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 seaver how easy it is to .
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Chemistry
fOR

DU1\1MIE5
by John T. Moore, Ed.D

~
WILEY
Wiley Publishing, Inc.
Chemistry For Dummies"
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About the Author
John T. Moore, Ed.D grew up in the foothills of western North Carolina. He
attended the University of North Carolina-Asheville where he received his
bachelor's degree in chemistry. He earned his Master's degree in chemistry
from Furman University in Greenville, South Carolina. After a stint in the
United States Army, he decided to try his hand at teaching. In 1971, he joined
the chemistry faculty of Stephen F. Austin State University in Nacogdoches,
Texas, where he still teaches chemistry. In 1985, he started back to school
part-time and in 1991 received his Doctorate in Education from Texas A&M
University.

John's area of specialty is chemical education. He has developed several

courses for students planning on teaching chemistry at the high school level.
In the early 1990s, he shifted his emphasis to training elementary education
majors and in-service elementary teachers in hands-on chemical activities.
He has received four Eisenhower grants for professional development of
elementary teachers and for the last five years has been the co-editor (along
with one of his former students) of the "Chemistry for Kids" feature of The
Journal of Chemical Education.

Although teaching has always been foremost in his heart, John found time
to work part-time for almost five years in the medical laboratory of the local
hospital and has been a consultant for a textbook publisher. He is active in a
number of local, state, and national organizations, such as the Nacogdoches
Kiwanis Club and the American Chemical Society.

John lives in the Piney Woods of East Texas with his wife Robin and their
three dogs and cat. He enjoys brewing his own beer and mead. And he
loves to cook. In fact, he and his wife have recently bought a gourmet
food & kitchen shop called The Cottage. ("I was spending so much there
it was cheaper to just go ahead and buy the store.") His two boys, Jason
and Matt, remain in the mountains of North Carolina.
Dedication
This book is dedicated to those children, past, present, and future, who will
grow to love chemistry, just as I have done. You may never make a living as a
chemist, but I hope that you will remember the thrill of your experiments and
will pass that enjoyment on to your children. This book is also dedicated to
my wife Robin, who took time out of her busy campaign schedule to encourage
me and have faith in me during those times when I didn't have much faith in
myself. This time you were the wind beneath my wings. And it's dedicated
to my close friends who helped keep me grounded in reality, especially Sue
Mary, who always had just the right quote from a Jimmy Buffett song to lift
me up, and Jan, whose gift of a tie-dyed lab coat kept me from taking myself
too seriously. And finally, this book is dedicated to my sons, Matthew and
Jason, and my wonderful daughter-in-law, Sara. I love you guys.

Author's Acknowledt)ments
I would not have had the opportunity to write this book without the encour-
agement of my agent, Grace Freedson. She took the time to answer my con-
stant e-mails and teach me a little about the publishing business. lowe many
thanks to the staff at Wiley, especially acquisitions editor Greg Tubach,
project editor Tim Gallan, copy editor Greg Pearson, and technical reviewer
Bill Cummings, for their comments and help with this project. Special thanks
also to the MMSEC elementary teachers of Nacogdoches ISO, especially Jan,
Derinda, and Sondra. You made me a better teacher, and you showed your
support and concern for me as I was writing this book. Special thanks also to
Andi and The Cottage Girls, Kim, Jonell, Stephanie, Amanda, and Laura, for
taking such good care of the shop while I was involved in this project. Thanks
to my colleagues who kept asking me how it was going and especially Rich
Langley, who was always there to point out my procrastination. And let me
offer many thanks to all my students over the past thirty years, especially the
ones who became teachers. I've learned from you and I hope that you've
learned from me.
Publisher's Acknowledgments
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 Contents at a Glance
l"tr,,4i"~ti"" ................................................................ 1
Part 1: Basic Concepts of ChemistrlJ, .............................. 7
Chapter 1: What Is Chemistry, and Why Do I Need to Know Some? ........................... 9
Chapter 2: Matter and Energy ........................................................................................ 15
Chapter 3: Something Smaller Than an Atom? Atomic Structure ............................. 31
Chapter 4: The Periodic Table (But No Chairs) ........................................................... 53
Chapter 5: Nuclear Chemistry: It'll Blow Your Mind ................................................... 65

Part 11: Blesse4i Be the Bon4is That Tie ......................... 83

Chapter 6: Opposites Do Attract: Ionic Bonds ............................................................85
Chapter 7: Covalent Bonds: Let's Share Nicely ............................................................ 99
Chapter 8: Chemical Cooking: Chemical Reactions .................................................. 121
Chapter 9: Electrochemistry: Batteries to Teapots .................................................. 147

Part 111: The Mole: The Chemist's Best Frien4i ............. 163
Chapter 10: The Mole: Can You Dig It? ........................................................................ 165
Chapter 11: Mixing Matter Up: Solutions ................................................................... 177
Chapter 12: Sour and Bitter: Acids and Bases ........................................................... 193
Chapter 13: Balloons, Tires, and Scuba Tanks:
The Wonderful World of Gases .................................................................................. 211

Part IV: ChemistrlJ in EtlerlJ.4ialJ. Life:

