1 Introduction

“In every man’s heart is a secret nerve that answer to the vibrations of beauty”

- Christopher Morley

Beauty is more than skin-deep. Beauty is unique grace and confidence, a shining
light that sparkles through the eyes and smile and reaches to heart. It's not what a women
look like, it's what they project. Today, beauty industries are very well developed and
organized with many inventions and thousands of cosmetics as its tools and fulfill the
dream of any woman to look like a celebrity. There are facials, manicure, pedicure, hair
treatments and makeup that have given a boost to the dream of ultimate beauty.1

Cosmetic procedures are various treatments done in order to restore body part to look
normal, or to change the body part to look better. It is a procedure to beautify health and
body and include cosmetic enhancements, cosmetic dentistry and cosmetic treatment to
improve the appearance. Cosmetic treatments minimizes the signs of aging, reverse sun
damage, removes scars and facial hair, reshapes nose and lips, lift breasts, beautifies skin
complexion and remove common skin flaws. For cosmetic procedure per capita spent by
certain country is Switzerland 2,14,621 per 1,00,000 people, United States 30,768 per
1,00,000 people, United Kingdom 7,723 per1,00, 000 people.2

As per the report in an article, the benefits of cosmetic procedure are fantastic both
physically and emotionally. Women will not only look and feel younger, thinner, and
prettier, but women’s self-esteem will be similar to skyrocket. Many female college
students discover that they are more outgoing, more personable, and more confident.
Individuals who undergo cosmetic surgery find themselves emotionally more confident.
The benefits of cosmetic procedure far outweigh the risks.3

Any type of cosmetic procedure involves certain common risks like infection,
bleeding, and damage to nerves, blood vessels and muscles. Less serious risks comprises
of allergic reactions, asymmetry and pain, delayed or prolonged healing of the affected
area, acne break outs, scarring, and dissatisfaction with the end result. It's always healthy
to get exposed about the pros, cons and risk factors involved with cosmetic surgery. New

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cosmetic procedure technologies are coming out with the assurance of better results.
Some common risks of cosmetic surgery are decrease in BP, infection, loose stitches,
asymmetry. 4

A report states that the cosmetics industry is a big business all around the world. Most
manufacturers strive to make their products safe for as many people as possible, but there
are still cases where cosmetics can have some side effects on some people. A recent study
found that many cosmetics that are used all over the world had chemicals that contained
carcinogens, agents that are known to cause cancer. Because of this, it was concluded that
more research on the safety of cosmetics for humans is needed.

When certain fragrances or preservatives are added to different kinds of cosmetics,

skin allergies, or allergic dermatitis can appear in some people. This can cause irritation
or rashes where the product is applied to the skin. People that are allergic to some
substances or try a product that irritates their skin could benefit greatly from a patch test,
conducted by a dermatologist or physician. Exfoliating products such as deep cleansers
and skin peels can cause damage to the skin if it is exposed to excessive sunlight. This is
because they remove the top layer of the skin, which is the protective layer. Excessive
scrubbing or frequent washing can have similar effects by stripping away the oily layer
the body provides for protection of the skin.5

A report states that the average women’s morning makeup routine puts them into
contact with more than 100 chemicals before breakfast. And many of them are harmful.
Face is most important part of a personality which makes person look best, but for some
women that’s not so easy because of acne. There are number of medications to control
this condition and also there are number of natural alternatives such as neem oil, lavender
oil, tea tree oil or thyme oil to combat oily skin and acne with impressive results.6

As per the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, New York March 16
2010 reports, over 10.2 million cosmetic surgical and nonsurgical procedures were
performed worldwide 2009, according to statistics released. The top non surgical
cosmetic procedures done on women are: Laser hair removal 11,01,255, botox 22,39,024,
laser skin surfacing 5,32,008, chemical Peel 5,54,492, body thermage 50,000, ablative

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laser procedure 5,70,000, non ablative laser procedure 4,67,000.The top surgical
cosmetic procedures done on women are: Rhinoplasty 1,60,283, otoplasty 33,107(2% all
procedure), breast augmentation 3,99,440, eyelid surgery 1,66,426, lipoplasty 3,09,692,
abdominoplasty 1,43,005, breast reduction 1,39,926, dental cosmetic correction
9,30,250.Almost 92 percent of women undergo 9.3 million of cosmetic procedures in the
year 2008.7

As per the report given by Indian Aesthetic Society, cosmetic surgery has been
practiced in India for a long time but this branch of cosmetic procedure gained
considerable importance and popularity in the last 10-12 years. The historical event
which leads to this type of procedure are very interesting, According to an article
published in The Indian Journal of Post Graduate Medicine, the earliest mention of
plastic surgery finds place in the Hindu mythology where Lord Shiva performed the first
surgical procedure by attaching an elephant’s head on the body of his son Ashwini
Kumar who successfully replanted the severed head of Yagna. Thus, the history of plastic
surgery in India dates back before the Vedic times nearly 4000 years ago.

Some of the common non surgical cosmetic procedures done on women are: Laser
hair removal 1,10,230, ablative laser procedure 1,16,324, non ablative laser procedure
1,76,749, chemical peel 50,653, Laser skin surfacing 1,60,435, botox 68,345 , hair
transplant 30,345.Some of the common surgical procedures done on women are:
Rhinoplasty 7,864, otoplasty 6,720, breast augmentation 1,23,600, breast reduction
98,236, eyelid Surgery 87,678, abdominoplasty 80,320, and liposuction 76,560. The
Indian aesthetic industry is still in its infancy and with the help of the active institutions
in the same field, it needs to build on its image in order to attract more patients for
cosmetic surgery.8

An article was submitted on demand for minimally invasive cosmetic procedures

which reveals that consumer demand for minimally invasive plastic surgery increased
41% in 2008, resulting in more than 6.9 million procedures being performed in that year,
according to a March 8, 2009, news release from the American Society of Plastic
Surgeons (ASPS). The public has become more aware of treatments such as botulinum

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toxin type A and hyaluronic acid (ie, Restylane) because of the media attention they have
received. There will be 2,03, 308 procedures in 2012, representing 2.0% of the total.9

According to Bangalore statistics of cosmetic procedure, Bangalore, one of the fastest

growing cosmopolitan cities in Asia also holds the status of being the silicon valley of the
east. The major hospitals which will do the cosmetic procedures are Apollo Hospital,
Manipal Hospital, Sagar Hospital, and BGS Global Hospital.The main surgeries
performed in Bangalore are: 8,450 Rhinoplasty, 1,289 otoplasty, 54,600 dental cosmetic
procedure, 96,695 ablative laser procedure, 69,986 non ablative laser procedure. 10

An interview study was conducted on 30 women between the age group of 15- 60yrs
with varying skin types and makeup regimen regarding latest trends in cosmetics. In this
study, three out of every ten women stated that they would only consider a brand change
if the new brand offer some benefit for them. If another brand offered greater health
benefits, approximately eight out of every ten said they would definitely consider a brand
change. The study came to the conclusion that cost is a major factor in determining
which brand to choose, nine out of every ten women expressed a willingness to pay
slightly more for healthier cosmetic choices.11

According to newsletter, it reports that instead of pulling, nicking and tucking skin
away, the latest cosmetic procedure offer is noninvasive form of cosmetic procedure, the
facial fillers. Instead of pulling skin tighter in an effort to reduce wrinkles, the facial filler
method is a form of hyaluronic acid injected to fill out parts of the face to reduce signs of
aging. Facial fillers also help erase unsightly acne scars, chicken pox scars or simply
provide the face with more meat. It has been shown that this type of non-invasive
cosmetic surgery lasts longer than collagen itself. And furthermore, undergoing this
cosmetic surgery procedure, there is no risk of developing an allergic reaction.12

A Daily Telegraph in London reports a women addicted to cosmetic procedure is

unrecognisable after injecting cooking oil into her face. Korean woman Hang Mioku
48yrs, had her first cosmetic surgery procedure at age of 28, become addicted and moved
to Japan for more procedures. Eventually surgeons refused to carry out any more work
and she returned home, where her face had changed so much her family didn’t recognise

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her. She soon found a doctor who would give her silicone injections and he even gave her
a syringe and silicone so she could self-inject. When her supply ran out, she used cooking
oil. Her face became so large compared to her small body that local children called her
“standing fan”, the newspaper reported. The first of several operations removed 60g of
oil from her face and 200g from her neck. Her face has been left scarred and disfigured,
and Ms Hang said she would like her old looks back. The author concluded that due to
increasing trends, women are not aware about the consequences of procedure. So there is
a need in the society to make them aware about the condition.13

A descriptive study was conducted on 250 women about general knowledge of adult
in cosmetic procedure in an urban community. Many adult think they have to undergo
this procedure once but due to certain misconception like it will alter image, produce scar
make them to suppress their feeling. Being knowledgeable with the procedure will
enlighten them to do the procedure. 14

With recent increase in popularity of cosmetic procedures, it seems that everyone

these days is getting these procedures. As every women want to transform their looks and
to look prettiest so they undergo various procedure without noticing its pros and cons. So
the investigator felt a need to conduct a study on their knowledge and attitude towards
cosmetic procedure.

Need for the study

In an effort to let the media establish the definition of beauty, individual all
somewhere lost their personal definitions of it. A recent paper titled what is beauty any
way, found that men characterized the beauty of women by her state of being, the two
major components of which were stated as health and happiness. No doubt that the
majority of individual approve the fallacy of emphasizing appearance and look but the
eager to have a beautiful face, body, and physique is so deeply rooted in individual that
they find it difficult to disassociate oneself from it.15

Cosmetic procedure offers a chance for people to change their appearance and
enhance their self esteem. A change in the appearance of an individual would mean a

5
change in one’s personality would lead to success in one’s life or career. Cosmetic
procedure makes not only to look better, but also to feel better.16

According to newsletter, it reports that More than 55 million cosmetic surgery

procedures will be performed in 2015, and states that this will increase consumer
awareness, marketing and advertising as well as technological advances in cosmetic
procedures.17

The cosmetic procedure institute offers a unique option to enhance persons look,
sensuality, and physical appeal and build self confidence. Women will be more outgoing,
presentable and confident when they become accustomed to the transformation and this
heightened sense of self esteem. The main reason behind the boom in cosmetic procedure
is that appearance is important in today's world-not just for what others think of our self,
but for one’s self-esteem. Study after study shows that people are most attracted to faces
and bodies that are the most symmetrical and proportional. Cosmetic procedure can
provide what mother nature has not.18

Cosmetic procedure can help to look attractive and younger. Research over last 25
years has consistently demonstrated the importance of physical appearance in daily life.
People who are considered physically attractive are consistently judged more positively.
They also receive preferential treatment in various situations like employment,
marriage.19

A report submitted in a newsletter states that, with recent increase in popularity of

cosmetic procedure, it seems that everyone these days is undergoing cosmetic procedure.
The most popular procedures are acne scar treatment, laser procedures, IPL hair removal,
rhinoplasty, and liposuction. All of these procedures seek to create a better look for the
patient, as well as conforming to society's standards. There's a risk of a reaction to the
anesthesia, chance for infection, other post-surgery complications. 20

An article states that nail polish, hair sprays and body lotions contain chemicals
belonging to the Phthatale family which have been associated with various hormonal
disturbances like damage to the reproductive organs and cancer of the kidneys, lungs and

6
liver. Foam producing cosmetics like shampoos, body gels, toothpaste and bath salts have
a foaming agent called Lauryl Sulfate in them. They are known to cause eye defects,
dermatitis and other skin infections. Emulsifiers and preservatives in face powders,
shaving gels and hair colorants contain chemicals of the Amine Family. Prolonged use of
such products can cause hair and skin problems. Cancers of the kidney and liver can also
be linked to their usage. These chemicals may cause allergic reactions in some people.
Almost all cosmetic products are carcinogenic in nature and women should read the
product labels carefully before purchasing these expensive and high risk beauty
products.21

As per the report in an article, nowadays most of the people are using variety of
cosmetics, makeup things, such as moisturizers, lipsticks, lotions, face creams, shampoos,
shaving creams, deodorants, hair dyes, etc. Some people who are sensitive to those things
are affected in varied levels. The allergens present in them are the main cause for the
allergy. Sometimes the condition may need higher treatment to overcome the situation
according to the sensitivity of the people. Some ingredients of face creams are making
giddiness, vomiting and lack of sleep. It is fact that many people are so innocent about
these side effects that they are not able to find out the real cause of their
health problems. 22
According to a reports, there are certain myths associated with cosmetic procedure
such as the majority of people who decide to undergo cosmetic medical procedures are
rich people and celebrities, cosmetic procedure leaves no scars, the results of a cosmetic
procedure do not last, laser hair removal is permanent, it is possible to remove stretch
marks with laser which has influenced a lot in women to undergo this types of procedures
without peeping on the reality.23
A descriptive study was conducted on mothers, fathers and friends about their
attitude predict college women’s attitudes about cosmetic procedure. The study found
that the vast majority of those who undergo cosmetic surgery are women. They examined
their acceptance and desire to undergo cosmetic procedures, attitudes of mothers, fathers,
and friends, awareness and internalization of sociocultural appearance messages. Paternal
attitudes positively predicted acceptance of cosmetic procedure for social reasons and

7
desire for cosmetic surgery. The study concluded that there is increased acceptance of
cosmetic procedure in this society.24

Beauty lies in the eyes of the beholder as the saying goes. So cosmetic procedure
gives women the chance to improve on or correct any imperfections thereby achieving an
improved overall appearance. It should be understood that in most instances the goal is to
improve the clients sense of well being while respecting and preserving her unique
attributes. Combined with proper nutrition and exercise, an aesthetic procedure may help
to look good, feel better about the way the person look and improve overall self image.
But the thing is that one should have a proper knowledge about various streams in this
field. 25

The investigator has a personal experience about effects of cosmetic procedure on

women while working in dermatology cum plastic surgery ward. The investigator came
across a patient who is under the treatment for acne breakouts and scarring due to her
passion towards cosmetic procedures. The client had undergone seven times of peeling of
acne which leads to scarring. Since there is a widespread misconception related to
cosmetic procedure the investigator felt a need to check the attitude and knowledge of the
female students regarding cosmetic procedure.

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 2. Objectives

Statement of the problem

A Descriptive Study to Assess the Knowledge and Attitude of Female Students

Regarding Effects of Cosmetic Procedure on Health in a Selected Art’s college,
Bangalore with a View to Develop an Instructional Module.

