NaBrO, are formed. ' 3Bri + BNO O35 f 5Nobr + Nab, The-solne.: per aig Nobr & Nobo; & distilled “ott: H,$0y to Give: Sra: 58 SNoBr — gq FBUS0Y | T t TF ni” Hor) * Uo she + BrO3 tiers BBrat 3n,0 ‘Br, is Lib. when HCL fs added to Amit. ot KBr & KBr, ~ SKBr + KBrO3 * Het —> FRET + SBr+ HHO Wie dipromd | toad 4 = Bniasiogs BBr + 30 s bry ts largel used in prep. of Hane whic Ts added to petro lod Scauanger. The -crnothier GLH aprer4 rhe" Preparation Of me = SE Olage Labourator { wivethods : “31% ~ jC inp pe 1. UNO + MAGE 3A, SOK Stic Mn S041) - eRe ARE oe + 2,0 + Tas Bs 2 aK HQ HIGy 8S St OHO 2kMNO} A BH;S04 FORT S BROS 2 yy sé, add hills ina bl PBHOH FED ia: Alkaline Meds aCee 2 th - suid 0 a3 *o 05. a ! Fe ae Zia HAG Katr,0, +6ur + tH 504 54K :SO, 47 CH (50), a hs wl ee a § ae + aer lo }Cuyitip 804 tr, Large’stat’ tri uf oct From Caliche: ery sballisation sof pitrater rom eyudedr chile Sattpetre has ,dodienecin’ th form Of sodiomm iodates, soit + 1aaide QF : Ei is reCSvered= By rece Thx ti ene & then Dxidation Ms 103 ibselt - “Toy agftsoy > 4 F380," SH Br +r0y FOP TO, MABMD 0 ger ROGOR: “Gol HF Ga Al “bere plspwol os i ABS Peles PCL Pag | POP 8 asda sarod Cle: CLOyr CLOY ‘ T,Cly : Teit Tey PGrs : P Bry Br es i SROLINENTA 2 BLU hah) it ealarly of the” BBS Samingig a sige dried ’& bume In, Thatigs nts. and, ash, “enon os, key [tonittiny apout lo. u-134) Tétine as ‘odaty, im oddeuto.¢ chlor} tes shu: Sulphoty, reated with hot» wore ) iu ashy! to dissolve outa, the vpothen tiquor! raving “ibdites 15 mixed with wa on OMS Hees iS. L brased) tp trberdte. | VE) de pds + T, displace {Cb 8 “prem ber dios > salty 2K, +1, —> 2KEOyAC 2kBrO! TY) ey TRL O y+ Bry \ Reasons ine GO-Salts et, Br ore'in 45° 04, T is more EP thom‘; Bi so. tt Seer subs. UL BY Aol their | ox- vt | * SOBs « ; i wore: T, 1 neseccary ior Rona tte of thyroid gland. ~ JIT * Deteciency Of fodine Leds to the Vase qoitre . Todised salt contain as wr KIO,. When KCL, is heated with cont: ct mix. of cio L&Cl, is obtained: cl Ley OKCLO, + wel eovawe 2200 S : «THO or “Leused op pleaching eae ye

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