Benefits an4i Problems ............................................. 229
Chapter 14: The Chemistry of Carbon: Organic Chemistry ..................................... 231
Chapter 15: Petroleum: Chemicals for Burning or Building ..................................... 247
Chapter 16: Polymers: Making Big Ones from Little Ones ....................................... 257
Chapter 17: Chemistry in the Home ............................................................................ 271
Chapter 18: Cough! Cough! Hack! Hack! Air Pollution ............................................... 289
Chapter 19: Brown, Chunky Water? Water Pollution ................................................301

Part V: The Part of Tens ........................................... 315

Chapter 20: Ten Serendipitous Discoveries in Chemistry ....................................... 317
Chapter 21: Ten Great Chemistry Nerds ..................................................................... 321
Chapter 22: Ten Useful Chemistry Web Sites ............................................................. 325
AppentliJt A: Scientific Units: The Metric S,stem ........ 329
AppentliJt B: How to Hantlle Reali, Big
or Reali, Small )\1J1m~ers••••.••••••.•••••••••••••••.••••.••••..•••. 333
AppentliJt C: Unit Contlersion Methotl ••.••••••••••.••••••.•.•• 337
AppentliJt D: Significant FigJlres anti ROJlntling Off ..••• 341
1"tI.eJr ....................................................................... 3~~
 Table of Contents
Introduction ................................................................. 1
About This Book .............................................................................................. 2
How to Use This Book .................................................................................... 2
Assumptions (And You Know What They Say about Assumptions!) ....... 2
How This Book Is Organized .......................................................................... 3
Part I: Basic Concepts of Chemistry ................................................... 3
Part II: Blessed Be the Bonds That Tie ............................................... 3
Part III: The Mole: The Chemist's Best Friend .................................. .4
Part IV: Chemistry in Everyday Life: Benefits and Problems .......... .4
Part V: The Part of Tens ........................................................................ 5
Icons Used in This Book ................................................................................. 5
Where to Go from Here ................................................................................... 6

Part 1: Basic Concepts of ChemistrlJ. ............................... 7

Chapter 1: What Is Chemistry, and Why Do I Need
to Know Some? ............................................... 9
What Exactly Is Chemistry? ........................................................................... 9
Branches in the tree of chemistry ..................................................... 10
Macroscopic versus microscopic viewpoints ................................. 12
Pure versus applied chemistry .......................................................... 12
So What Does a Chemist Do All Day? ........................................................ .13
And Where Do Chemists Actually Work? ................................................... 13

Chapter 2: Matter and Energy . .............................. ... 15

States of Matter: Macroscopic and Microscopic Views ........................... 15
Solids ..................................................................................................... 16
Liquids .................................................................................................. 16
Gases ..................................................................................................... 17
Ice in Alaska, Water in Texas: Matter Changes States .............................. 17
I'm melting away! Oh, what a world! ................................................. 17
BOiling point ......................................................................................... 18
Freezing point: The miracle of ice cubes .......................................... 18
Sublimate this! ..................................................................................... 19
Pure Substances and Mixtures .................................................................... 19
Pure substances .................................................................................. 20
Throwing mixtures into the mix ........................................................ 21
Chemistry For Dummies ___________________

Measuring Matter .......................................................................................... 22

The SI system ....................................................................................... 22
SI/English conversions ....................................................................... 22
Nice Properties You've Got There ............................................................... 23
How dense are you? ............................................................................ 24
Measuring density ............................................................................... 25
Energy (Wish I Had More) ............................................................................26
Kinetic energy - moving right along ............................................... 26
Potential energy - sitting pretty ...................................................... 27
Measuring Energy ..........................................................................................27
Temperature and temperature scales ............................................... 28
Feel the heat ......................................................................................... 29

Chapter 3: Something Smaller Than an Atom? Atomic Structure ... 31

Subatomic Particles: So That's What's in an Atom ...................................31
The Nucleus: Center Stage ...........................................................................33
Where Are Those Electrons? ....................................................................... 38
The Bohr model- it's really not boring .......................................... 38
Quantum mechanical model ..............................................................40
Electron configurations (Bed Check for Electrons) ..................................44
The dreaded energy level diagram ....................................................45
Electron configurations: Easy and space efficient ..........................47
Valence electrons: Living on the edge ............................................. .48
Isotopes and Ions: These Are a Few of My Favorite Things ................... .49
Isolating the isotope ...........................................................................49
Keeping an eye on ions ....................................................................... 50

Chapter 4: The Periodic Table (But No Chairs) ................... 53

Repeating Patterns of Periodicity ............................................................... 53
Understanding How Elements Are Arranged in the Periodic Table ........ 56
Metals, nonmetals, and metalloids ................................................... 57
Families and periods ........................................................................... 60

