HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
PHILIPPINE SOCIAL REALITIES AND PSA/RA 8425 Social Reform and
SOCIAL WORK (20 ITEMS) Poverty Alleviation Act/NEDA
1. Concept of Reality, Percepectives and Tools Types of Poverty
for Analyzing Social Realities. 1. Absolute Poverty
Remembering 1 Understanding5 ○ It is the extreme kind of poverty
Applying 8 Analyzing 6 involving the chronic lack of
basic food, clean water, health
1.1. Define social realities and factors and housing.
affecting them (1 Remembering) ○ People in absolute Poverty tend
to struggle to live and
SOCIAL REALITIES experience a lot of child death
● An aggregate of realities or existence of from preventable diseases like
what is happening in various system, as malaria, cholera, and water
opposed to imaginary; contamination related diseases
● In community dialogue, the results of ○ This type is usually long term in
the consultation is the social reality nature, and often handed to
coming from the perspective an inputs them by generations before
of the community. them. This kind of poverty is
usually not common in the
Factors affecting social issues and social developed world.
realities 2. Relative Poverty
○ Is when households receive
Social Activities are modeled by 4 conditions 50% less than average
1. Geographic conditions or NATURAL household incomes, so they do
physical environment have some money but still not
a. Size of population enough money to afford
b. Economic Occupation anything above basics.
c. Stagnation or Progressive Conditions 3. Situational Poverty
d. Laws and Procedures ○ People or families can be poor
e. The Form of Government from some adversities like
f. Domestic Products earthquakes, floods or a serious
g. Ethical Differences illness. Sometimes people can
h. Belief and Religion help themselves out of this
2. Technical Conditions or ARTIFICIAL situation quickly if they are
physical environment given a bit of assistance, as the
3. Psychophysical conditions or hereditary, cause of their situation was just
acquired traits of the population; one unfortunate event.
4. Social Conditions or causal relations. 4. Generational Poverty
○ This is when poverty is handed
1.2. Critically examine the social work over to individuals and families
perspectives-tools in analysing social realities from generations before them.
(1 Remembering; 1 Analysing) 5. Near-Poor
○ Income are near or above
1.3. Distinguish types and dimensions of poverty threshold
poverty; approaches to measuring poverty (3
Analyzing) Unit of Measure
1. Food Threshold
Poverty ○ Is the minimum income
● Is not having enough money or access to required for a family or
resources to enjoy a decent standard of individual to meet the basic
living; be that lack of access to food needs, which satisfies the
healthcare, education, or facilities etc. nutritional requirements for
● Individuals and families whose income economically necessary and
falls below the poverty threshold who socially desirable physical
“cannot afford in a sustained manner to activities.
provide their minimum basic needs of 2. Subsistence Incidence
food, health, education, housing and ○ The proportion of families or
other essential amenities of life.” individuals with per Capita
JAY-VEE ALISDAN, RSW
HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
income less than the per Capita ● It is an issue that may refer to social
food Threshold to the total political, economic, socio cultural, and
number of families or environment;
individuals ● Are distinguished from economic issues.
3. Poverty Threshold Some issues have both social and
○ Is the minimum income economic aspect, such as immigration.
required for a family or Or politics and environment;
individual to meet the basic ● Encompasses issues that a small to
food and nonfood requirements, representative group of people within a
also known as Poverty Line. society disagree with or find
4. Poverty Incidence undesirable.
○ Is the proportion of families or
individuals with per Capita SOCIAL PROBLEM
income less than the per Capita ● Refer to social conditions that disrupt or
Poverty Threshold to the total damage society - crime, racism and the
number of families or like.
individuals. ● Problems that affect groups, that are
created by social conditions ad that can
1.4. Explain the concepts of be charged by collective action.
NEOLIBERALISM and globalization and ● NATURE OF SOCIAL PROBLEM
their implications to social work (2 ○ Involves subjective perception
Understanding) of an objective situations -
Public perception depends on
1.5. Illustrate the interplay of internal and the impact to the people and its
external factors impinging on and or visibility or experiences. (Ex.
contributing to the growth of Philippine Typhoon Carina happened in
Society (3 Applying) July 2024)
○ Involve gap between social
1.6. Describe the uniqueness of each sector’s ideals and social reality - values
characteristics and struggles and to the of the people has an implication
universality of human aspiration to achieve in how we perceive SP. It affects
decent and humane quality of life. (2 perception of the people . (Ex.