Objectives of the study

1) To assess the existing knowledge of the female student regarding effects of

cosmetic procedure on health.
2) To assess the attitude of the female student regarding effects of cosmetic
procedure on health.
3) To correlate the knowledge and attitude of the female student regarding the
effects of cosmetic procedure on health.
4) To associate the knowledge and attitude of the female student regarding the
effects of cosmetic procedure on health with selected demographic variable.
Operational Definition

1. Knowledge: It refers to the awareness and understanding of the female student

regarding effects of cosmetic procedure on health such as indication, types of
procedure, advantages, disadvantages and complications elicited with the help of
questionnaire.
2. Attitude: It refers to opinions, values or feelings expressed by the female student
towards the effects of cosmetic procedure on health such as indications,
misconceptions, benefits, risks as elicited by three point likert scale.
3. Female student: It refers to female attending the under graduate degree course
that is within the age limit of 18-23yrs.
4. Effects: It refers to the benefits like enhancement of look, sensuality, physical
appeal and self confidence, risks like pain, allergic reactions, scarring, acne
breakout and bruising, complications such as infections, bleeding, damage to
nerve, blood vessels, and muscles of cosmetic procedure that the college female
students are experiencing.
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 5. Cosmetic procedure: Beautifying, tending to preserve, restore or confer
comeliness to enhance the human form or appearance which includes procedures
such as: Minor Non Invasive Procedures like acne scar treatment, ablative laser
procedure, non ablative laser procedure, IPL (intense pulsed light)
hair removal, ophthalmic laser procedure.
Major Invasive Procedure like Rhinoplasty (nose reshaping), dental corrections.

6. Health: It refers to a general physical, mental, social wellbeing of female college

students who undergo some of the minor cosmetic procedures.
7. Instructional module: A self contained instructional unit that includes
indications, types of procedure, risks, benefits, complications regarding cosmetic
procedure.
Assumptions

The study assumes that,

1. In this era of beauty, most of the college girls get attracted to different levels of
cosmetic procedure without having right information about which suits them
best.
2. The female student may have favourable attitude but may not have adequate
knowledge about benefits and risk of various types of cosmetic procedure.
Hypotheses

H1 There is a significant correlation between the knowledge and attitude of the female
student regarding effects of cosmetic procedure on health.

H2 There is a significant association of knowledge and attitude of the female student

regarding effects of cosmetic procedure on health with selected demographic variable.

Delimitations:
The study was limited to
 Om Prabha college of women, Vijaynagar, Bangalore
 Female students in the age group of 18-23years.
 Period of data collection is 4 weeks.

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Conceptual Framework
Modified Conceptual Framework based on Rosenstoch’s (1974), Becker’s (1978)
Health Belief Model
Conceptual framework is a theoretical approach to the study of problems that are
scientifically based and emphasizes the selection arrangement and classification of its
concepts.

One of the important purposes of conceptual framework is to communicate clearly

the interrelationship of various concepts. Theoretical and conceptual frame work
providers an important contact for a scientific investigation. The conceptual framework
provides the organizational scheme into when the new finding of the research with a
broader field of knowledge. It helps the researcher in knowing what data needs to be
collected and gives direction to entire resources process.26

The health belief model is a psychological model that attempts to explain and predict
health behavior. This is done by focusing on the knowledge and attitude of individuals.
The health belief model was first developed in the year 1950 by social psychologists
Hochbaum, Rosenstock and Kegels and it was modified in the year 1988.

According to the Conner and Norman (1996) the health belief model has been
applied in the areas like preventive health behavior which include health promoting and
health risk behavior.

The conceptual framework for this study is based on health belief model. Health
beliefs are person’s ideas and attitudes about health and illness. They may be based on
factional information or wrong information. The health belief usually results from within
a person. So the investigator felt that this model is suitable as conceptual framework for
this study to assess the knowledge and attitude of female students regarding effects of
cosmetic procedure on health.

The model describes about three variables;

1. Individual perception
2. Modifying factors
3. Likely hood of taking action

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1. Individual perception (Perceived susceptibility and severity)
Perceived susceptibility and severity means one’s opinion of chances of getting a
condition and how serious a condition and its consequences. In this study investigator
believe that if female students have inadequate knowledge on cosmetic procedure it may
cause adverse skin reaction, infection and bruising. It also cause increase curiosity in
female students to experiment with new cosmetic procedure to improve their appearance.

2. Modifying factors (Perceived threat, Cues to action)

The female student’s perception is influenced and modified by demographic variable
such as Age, religion, family income, educational status, year of degree, residential area,
previous minor cosmetic procedure, source of information and structural variables like
knowledge and attitude regarding effects of cosmetic procedure on health.
Adequate knowledge and attitude of female students regarding effects of cosmetic
procedure on health can have positive effects like improved appearance, increased
confidence, self esteem, looks prettier and more outgoing. Inadequate knowledge and
attitude of female students regarding effects of cosmetic procedure on health can have
negative effects like allergic reactions, scar formation, bruising of skin, bleeding of part,
reduced self esteem.

The female student’s perception is influenced by clues to action like mass media,
news paper, magazine, information from peer group, family members, relatives.,
cosmetic organizations like cosmoindia.org

3.Likelihood of taking action (Perceived Benefits, Likelihood of the behavioral

Change):

It indicates that student’s acquire adequate knowledge and attitude on various

types, pros and cons of cosmetic procedure through instructional module and may try
to utilize the instructional module to improve their knowledge regarding effects of
cosmetic procedure on health like they learn to avoid complications, they have
increased confidence towards which procedure to adopt.

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 INDIVIDUAL PERCEPTIONS MODIFYING FACTORS LIKELIHOOD OF ACTION

Demographic Variable Perceived

Benefits
Age, religion, family income, educational status, year of degree, -Improved
residential area, previous minor cosmetic procedure, source of
appearance
information
-Increased
confidence
and self esteem
-Look prettier
-More Socializing.

Perceived Threat
Effects of cosmetic procedure.

 Increased curiosity to Likelihood of

experiment new Negative Effect Behavioural
cosmetic procedure.  Allergic reaction changes
 Scar formation Preparation of
 Knowledge and  Bruising of skin instructional
attitude of female  Bleeding of part module by
students regarding Reduced self-esteem investigator
effects of cosmetic
procedure on health

Cues to Action
 Mass media, news paper, magazine Female students utilize the
 Information from peer group, family members,
relatives.
instructional module which helps
 Information from cosmetic organizations like them in
cosmoindia.org - Avoiding complication
-Increases confidence about which
procedure to adopt
Not included in study -Adopt safer therapeutic procedure
- Increased knowledge, attitude
- Increased Attitude

Fig: 1 Modified Conceptual Framework Based o n Rosenstoch’s (1974), Becker’s (1978) Health Belief Model.

13
 3. Review of Literature
Review of literature is a key step in research process. Review of Literature refers to
an extensive, exhaustive and systematic examination of Publications relevant to the
research project.27

A literature review helps to lay the foundation for a study and also inspires new
ideas. The literature review leads the reader through development of knowledge about
choosen topic up to the present time to indicate why this current research topic was
necessary. A literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of
current knowledge on a particular topic. It is also a critical analysis of a segment of a
published body of knowledge through summary, classification, and comparison of prior
research studies, reviews of literature, and theoretical articles.28

The literature review leads the reader through development of knowledge about
chosen topic up to the present time to indicate why this current research project was
necessary. In order to accomplish the goal of the present study, the review of literature
has been organized under the following headings.

1. Literature related to general information on cosmetic procedure.

2. Literature related to benefits of cosmetic procedure

3. Literature related to ill effects of cosmetic procedure.

4. Literature related to prevention of ill effects of cosmetic procedure.

1. Literature related to general information on cosmetic procedure

A correlational study was conducted on 200 female college students about attitudes
of cosmetic procedure. The study concluded two third of the respondents knew someone
who had undergone cosmetic surgery, only one third would choose it for themselves. The
most desired procedure was liposuction, Rhinoplasty, acne scar treatment, laser
procedures, and laser hair removal. They have the favourable attitude but lack sufficient
knowledge about pros and cons of procedure. They concluded that main reasons for not
proceeding were health risk, cost and fear of a bad result.29

14
 A questionnaire based study was conducted on female IT professional regarding
knowledge and perceptions of facial cosmetic procedure among a selected group of IT
professionals in Lagos, Nigeria. A well-structured questionnaire was administered to a
group of professionals. A total of 130 respondents participated in the study of these,
102 (78.5%) respondents had some knowledge of cosmetic procedure while 28 (21.5%)
respondents had no prior knowledge of facial cosmetic procedure. Respondents with
perceived facial abnormalities were more likely do cosmetic procedure than those
without. Conclude that most of the study participants had some knowledge of facial
plastic surgery however, only a few expressed willingness to undergo cosmetic procedure
for removal of facial wrinkles and folds, fat on the cheeks and neck.30

A descriptive Study was conducted on 101 female college students about teenagers’
perception of body image and Cosmetic procedure. One of the concerns about cosmetic
procedure on adolescents is that their bodies are still maturing. Cultural phenomena such
as surgical makeovers on numerous television programs, however, make it increasingly
difficult to agree on what constitutes a “normal” appearance. They consider that their
body image will alter due to such procedures. About 66% want to have it but are feared
due to lack of knowledge .31

A cross sectional study was conducted on 320 students regarding attitudes towards
cosmetic procedure among university students. Cosmetic procedure has grown in appeal
over the past few years, and more and more procedures are being performed. Participants
completed a questionnaire that covered their experience of and familiarity with a range of
cosmetic procedures, as well as attitudes towards cosmetic procedures. Many respondents
were fearful of undergoing surgical procedures 53% agreed or strongly agreed. Over a
third disapproved, surgically altering their appearance for reasons of self-esteem 36% or
to feel better about themselves 35%, and 38% thought cosmetic surgery was a waste of
money. Overall, their attitudes to cosmetic procedures were much more favourable,
which might reflect a greater acceptance, availability and prevalence of cosmetic
procedure.32
A Correlational study was conducted on women and female college students
regarding acceptance of cosmetic procedure in urban community and college. This study

15
examined the association between several attitudinal constructs related to acceptance of
cosmetic procedure, and participant demographics, personality, and individual difference
variables. This revealed that age, sex will generally associated with acceptance of
cosmetic surgery. About 44.5% of women show less attitude whereas 68% of college
students are interested in cosmetic procedure .33

A survey was conducted to record about number of patients seeking laser treatments .
New trends reveal that laser technology is steering the future of the cosmetic surgery
industry. Over the past three years, cosmetic surgeons have seen a significant increase in
both males 456% and females 215% electing to have laser resurfacing. Laser resurfacing
is performed with a "super-pulsed" carbon dioxide (CO 2) laser to minimize wrinkles and
lines on the face. Over the past year, cosmetic surgeons have seen a 29% increase in their
female clientele.34

An investigatory study was conducted among 322 female university students

regarding association between consideration of cosmetic procedure, body appreciation,
media influence, and participant demographics. Bivariate correlations showed that
consideration of cosmetic surgery was significantly and positively correlated. A result of
the study reveals that the consideration of cosmetic procedure increases with greater
media influence and greater participation.35

A survey was conducted among 300 female regarding women sacrifices food before
cosmetics. Women are not only reluctant to reduce their spending on cosmetics but when
their purses come under pressure they are more willing to scrimp and save on food,
Nearly one in three female respondents said they would prefer to eat less than reduce
their spending on essential beauty items. The survey also indicated that three quarters of
women also consider make-up and body treatments are essentials than luxury items. 36

2. Literature related to benefits of cosmetic procedure

A survey was conducted among 130 women regarding misconception about cosmetic
procedure which leads to emotional risks The abstract states cosmetic surgery as a
physically risky, but overall worthwhile. Options are explained, for improving physical
appearance and emotional health issues such as anxiety and depression. So there may

16
arise an increase in women who undergo physically successful cosmetic surgery,
regardless of their pre operative emotional state.37
An investigatory study was conducted on 250 female college students regarding
experiences, attitudes, and body image after cosmetic procedure. Overall, participants
held relatively favorable attitudes about surgery. Regression analysis suggested that a
greater psychological investment in physical appearance and greater internalization of
mass media images of beauty predicted more favorable attitudes toward cosmetic
surgery.38

A descriptive study was conducted on 200 housewives about motivating factors for
seeking cosmetic procedure. The fascination in physical beauty is becoming more and
more prevalent in today's society. The purpose was to ascertain those factors that
influence or motivate women to seek cosmetic surgery. The study concluded about 75%
of housewives is willing to do procedure and they are mainly motivated due to media
advertisement.39

An article reports that people of all ages, young and old, desire to look nice with
attractive features and want to be appreciated by others. As a result more and more
women and men are choosing cosmetic procedure, making it more popular and
acceptable with every passing year. This growth in Cosmetic procedure in year 2010 will
be triggered by increasing consumer awareness, direct marketing and advertising, and
technological advances in surgical and non-surgical procedures.40

A survey was conducted on 617 patients about their knowledge before undergoing
cosmetic procedure. It reveals that 8 out of 10 who have cosmetic procedure are happy
with the results and nearly 40% wish they had enough knowledge before the operation
with regard to potential side effects and complications. The survey was designed to assess
the difference between 301 patients who had cosmetic procedure and 316 patients who
had medically necessary procedure. Both group reported similar experiences, perceptions,
and attitude regarding their procedure.41

A newsletter was submitted on general knowledge of youngsters about cosmetic

procedure which reveals that youngster believes cosmetic procedure will correct

17
dissatisfied features, physical abnormality, wrinkles, excess fat, unsightly blemishes.
Thinking about the pros and the cons will make them ready for the possibilities of
whatever may be the result of the procedure.42

A newsletter was submitted on benefits of cosmetic procedure which reveals that

cosmetic procedures are often desired to make someone look and feel more beautiful but
it can also be used for medical purposes. Women are more likely to undergo cosmetic
procedure. A few more benefits of cosmetic procedure involve having a much younger
and healthier look. Natural beauty is indeed something to be proud of but it is never
wrong to seek improvement especially with the aid of technology.43

3. Literature related to ill effects of cosmetic procedure.

A newsletter was submitted on appearance, cosmetics, and body art in adolescents

which reveals that puberty is a continuous process covering genital development and
pubic hair appearance. Adrenarche, an increase of adrenal androgen secretion, is the first
stage of puberty and occurs at eight years of age in girls and nine years of age in boys.
The teenager becomes more preoccupied by his or her appearance as a communication of
identity and attractiveness to others. Thus they want to look more attractive and charming
in outer society. Thus they keep on trying newer cosmetics and styles which can end up
in many sideeffects.44