Chapter 5: Nuclear Chemistry: IfII Blow Your Mind .............. 65

It All Starts with the Atom ............................................................................ 66
Radioactivity and Man-Made Radioactive Decay ...................................... 66
Natural Radioactive Decay: How Nature Does It ....................................... 68
Alpha emission .................................................................................... 69
Beta emission ....................................................................................... 69
Gamma emission ................................................................................. 70
Positron emission ................................................................................ 70
Electron capture .................................................................................. 71
Half-Lives and Radioactive Dating .............................................................. 71
Safe handling ........................................................................................ 73
Radioactive dating ............................................................................... 74
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Table of Contents •
XI
Gone (Nuclear) Fission ................................................................................. 74
Chain reactions and critical mass ..................................................... 75
Atomic bombs (big bangs that aren't theories) .............................. 76
Nuclear power plants .......................................................................... 77
Breeder reactors: Making more nuclear stuff .................................. 79
Nuclear Fusion: The Hope for Our Energy Future ..................................... 80
Control issues ....................................................................... ,.............. 80
What the future holds ......................................................................... 81
Am I Glowing? The Effects of Radiation ..................................................... 82

Part 11: Blessed Be the Bonds That Tie ......................... 83

Chapter 6: Opposites Do Attract: Ionic Bonds . ................... 85
The Magic of an Ionic Bond: Sodium + Chlorine = Table Salt .................. 85
Understanding the components ........................................................ 86
Understanding the reaction ............................................................... 87
Ending up with a bond ........................................................................ 88
Positive and Negative Ions: Cations and Anions ....................................... 89
Polyatomic Ions ............................................................................................. 92
Putting Ions Together: Ionic Compounds .................................................. 94
Putting magnesium and bromine together ...................................... 94
Using the crisscross rule .................................................................... 95
Naming Ionic Compounds ............................................................................ 96
Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes ................................................................ 97

Chapter 7: Covalent Bonds: Let's Share Nicely . .................. 99

Covalent Bond Basics ................................................................................... 99
A hydrogen example ......................................................................... 100
Comparing covalent bonds with other bonds ............................... 101
Understanding multiple bonds ........................................................ 102
Naming Binary Covalent Compounds ...................................................... 103
So Many Formulas, So Little Time ............................................................. 104
Empirical formula: Just the elements ............................................. 105
Molecular or true formula: Inside the numbers ............................ 105
Structural formula: Add the bonding pattern ................................ 106
Some Atoms Are More Attractive Than Others ...................................... 11 0
Attracting electrons: Electronegativities ........................................ 111
Polar covalent bonding ..................................................................... 113
Water: A really strange molecule ..................................................... 114
What Does Water Really Look Like? The VSEPR Theory ....................... 117

Chapter 8: Chemical Cooking: Chemical Reactions . ............. 121

What You Have and What You'll Get: Reactants and Products ............. 122
How Do Reactions Occur? Collision Theory ........................................... 123
An exothermic example .................................................................... 124
An endothermic example ................................................................. 125
 --
XII Chemistry For Dummies _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

What Kind of Reaction Do You Think I Am? ............................................. 126

Combination reactions ..................................................................... 126
Decomposition reactions ................................................................. 127
Single displacement reactions ......................................................... 127
Double displacement reactions ....................................................... 129
Combustion reactions ....................................................................... 130
Redox reactions ................................................................................. 131
Balancing Chemical Reactions .................................................................. 131
Smell that ammonia .......................................................................... 131
Flick that bic ....................................................................................... 133
Chemical Equilibrium ................................................................................. 134
Le Chatelier's Principle .............................................................................. 136
Changing the concentration ............................................................. 137
Changing the temperature ............................................................... 138
Changing the pressure ...................................................................... 139
Reacting Fast and Reacting Slow: Chemical Kinetics ............................. 140
Nature of the reactants ..................................................................... 140
Particle size of the reactants ........................................................... 141
Concentration of the reactants ........................................................ 141
Pressure of gaseous reactants ......................................................... 141
Temperature ....................................................................................... 142
Catalysts ............................................................................................. 143

Chapter 9: Electrochemistry: Batteries to Teapots . .............. 147

There Go Those Pesky Electrons: Redox Reactions ............................... 148
Now where did I put those electrons? Oxidation .......................... 148
Look what I found! Reduction .......................................................... 149
One's loss is the other's gain ........................................................... 150
Playing the numbers: Oxidation numbers, that is ........................ 151
Balancing redox equations ............................................................... 152
Power On the Go: Electrochemical Cells .................................................. 155
Nice cell there, Daniell ...................................................................... 156
Let the light shine: Flashlight cells .................................................. 157
Gentlemen, start your engines: Automobile batteries ................. 158
Five Dollars for a Gold Chain? Electroplating .......................................... 159
This Burns Me Up! Combustion of Fuels and Foods ............................... 161

Part 111: The Mole: The Chemist's Best Friend ............. 163
Chapter 10: The Mole: Can You Dig It? ........................ . 165
Counting by Weighing ................................................................................. 165
Pairs, Dozens, Reams, and Moles .............................................................. 166
Avogadro's number: Not in the phone book .................................. 167
Using moles in the real world .......................................................... 167
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Table of Contents •••
~III

. Chemical Reactions and Moles ................................................................. 169

How much needed, how much made:
Reaction stoichiometry ................................................................ 171
Where did it go? Percent yield ......................................................... 173
Running out of something and leaving something behind:
Limiting reactants .......................................................................... 174