Understanding) Mining that can contribute to
the economy but it can destroy
1.7. Illustrate the present situation, problems, the environment)
struggles and needs of the different sectors of ○ Can be perceived by significant
Philippine Society. (3 Applying) or not so significant number of
people which means that many
1.8. Analyze social welfare programs and or few people will feel the SP
services addressing the needs and problems of on a different intensity.
the particular sectors of the Philippine
Society (2 Analyzing)
ASPECTS O THE SAMPLE
SOCIETY AND ISSUES/CONCERN
2. Anatomy of Social Problems and Related INDICATORS S ON THIS
Theories on Social Problems. ASPECT (ISSUES
Remembering 0 Understanding1 ARE
Applying 2 Analyzing 0 INTERLAPPING
AND CONNECTED
TO EACH OTHER)
2.1. Cite social problems and needs faced in
different societies resulting to poverty (2 ECONOMIC Poverty
Applying) Refers to income, High rates of
economic growth, unemployment and
2.2. Discuss related theories on social employment status, underemployment
problems (1 Understanding) inflation, interest, High rates of poverty
exchange rate, Increase in inequality
commodity (oil, steel, Oil price hike
Definition of Terms gold), trade and Volatile growth
services, labor and dependent
SOCIAL ISSUES immigration.
JAY-VEE ALISDAN, RSW
HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
comparability of poverty estimates across space
POLITICAL Transitions in
Relating to government and over time.
government, public Election concerns
affairs, leadership Political killing and
UNIT OF COVERAG
movements political conflict
MEASURE E
Proposed
constitutional Food in current National,
amendment Threshold pesos regional and
Peace and order (usually, per provincial
Human rights Capita or per (with
violation person per urban-rural
Governance year) areas)
SOCIAL Respect for culture Subsistence in percent for Nation,
CULTURAL Education Incidence a reference regional,
Culture, norms, Drug war year provincial,
tradition, social Youth participation highly
gathering, relating to urbanized
society, and city
organization, social
interaction Poverty In current National,
Threshold pesos regional and
ENVIRONMENT Climate change and (usually, per provincial
Nature, flaura/fauna, global warming Capita or per (with
atmosphere, various Deforestation person per urban-rural
ecosystem Environment year) areas)
degradation
Pollution Poverty In person for National,
Incidence a reference Regional,
Theoretical Basis year Provincial,
Highly
Urbanized
FUNCTIONALISM City
CONFLICT THEORY
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
TYPES OF POVERTY
Poverty Indicators
1. Absolute Poverty
● chronic lack of basic food, clean water,
THE OFFICIAL POVERTY ESTIMATION
health and housing.
METHODOLOGY (1987) - Poverty
● Often Generational
Indicators
Major feature of the first refinement in 1992
2. Relative Poverty
was the exclusion of alcohol, tobacco,
● The household receive 50% less than
recreation, durable furniture and equipment as
average household incomes, so they do
well as other miscellaneous expenditures in the
have some money but still not enough
list of basic non-food requirements considered in
money to afford anything above the
the determination of the poverty line threshold.
basics.
Poverty line threshold refers to the minimum
income expenditure required to meet the basic
3. Situational Poverty
food and non-food requirements.
● poor because of some adversities, i.e;
In 2003, another improvement was introduced in
typhoon and earthquake victims
recognition of the need for poverty estimates
with lower levels of disaggregation specifically
4. Generational or Chronic Poverty
at the provincial level.