A newsletter was submitted on dangerous cosmetics and teenage girls, which reports
that many people are not aware that many big brands of cosmetics contain ingredients
that are harmful. A recent study of big brand lipsticks showed that over 50 percent of the
lipsticks tested contain lead. The teenagers are getting attracted towards unknown area
and implications for future health are also completely unknown. There are very good
companies that will make natural cosmetics and skin care products that does not contain
dangerous chemicals. Thus it does not expose teenagers to any risk or side effects45

An article was submitted on complications in injectable dermal fillers which reveal

that these materials are usually used in the face to fill in deep folds, such as the nasolabial
folds. They can be used to raise or flatten depressions from atrophy, such as the tear
trough or cheek hollows. The most common mistake is to over-inject the lips. Use of

18
longer-lasting filler can lead to lumps or granulomas, infections. Allergic reactions used
to be quite common in dermal fillers. A severe allergic reaction can manifest with hives,
difficulty breathing and airway narrowing.46

A newsletter was submitted on possible side effects of makeup which reveals that the
cosmetic industry is a big business all around the world. A recent study found that many
cosmetics that are used all over the world had chemicals that contained carcinogens.
When certain fragnance or preservatives are added to different kinds of cosmetics, skin
allergies or allergic dermatitis can appear. Exfoliating products such as deep cleansers
and skin peels can cause damage to the skin if it is exposed to excessive sunlight. This is
because they remove the top layer of skin, which is protective layer. Excessive scrubbing
and frequent washing can have similar effects by stripping away the oily layer of the
body. 47

An article was submitted on dangers lurking behind cosmetics which reveal that most
of the cosmetic product contain toxic and chemical substances which leave adverse
effects and reaction on health and well being. All over the world women are using anti
wrinkle creams to look young and beautiful. But with passing years collagen shrinks and
gives birth to wrinkles. Cosmetic manufacturer hardly mention any health warning on
their products. People should enhance their beauty and body care by using more natural
product, which nature has given in abundance.48

A survey was conducted among 3,775 Norwegian teens aged 18 to 19 years

regarding severe acne and suicidal thoughts. It was found that those with severe acne
reported having suicidal thoughts more often than those with less acne. Three times as
many boys and two time as many girls with severe acne reported suicidal thoughts
compared to those with little or no acne, the investigators found. Social problems were
also more common in participants with substantial acne, the study authors noted.
Thinking about suicide is a symptom and indicator of emotional distress, but does not
necessarily lead to suicide attempts, the study authors pointed out.49

An article was submitted on pedicure infection which reveals that pedicure can
become a very serious thing and any unusual symptom noticed immediately after a

19
pedicure should not be taken lightly. Although pedicures can be very beneficial to feet,
contracting an infection. If the pedicure tools & equipment used are not properly
disinfected, bacteria can be allowed to build to dangerously high levels. Any break or
opening in the skin can allow harmful bacteria enter your bloodstream. Symptoms of
pedicure infection include, small red bumps resembling spider bites, deep pus filled boils,
rashes and usually fever. It is so important that when receiving a pedicure that all
equipment and implements used are properly disposed of or disinfected.50

4. Literature related to prevention of ill effects of cosmetic procedure.

An article was submitted on nursing concern for acne management and patient
support which reveals that acne is one of the most common skin diseases in the, affecting
not only teenagers, but people of all ages. Acne can cause immense psychological
distress and greatly affects people's lives and wellbeing. Nurses should be concerned and
address the needs of patients with acne, providing advice on management, treatment and
psychological support. This article outlines the principles of acne management and
identifies how nurses can support acne sufferers in their clinical practice.51

An experimental study was done among 40 women regarding consuming lycopene-

rich tomato paste may protect against sunburn and sun-induced skin ageing. The
researchers recruited 20 people and randomly assigned them to receive 55 grams ie five
tablespoons of standard tomato paste with 10g of olive oil daily, or just olive oil, for
12 weeks. The skin of the volunteers was exposed to UV light at the start and end of the
trial, and the researchers found that the tomato paste-supplemented group had 33 per cent
more protection against sunburn, than the olive oil only-fed group. Researcher concluded
that this level of protection was equivalent to a sunscreen with a
Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of 1.3 which is available in market.52

A placebo controlled, double blind study was done among 200 women regarding
applying vitamin E cream prevent UV exposure. The researcher divided group into 100
each and randomly assigned to receive a lotion with vitamin E and another without
vitamin E. Then their skin is exposed to sunlight. It was found that the protective effects
of vitamin E from that period of UV exposure were apparent two and three days later.

20
The group of people who had vitamin E cream applied to their skin had less signs of
inflammation than the group who were given the lotion without vitamin E. researcher
concluded that it is very beneficial for skin problems like acne and psoriasis. It is
recommends that taking 400 to 800 IU of vitamin E a day, prevents premature aging and
improve the luster of skin. 53

An article was submitted on a new product in healing of burn wounds on the hand
which reveals that the use of a product called integra dermal regeneration template for
deep hand burns will promote early healing. It has two layers a permanent bottom
collagen layer that is a substitute for the dermal layer of the skin and a top silicone layer
that is a temporary substitute for normal epidermal skin. Two to three weeks after the
wound is covered with integra, the silicone layer is removed and replaced with a very thin
donor graft of epidermal skin. The donor site looks more like normal skin and heals much
more quickly. The layer of collagen is left in place as a substitute dermal layer of skin
and supports the donor epidermal graft.54

An article was submitted on diet and skin which reveals that diet is often overlooked,
but its effect on the skin is dramatic. While chocolate, crisps and takeaways won’t
directly cause person to get spots. The dos and don'ts of a healthy skin are simple. Don't
eat simple carbohydrates and transfats and do eat a diet rich in minerals, vitamins,
proteins and essential fatty acids. As a guide eat a wide variety of vibrantly coloured
fresh vegetables, fruits and salads together with oily fish such as sardines, mackerel and
salmon and avoid processed foods, white bread and sugary sweets. The occasional treat is
fine, but eating things in moderation should ensure skin retains a healthy balance.55

An article was submitted on colonic hydrotherapy for health and wellbeing which
reveals that colonic hydrotherapy has important benefits for clients with certain skin
problems, such as eczema, acne, nd psoriasis. Where these conditions are linked to a
sluggish gut, the treatment can bring welcome relief simply by cleansing the colon.
2103670196 http://w w w .aw e Colonic_IP_Dow n 1

name,email,custo
Colonic hydrotherapy will cleanse the colon,

21
soften faecal matter which is hard, impacted, deposits that can accumulate on the walls of
colon.56

4. Methodology

According to Sharma (1990) Research methodology is a systematic procedure which

the researcher starts from the initial identification of the problem to its final conclusions.
The role of methodology consists of procedures and techniques for conducting a study. It
is considered as the backbone or structure of the study. So, methodology is a significant
part of an investigation under which the investigator is able to project a conclusion of the
research undertaken.

This chapter deals with the methodology followed by the investigator to assess the
knowledge and attitude of female students regarding effects of cosmetic procedure on
health in selected art’s college, Bangalore.

The chapter includes with the description of the research approach, research design,
the setting, the population, the sample and sample technique, development and
description of tool, procedure for data collection and plan for data analysis.

Research approach

A research approach tells the researcher, from whom the idea is to be collected, what
to collect, how to collect and analyze them. It also suggests possible conclusions and
helps the researcher in answering specific research questions at most accurate and
efficient way. In this study descriptive approach was used to assess the knowledge and
attitude of female students regarding effects of cosmetic procedure on health.

Descriptive studies are undertaken to describe what exists in terms of frequency of

occurrence rather than to describe the relation between variables. In this study,
knowledge and attitude of female students regarding effects of cosmetic procedure on
health was assessed after administration of self administered questionnaire for knowledge
and three point likert scale for attitude.
22
Research design

A researcher overall plan for obtaining answers to the research questions or for
testing the research hypothesis is offered as research design. The essential question that
research design is concerned is how the study subjects will be brought into the research
and how they will be employed within the research design. The research design provides
an explicit blue print of how research activities will be carried out.

The research design which was used to achieve objectives of this study was non-
experimental descriptive correlational design

Schematic representation of overall research plan is depicted in fig 2

23
 SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF STUDY PLAN
RESEARCH DESIGN
Non-experimental – Descriptive Correlational Design

STUDY SETTING
Aiswarya Art’s and Science College, Jananaganga
Nagar and Om Prabha College of Women, Vijaynagar

POPULATION
Female students who are attending degree courses.

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
Probability- Stratified Random sampling

SAMPLE SIZE
90 Female Students

DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT

Demographic profile, Self administered questionnaire,
Three point Likert Scale
Three Point Likert
Self Administered
Scale
Questionnaire

KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE

 General information on types and indications of
cosmetic procedure
 Effect and ill effects of cosmetic procedure
 Management and prevention of ill effects cosmetic
procedure

DATA ANALYSIS

FINDINGS AND
CONCLUSION

Fig: 2 Schematic Out Line Of Research Plan

24
Research Variables

Variables are characteristics that vary among the subjects being studied. It is the
focus of the study and reflects the empirical aspects of the concepts being studied, the
investigator measures the variables. Two types of variables were identified in this study.
They are

 Dependent/study variable
 Extraneous/demographic variable
Dependent variables: Dependent variables are the effect of the action of independent
variables and cannot exist by itself. Knowledge and attitude of female students regarding
effects of cosmetic procedure on health are the dependent variable in this study.

Extraneous variables: Extraneous variables are uncontrolled variables that greatly

influences the result of the study is called extraneous variables. The extraneous variables
in this study include age, religion, family income, educational status, year of degree,
residential area, any minor cosmetic procedure, and source of information on cosmetic
procedure.

Settings of the study

Setting is the physical location and condition in which data collection takes place.

The study setting was two selected arts colleges of Bangalore. The pilot study was
conducted in Aiswarya Art’s, Commerce and Science College, Jananaganga, Bangalore.
The main study was conducted in Om Prabha College for women, Vijaynagar. Both
institutions has well established category of many courses.

Population

The population is an entire aggregation of cases that meet a designated set of criteria. It is
also a complete set of persons or objects that possess some common characteristic that is
of interest to the research.

25
 In this study, the population was female students who are attending degree courses in
Omprabha College for women, Vijaynagar, Bangalore. In this study population refers to
270 female students who are attending degree course in Omprabha College for women,
Vijaynagar, Bangalore

Sample

Sample is the process of selecting a portion of population to represent the entire

population. Samples refer to subsets of a population selected to participate in research
study. The sample size is determined based on the type of precision required, levels of
significance, type of variables, type of study, purpose of the study and type of data
collection procedure and feasibility of men, money and material.

In this study, samples were 90 female students aged 18-23yrs who were studying in
Om Prabha College for women, Vijaynagar, Bangalore.

Sampling Technique

Sampling technique is an important step in the research process. It is the process of

selecting representative units or subsets of a population of the study in a research.

Female students (18-23yrs) who were studying in selected art’s college at Bangalore
were taken as target population. Probability sampling in which stratified random
sampling technique was used to select the sample. The students were taken from B.sc,
B.com, and BA and then they were divided into three sub strata, I, II, III Year. From each
sub stratum 10 students were selected randomly by using lottery method. So that the total
sample size was 90 (B.sc- 30, B.com-30, BA- 30). The female students were selected
under inclusion criteria, asked to gather in class room and data was collected by using
self administered questionnaire and Three point Likert scale.

26
 Target Population

B.sc B.com BA

Stratified
Random
Sampling

I II III I II III I II III

( 15) (15) ( 15)
(15) (15) (15) ( 15) (15) (15)

Lottery
Method

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

30 30
30

90

Fig:3 Diagrammatic Representation of Stratified Random Sampling Technique

27
Criteria for sample selection

The criteria for sample selection are mainly depicted under two headings, which includes
the inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Inclusion Criteria

1. Female student who are attending under graduate courses in a selected art’s college,
Bangalore.

2. Female students within the age group of 18-23yrs.

3. Female students, who are able to read, write and understand English.

Exclusion Criteria

1. Female students who are not willing to participate.

2. Female students who are absent at the time of data collection.

3. Female students those who undergone beautician course.

Development and description of the tool

In this study self administered questionnaire and three point likert scale was
prepared to assess the knowledge and attitude of female students regarding effects of
cosmetic procedure on health.

A self administered questionnaire was developed by the investigator in order to

obtain exact and complete response from the female students. To assess the knowledge
self administered questionnaire is used and to assess the attitude three point Likert scale
was used.

Based on the review of literature, discussion with the experts and with the
investigator’s personal and professional experience, a self administered questionnaire
consisting of 25 knowledge items and 25 attitude statements were developed and planned
as follows

28
Section A: A self administered questionnaire for collecting demographic data of female
students.

The investigator sought information on demographic data of female students such as

age, religion, family income, educational status, year of degree, residential area, any
minor cosmetic procedure, and source of information on cosmetic procedure. There
were totally 9 items.

Section B: Self administered questionnaire to assess the knowledge of the female student
regarding effects of cosmetic procedure on health.

This section sought information to assess the knowledge of the female student regarding
effects of cosmetic procedure on health.

Knowledge questionnaire are subdivided under following aspects:

Aspect Number of items

 General information on types and - 05

Indications of cosmetic procedure

 Effects and Ill effects of cosmetic procedure - 10

 Management and prevention of ill effects of - 10
Cosmetic procedure
There were totally 25 items. Each item is multiple choices in nature with 3 responses
in each question. There was one correct response that carried one mark and the wrong
response carried zero. The total score is 25. The caregivers were expected to choose the
correct response.

Scoring

The knowledge regarding effects of cosmetic procedure on health was measured

in terms of knowledge score. Each correct answer was given a score of one and a wrong
answer score of zero. The maximum score was 25 to interpret level of knowledge the
scores were distributed as follows;

29
 Inadequate knowledge - <50%

Moderate knowledge - 50- 75%

Adequate knowledge - >75%

Answer key was prepared for scoring answer to a self administered questionnaire.

Section C: 3 Point Likert scale to assess attitude of the female student regarding effects
of cosmetic procedure on health

This section sought information to assess the attitude of the female student regarding
effects of cosmetic procedure on health

Attitude likert scale is subdivided under following aspects:

Aspect Number of Statements

 General information on types and - 05

Indications of cosmetic procedure

 Effects and Ill effects of cosmetic procedure - 10

 Management and prevention of ill effects of - 10
Cosmetic procedure
Scoring Key

The attitude regarding effects of cosmetic procedure on health was measured in terms
of three point likert scale.