Chapter 11: Mixing Matter Up: Solutions . ...................... 177

Solutes, Solvents, and Solutions ............................................................... 177
A discussion of dissolving ................................................................ 178
Saturated facts ................................................................................... 178
Solution Concentration Units .................................................................... 179
Percent composition ......................................................................... 179
It's number one! Molarity ................................................................. 182
Molality: Another use for the mole ................................................. 184
Parts per million: The pollution unit .............................................. 184
Colligative Properties of Solutions ........................................................... 185
Vapor pressure lowering .................................................................. 186
Why use antifreeze in the summer? Boiling point elevation ....... 186
Making ice cream: Freezing point depression .............................. .187
Keeping blood cells alive and well: Osmotic pressure ................. 188
Smoke, Clouds, Whipped Cream, and Marshmallows: Colloids All ...... 190

Chapter 12: Sour and Bitter: Acids and Bases .................. 193
Properties of Acids and Bases: Macroscopic View ................................ .193
What Do Acids and Bases Look Like? - Microscopic View .................. 195
The Arrhenius theory: Must have water ........................................ 195
The Bronsted-Lowery acid-base theory:
Giving and accepting ..................................................................... 196
Acids to Corrode, Acids to Drink: Strong and
Weak Acids and Bases ............................................................................. 197
Strong acids ........................................................................................ 197
Strong bases ....................................................................................... 198
Weak acids .......................................................................................... 199
Weak bases ......................................................................................... 201
Give me that proton: Bronsted-Lowery acid-base reactions ....... 201
Make up your mind: Amphoteric water ..........................................201
An Old Laxative and Red Cabbage: Acid-Base Indicators ......................202
Good old litmus paper ...................................................................... 203
Phenolphthalein: Helps keep you regular ......................................203
How Acidic Is That Coffee: The pH Scale ................................................. 205
Buffers: Controlling pH ............................................................................... 208
Antacids: Good, Basic Chemistry ..............................................................209
 Chemistry For Dummies ___________________
/tit!
Chapter 13: Balloons. Tires. and Scuba Tanks:
The Wonderful World of Gases ............................... 211
Microscopic View of Gases: The Kinetic Molecular Theory .................. 211
I'm Under Pressure - Atmospheric Pressure, That Is ........................... 214
Measuring atmospheric pressure: The barometer ....................... 214
Measuring confined gas pressure: The manometer ...................... 216
Gases Obey Laws, Too - Gas Laws .......................................................... 216
Boyle's Law: Nothing to do with boiling ......................................... 217
Charles's Law: Don't call me Chuck ................................................ 219
Gay-Lussac's Law ............................................................................... 220
The combined gas law ...................................................................... 221
Avogadro's Law .................................................................................. 222
The ideal gas equation ...................................................................... 224
Stoichiometry and the Gas Laws .............................................................. 225
Dalton's and Graham's Laws ...................................................................... 225
Dalton's Law ....................................................................................... 226
Graham's Law ..................................................................................... 226

Part 1V: Chemist"} in EtlerlJdalJ Life:

Benefits and Problems .............................................. 229
Chapter 14: The Chemistry of Carbon: Organic Chemistry ........ 231
Hydrocarbons: From Simple to Complex ................................................. 232
From gas grills to gasoline: Alkanes ................................................ 232
Unsaturated hydrocarbons: Alkenes .............................................. 239
It takes alkynes to make the world ................................................. 240
Aromatic compounds: Benzene and
other smelly compounds .............................................................. 241
Functional Groups: That Special Spot ...................................................... 241
Alcohols (rubbing to drinking): R-OH ............................................. 242
Carboxylic acids (smelly things): R-COOH .................................... 243
Esters (more smelly things, but mostly
good odors): R-COOR' ................................................................... 244
Aldehydes and ketones: Related to alcohols ................................. 244
Ethers (sleepy time): R-O-R .............................................................. 245
Amines and amides: Organic bases ................................................ 246

Chapter 15: Petroleum: Chemicals for Burning or Building ....... 247

Don't Be Crude, Get Refined ...................................................................... 247
Fractional distillation: Separating chemicals ................................. 248
This cracks me up: Catalytic cracking ............................................ 249
MOving molecular parts around: Catalytic reforming .................. 251
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Table of Contents Xfl

The Gasoline Story ...................................................................................... 252

How good is your gas: Octane ratings ............................................252
Additives: Put the lead in, get the lead out ....................................254

Chapter 16: Polymers: Making Big Ones from Little Ones ........ 257
Natural Monomers and Polymers ............................................................. 258
Classifying Unnatural (Synthetic) Monomers and Polymers ................ 259
We all need a little structure ............................................................ 259
Feel the heat ....................................................................................... 259
Used and abused ............................................................................... 260
Chemical process .............................................................................. 260
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle - Plastics .......................................................... 268

Chapter 17: Chemistry in the Home ............................ 271

Chemistry in the Laundry Room ............................................................... 271
Keep it clean: Soap ............................................................................ 273
Get rid of that bathtub ring: Detergents .........................................274
Make it soft: Water softeners ........................................................... 275
Make it whiter: Bleach ...................................................................... 276
Chemistry in the Kitchen ........................................................................... 277
Clean it all: Multipurpose cleaners ................................................. 277
Wash those pots: Dishwashing products ....................................... 277
Chemistry in the Bathroom ....................................................................... 277
Detergent for the mouth: Toothpaste .............................................278
Phew! Deodorants and antiperspirants .......................................... 278
Skin care chemistry: Keeping it soft and pretty ............................ 279
Clean it, color it, curl it: Hair care chemistry ................................ 283
Chemistry in the Medicine Cabinet ..........................................................287
The aspirin story ............................................................................... 287
Minoxidil and Viagra ......................................................................... 287