● Poverty is handed over to individuals
The latest refinements in the official poverty
and families from generations before
estimation methodology were approved through
them.
the PSA Board Resolution No. 1. Series of
2017-171. Approving the Refinements in the
SOCIAL ANALYSIS
Official Poverty Estimation Methodology, to
Objectives
address some issues concerns raised on the
● Provides overall directions to events
estimation of food and poverty thresholds,
● It gives inspiration to become agents of
incidence and other measures of poverty, the
change
relevance of official poverty statistics and other
JAY-VEE ALISDAN, RSW
HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
● Provides a guide in developing a vision ● The active involvement of members of a
for society or community Community or organization in decisions
● To serve a guide for an action plan. which affect their lives and work
Limitations of Social Analysis ● The fact or condition of sharing n
● It does not provide immediate answers common (with others or with each
to the questions other), association as partners,
● It does not provide the cure (it is not the partnership, fellowship, profit-sharing
expert who can provide solutions to the ● An integral component of social
problems but the local people integration - it enables people to
themselves) participate and take part in the
● It's not purely academic (we are doing to community decisions
serve the oppress)
● It is not value-free (if there are Purpose of Participation
judgements) 1. Awareness Raising - stakeholders’
● It is weak in analyzing in social and participation allows them to be aware of
cultural aspects of the society their perceptions and insight
2. Building Positive Social Relations -
Types and Models of Social Analysis participants build relationship among
● Both diachronic and historical (changes other sectors, ethnicity and they are
through time) and synchronic or being able to relate with each other
structural (cross section analysis of a 3. Quality of outcomes - consultations,
system at a given time) vetting widens perspectives, experiences
● It is both objective (external structure and insights. It allows plans to be
e.g.; various institutions, organizations) holistic and well consulted. Therefore,
and subjective (internal structures e.g accountability is established.
consciousness, attitude, values, and 4. Credibility - with consultations,
ideologies) credibility can be established because of
sense of owning of the general populace
Tools in Social Analysis
● WEB CHARTING - primary and Levels of Participation
secondary cause of the issues that are 1. PASSIVE PARTICIPATION
related to one another ● beneficiaries basically welcome the
● NEWSPAPER ANALYSIS - headlines project proposals and support them but
reflects social situation are generally cautious (and even
● E-P-C-E ANALYSIS - looking at the suspicious) in relation to project
EPCE issues at its relationships management
● CONJUNCTURAL ANALYSIS - 2. INCREASING INVOLVEMENT
important events in the society and ● Beneficiaries begin to develop more
analyzing major roles (eg EDSA 1 and trust in the project and more contact
2) with its activities and staff; they may
● PROBLEM TREE - cause (roots) and also begin to take on some
effects (branches) responsibilities
3. ACTIVE PARTICIPATION
PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT ● beneficiaries play the role of active
● is a process, which involves citizens partners in the project’s implementation
actively and in all decisions that and development, and assume increasing
influence their lives. responsibilities
● Stands for partnership which is build 4. OWNERSHIP/EMPOWERMENT
upon the basis of dialogue among the ● beneficiaries are both willingly and able
various actors, during which the agenda to ustai and further develop the
is jointly set, and local views and initiatives begun by the project
indigenous knowledge are deliberately
sought and respected. Types of Participation in Projects
● Implies negotiation rather than the 1. INDUCED INVOLVEMENT
dominance of an externally set project ● the strategy, design and workplan of a
agenda. Thus people become actors, project are predetermined and the
instead of being beneficiaries. intended beneficiaries are encouraged to
participate in its activities and obtain
Definition of Participation certain benefits.
JAY-VEE ALISDAN, RSW
HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
9. Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
10. Reduced Inequalities
● In various projects, people are invited to 11. Sustainable Cities and Communities
make contributions of labour and or 12. Responsible Consumption and
other resources which is also sen as a Production
form of cost-sharing. 13. Climate Action
2. TRANSITORY MOBILIZATION 14. Life Below Water
FOR COMMUNITY 15. Life on Land
DEVELOPMENT 16. Peace, Justice and strong institutions
● The people participate in certain specific 17. Partnership for the goals
temporary tasks mainly for the
development of their community, but THE PHILIPPINE DEVELOPMENT PLAN
there is no institutional base or structure ● Serves as the country’s overall blueprint
(groups or organization) for more in development planning for the next six
sustained participation. years.