It consists of 25 attitude statement on Agree, undecided, and disagrees, on the basis

of 3 point Likert scale. The attitude scale consists of 14 positive and 11 negative
statements.

Scoring technique: Each response on positive item was scored as three on agree,
whereas negative item were scored one on disagree. Maximum score was 75 and minimum
score was 25.

30
Likert scale

Statements Agree Undecided Disagree

Positive 3 2 1
statement

Negative 1 2 3
statement

Positive statement : 14×3=42

Negative statement : 11×3= 33

Over all =75

Interpretation of attitude:

To interpret level of attitude the criterion measure was distributed as follows

Unfavorable attitude - <50%

Neutral attitude - 50-75%
Favorable attitude - >75%

Content Validity of the Tool

Validity refers to the degree to which an instrument measures what it is suppose to be

measured.

Content validity refers to the degree to which the items in an instrument adequately
represent the universe of content. Content validity has a special relevance to individuals
designing a test to measure knowledge and attitude in specific content area. To ensure
content validity of the tools which includes demographic data, self administered
knowledge questionnaire, and Likert scale for attitude regarding effects of cosmetic
procedure on health were submitted to one Dermatologist, four nursing experts in
medical surgical nursing and one biostatistician. The tool was sent to them with a request
to go through the tools and to suggest modification necessary. The main suggestion was

31
to simplify the questions, give meaning for the terms used in study. Their suggestions
were taken into consideration and the modifications were incorporated in the final
preparation of the demographic, knowledge and attitude questionnaire.

Reliability of the tool

Reliability of research instrument is defined as the extent to which the instrument

yields the same results on repeated measures. It is then concerned with consistency,
precision, stability, equivalence, and homogeneity. The tool was tried on 10 female
students studying in art’s college, Bangalore.

The reliability of the tool was established by using test retest method for knowledge
and attitude. Using these values coefficient correlation was computed with the help of
Karl Pearson’s formula. The reliability score obtained was, r = 0.80 for the knowledge
and r = 0.70 for the attitude, which showed knowledge questionnaire and attitude scale
were highly reliable. Hence the tool was considered as statistically reliable for main
study.

Ethical consideration

The study was approved by the research committee and formal permission was
obtained from the Principal of Omprabha College for women, Vijaynagar, Bangalore.
Informed consent was obtained from the subjects after explaining about the purpose of
the study and assuring confidentiality of collected data. Privacy, confidentiality and
anonymity were guarded during the study. Scientific objectivity of the study was
maintained with honesty and impartiality. No ethical issues were raised during the data
collection period.

Pilot study

Pilot study is a small scale version or a trial run for the main study to test the
practicability, appropriateness and feasibility of both the study and the tool.

32
 Formal approval was obtained from the Principal of colleges, Aiswarya art’s,
commerce and science college, Bangalore for the pilot study. The pilot study was
conducted in the month of Jul for a period of 1 week.

The investigator selected 10 female students who fulfill the inclusion criteria as
samples for the study by using stratified random sampling technique. After a brief self
introduction, the investigator explained the purpose of the study and obtained consent
from them. The investigator has collected the demographic data. Self administered
questionnaire and three point likert scale were administered to subjects on an individual
basis to assess the level of knowledge and attitude regarding effects of cosmetic
procedure on health .The time taken to complete demographic data was about 10 minutes,
for self administered questionnaires were about 25 minutes and three point Likert scale
was about 25 minutes. Data collected were analyzed and the results indicated that there
was moderate level of knowledge and favourable attitude of female students regarding
effects of cosmetic procedure on health. The subjects were comfortable and cooperated
well during the study.

Correlation between knowledge and attitude was r = 0.71 which showed, there was
moderate correlation between knowledge and attitude of female students regarding
effects of cosmetic procedure on health..

The statistical analysis of the pilot study showed the feasibility and practicability
of the study and as there was no modification, the investigator proceeded with the main
study.

Procedure for Data Collection

Data collection is the gathering of information needed to address research

problem. Formal written permission was obtained from the principal of Omprabha,
College for women, Vijaynagar, Bangalore for conducting the main study. The
investigator conducted the main study in the month of August for a period four week
from 1 Aug. to 31 Aug. 2010.

33
 The samples of 90 female students were selected on the basis of inclusion criteria
by using probability sampling in which stratified sampling technique was adopted. The
investigator introduced her and developed rapport with the subjects. The investigator
explained the purpose of the study and reassured that the data collected would be kept
confidential. The investigator obtained consent from the subjects prior to the study. The
data collection was done in three phases.

Phase 1: After obtaining the permission from the significant authorities self
administered questionnaire was used to assess demographic data for 10 minutes, followed
by to assess the knowledge items for 25 minutes,
Phase 2: Three point likert scales was administered for 25min to assess the attitude of
female students regarding effects of cosmetic procedure on health
Phase 3: Investigator distributed the instructional module at the end of the study based on
the results obtained.
Duration of main study was 4 weeks

Processing of the data

Data collected was processed every day. Missed out data were identified and
immediately next day it was rectified. During the data collection subjects were
cooperative and the investigator was able to collect all the necessary information from the
subjects without any problems.

Plan for the data analysis

The data obtained was analyzed on the basis of the objectives of the study using
descriptive and inferential statistics.

Descriptive statistics

 Frequency and percentage distribution were used to study the demographic

variables of the female students such as Age, Religion, Family income,
Educational status, Year of degree, Residential area, Any minor cosmetic
procedure, Source of information on cosmetic procedure.

34
  Mean, standard deviation and mean percentage were used to determine the
knowledge and attitude of female students regarding effects of cosmetic
procedure on health.

Inferential statistics:
 Correlation-co-efficient for correlating knowledge and attitude of female students
regarding effects of cosmetic procedure on health.
 Chi-square for association of the knowledge and attitude with selected
demographic variable.
Summary
This chapter dealt with the description of methodology and different steps, which
were undertaken for organizing data for the investigation. It includes description of
research approach, research design, research setting, sample, sampling technique,
development and description of the tool, pilot study, data collection, processing of data,
ethical considerations and plan for data analysis.

35
 5. Results

The data themselves do not provide us with answer to our research questions.
Ordinarily, the amount of data collected in a study is extensive to be reliably described by
mere perusal. In order to answer the research questions, the data must be presented and
analyzed in some orderly manner, so that relationship can be described.

Kerlinger (1976) has defined analysis as categorizing, ordering, manipulating and

summarizing of data to obtain answers to research hypothesis questions. The purpose of
analysis is to reduce the data into an interpretable and meaningful form so that the results
can be compared and significance can be identified.

This chapter deals with the analysis and interpretation of data collected from ninty
female students to assess the knowledge and attitude regarding effects of cosmetic
procedure on health in Omprabha College for women, Vijaynagar at Bangalore. The data
was organized, tabulated, analyzed and interpreted by using descriptive and inferential
statistics. The analysis and interpretation was based on the data collected through self
administered questionnaire and attitude scale.

The Objectives of the Study

1) To assess the existing knowledge of the female student regarding effects

cosmetic procedure on health.
2) To assess the attitude of the female student regarding effects of cosmetic
procedure on health.
3) To correlate the knowledge and attitude of the female student regarding the
effects of cosmetic procedure on health.
4) To associate the knowledge and attitude of the female student regarding the
effects of cosmetic procedure on health with selected demographic variable.

36
Organization and presentation of the data:

The data collected were edited, tabulated, analyzed, interpreted and findings obtained

were presented in the forms of tables and diagrams represented under following two parts

and five sections.

Part-I

Section A: Description of demographic characteristics of female students.

a) Frequency and percentage distribution of female students according to selected

demographic variables such as age, religion, family income, educational status,

year of degree, residential area, any minor cosmetic procedure, source of

information on cosmetic procedure.

Section B: Assessment of the level of knowledge of female students regarding effects of

cosmetic procedure on health

a) Frequency and percentage distribution of knowledge of female students regarding

effects of cosmetic procedure on health

b) Mean, Standard Deviation & mean percentage of knowledge of female students

regarding effects of cosmetic procedure on health.

Section C: Assessment of the attitude of female students regarding effects of cosmetic

procedure on health.

c) Frequency and percentage distribution of attitude of female students regarding effects

of cosmetic procedure on health.

d) Mean, standard deviation & mean percentage of attitude of female students regarding

effects of cosmetic procedure on health.

37
Part-II

Testing of hypotheses:

Section D: Correlation between knowledge and attitude of female students regarding

effects of cosmetic procedure on health. .

Section E: Association between knowledge and attitude of female students regarding

effects of cosmetic procedure on health. .

38
 POPULATION
Female students who are attending under graduate degree courses in
Omprabha College for women, Vijaynagar, Bangalore.

RANDOM SELECTION

SAMPLING & SAMPLE SIZE

Stratified Random sampling
n =90

Data collected on
Knowledge and Attitude

Demographic Knowledge of female students Attitude of female students

variables of female regarding effects of cosmetic regarding effects of
students procedure on health cosmetic procedure on
health.

Mean, SD,
Chi-square analysis for mean %, and
Frequency and % correlation
association between
distribution of
knowledge and attitude
demographic
with demographic variable
characters

CONCLUSION AND
RESULTS &
IMPLICATIONS
DISCUSSION

Fig- 3. Schematic outline research analysis.

39
Part-I

Section A: Description of demographic characteristics of female students .

Table- 1(a): Frequency and percentage distribution of female students based on

demographic variables such as Age, Religion, Family income, Educational status.
n=
90

Frequency Percentage
S.No Demographic characteristics
(90) (%)
1 Age in years
18-20 44 48.9
21-23 46 51.1
2 Religion
Hindu 35 38.9
Muslim 27 30.0
Christian 28 31.1
Other specify
3 Family income in rupees per month

<5000 11 12.2
5001 – 10000 35 38.9
10000-15000 30 33.3
Above 15000 14 15.6
4 Education Status
B.Sc 30 33.3
B.com 30 33.3
BA 30 33.3

40
Above table shows the frequency and percentage distribution of demographic variables of
the female students such as age, religion, family income, educational status of female
students.

With regard to age, maximum number of subjects 46(51.1%) were in the age
group of 21-23years and 44 (48.9%) were in the age group of 18-20years .

Regarding religion, 35(38.9%) were Hindus, 28(31.1%) were Christians and

27 (30%) were Muslims .

Considering their family income in rupees per month, 35 (38.9%) were ranging
from 5001- 10000, 30 (33.3%) were ranging from 10000- 15000, 14 (15.6%) were above
15000 and 11 (12.2%) were less than 5000.

Considering their educational status, 30(33.3%) were attending B.sc, 30(33.3%)

were from B.com, and 30 (33.3%) were from BA.

41
 51.50%
51.10%
51.00%

50.50%

50.00%
percentage

49.50%

49.00% 48.90%

48.50%

48.00%

47.50%
18-20 21-23

Age in years

Graph- 1 Percentage distribution of female students according to Age.

31.1% Hindu
38.9%
Muslim
Christian
Others
30%

Religion

Graph- 2 Percentage distribution of female students according to Religion

42
 38.90%
40.00%
33.30%
35.00%

30.00%
Percentage

25.00%
15.60%
20.00%
12.20%
15.00%

10.00%

5.00%

0.00%
<5000 5001-10000 10000-15000 Above 15000

Family Income

Graph- 3 Percentage distribution of female students according to Family income

35.00% 33.30% 33.30% 33.30%

30.00%

25.00%
Percentage

20.00%

15.00%

10.00%

5.00%

0.00%
B.sc B.com BA
Educational Status

Graph- 4 Percentage distribution of female students according to Education status

43
Table- 1(b): Frequency and percentage distribution of female students based on
demographic variables such Year of degree, Residential area, Any minor cosmetic
procedure, Source of information on cosmetic procedure.
n=90
Demographic Characteristics Frequency Percentage
S. No
(90) (%)

5 Year of degree

I year 30 33.3

II year 30 33.3

III year 30 33.3

6 Residential area

Rural 15 16.7

Urban 30 33.3

Semi rural 28 31.1

Semi urban 17 18.9

7 Any minor cosmetic procedure

Pedicure 24 26.7

Facial 42 46.7

Waxing 24 26.6

Source of information on
8
cosmetic procedure

Books , magazine 25 27.8

Newspaper 35 38.9

Mass media 30 33.3

44
 Above table shows the frequency and percentage distribution of demographic
variables of the female students such as year of degree, residential area, any minor
cosmetic procedure, source of information on cosmetic procedure.

Considering their year of degree, 30 (33.3%) were I year, 30 (33.3%) were II year,
and 30 (33.3%) were III year.

Considering their residential area, 30 (33.3%) were residing in urban area,

28 (31.1%) were residing in semi rural area, 17 (18.9%) were residing in semi urban area,
and 15 (16.7%) were residing in rural area.

Regarding female students exposure to any minor cosmetic procedure, 42 (46.7) had
undergone facial, 24 (26.7%) had undergone waxing, and 24 (26.7%) had undergone
pedicure.

Regarding source of information on cosmetic procedure, 35 (38.9%) got information

from newspaper, 30 (33.3%) from mass media, and 25 (27.8%) from books, magazines.

45
 33.30% 33.30% 33.30%
100%
90%
80%
70%
Percentage

60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
I Year II Year III Year
Year of Degree

Graph- 5 Percentage distribution of female students according to Year of degree

35.00% 33.30%
31.10%
30.00%

25.00%
Percentage

18.90%
20.00% 16.70%

15.00%

10.00%

5.00%

0.00%
Rural Urban Semi rural Semi urban

Residential Area

Graph- 6 Percentage distribution of female students according to Residential area

46
 50.00% 46.70%
45.00%
40.00%
Percentage 35.00%
30.00% 26.70% 26.60%
25.00%
20.00%
15.00%
10.00%
5.00%
0.00%
Pedicure Facial Waxing

Any minor cosmetic procedure

Graph- 7 Percentage distribution of female students according to Any minor

cosmetic procedure

28%
33%
Books, Magazine
Newspaper
Mass Media

39%
Source of information

Graph- 8 Percentage distribution of female students according to Source of

information on cosmetic procedure

47
Section B:

Assessment of the level of knowledge of female students regarding effects of

cosmetic procedure on health

The level of knowledge of female students regarding effects of cosmetic procedure on

health was divided into 3catagories.
 <50% - Inadequate knowledge
 50-75 % - Moderately adequate knowledge
 >75 % - Adequate knowledge

Table 2(a): Frequency and percentage distribution of knowledge of female students

regarding effects of cosmetic procedure on health.
n= 90
Sl. no Level of knowledge Frequency Percentage

(90) (%)

Inadequate knowledge
1 34 37.8

Moderately adequate knowledge

2 39 43.3

Adequate knowledge
3 17 18.9

4 Over all 90 100

The above table shows the level of knowledge of female students, in which
39 (43.3%) are having moderate knowledge, 17 (18.9%) were found to have adequate
knowledge, and 34 (37.8%) of them had Inadequate knowledge regarding effects of
cosmetic procedure on health.