Chapter 18: Cough! Cough! Hack! Hack! Air Pollution ........... 289
Civilization's Effect on the Atmosphere
(Or Where This Mess Began) ................................................................. 289
To Breathe or Not to Breathe: Our Atmosphere ..................................... 290
The troposphere: What humans affect most ................................. 290
The stratosphere: Protecting humans with the ozone layer ....... 291
Leave My Ozone Alone: Hair Spray, CFCs, and Ozone Depletion .......... 291
How do CFCs hurt the ozone layer? ................................................ 292
Because they're harmful, are CFCs still produced? ...................... 293
Is It Hot in Here to You? (The Greenhouse Effect) .................................. 293
Brown Air? (photochemical Smog) ........................................................... 295
London smog ..................................................................................... 295
Photochemical smog ......................................................................... 295
Chemistry For Dummies ___________________

"I'm Meitingggggg!" - Acid Rain ............................................................... 297

Charge them up and drop them out:
Electrostatic precipitators ............................................................ 299
Washing water: Scrubbers ................................................................300

Chapter 19: Brown. Chunky Water? Water Pollution . ........... . 301

Where Does Our Water Come From, and Where Is It Going? ................. 302
Evaporate, condense, repeat ........................................................... 302
Where the water goes ....................................................................... 303
Water: A Most Unusual Substance ............................................................ 303
Yuck! Some Common Water Pollutants .................................................... 305
We really didn't get the lead out: Heavy metal contamination ......306
Acid rain ............................................................................................. 307
Infectious agents ............................................................................... 308
Landfills and LUST ............................................................................ 308
Agricultural water pollution ............................................................. 309
Polluting with heat: Thermal pollution ...........................................310
Using up oxygen - BOD ................................................................... 310
Wastewater Treatment ............................................................................... 311
Primary sewage treatment ............................................................... 311
Secondary sewage treatment ........................................................... 313
Tertiary sewage treatment ............................................................... 313
Drinking Water Treatment .......................................................................... 314

Part V: The Part of Tens ............................................ 315

Chapter 20: Ten Serendipitous Discoveries in Chemistry . ........ 317
Archimedes: Streaking Around .................................................................. 317
Vulcanization of Rubber ............................................................................. 318
Right- and Left-Handed Molecules ............................................................ 318
William Perkin and a Mauve Dye ............................................................... 318
Kekule: The Beautiful Dreamer ..................................................................319
Discovering Radioactivity .......................................................................... 319
Finding Really Slick Stuff: Teflon ............................................................... 319
Stick 'Em Up!! Sticky Notes .........................................................................320
Growing Hair ................................................................................................320
Sweeter Than Sugar ....................................................................................320

Chapter 21: Ten Great Chemistry Nerds ........................ 321

Amedeo Avogadro ....................................................................................... 321
Niels Bohr .....................................................................................................321
Marie (Madame) Curie ................................................................................ 322
John Dalton .................................................................................................. 322
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Table of Contents xflii
Michael Faraday .......................................................................................... 322
Antoine Lavoisier ........................................................................................ 322
Dmitri Mendeleev ........................................................................................ 323
Linus Pauling ............................................................................................... 323
Ernest Rutherford ....................................................................................... 323
Glenn Seaborg .............................................................................................. 324
That Third-Grade Girl Experimenting with
Vinegar and Baking Soda ........................................................................324

Chapter 22: Ten Useful Chemistry Web Sites ................... 325

American Chemical Society ....................................................................... 325
Material Safety Data Sheets .......................................................................326
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ....................................................326
Chemistry.About.Com ................................................................................ 326
Webelements.com ....................................................................................... 327
Plastics.com ................................................................................................. 327
Webbook .......................................................................................................327
ChemClub.com ............................................................................................ 328
Institute of Chemical Education ................................................................ 328
The Exploratorium ...................................................................................... 328

Appendix A: Scientific Units: The Metric SlJ.stem ......... 329

SI Prefixes ..................................................................................................... 329
Length ...........................................................................................................330
Mass .............................................................................................................. 330
Volume .......................................................................................................... 331
Temperature ................................................................................................ 331
Pressure ........................................................................................................ 332
Energy ........................................................................................................... 332

Appendix 8: How to Handle RealllJ. 8ifJ or

RealllJ. Small Numbers ............................................... 333
Exponential Notation ..................................................................................333
Addition and Subtraction ........................................................................... 334
Multiplication and Division ........................................................................ 334
Raising a Number to a Power .................................................................... 335
Using a Calculator ....................................................................................... 335

Appendix C: Unit Conflersion Method ......................... 337

xtliii Chemistry For Dummies - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Appendix D: Significant Figures and Rounding Off ...... 341

Numbers: Exact and Counted Versus Measured ..................................... 341
Determining the Number of Significant Figures
in a Measured Number ............................................................................342
Reporting the Correct Number of Significant Figures ............................ 343
Addition and subtraction ................................................................. 343
Multiplication and division .............................................................. 343
Rounding Off Numbers ............................................................................... 344

l"dE!~ ........................................................................ ~~~

 Introduction
¥I Jou've
~ou've
passed the first hurdle in understanding a little about chemistry:
picked up this book. I imagine that a large number of people
looked at the title, saw the word chemistry, and bypassed it like it was covered
in germs.