3. GROUP FORMATION ● It aims to reinvigorate job creation and
● the project has a specific objective to accelerate poverty reduction by steering
help create new or strengthen existing the Philippine Economy back to its
self-formed and self-run groups and high-growth trajectory and effect
organizations through which the rural economic and social transformation for
poor gain access to resources, inputs and a prosperous, inclusive, and resilient
services and participate actively in the society.
project, also by means of self-proposed
actions. This latter type ther groups and Goals of Philippine Development Plan
organizations they obtain not only 1. Maintain annual economic growth rate
access to resources, but also between 6.0 to 7.0 percent in 2023 and
decision-making and bargaining power between 6.5 to 8.0 percent from 2024 to
as well as a base for sustained 2028
self-development efforts. 2. Create more, better, and more resilient
jobs
Development Approach VS Participatory 3. Keep food and overall prices low and
Development stable
● Expert knowledge vs local knowledge 4. Enforce fiscal discipline
● Top-down vs bottom-up 5. Transform the production sectors trough
● Recipients of development treated as innovation
passive or conservative vs treated as the
center, active and seeing situation from For the social and human development sector
their point of view. strategies include the following:
1. Promote and improve lifelong learning
Critique on Participatory Development and education
● Participation cost time and money 2. Boost health
● No guaranteed impact upon the end 3. Establish livable communities
product 4. Ensure food security and proper
● Losing time for talking nutrition
● Destabilization of social organization 5. Strengthen the social protection system
● Danger of shifting the burden to the 6. Increase income-earning ability of the
poor workforce
7. Philippine institutions will be
THE SUSTAINABLE DEVEOPMENT collaborative, responsive, reliable, and
GOALS efficient in providing trustworthy,
● Also known as the GLOBAL GOALS responsive, reliable, and efficient in
1. Eradicating Poverty providing trustworthy, safe, and secure
2. Zero Hunger services
3. Good Health and Well-Being
4. Quality Education PHILIPPINE SOCIAL ISSUE (PSA 2023)
5. Gender Equality ● POVERTY INCIDENCE
6. Clean Water and Sanitation ○ The proportion of filipinos
7. Affordable and Clean Energy whose per Capita income cannot
8. Decent Work and Economic Growth
JAY-VEE ALISDAN, RSW
HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
sufficiently meet the individual
basic food and non-food needs
Causes of Poverty
● Lack of jobs in rural areas
● Poor quality of education
● Limited resources
● The COVID-19
Consequences of Poverty
● Lack of housing unfordable housing
● Malnutrition
● Child labor
● Crime
NEOLIBERALISM
● It gives emphasis to free market,
capitalism, deregulation and reduction
of expenditure of the government
● Market oriented reform policy,
deregulating capital markets, lower trade
barrier
● Policy direction is privatization and
commercialization of public services
● Politics and economic approach that
transfer control from the public sector to
private sector
GLOBALIZATION
● Is the free movement of goods, services,
and people across the world.
Other Relevant Issues
CYBER SECURITY
● Protecting the systems, networks from
digital attacks.
● Aims to reduce cyber attacks protecting
against exploitation of system, network
and technologies.
MISINFORMATION AND
DISINFORMATION
● MISINFORMATION is false, inaccurate
information tha has no basis while
DISINFORMATION is false
information deliberately to mislead.
JAY-VEE ALISDAN, RSW
HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
FILIPINO PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL
WORK (20 ITEMS)
Remembering 3 Understanding3
Applying 8 Analyzing 6
1 Illustrate how the social work principles,
values and philosophy are expressed in a
person’s life (2 Applying)
2. Discuss the interrelationship of various
factors in human growth and development
from a biophyiological, social, psychological,
spiritual moral framework (2 Remembering)
3. Explain the various personality theories
such as the behavioral theory, social learning
theory, cognitive and moral theory and
Gilligan’s feminist ethics (3 Understanding)
4. Illustrate clearly the concept of kapwa,
Loob and core Filipino values in
understanding Filipino behavior and culture
in relation to personal social transformation
and social work practice (2
JAY-VEE ALISDAN, RSW
HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
SOCIAL WORK AND SOCIAL
DEVIATION (20 ITEMS)
Remembering 4 Understanding2
Applying 8 Analyzing 6
JAY-VEE ALISDAN, RSW
HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL
WORK: THE FAMILY, GROUP,
COMMUNITY, AND ORANIZATION (20
ITEMS)
Remembering 5 Understanding0
Applying 8 Analyzing 6
JAY-VEE ALISDAN, RSW
HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT ● Atomi energy and change.