48
 45.00% 43.30%

40.00% 37.80%

35.00%
30.00%
Percentage

25.00%
18.90%
20.00%
15.00%
10.00%
5.00%
0.00%
Inadequate Moderate Adequate
Knowledge Knowledge Knowledge
Level of Knowledge

Graph- 9 Distribution of female students according to level of knowledge regarding

effects of cosmetic procedure on health

49
Table 2(b): Mean, standard deviation & mean percentage of knowledge of female
students regarding effects of cosmetic procedure on health.
n=90
Rang
S.n Aspects of Maximum e Mean
Mean SD
o knowledge score percentage
Score

General information
on Types &
1 5 1-5 2.67 1.06 53.4
indications of
cosmetic procedure

Effects and Ill

2 effects of cosmetic 10 2-9 5.64 1.97 56.4
procedure

Management and
Prevention of ill
3 10 2-10 5.66 1.86 56.6
effects of cosmetic
procedure

4 Over all knowledge 25 7-21 13.97 3.86 55.8

Above table represents the Mean, Mean score and SD of aspects of knowledge of
female students regarding effects of cosmetic procedure on health.

The present study shows that the highest Mean score of subject is 5.66 with SD 1.86
and Mean score percentage of 56.6 obtained for knowledge on management and
prevention of ill effects of cosmetic procedure. The lowest Mean score of subject is 2.67
with SD 1.06 and Mean score percentage 53.4 obtained for knowledge on general
information on types & indications of cosmetic procedure. The overall Mean and SD of
subjects is 13.97 with SD 3.86, and the Mean score of subjects for overall knowledge is
55.8. This indicates that the female students have moderate level of knowledge regarding
general information on types & indications of cosmetic procedure effects and ill effects
of cosmetic procedure management and prevention of ill effects of cosmetic procedure

50
 57.00% 56.60%
56.40%

56.00%

55.00%

54.00%
53.40%
53.00%
Mean %

52.00%

51.00%

Knowledge Aspects

Graph- 10 Mean Percentage distribution of female student’s on different aspects of

knowledge on effects of cosmetic procedure on health

51
Section C:

Assessment of attitude of female students regarding effects of cosmetic procedure

on health.

The level of attitude of female students regarding effects of cosmetic procedure on health
was divided in to 3 categories

 <50% - Unfavorable attitude

 50-75% - Moderately favorable attitude
 >75% -Favorable attitude

Table 2(c): Frequency and percentage distribution of attitude of female students

regarding effects of cosmetic procedure on health.
n=90
S.no. Level of attitude Frequency Percentage

(90) (%)

1
Unfavorable attitude 7 7.8

2
Neutral attitude 36 40.0

3
Favourable attitude 47 52.2

4
Over all 90 100.0

Above table depict that 47 (52.2%) female students were having favourable level of
attitude, 36 (40%) were having neutral attitude and only seven (7.8%) were found to have
unfavourable attitude regarding effects of cosmetic procedure on health.

52
 60.00%
52.20%
50.00%
40.00%
40.00%
Percentage

30.00%

20.00%

7.80%
10.00%

0.00%
Unfavourable Attitude Neutral Attitude Favourable Attitude

Level Of Attitude

Graph 11 Distribution of female students according to level of attitude regarding

effects of cosmetic procedure on health.

53
Table 2(d): Mean, standard deviation & mean percentage of attitude of female
students regarding effects of cosmetic procedure on health.
n= 90
S.n
Aspects of Maximum Rang Mean
o Mean SD
Attitude score e percentage

General information
on types &
1 15 3-14 10.16 2.51 67.7
indications of
cosmetic procedure
Effects and Ill
2 effects of cosmetic 30 12-28 19.72 4.05 65.7
procedure
Management and
Prevention of ill
3 30 13-28 21.66 4.75 72.2
effects of cosmetic
Procedure
4 Over all Attitude 75 32-69 51.53 9.69 68.7

Above table represents, Mean, Mean score and SD of aspects of attitude of female
students regarding effects of cosmetic procedure on health.

The highest Mean score of subject is 21.66 with SD of 4.75 and 72.2 Mean score
percentage for attitude regarding management and prevention of ill effects of cosmetic
procedure. The lowest Mean score of subject is 10.16 with SD of 2.51 and 67.7 Mean
score percentage for attitude regarding general information on types & indications of
cosmetic procedure . The overall Mean of subjects is 51.53 with SD of 9.69, and the
Mean score is 68.7. This indicate that the female students have moderately favourable
attitude regarding general information on types & indications of cosmetic procedure
effects and ill effects of cosmetic procedure and management and prevention of ill
effects of cosmetic procedure

54
 74.00% 72.20%
72.00%

70.00%
Mean %

67.70%
68.00%
65.70%
66.00%

64.00%

62.00%
. ... .
i.. ic t..
c at et fe
c
di m ef
in c os ill
& f of
es so n
p ct io
T y fe Attitude nt Aspects
ef e
on Ill r ev
n d P
io an nd
at
r m c ts ta
fo fe en
in Ef em
al ag
er an
en M
G

Graph 12 Mean Percentage distribution of female students attitude on different aspects of

effects of cosmetic procedure on health.

55
Part-II

Testing of hypotheses:

Section D: Correlation between knowledge and attitude of female students

regarding effects of cosmetic procedure on health. .

Table 3(a): Correlation between knowledge and attitude of female students regarding
effects of cosmetic procedure on health. .

Knowledge
Variable
r p-value

Attitude 0.55* p<0.05

Note: *- Significant at p<0.05.

The above table represents the correlation coefficient computed between the overall
Mean knowledge and overall Mean attitude of female students as r =0.546* which was
found to be significant at p<0.05 level hence it suggest that there is a linear (positive)
correlation between knowledge and attitude of female students regarding effects of
cosmetic procedure on health.

56
 80

70

60

50
Attitude

40

30

20

10

0
5 10 15 20 25

Knowledge

Graph 13 Correlation between knowledge and attitude of female students regarding

effects of cosmetic procedure on health.

Represent individual observation of the score of Knowledge and

Attitude

Represent regression line showing positive correlation between

Knowledge and Attitude

57
 Section E: Association of knowledge and attitude of female students regarding
effects of cosmetic procedure on health with selected demographic variables.

Table 4(a): Association of knowledge with selected demographic variables of female

students such as Age, Religion, Family income, Educational status.
n=90
knowledge
S. Demographic
No. % <median ≥median χ2- value p-value
No characteristics
No % No %
1 Age in years
18-20 44 48.9 24 48.0 20 50.0 0.04,
p>0.05
21-23 46 51.1 26 52.0 20 50.0 df=1, NS
2 Religion
Hindu 35 38.9 19 38.0 16 40.0
0.22,
Muslim 27 30.0 16 32.0 11 27.5 p>0.05
df=2, NS
Christian 28 31.1 15 30.0 13 32.5
3 Family income
<5000 11 12.2 6 12.0 5 12.5
5001 – 10000 35 38.9 19 38.0 16 40.0 0.06,
p>0.05
10000-15000 30 33.3 17 34.0 13 32.5 df=3, NS
Above 15000 14 15.6 8 16.0 6 15.0
4 Education Status
B.Sc 30 33.3 26 43.5 4 24.0
20.07*
B.com 30 33.3 26 43.5 4 23.5 P<0.05
df=2, S
BA 30 33.3 9 13.0 21 52.5
Note : *– Significant at p< 0.05, S- Significant, NS – Not significant.

The above table shows the association between selected demographic variables such
as age in years, religion, family income, educational status with knowledge level of
female students regarding effects of cosmetic procedure on health.

In relation to educational status the chi-square value obtained was 20.1, df=2 which
showed significance at p<0.05 level.
58
 In relation to variables, age, religion, family income, the chi-square values obtained
was 0.04, 0.22, 0.06 respectively which does not show any association with level of
knowledge.

Table 4(b): Association of knowledge with selected demographic variables of female

students such as Year of degree, Residential, Any minor cosmetic procedure, Source
of information on cosmetic procedure.
n= 90

59
 knowledge
S. Demographic
No. % <median ≥median χ2- value p-value
No characteristics
No % No %
5 Year of degree
I year 30 33.3 20 40.5 10 32.5 13.55*,
II year 30 33.3 15 30.5 15 17.6 df=3, p<0.05
III year 30 33.3 14 29.0 16 49.9 S
6 Residential area
Rural 15 16.7 10 17.9 5 14.7
Urban 30 33.3 16 28.6 14 41.2 1.56,
p>0.05
Semi rural 28 31.1 19 33.9 9 26.5 df=3, NS
Semi urban 17 18.9 11 19.6 6 17.6
Any minor cosmetic
7
procedure
Pedicure 24 26.7 12 21.4 12 35.3
7.97,
Facial 42 46.7 27 48.2 15 44.1 p>0.05
df=3, NS
Waxing 24 26.6 16 28.6 6 17.6
Source of
8
information
Books magazine 25 27.8 15 26.8 10 29.4
4.13,
Newspaper 35 38.9 26 46.4 9 26.5 p>0.05
df=2, NS
Mass media 30 33.3 15 26.8 15 44.1

Note : * – Significant at p< 0.05, S- Significant, NS – Not significant.

The above table shows the association between selected demographic variables such
as year of degree, residential area, any minor cosmetic procedure and source of
information with knowledge level of female students regarding effects of cosmetic
procedure on health.

In relation with year of degree the chi-square value obtained was 1.5, df=3 which
showed significance at p<0.05 level (9.49) and in relation to variable, any previous minor
cosmetic procedure chi-square value obtained was 7.97, df= 2which showed significant at
p<0.05 level.

60
In relation to variables residential area and source of information the chi-square values
obtained was 1.56, 4.13 respectively which does not show any association with level of
knowledge.

Table 4(c): Association of attitude with selected demographic variables of female

students such as Age, Religion, Family income, Educational status.

n= 90

61
 Attitude
S. Demographic
No % <median ≥median χ2- value p-value
No characteristics
No % No %
1 Age in years
18-20 44 48.9 27 48.2 17 50.0 0.03,
p>0.05
21-23 46 51.1 29 51.8 17 50.0 df=1, NS
2 Religion
Hindu 35 38.9 24 42.9 11 32.4
1.5,
Muslim 27 30.0 17 30.4 10 29.4 p>0.05
df=2, NS
Christian 28 31.1 15 26.8 13 38.2
3 Family income
<5000 11 12.2 8 14.3 3 8.8
5001 – 10000 35 38.9 25 44.6 10 29.4 3.68,
p>0.05
10000-15000 30 33.3 16 28.6 14 41.2 df=3, NS
Above 15000 14 15.6 7 12.5 7 20.6
4 Education Status
B.Sc 30 33.3 20 35.7 10 29.4
4.92,
B.com 30 33.3 14 25.0 16 47.1 p>0.05
df=2, NS
BA 30 33.3 22 39.3 8 23.5

Note: * – Significant at p<0.05 levels, S- Significant, NS – Not significant at 0.05 level.

The above table shows the association between selected demographic variables such
as age in years, religion, family income, educational status with attitude level of female
students regarding effects of cosmetic procedure on health.

There is no statistical significant association between age, religion, family income,

educational status with attitude regarding effects of cosmetic procedure on health.

Table 4(d): Association of attitude with selected demographic variables of female

students such as Age, Religion, Family income, Educational status.
n= 90

62
 Attitude
S. Demographic N
% <median ≥median χ2- value p-value
No characteristics o.
No % No %

5 Year of degree
I year 30 33.3 20 32.1 10 32.5 13.55*,
II year 30 33.3 15 26.8 15 17.4 df=3, p<0.05
III year 30 33.3 14 25.0 16 50.1 S

6 Residential area
Rural 15 16.7 10 17.9 5 14.7
Urban 30 33.3 16 28.6 14 41.2 1.56,
p>0.05
Semi rural 28 31.1 19 33.9 9 26.5 df=3, NS

Semi urban 17 18.9 11 19.6 6 17.6

Any minor cosmetic
7
procedure
Pedicure 24 26.7 12 21.4 12 35.3
2.76,
Facial 42 46.7 27 48.2 15 44.1 p>0.05
df=3, NS
Waxing 24 26.6 16 28.6 6 17.6
8 Source of information
Books magazine 25 27.8 15 26.8 10 29.4
4.13,
Newspaper 35 38.9 26 46.4 9 26.5 p>0.05
df=2, NS
Mass media 30 33.3 15 26.8 15 44.1

Note : * – Significant at p<0.05 , S- Significant, NS – Not significant.

The above table shows the association between selected demographic variables with
attitude level of female students regarding effects of cosmetic procedure on health.

The chi-square results shows statistically significant association between year of

degree of female students and attitude regarding effect of cosmetic procedure on health at
p<0.05 level.

63
 The results of Chi-square analysis presented in tables indicated that there was a
significant association between attitudes with year of degree. The hypothesis is valid only
for degree of course and not for other variables. The remaining variables were not
significant.

6. Discussion

64
 Procedures developed to make the skin look more youthful are called cosmetic
procedures. Some cosmetic enhancements can be achieved through makeup, diet,
exercise, supportive garments, and non-invasive procedures but if women are not
satisfied with the results from those methods or would rather have dramatic, longer-
lasting results, plastic surgery is an option to consider.

This chapter includes the discussion of the findings of the study interpreted from
statistical analysis. The findings are discussed in relation to the objectives, need for the
study, related literature of the study and conceptual frame work. It is presented in line
with the objectives of the study the problem stated is “A Study to Assess the Knowledge
and Attitude of Female Students Regarding Effects of Cosmetic Procedure on
Health in a Selected Art’s College, Bangalore With a View to Develop an
Instructional Module.”

In order to achieve the objectives of the non experimental descriptive approach was
used. Probability (Stratified random) sampling technique was used in which lottery
method was used to select the samples. The study was conducted in Omprabha college
for women, Vijaynagar and data was collected from 90 female students (18-23yrs years)
by administration of self administered questionnaire to assess knowledge and three point
Likert scale to assess the attitude. The findings of the study have been discussed with
reference to the objectives, hypothesis and with the findings of other studies.