I don't know how many times I've been on vacation and struck up a conversa-
tion with someone, and the dreaded question is asked: "What do you do?"

"I'm a teacher," I reply.

"Really? And what do you teach?"

I steel myself, grit my teeth, and say in my most pleasant voice, "Chemistry."

I see The Expression, followed by, "Oh, I never took chemistry. It was too
hard." Or "You must be smart to teach chemistry." Or "Goodbye!"

I think a lot of people feel this way because they think that chemistry is too
abstract, too mathematical, too removed from their real lives. But in one way
or another, all of us do chemistry.

Remember as a child making that baking soda and vinegar volcano? That's
chemistry. Do you cook or clean or use fingernail polish remover? All of that is
chemistry. I never had a chemistry set as a child, but I always loved science.
My high school chemistry teacher was a great biology teacher but really didn't
know much chemistry. But when I took my first chemistry course in college,
the labs hooked me. I enjoyed seeing the colors of the solids coming out of
solutions. I enjoyed synthesis, making new compounds. The idea of making
something nobody else had ever made before fascinated me. I wanted to work
for a chemical company, doing research, but then I discovered my second love:
teaching.

Chemistry is sometimes called the central science (mostly by chemists)

because to have a good understanding of biology or geology or even physics,
you must have a good understanding of chemistry. Ours is a chemical world,
and I hope that you enjoy discovering the chemical nature of it - and that
afterward, you won't find the word chemistry so frightening.
2 Chemistry For Dummies ___________________

About This Book

My goal with this book is not to make you into a chemistry major. My goal is
simply to give you a basic understanding of some chemical topics that com-
monly appear in high school or college introductory chemistry courses. If
you're taking a course, use this book as a reference in conjunction with your
notes and textbook.

Simply watching people play tennis, no matter how intently you watch them,
will not make you a tennis star. You need to practice. And the same is true
with chemistry. It's not a spectator sport. If you're taking a chemistry course,
then you need to practice and work on problems. I show you how to work
certain types of problems - gas laws, for example - but use your textbook
for practice problems. It's work, yes, but it really can be fun.

How to Use This Book

I've arranged this book's content in a logical (at least to me) progression of
topics. But this doesn't mean you have to start at the beginning and read
to the end of the book. I've made each chapter self-contained, so feel free
to skip around. Sometimes, though, you'll get a better understanding if you
do a quick scan of a background section as you're reading. To help you find
appropriate background sections, I've placed "see Chapter XX for more infor-
mation" cross-references here and there throughout the book.

Because I'm a firm believer in concrete examples, I've also included lots of
illustrations and figures with the text. They really help in the understanding
of chemistry topics. And to help you with the math, I've broken up problems
into steps so that it's easy to follow exactly what I'm doing.

I've kept the material to the bare bones, but I've included a few sidebars.
They're interesting reading (at least to me) but not really necessary for
understanding the topic at hand, so feel free to skip them. This is your book;
use it any way you want.

Assumptions (And You Know What

ThelJ SalJ about Assumptions!J
I really don't know why you bought this book (or will buy it - in fact, if
you're still in the bookstore and haven't bought it yet, buy two and give one
as a gift), but I assume that you're taking (or retaking) a chemistry course or
preparing to take a chemistry course. I also assume that you feel relatively
_______________________ Introduction 3
comfortable with arithmetic and know enough algebra to solve for a single
unknown in an equation. And I assume that you have a scientific calculator
capable of doing exponents and logarithms.

And if you're buying this book just for the thrill of finding out about something
different - with no plan of ever taking a chemistry course - I applaud you
and hope that you enjoy this adventure.

How This 800k Is Or9anized

I've organized the topics in a logical progression - basically the same way
I organize my courses for non-science and elementary education majors.
I've included a couple chapters on environmental chemistry - air and
water pollution - because those topiCS appear so often in the news. And
I've included some material in appendixes that I think might help you -
especially Appendix C on the unit conversion method of working problems.

Following is an overview of each part of the book.

Part 1: Basic Concepts of ChemistrlJ

In this part, I introduce you to the really basic concepts of chemistry. I define
chemistry and show you where it fits among the other sciences (in the center,
naturally). I show you the chemical world around you and explain why chem-
istry should be important to you. I also show you the three states of matter
and talk about going from one state to another - and the energy changes that
occur.

Besides covering the macroscopic world of things like melting ice, I cover the
microscopic world of atoms. I explain the particles that make up the atom ""-
protons, neutrons, and electrons - and show you where they're located in
the atom.

I discuss how to use the Periodic Table, an indispensable tool for chemists.
And I introduce you to the atomic nucleus, which includes discussions about
radioactivity, carbon-14 dating, fission and fusion nuclear reactors, and even
cold fusion. You'll be absolutely glowing after reading this stuff.