PERSPECTIVE (20 ITEMS) 5. CULTURAL FACTORS
● social change brings change. He says
Remembering 3 Understanding3 material and non-material change.
Applying 8 Analyzing 6 Usually non-material can’t cope up with
material changed and gives rise to
SOCIAL CHANGE cultural lag.
● In sociology, the alteration of ● Change in values ideas and custom’s
mechanism within the social structure, changes society
of characterized by changes in cultural
symbols, rules of behaviour, social SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT (World Bank)
organizations, or value systems. ● Focuses on the need to put people first
● Can evolve from a number of different in development process. Poverty is more
sources, including contact with other than low incomee, it is also about
societies (diffusion) vulnerability, exclusion, unaccountable
● Refers to the transformation of culture, institutions, powerlessness, and
behaviour, social institutions, and social exposure to violence.
structure over time ● Promotes social inclusion of the poor
● Sociological perspective on social and vulnerable by empowering people,
change fall into functionalist and building cohesive and resilient societies,
conflict approaches and making institutions accessible and
● Changes in the ecosystem (which can accountable to citizens;
cause in the loss of natural resources or ● Empirical evidence and operational
widespread disease) experience show that Social
● Technological change (epitomized by Development promotes economic
the industrial revolution, which created growth and leads to better interventions
a new social group, the urban and a higher quality of life.
proletariat)
● Population growth and other ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
demographic variables ● Means that we are living with the mans
● Is also spurred by ideological, of our natural resources.
economic, and political movement ● ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY
requires that a business or country uses
Factors of Social Change its resources efficiently and responsibly
1. DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS so that it can operate in a sustainable
● It plays an important role in society if manner to consistently produce an
there’s change in the composition of operational profit.
population. There is change in society ● SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY is the
by composition we mean the structure. ability of society, or any social system,
2. AGE GROUP to persistently achieve a good social
● childhood, adulthood, old age. well-being.
● If the population of children is greater,
then increase of population will be ROSTOW’S MODERNIZATION THEORY
slower. ● TWO MAIN ASPECTS OF
● If adults are more, there will be rapid MODERNIZATION THEORY
change in society because they are the ○ Its explanation of why poor
most regulative. countries are underdeveloped
3. NATURAL FACTORS ○ It's proposed solution to
● national calamities, floods, epidemics, underdevelopment
affairs society in its social relationships. ● INDUSTRIAL refers to production
4. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS taking place in factories rather than in
● mechanization and social change the home or small workshops
● Unemployment and such problem arose ● CAPITALISM is a system where private
these effected various industries money is invested in industry in order to
● Urbanization - changed job make a profit and goods are produced
opportunities are for sale in the market rather than for
● Transport gave rise is social contacts. private consumption.
Communication gives rise to greater
awareness and is beans of recreation too.
JAY-VEE ALISDAN, RSW
HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
Rostow’s Five Stages of Growth
STAGE 1. TRADITIONAL SOCIETY
● Subsistence, barrier, agriculture
STAGE 2. TRANSITIONAL STAGE
● Specialization, surpluses, infrastractures
STAGE 3. TAKE OFF
● Industrialization, growing investment,
regional growth, political change
STAGE 4. DRIVE TO MATURITY
● Diversificiation, innovation, less
reliance on imports
STAGE 5. HIGH MASS CONSUMPTION
● Consumer oriented, durable goods
flourish
DEPENDENCY THEORY
● Is th notion that resources flow from a
periphery of poor and undeveloped state
to a core of wealthy states
JAY-VEE ALISDAN, RSW