Part-I

Characteristics of the demographic variables

Characteristics of the demographic variables of female students described in terms of

the frequency and percentage distribution as depicted in table 1(a) showed that majority
46(51.1%) belongs to the age group of 21-23 years, 35 (38.9 %) were Hindus, most of
them 35 (38.9%) having family income of Rs 5001- 10000, 30 (33.3%) were having
educational status of B.sc, B.com and BA.

Characteristics of the demographic variables of female students described in terms of

the frequency and percentage distribution as depicted in table 1(b) showed that majority

65
30(33.3%) were from I, II, III year, majority 30(33.3%) were residing in urban area,
most of them 42(46.7%)were undergone minor cosmetic procedures, 35(38.9%) were got
information from newspaper.

The study finding are supported by a report in an article, Adolescence is a period of

tremendous transformation in the appearance of the body and the evolution of the mind
that will eventually lead to adulthood. The cosmetic industry has identified teenagers
above 18yrs as powerful consumers, and offers them various toiletry and skin care
products that should fulfill their needs, such as cleansing, hydrating. Areas of concern are
the lack of motivation for sun protection and the risky behavior associated with body
piercing and tattooing.57

The study findings are supported by a study conducted in Nepal to evaluate the
media influence on cosmetic procedure. From research point of view Increased media
coverage and the availability of free web-based information has lead to heightened public
awareness and thus to a dramatic increase in patients’ aesthetic expectations, desires and
demands. 58

The first objective was to assess the existing knowledge of the female student
regarding effect cosmetic procedure on health.

The level of knowledge of female students studying in art’s college as represented in

table 2(a) showed that , out of 90 subjects majority of them 39 (43.3%) had moderate
level of knowledge, 34 (37.8%) had inadequate knowledge and 17 (18.9%) of them had
adequate level of knowledge

The mean and standard deviation of knowledge variables of female students studying
in art’s college as depicted in table 2(b) revealed that the mean score for over all
knowledge of female students was 13.97 with SD 3.86. The highest mean score of
subjects with regard to knowledge on management and prevention of ill effects of
cosmetic procedure is 5.66 with SD of 1.86 and with regard to effect and ill effects of
cosmetic procedure are 5.64 with SD of 1.97. The lowest mean score of subjects with
regard to knowledge on general information on types & indications of cosmetic
procedure are 2.67 with SD of 1.06 for.

66
 This decrease in overall knowledge indicates that female students need more
information on general information on types & indications of cosmetic procedure.

This study is consistent with the study conducted in to survey the Italian female
students to assess the knowledge regarding various cosmetic procedure and its pros and
cons. The result showed that 70% of students have moderate knowledge on various
cosmetic procedures and its pros and cons, 69% having inadequate knowledge regarding
pros and cons of cosmetic procedures, 73% are perceived it is a serious problem, 38%
were feeling fairly serious problem and 22% were feeling it is not a serious problem. 59

The second objective was to assess the attitude of the female student regarding
effects of cosmetic procedure on health.

The level of attitude of female students studying in art’s college as represented in

table 2(c) showed that out of 90 subjects majority of them 47 (52.2%) had favorable
attitude, and 36 (40%) of them had neutral attitude, and only seven (7.8%) had
unfavorable attitude.

The mean and standard deviation of attitude variables of female students studying in
art’s college as depicted in table 2(d) revealed that the mean score for over all attitude of
female students was 51.53 with S.D 9.69. The highest mean score of subjects in relation
to attitude regarding management and prevention of ill effects of cosmetic procedure is
21.66 with S.D of 4.75. The lowest mean score subjects with regard to attitude regarding
general information on types & indications of cosmetic procedure are 10.16 with S.D of
2.51. This decrease in overall attitude indicates that female students studying in art’s
college need more information on general information on types & indications of cosmetic
procedure.

The finding is consistent with the study to assess attitude towards cosmetic procedure
among female university students shows that about 320 students were approached for this
study. Respondents noted a high degree of familiarity with cosmetic enhancement
procedures. Only 8% were not familiar with any procedures. Thirty-six per cent knew
someone who had had cosmetic surgery and 11% knew at least one person in their family
who had had cosmetic surgery. Only four respondents (1%) had themselves had cosmetic

67
surgery. The majority 70%believed that appearance was an important facet of a person.
They have highly favourable attitude towards cosmetic procedures.60

Part II: Testing of hypothesis

The third objective was to correlate the knowledge and attitude of the female
student regarding the effects of cosmetic procedure on health.

The table 3(a) show the linear correlation between knowledge and attitude regarding
effects of cosmetic procedure on health found to be positive at moderate degree that is
r = 0.55 which is statistically significant at p<0.05. The correlation between the different
aspects of knowledge and attitude regarding effects of cosmetic procedure on health were
invariably significant. This shows that as the knowledge increases there is a moderate
increase in attitude also. Therefore the hypothesis H 1 “There is a significant correlation
between knowledge and attitude of the female student regarding the effects of cosmetic
procedure on health” was accepted.

This finding was consistent with study conducted to determine the level of
knowledge, attitude about issues of cosmetic procedure among 550 female college
students in Tokyo. Using cluster sampling system, representative samples were surveyed
for response to a questionnaire document with question on the prevention, management,
ill effects, and advantages of cosmetic procedure. The result showed that there is positive
linear correlation between knowledge and attitude of subjects at p <0.01 level (0.635).61

The fourth objective was to associate the knowledge and attitude of the female
student regarding the effects of cosmetic procedure on health with selected
demographic variable.

Association of demographic variables with knowledge as represented in table 4(a)

4(b), 4(c), and 4(d) showed that there was no significant association between the level of
knowledge and variables such as age, religion, family income, year of degree, resident
area, and source of information. But there was statistically significant association found
between the level of knowledge with educational status and any previous minor cosmetic
procedure at p <0.05 level, respectively. Statistically significant association was found

68
between the level of attitude and demographic variable such as year of degree at p <0.05
level. The study finding shows that self perceived level of information among
respondent’s increases along with their degree of education. Therefore, the hypothesis H 2
stated “There is a significant association of knowledge and attitude of the female student
regarding effects of cosmetic procedure on health with selected demographic variable.”
was accepted.

The finding is consistent with the finding of the study conducted in India to know
perception of student’s awareness regarding effects of cosmetic procedure. The
respondent who feels informed about advantages, disadvantages, types, prevention of ill
effects is significantly more common among respondents who had undergone previous
cosmetic procedure and with different educational status. Among students with higher
degree of education, they have high favourable attitude about various cosmetic
procedure. Study concluded that there is a strong association between previous cosmetic
procedure, education status of students, degree of education and level of perception about
cosmetic procedure.62

7. Conclusion

69
 Beauty is more than skin-deep. Beauty is unique grace and confidence, a shining light that
sparkles through the eyes and smile. It's not what they look like; it's what they project.
Beauty is a subjective quality and a universal perfect beauty is an abstract concept.
Secretly, all want to be beautiful and make the best of them. Everyone wants to look more
beautiful without losing the essence of what makes them uniquely attractive. A study reveals
that 77% of teenagers ages 12-14 consider themselves as fat and ugly, and get depressed every
time they see pictures of beautiful models on TV and in fashion magazines. It’s a shocking
percentage. The role of parents and teachers is important. Encourage children to work on their
talents and skills from a small age. There are many things to do besides watching TV or
reading beauty magazines that will keep them interested.

Being a teen in today's world brings many pressures from society to look good. The
media is full of beautiful faces that add to the stress of growing up. So the teenager will
land up in many problems related to beauty. So, the investigator felt the need to conduct
the study to assess the Knowledge and Attitude of female students regarding effects of
cosmetic procedure on health.63

Researcher conducted the study in the Om Prabha College for women, Vijaynagar,
Bangalore with 90 samples and she adopted probability sampling in which stratified
random sampling technique.

The result revealed that 34(37.8%) of female students are having inadequate knowledge,
39 (43.3 %) of female students are having moderately adequate knowledge and 17 (18.9%) of
female students are having adequate knowledge regarding effects of cosmetic procedure on
health. The overall mean score for knowledge was 13.97 with a standard deviation of 3.86 and
mean score percentage of 55.8.

The highest mean score of knowledge was for management and prevention of ill
effects of cosmetic procedure 5.66 (SD= 1.86), the lowest mean score was for general
information on types & indications of cosmetic procedure 2.67(SD= 1.0).

The present study revealed seven (7.8 %) female students are having unfavorable
attitude regarding effects of cosmetic procedure on health out of 90 samples, 36 (40%) of

70
female students are having moderately favorable attitude regarding effects of cosmetic
procedure on health and remaining 47 (52.2%) of female students are having favorable
attitude regarding effects of cosmetic procedure on health.

The mean and standard deviation of attitude regarding the effects of cosmetic
procedure on health are 51.53 and 9.69 respectively. The mean percentage of attitude is 68.7.

On the basis of findings of the study following conclusions were made

- Majority of female students are having moderately adequate knowledge regarding

effects of cosmetic procedure on health.

- Majority of female students are having favourable attitude regarding effects of

cosmetic procedure on health.

- There is a significant relationship between knowledge and demographic variables

of female students.

- There is a significant relationship between attitude and demographic variables of

female students.
- There is a linear correlation between knowledge and attitude regarding effects of
cosmetic procedure on health.
On the basis of the study the researcher concluded that the knowledge and attitude of female
students regarding effects of cosmetic procedure on health indicates that there is need for
more information and health education to female students.

Nursing implications:

The nurse’s role may be essentially unchanged or it may entail different duties by
possessing and practicing competencies making nurses better prepared to handle all type
of emergencies. The investigator has drawn the following implications from the study
which is of vital concern to the field of nursing education, nursing service, nursing
administration and nursing research.

1. Nursing practice

71
 Nurses are key personnel of a health team, who play a major role in the health
promotion and maintenance, nursing is a practicing profession, so the investigator,
generally integrates findings in to practice.

 Nurses are highly qualified to bring information on various cosmetic procedures to

public mainly the younger generation. They have both the necessary scientific back
ground and communication skill to get the message across in an understandable way.
They are expertise in health promotion and behavioral changes and also equips to
foster life style choices.
 By utilizing the instructional module nurses can counsel teenagers about pros and
cons of cosmetic procedure. Developing protocol for sharing information regarding
prevention and management ill effects of cosmetic procedure.
 Health care professionals are very influential and they have the ability to work all
over the globe, which allows them to educate many people on the effects of cosmetic
procedure on health.
 These research findings will help nurses to develop and implement health promotion
strategies that meet the needs of all younger generation who walks behind
enhancement of beauty.
 As technology changes and practice evolves, nurses are increasingly involved in
procedures of a cosmetic or dermatological nature.
2. Nursing education

It emphasis that adequate knowledge owned by the nurses may help to update
themselves on the recent advancements, which in turn helps the nurses to give health
education for students who are seeking medical care.

 The student nurses from school of nursing and college of nursing should be
encouraged to attend workshops and seminars regarding health impacts and
advantages on cosmetic procedure.
 Indian nursing council and universities should include health impacts, advantages,
management and prevention of ill effects on cosmetic procedure as one of the
main educational aspects in the nursing curriculum.

72
  Nursing education and practice regarding cosmetic procedure needs to evolve in
order to adequately deal with the increase in health issues. Nurses should be
prepared to investigate and act when they see patterns of health issues.
 Each nurse is required to possess the educational preparation and current clinical
competency to perform acts within a safe and effective manner.
3. Nursing administration

 Nurse as an administrator plays an important role in educating the professionals

and in policy making such as counselling, and mass health education in the
society.
 Staff development program regarding effects and ill effects of cosmetic procedure
should be provided in institution.
 Assure that the registered nurse is an essential provider in all practice settings
through research, workplace advocacy, legislation and regulation. This reference
promotes education, advocacy, and policy that serve to prevent/minimize the ill
effects of cosmetic procedure.

 Nurse administrator should facilitate funding to have adequate number of books

and journal in the library related to cosmetic procedures in hospital, community
and college.

4. Nursing research

Nursing research is the means by which nursing profession is growing.

 Nursing professional organizations need to support research on effects and ill

effects of cosmetic procedure on health. They need to conduct research and draw
up publicly available policy documents on the long-term assessment of the effects
and ill effects of cosmetic procedure on health and the need for nursing and on the
nursing profession.
 Nurse researchers should able to recognize new and unforeseeable trends in
cosmetic procedure, as they emerge, in the society and also to identify key
vulnerabilities and critical thresholds. And there is a need for extensive and

73
 intensive research in this area so that strategies for educating nurses and people
can be developed.
 Communication of Cosmetic Science will serve as a foundation for future studies
and the practice of dermal therapy in relation to patient well being.
 This study will serve as a reference material for future investigators.
Limitation

The study is limited to:

1. As the setting is far from the institution, it was a tedious procedure for an
investigator to travel a long distance to collect data.
2. The investigator has to undergo many legal procedures to get permission for
conducting the data collection in particular institution.
Recommendation

On the basis of the study that had been conducted, certain suggestions are given for future
studies.

 A similar study can be done on larger sample to validate and generalize the
findings.
 A similar study can be conducted and evaluated using alternative teaching
strategies like self instructional module, video assisted teaching etc
 A study can be done to assess the knowledge and practice regarding effects of
cosmetic procedure on health among female students.
 A similar study can be done to assess the knowledge and attitude of male students
regarding effects of cosmetic procedure on health.
 A comparative study can be done to assess knowledge and attitude of female
students studying in pre- university colleges in rural and urban area.

7. Summary

74
 As acceptance for appearance-altering cosmetic procedures has grown, so has the
number of teens undergoing cosmetic procedures. According to the American Society of
Plastic Surgeons (ASPS), of a total figure of over 10 million cosmetic procedures
performed in 2010, only roughly 3,30,000 were on patients 18 and under. The ASAPS’s
research suggests that teenagers and adults have different reasons for undergoing
cosmetic procedures. A key motivator for teens is the desire to fit in. But while cosmetic
procedure can enhance a young person’s body image and self-confidence, it’s not a cure
for serious self-image issues or emotional and mental health problems such as depression.
Cosmetic procedures are not a replacement for a healthy lifestyle.64

If teenager is talking about cosmetic procedure, it’s important to understand why

they want the procedure. Young people’s bodies undergo many significant changes
during adolescence, some aspects of their appearance that seem out of place or
disproportionate at the time, may actually change or become more accepted over time.
It’s also crucial to ensure that teens who are considering cosmetic procedure are doing it
for themselves, and not to please someone else.