Part 11: Blessed Be the Bonds That Tie

In this part, you get into some really good stuff: bonding. I show you how
table salt is made in Chapter 6, which covers ionic bonding, and I show you
the covalent bonding of water in Chapter 7. I explain how to name some ionic
4 Chemistry For Dummies ___________________

compounds and how to draw Lewis structural formulas of some covalent

ones. I even show you what some of the molecules look like. (Rest assured
that I define all these techno-buzzwords on the spot, too.)

I also talk about chemical reactions in this part. I give some examples of the
different kinds of chemical reactions you may encounter and show you how
to balance them. (You really didn't think I could resist that, did you?) I cover
factors that affect the speed of reactions and why chemists rarely get as
much product formed as expected. And I discuss electron transfer in the
redox reactions involved in electroplating and flashlight batteries. I hope
that you'll see the light in this part!

Part 111: rhe Mole: rhe Chemist's

Best Friend
In this part, I introduce the mole concept. Odd name, yes. But the mole is
central to your understanding of chemical calculations. It enables you to
figure the amount of reactants needed in chemical reactions and the amount
of product formed. I also talk about solutions and how to calculate their con-
centrations. And I explain why I leave the antifreeze in my radiator during the
summer and why I add rock salt to the ice when I'm making ice cream.

In addition, I give you the sour and bitter details about acids, bases, pHs, and
antacids. And I present the properties of gases. In fact, in the gas chapter,
you'll see so many gas laws (Boyle's Law, Charles' Law, Gay-Lussac's Law, the
Combined Gas Law, the Ideal Gas Law, Avogadro's Law, and more) that you
might feel like a lawyer when you're done.

Part IV: ChemistrlJ in EflerlJdalJ Life:

Benefits and Problems
In this part, I show you the chemistry of carbon, called organic chemistry. I
spend some time talking about hydrocarbons because they're so important
in our society as a source of energy, and I introduce you to some organiC
functional groups. In Chapter 15, I show you a practical application of organic
chemistry - the refining of petroleum into gasoline. In Chapter 16, I show
you how that same petroleum can be used in the synthesis of polymers. I
cover some of the different types of polymers, how they're made, and how
they're used.
_______________________ Introduction 5
In this part, I also show you a familiar chemistry lab - the home - and tell
you about cleaners, detergents, antiperspirants, cosmetics, hair-care products,
and medicines. And I discuss some of the problems society faces due to the
industrial nature of our world: air and water pollution. I hope that you don't get
lost in the smog!

Part fI: The Part of Tens

In this part, I introduce you to ten great serendipitous chemical discoveries,
ten great chemistry nerds (nerds rule!), and ten useful chemistry Internet
sites. I started to put in my ten favorite chemistry songs, but I could only
think of nine. Bummer.

I also include some appendixes that can give you help when dealing with
mathematical problems. I cover scientific units, how to handle really big or
small numbers, a handy unit conversion method, and how to report answers
using what are called significant figures.

Icons Used in This Book

If you've read other For Dummies books, you'll recognize the icons used in
this book, but here's the quickie lowdown for those of you who aren't familiar
with them:

This icon gives you a tip on the quickest, easiest way to perform a task or
conquer a concept. This icon highlights stuff that's good to know and stuff
that'll save you time and/or frustration.

The Remember icon is a memory jog for those really important things you
shouldn't forget.

I use this icon when safety in doing a particular activity, especially mixing
chemicals, is described.

I don't use this icon very much because I've kept the content pretty basic.
But in those cases where I've expanded on a topic beyond the basics, I warn
you with this icon. You can safely skip this material, but you may want to
look at it if you're interested in a more in-depth description.
6 Chemistry For Dummies ___________________

Where to Go from Here

That's really up to you and your prior knowledge. If you're trying to clarify
something specific, go right to that chapter and section. If you're a real
novice, start with Chapter 1 and go from there. If you know a little chemistry,
I suggest reviewing Chapter 3 and then going on to Part II. Chapter 10 on the
mole is essential, and so is Chapter 13 on gases.

If you're just interested in knowing about chemistry in your everyday life,

read Chapter 1 and then skip to Chapters 16 and 17. If you're most interested
in environmental chemistry, go on to Chapters 18 and 19. You really can't go
wrong. I hope that you enjoy your chemistry trip.
<fofCbtll_til
-'It
 In this part . ..
1f~ng.youI see
Iselves are new to chemistry, it may seem a little frighten-
students every day who've psyched them-
out by saying so often that they can't do chemistry.

Anyone can figure out chemistry. Anyone can do chem-

istry. If you cook, clean, or simply exist, you're part of the
chemical world.

I work with a lot of elementary school children, and they

love science. I show them chemical reactions (vinegar
plus baking soda, for example), and they go wild. And
that's what I hope happens to you.

The chapters of Part I give you a background in chemistry

basics. I tell you about matter and the states it can exist
in. I talk a little about energy, including the different types
and how it's measured. I discuss the microscopic world of
the atom and its basic parts. I explain the periodic table,
the most useful tool for a chemist. And I cover radioactiv-
ity, nuclear reactors, and bombs.