Parents should talk to their teenagers about the procedures they desire, and help them
find as much information as possible. Some procedures, like breast reduction, may be
covered by insurance, but most cosmetic treatments have to be paid out of pocket.
Statistics gathered during the last several years indicate a rise in the overall number of
cosmetic and aesthetic procedure. However, the percentage of teenagers those 18 and
younger having cosmetic procedure has remained relatively constant, with nonsurgical
procedures including laser hair removal and chemical peels being the most popular in
2009, according to the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS).

The most frequently performed surgical procedure for this age group in 2010 was
nose reshaping (rhinoplasty). Most experts agree that for appropriately selected teenage
patients, cosmetic plastic surgery can have a positive impact on physical and emotional
development.65

The objectives were

75
 1. To assess the existing knowledge of the female student regarding effects cosmetic
procedure on health.
2. To assess the attitude of the female student regarding effects of cosmetic
procedure on health.
3. To correlate the knowledge and attitude of the female student regarding the
effects of cosmetic procedure on health.
4. To associate the knowledge and attitude of the female student regarding the
effects of cosmetic procedure on health with selected demographic variable.
The study was based on the assumptions that

1. In this era of beauty, most of the college girls get attracted to different levels of
cosmetic procedure without having right information about which suits them
best.
2. The female student may have favourable attitude but may not have adequate
knowledge about risk and benefit of various types of cosmetic procedure.
The Hypothesis formulated was

H1 There is a significant correlation between the knowledge and attitude of the female
student regarding effects of cosmetic procedure on health.

H2 There is a significant association of knowledge and attitude of the female student

regarding effects of cosmetic procedure on health with selected demographic variable.

The conceptual frame work of the study was based on Modified Rosenstoch’s,
Becker’s health belief model and it provided the comprehensive frame work of achieving
the objectives of the study.

An extensive review of literature was done which enabled the investigator to study in
depth the selected problem, to develop conceptual frame work, to construct the tool,
analyze and interpret the data.

Non experimental descriptive correlational study design was adopted to assess the
knowledge and attitude of female students regarding effects of cosmetic procedure on
health. 90 female students between the ages of 18-23years were selected from Om Prabha

76
College for women, Vijaynagar; Bangalore by using probability stratified random
sampling technique.

The investigator first introduced herself to the principal, Omprabha College for
women and obtained permission for the study. A self administered questionnaire and
three point Likert scale was prepared and used to collect the data and to assess the level
of knowledge and attitude of female students regarding effects of cosmetic procedure on
health. The tool consists of three parts. Part I comprised of demographic data, part II
comprised of 3 aspects which has 25 items for assessing the knowledge of female
students. Part III comprised of three point Likert scale which has 3 aspects of 25 items for
assessing the attitude of female students. The content validity was obtained from experts
and the reliability was obtained by test retest method. Feasibility of the study was
confirmed by pilot study.

The data obtained was analyzed and interpreted in terms of the objectives and
hypothesis of the study. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis.

Major findings of the study were

Findings regarding demographic variables of adults

 The maximum numbers of the subjects 51.1% were in the age group of 21-23
years.
 Most of the subjects 38.9 % were Hindus.
 Out of 90 subjects 38.9 % were having family income 5,001-10,000.
 The majority of the subjects 33.3% were having educational status B. sc, B.com,
BA.
 The majority of the subjects 33.3% were from I year, II year, III year.
 Out of 90 subjects 33.3% of a subjects residing in urban area.
 Majority of subjects 46.7% were undergone facial as minor cosmetic procedure.
 Majority of subjects 38.9% were got information from newspaper.

Findings regarding assessment of the existing knowledge of the female student

regarding effect cosmetic procedure on health.

77
 Assessment of overall level of knowledge among female students reveals that out of
90 subjects majority of them 39 (43.3%) are having moderate knowledge, and 34 (37.8%)
of them had inadequate knowledge 17 (18.9%) were found to have adequate knowledge
regarding effects of cosmetic procedure on health.

The mean score for overall level of knowledge among female students was 13.97
with SD 3.86. The highest mean score of subjects is 5.66 with SD of 1.86 for knowledge
on management and prevention of ill effects of cosmetic procedure. The lowest mean
score subjects are 2.67 with SD of 1.06 for knowledge on general information on types &
indications of cosmetic procedure. This decrease in overall knowledge indicates that
female students studying in art’s college need more information on general information
on types & indications of cosmetic procedure.

Findings regarding assessment of the attitude of the female student regarding effects
of cosmetic procedure on health.

Assessment of overall level of attitude among female students out of 90 subjects,

majority of them 47 (52.2%) female students were having favourable level of attitude,
36 (40%) were having moderately favourable attitude and only seven (7.8%) were found
to have unfavourable attitude regarding effects of cosmetic procedure on health.

The mean score for overall level of attitude among female students was 51.53 with
SD 9.69. The highest mean score of subjects is 21.66 with SD of 4.75 for attitude
regarding management and prevention of ill effects of cosmetic procedure.. The lowest
mean score subjects are 10.16 with SD of 2.51 about the attitude regarding general
information on types & indications of cosmetic procedure. This decrease in overall
attitude indicates that female students studying in art’s college need more information on
types & indications of cosmetic procedure.

Finding regarding the correlation between knowledge and attitude of the female
student regarding the effects of cosmetic procedure on health.

78
 The linear correlation between knowledge and attitude regarding effects of cosmetic
procedure on health among female students resulted to be positive and moderate degree
that is r = 0.546 which is statistically significant at p<0.05 level. The correlation between
the different aspects of knowledge and attitude regarding effects of cosmetic procedure
on health were invariably significant. Therefore hypothesis H 1 “There is a significant
correlation between knowledge and attitude of the female student regarding the effects of
cosmetic procedure on health.” was accepted.

Finding regarding association of demographic variable with the level of knowledge

and attitude of the female student regarding the effects of cosmetic procedure on
health.

There was a statistically significant association found between level of knowledge

and two demographic variables such as educational status and previous minor cosmetic
procedure at p<0.05 level. The demographic variables year of degree of female students
with attitude showed significant at the p <0.05. Hence the hypothesis H 2 “There is a
significant association of knowledge and attitude of the female student regarding the
effects of cosmetic procedure on health with selected demographic variable” was
accepted.

9. Bibliography

79
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13. Machlean Dawnel. Cosmetic surgery addict injected cooking oil into her face.
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23. Aims of cosmetic procedure. Available from
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24. Donna Henderson, Kelly D Brooks, Adrienne Adams, Eaaron Henderson.

Sociocultural appearance and maternal and paternal attitude predicts college
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29. Pearl Anne, Weston Jane. Attitude of adolescent about cosmetic procedure to
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30. WL Adeyemo, BO Bamgbose. Knowledge and perceptions of facial cosmetic

procedure among a selected group of IT professional in Lagos, Nigeria. The
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31. Diana Zukerman. Teenager perception of body image and cosmetic procedure.
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32. David J Castle, Riteesh Bookun. Attitudes towards cosmetic procedure among
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33. Viren Swami, Thomas Chamorro. Acceptance of cosmetic procedure,

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34. Jackson Cribites. Record number of patients seek laser treatment to take years off
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media influence, and participant demographics. Science daily. 2009 Dec 26;
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36. Montague Jones. Women sacrifice food before cosmetics. Cosmetic Design
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37. Susane Saimon. Misconception about cosmetic procedure which leads to

emotional risks. The Health Science Journal. 2010 Jun 12; 19(2):200-230

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41. Michael John. Knowledge before undergoing cosmetic procedure Plastic and
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42. Sarwer David. General knowledge of youngsters about cosmetic procedure.

Journal of Cosmetic Science. 2009 Sep 23; 16(5): 78-100

43. Jim Gracious, Benefits of cosmetic procedure. Health Fitness Journal. 2010 April
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44. Diana Max. Appearance, cosmetics, and body art in adolescence. Pediatric and
adolescent Dermatology Journal. 2009 Sep 23; 118(52): 232-260

45. Peter Samson. Dangerous Cosmetics and Teenage Girls. Health Science Journal.
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46. Alex Kaplan. Complications in injectable dermal fillers. Health and Fitness
Article. 2010 Oct 28; 321(21): 78-90

47. Michael David. Side effects of makeup. Cosmetic Health Journal. 2010 Nov 5;
42(8): 91-120

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2009 Oct 8; 78(8): 45-60

49. Robert Preidt. Severe acne and suicidal thought. Journal of Investigative
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50. Pedicure Infection. Available from www.barbercosmo.ca.gov/consumer/html

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51. Van Onselen J. Acne management and patient support, a nursing concern for all.
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52. Stephen Daniells. Lycopene protecting skin from within. Investigative

Dermatology Journal. 2008 Apr 29; 43(8): 100- 120

53. Rebecca Prescott. Applying vitamin E cream prevent UV exposure. Health and
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54. Macklean Edward. New product in healing of burn wounds on the hand. British
Journal of Plastic Surgery. 2009 Dec 23; 56(8): 764- 774

55. William k Jack. Diet and skin. Skin treatment Blog Journal. 2010 Sep 6; 19(5):
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56. Colonic Hydrotherapy. Available from http://www.skingenesis.co.uk/Colonic-

Hydrotherapy

57. Danielle Marcoux. Adolescence is a period of tremendous transformation in the

appearance. Beauty Health Journal. 2010 Sep 23; 20(6): 210- 221

58. Dr Sushil Koirala. Media influence on cosmetic procedure. Health Science Daily.
2009 Sep 13; 34(7): 431-445

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Journal. 2010 Nov 19; 34(10): 62-80

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students. The Medical Journal of Australia. 2009 Jul 21; 31(10): 34- 60
61. Kesiyana Robert. Level of knowledge, attitude about issues of cosmetic
procedure. Cosmo Health Daily. 2009 Sep 17; 23(7): 78-120

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62. Deepak Mathur. Perception of student’s awareness regarding effects of cosmetic
procedure. Indian Health Journal. 2009 Nov 4; 45(3): 213-321

63. Christiana Fedrike. Beauty. Available from http://www.beautyden.com/

64. Valerie Copeland. Cosmetic procedure and teen. Cosmetic Health Article. 2010
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the-beauty-industry/

Annexure -1
Letter seeking permission for conducting the pilot study.

86
Annexure- 2

87
Letter granting permission for conducting the main study

Annexure -3

88
 Letter seeking experts’ opinion for content validity of the tool

From,
Ms. Shyny Shylaja Vijayan
II yr. M.Sc. Nursing student
Padmashree College Of Nursing
Nagarbhavi, Bangalore 72

To,
Forwarded Through
Dr.Rebecca Samson
Principal
Padmashree College Of Nursing
Nagarbhavi, Bangalore 72
Respected Sir/Madam,

Sub: Seeking permission for content validation of the research tool

I, Ms.Shyny Shylaja Vijayan II yr M.Sc.Nursing (Medical Surgical Nursing)

student of Padmashree College Of Nursing, request your good self, if you would kindly
accept to validate my research tool on the topic “A Study to Assess the knowledge And
Attitude of Female Students Regarding Effects of Cosmetic Procedure on Health
in a Selected Art’s College, Bangalore with a view to develop an instructional
module, Bangalore.

I would be obliged if you would kindly affirm your acceptance to the undersigned
with your valuable suggestions on this topic. I had attached the details of my study along
with the research tool.

Thanking you in anticipation

Yours Sincerely,
Ms. Shyny Shylaja Vijayan
Annexure 4

89
 Blue print of self administered Knowledge and Attitude questionnaire

Sl Content Items Total Perce

no ntage
Knowledge questionnaire

I. Knowledge on general information on types and 1, 2,3,4,5 5 20%

indication on cosmetic procedure.

II Knowledge on effects and ill effects of cosmetic 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 10 40%

procedure 11, 12, 13, 14,
15.

III Knowledge on management and prevention of ill 16, 17, 18, 19, 10 40%
effects of cosmetic procedure. 20, 21, 22, 23,
24, 25

TOTAL 25 25 100%
Attitude Likert scale

I Attitude on general information on types and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 5 20%

indication on cosmetic procedure.

II Attitude on effects and ill effects of cosmetic 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 10 40%

procedure 11, 12, 13, 14,
15

III Attitude on management and prevention of ill effects 16, 17, 18, 19, 10 40%
of cosmetic procedure. 20, 21, 22, 23,
24, 25

25 25 100%
TOTAL

Annexure 5

Criteria rating scale for validity of tool

90
Dear Sir/ Madam,
Kindly go through the evaluation criteria check list for the validation of the tool.
There are two columns given for your response. Kindly place the right mark ( √ ) in the
appropriate column and give your remark
Sl. No Content Yes No Remarks

1 Baseline data:
 All the characteristics necessary for the study
are included
2 Self Administered Questionnaire:

 Covers the adequate content regarding the

level of the Knowledge on effects of
cosmetic procedure on health.
 Items are arranged in sequence.
 Items are arranged in logical order
 Language is simple and easy to follow
 All items necessary to achieve the objective
of the study are included
 Any technical terms that can be replace by
simple terms
3 Three Point Likert scale

 Covers adequate items

 Items are relevant &arranged in sequence
 Language is simple & easy to follow.
 Statements are stated appropriately
 Ratio of negative and positive statement is
appropriate to assess the attitude

Dear Sir / Madam,

91
 Kindly go through the content and place right mark against questionnaire in the
following columns ranging from relevant to not relevant. When founds to be needs
modification, kindly give your opinion in the remarks column.

SECTION A

DEMOGRAPHIC DATA

SL. ITEMS RELEVANT NEEDS NOT REMARKS

NO. MODIFICATION RELEVAN
T
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

SECTION-B

92
SELF ADMINISTERED QUESTIONNAIRE TO ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE OF
FEMALE STUDENTS REGARDING EFFECT OF COSMETIC PROCEDURE
ON HEALTH

SL. ITEMS RELEVANT NEEDS NOT REMARKS

NO MODIFICATION RELEVANT

10

11

12

13

14

15

93
 16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

Suggestions if any:

Date: Signature and seal of the

Expert

Place: Name and Designation

SECTION-C

94
THREE POINT LIKERT SCALE TO ASSESS ATTITUDE OF FEMALE
STUDENTS REGARDING EFFECTS OF COSMETIC PROCEDURE ON
HEALTH.

SL. ITEMS RELEVANT NEEDS NOT REMARKS

NO MODIFICATION RELEVANT

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

95
 20

21

22

23

24

25

Suggestions if any:

Date:

Place: Signature and seal of the Expert

Name and Designation

Annexure – 6

96
 Content validity certificate

I hereby certify that I have validated the tool of Ms. Shyny Shylaja Vijayan, M.Sc.

(N), student who is undertaking, “A Descriptive Study to Assess the Knowledge and

Attitude of Female Students Regarding Effects of Cosmetic Procedure on Health in

a Selected Art’s college, Bangalore with a View to Develop an Instructional Module”

Place: Signature and Seal of the Expert:

Date:

Name, Designation and Address

Annexure -7
97
 List of experts for content validity

1. Mrs. N. Chitra Ph.D(N)

Principal
Dr. John’s College of Nursing
No. 13, Section A
Yelahanka New Town
Bangalore- 560084
2. Mr. J. Baskaran M.Sc (N)
Assistant Professor
Medical Surgical Nursing
Dayananda Sagar College of Nursing
Bangalore-560078
3. Mr. j. Bosco Sunder Raj Ph.D(N)
Principal
Miranda College of Nursing,
Yelahanka, Bangalore
4. Mrs. Jolly Joseph M.Sc(N)
Assistant Professor
Oriental College of Nursing
Bangalore
5. Mr. R. Chinnadhurai
Biostatistician
Padmashree College of Nursing
Bangalore
6. Dr. Banu Prakash D.M
Dermatologist
Fortis Hospital
Bangalore

Annexure - 8

98
 Letter to subjects requesting to participate in the study

Dear respondents,

I would like to inform you that I am Ms Shyny Shylaja Vijayan, PG student of

Padmashree College Of Nursing, Bangalore-72, conducting study on “A Study to

Assess the Knowledge and Attitude of Female Students Regarding Effects of

Cosmetic Procedure on Health in a Selected Art’s College, Bangalore”. The study

goal is to describe the knowledge and attitude of female students regarding effects of

cosmetic procedure on health. Here, a set of self administered questionnaire will be given

regarding the knowledge and statements regarding the attitude. The information collected

during the study will be kept confidential. Participation in this study completely depends

on your wish and there will be no compulsion. If you like to participate, kindly give your

consent. Even after given consent also, you have right to withdraw from this study. If you

want to enquire any further information you can contact to:

Dr. Fathima. L Ph. D[N]

Principal & HOD

Medical surgical nursing

Padmashree College of nursing Thanking you

Nagrabhavi, Bangalore-72 Yours Faithfully,

Ms. Shyny Shylaja Vijayan

Annexure -9

99
 Consent form

I here with give my consent to participate in the study conducted by Ms.Shyny

Shylaja Vijayan student of Padmashree College of Nursing on “A Descriptive Study to

Assess The Knowledge And Attitude of Female Students Regarding Effects of

Cosmetic Procedure on Health in a Selected Art’s College, Bangalore with a view to

develop an instructional module”

Thanking You

Signature of the Respondent

Annexure- 10
100
 Certificate for English Editing

TO WHOM SO EVER IT MAY CONCERN

This is to certify that the Dissertation prepared by Ms. Shyny Shylaja Vijayan,

II year M.Sc(N), student of Padmashree College of Nursing for her study “A Descriptive

Study to Assess The Knowledge And Attitude of Female Students Regarding

Effects of Cosmetic Procedure on Health in a Selected Art’s College, Bangalore

with a view to develop an instructional module.” is translated and edited in English for

appropriateness by Mr. Laxmikanth HM.

Place: Signature and Seal

Date :

Name and Designation

101
 Annexure -11

Self Administered Questionnaire

Good morning,

I, Ms.Shyny Shylaja Vijayan, post graduate student from Padmashree College of

Nursing, Bangalore, conducting a research study on, “A Descriptive Study to Assess
The Knowledge And Attitude of Female Students Regarding Effects of Cosmetic
Procedure on Health in a Selected Art’s College, Bangalore with a view to develop
an instructional module.”

I kindly request you to participate in this study by marking valuable answers to

the questions being asked. Your responses will be kept confidential and used only for the
intended purpose.

SECTION A

DEMOGRAPHIC DATA

Self Administered Questionnaire Regarding Demographic Variables

Instructions to the participants:

Please complete the following by placing the right option code in appropriate
box[ ] provided against each item.

SAMPLE NUMBER:
1. Age in years
a) 18-20 [ ]
b) 21-23 [ ]
2. Religion
a) Hindu [ ]
b) Muslim [ ]
c) Christian [ ]
d) Other, specify………..

102
3. Family income in rupees per month
a) < 5000 [ ]
b) 5001-10000 [ ]
c) 10001-15000 [ ]
d) Above 15000 [ ]
4. Educational Status

a) Bsc [ ]
b) B.com [ ]
c) BA [ ]

5. Year of Degree

a) I Year [ ]
b) II Year [ ]
c) III Year [ ]
6. Residential Area
a. Rural [ ]
b. Urban [ ]
c. Semi rural [ ]
d. Semi urban [ ]
7. Have you undergone any minor cosmetic procedure
a. Pedicure [ ]
b. Facial [ ]
c. Waxing [ ]
d. Other Specify….. [ ]
8. Source of information on cosmetic procedure.
a. Books, Magazine [ ]
b. Newspaper [ ]
c. Mass Media [ ]

103
 SECTION B

A Self Administered Questionnaire to Assess the Knowledge of the Female Student

Regarding Effects of Cosmetic Procedure on Health.

I General Information on Types And Indications of Cosmetic Procedure

1. Cosmetics means substances used to [ ]

a) Enhance the appearance of the body.
b) Alter body function.
c) Alter appearance of body.
2. An adverse effect that arise due to cosmetic procedure are [ ]
a) Scarring , redness
b) Breathing difficulties.
c) Increased sweating.
3. The major cosmetic procedure is [ ]
a) Electrolysis
b) Eye lid surgery
c) Chemical peel
4. The minor cosmetic procedure is [ ]
a) Manicure (care of fingernails and hand)
b) Otoplasty( Repair of ear)
c) Rhinoplasty( Repair of nose)
5. Which condition requires surgical cosmetic procedure? [ ]
a) Burns
b) Skin allergies.
c) Edema( collection of fluid in body)

II Effects And Ill Effects of Cosmetic Procedure

6. One of an disadvantage of cosmetic procedure is [ ]

a) Allergic skin reaction, infection
b) Generalized body weakness.

104
 c) Decreased physical activity.
7. Which one of the following is an advantage of perming (curling) of hair? [ ]
a) Increased growth of soft and fine hair.
b) Removes and prevents dandruff.
c) Prevent scalp infections.
8. Which one of the following is an advantage of waxing? [ ]
a) Prevention of redness and itching.
b) Growth of Softer, finer hair of arms and legs.
c) Growth of tough and course hair of arms and legs.
9. An advantage of pedicure is [ ]
a) Improving hydration to the feet.
b) Improving deformity of the joints.
c) Reducing acne scar formation.
10. One of an advantages of acne laser treatment is [ ]
a) Reducing stress and anxiety.
b) Clearing face marks and mend the skin.
c) Reducing dryness of face.
11. Benefit of natural cosmetic product like cucumber extract, fruit extract are [ ]
a) They are not aggressive on the skin and are safer.
b) They provoke allergies/ irritation on acne scar.
c) They are low in quality.
12. One of the side effect of waxing is [ ]
a) Cooling sensation of skin.
b) Skin darkening and rashes.
c) Itching of skin.
13. Which one of the following is the disadvantage of body thermage treatment
(tighten, firm and shape areas of the body? [ ]
a) Skin discoloration, pain.
b) High chance of bleeding.
c) Reaccumulation of fatty tissues

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 14. The side effect of bleaching face are [ ]
a) Cooling and wetting sensation of the skin.
b) Burning, itching or stinging sensation along with skin redness.
c) Blister formation of the part.
15. Benefits of doing skin massage therapy is [ ]
a) To reduce pain, stress and anxiety.
b) To reduce redness of the part
c) To improve mobility.

III Management and Prevention of Ill Effects of Cosmetic Procedure

16. One of the home remedy for scaring (mark) of skin, is to [ ]

a) Apply turmeric powder to the area and leave for 10 min

b) Apply cucumber juice to area and leave for 15 min.
c) Leave as such
17. The scar formation after chemical peel can be prevented by [ ]
a) Cleaning area with antiseptics.
b) Sun protection, hydration.
c) Washing area with lukewarm water.
18. Which one of the following is the home remedy for pimple scar? [ ]
a) Rubbing ice cubes on the face for 10-15 minutes.
b) Using turmeric powder for 10- 20 minutes.
c) Leaving acne as such.
19. The care which is performed after waxing is [ ]
a) Exposing the part to sunlight.
b) Using lotus cream or moisturizer (salicylic acid).
c) Wash with soap and water.
20. The care for rashes, that arises due to electrolysis are
a) Leaving the skin as such [ ]
b) Staying out of sun and to moisturize the skin.
c) Washing the face with soap and water.

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 21. Discolouration of the skin can be prevented by [ ]
a) Avoiding use of sunscreen lotions.
b) Exposing skin to very cold air.
c) Using mild soap to clean the area.
22. Care of hair, after perming(curling the hair) is [ ]
a) Resisting shampooing, brushing.
b) Combing hair using conditioner.
c) Shampooing hair.
23. Before using any cosmetics for first time, one should [ ]
a) Clean the part with soap and water
b) Test the product in forearm for 5 min for allergic reaction.
c) Use as such.
24. For preventing dirt accumulation and acne, one should wash the face [ ]
a) Twice daily
b) When it becomes too oily.
c) Once daily.

25. For glowing and shining skin, a person should drink [ ]

a) 0-2 glasses of water each day

b) 3-5 glasses of water each day
c) 6 or more glasses of water each day.

Scoring Technique

25× 1= 25

Interpretation

1. Inadequate knowledge <50%

2. Moderate knowledge 51- 75%

3. Adequate knowledge >75%

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 SECTION C

Three Point Likert Scale to Assess the Attitude of the Female Student Regarding
Effects of Cosmetic Procedure on Health

Instructions

Below is the statement about the adverse effects of climate change. Please place a tick

(√ ) against each of the statement as per your opinion in the column provided.

A –Agree with the statement, UD- undecided with the statement, DA- disagree with the
statement

Sl. QUESTIONS A UD DA
No
GENERAL INFORMATION ON TYPES AND
INDICATIONS ON COSMETIC PROCEDURE

I feel cosmetic procedure is one which enhances

1
appearance and makes to look younger.

2 I feel cosmetic procedure are not helpful in removing

warts, birth marks.
3 I don’t think after severe burn cosmetic procedure can
be done.
4 I feel chemical peel is the treatment for reducing acne
eruption.
5 Cellulite treatment is the best way to reduce excess fat
of thighs, hips, buttocks, back.
EFFECTS AND ILL EFFECTS OF COSMETIC
PROCEDURE
It seems like wearing makeup improves my
6 confidence
7 I like to take chances with my skin for experimenting
new cosmetic product.
8 I prefer to go for cellulite treatment as this give shape
and alignment for body.
9 I think perming of hair leads to hair loss.

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10 I don’t think darkening of the skin is the side effect of
facial laser treatment.
11 I agree having hot liquids, spicy food, and coffee does
not interfere with my beauty.

12 I feel exposure to number of cosmetic procedure may

lead to drastic effect such as scar rashes, infection,
and acne eruption.
13 I don’t think cosmetic procedure will lead to allergic
reaction, infection, redness or scarring.
14 I consider that in our modern society, cosmetic
procedure is an accepted form of self-improvement
15 I agree there is a chance of delayed or prolonged
healing of the area after cosmetic procedure.
MANAGEMENT AND PREVENTION OF ILL
EFFECTS OF COSMETIC PROCEDURE

16 It don’t think it is necessary to understand skin types

and changes before using new beauty treatment.
17 I agree that coconut milk should be applied on lips
and face to add grace to skin.
18 I feel natural vegetable oil like almond or olive oil is
used to fight with dryness of skin.

19 I consider, after facial treatment cucumber extract

should be used to rinse face to prevent rashes.
20 I would like to include plenty of raw foods like fruits,
salads and sprouts in my diet.

21 I use to Squeeze acne, which helps to keep my skin

clear.

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 22 I don’t like to clean the face 2-3 times a day as it
causes dryness.
23 I think excessive brushing of hair can make it fall out
and cause split ends.
24 I don’t think patch test is needed before trying new
product.
25 I feel one should sleep sufficiently so that skin can
receive fresh supplies of oxygen and nutrients.

Scoring Technique

Statements Agree Undecided Disagree

 Positive 3 2 1
statement

 Negative 1 2 3
statement

Positive statement : 14×3=42

Negative statement : 11×3= 33

Overall score :75

Interpretation

1. Unfavorable attitude <50%

2. Moderate attitude 50-75%
3. Favorable attitude >75%

SCORING KEY FOR SELF ADMINISTERED QUESTIONNAIRE

110
Item No. Correct response Score
1. a 1

2. a 1

3. b 1

4. a 1

5. a 1
6. a 1
7. a 1
8. b 1
9. a 1
10. b 1
11. a 1
12. b 1
13. c 1
14. b 1
15. a 1
16. b 1
17. b 1
18. a 1
19. b 1
20. b 1
21. c 1
22. a 1
23. b 1
24. a 1
25. c 1

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SCORING KEY FOR LIKERT SCALE TO ASSESS ATTITUDE OF
FEMALE STUDENTS REGARDING EFFECTS OF COSMETIC
PROCEDURE ON HEALTH

ITEM AGREE UNDECIDED DISAGREE

No:
1 3 2 1
2 1 2 3
3 1 2 3
4 3 2 1
5 3 2 1
6 3 2 1
7 1 2 3
8 3 2 1
9 1 2 3
10 1 2 3
11 3 2 1
12 3 2 1
13 1 2 3
14 3 2 1
15 3 2 1
16 1 2 3
17 3 2 1
18 3 2 1
19 3 2 1
20 3 2 1
21 1 2 3
22 1 2 3
23 1 2 3
24 1 2 3
25 3 2 1

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 Annexure 12
HEALTH INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE ON

EFFECTS OF COSMETIC PROCEDURE ON HEALTH

by

Ms. SHYNY SHYLAJA VIJAYAN

II yr M. Sc (Nursing)

(Medical and Surgical Nursing)

Padmashree College of Nursing,

23/80, Gurukrupa Layout, Nagarbhavi,

Bangalore-72

2011

As A Part of Dissertation Submitted To

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCE,

BANGALORE, KARNATAKA

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