This part takes you on a fun ride, so get your motor

running!
 Chapter 1

What Is Chemistry, and Why Do

I Need to Know Some?
In This Chapter
.. Defining the science of chemistry
Ill> Checking out the general areas of chemistry
~ Discovering how chemistry is all around you

1 f you're taking a course in chemistry, you may want to skip this chapter
and go right to the area you're having trouble with. But if you bought this
book to help you decide whether to take a course in chemistry or to have fun
discovering something new, I encourage you to read this chapter. I set the
stage for the rest of the book here by showing you what chemistry is, what
chemists do, and why you should be interested in chemistry.

I really enjoy chemistry. It's far more than a simple collection of facts and a
body of knowledge. I think it's fascinating to watch chemical changes take
place, to figure out unknowns, to use instruments, to extend my senses, and
to make predictions and figure out why they were right or wrong. It all starts
here - with the basics - so welcome to the interesting world of chemistry.

What E}tactl, Is Chemistr,}

Simply put, this whole branch of science is all about matter, which is anything
that has mass and occupies space. Chemistry is the study of the composition
and properties of matter and the changes it undergoes.

A lot of chemistry comes into play with that last part - the changes matter
undergoes. Matter is made up of either pure substances or mixtures of pure
substances. The change from one substance into another is what chemists
call a chemical change, or chemical reaction, and it's a big deal because when
it occurs, a brand-new substance is created (see Chapter 2 for the nitty-gritty
details).
10 Part I: Basic Concepts of Chemistry _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Branches in the tree of chemistrlJ

The general field of chemistry is so huge that it was originally subdivided into
a number of different areas of specialization. But there's now a tremendous
amount of overlap between the different areas of chemistry, just as there is
among the various sciences. Here are the traditional fields of chemistry:

"" Analytical chemistry: This branch is highly involved in the analysis of

substances. Chemists from this field of chemistry may be trying to find
out what substances are in a mixture (qualitative analysis) or how much
of a particular substance is present (quantitative analysis) in something.
A lot of instrumentation is used in analytical chemistry.
"" Biochemistry: This branch specializes in living organisms and systems.
Biochemists study the chemical reactions that occur at the molecular
level of an organism - the level where items are so small that people
can't directly see them. Biochemists study processes such as digestion,
metabolism, reproduction, respiration, and so on. Sometimes it's difficult
, to distinguish between a biochemist and a molecular biologist because
they both study living systems at a microscopic level. However, a bio-
chemist really concentrates more on the reactions that are occurring.
"" Biotechnology: This is a relatively new area of science that is commonly
placed with chemistry. It's the application of biochemistry and biology
when creating or modifying genetic material or organisms for specific
purposes. It's used in such areas as cloning and the creation of disease-
resistant crops, and it has the potential for eliminating genetic diseases
in the future.
"" Inorganic chemistry: This branch is involved in the study of illorganic
CQJTIgounds such as salts. It includes the study of the structure and--
properties of these compounds. It also commonly involves the study of
the individual elements of the compounds. Inorganic chemists would
probably say that it is the study of everything except carbon, which they
leave to the organic chemists.
_____ Chapter 1: What Is Chemistry, and Why Do I Need to Know Some? 77
So what are compounds and elements? Just more of the anatomy of
matter. Matter is made up of either pure substances or mixtures of pure .
substances, and substances themselves are made up of either elements
or compounds. (Chapter 2 dissects the anatomy of matter. And, as with
all matters of dissection, it's best to be prepared - with a nose plug and
an empty stomach.)
~(Organic chemistry: This is the study of carbon and its compounds. It's
probably the most organized of the areas of chemistry - with good
, reason. There are millions of organic compounds, with thousands more
discovered or created each year. Industries such as the polymer indus-
try, the petrochemical industry, and the pharmaceutical industry
depend on organic chemists.
Y' Physical chemistry: This branch figures out how and why a chemical
system behaves as it does. PhYSical chemists study the physical proper-
ties and behavior of matter and try to develop models and theories that
describe this behavior.
12 Part I: Basic Concepts of Chemistry _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Macroscopic (,Iersus microscopic (,lieu/points

Most chemists that I know operate quite comfortably in two worlds. One is
the macroscopic world that you and I see, feel, and touch. This is the world
of stained lab coats - of weighing out things like sodium chloride to create
things like hydrogen gas. This is the world of experiments, or what some
nonscientists call the "real world."

But chemists also operate quite comfortably in the microscopic world that
you and I can't directly see, feel, or touch. Here, chemists work with theories
and models. They may measure the volume and pressure of a gas in the
macroscopic world, but they have to mentally translate the measurements
into how close the gas particles are in the microscopic world.

Scientists often become so accustomed to slipping back and forth between

these two worlds that they do so without even realizing it. An occurrence or
observation in the macroscopic world generates an idea related to the micro-
scopic world, and vice versa. You may find this flow of ideas disconcerting
at first. But as you study chemistry, you'll soon adjust so that it becomes
second nature.

Pure (,Iersus applied chemistrlJ

In pure chemistry, chemists are free to carry out whatever research interests
them - or whatever research they can get funded. There is no real expectation
of practical application at this point. The researcher simply wants to know for
the sake of knowledge. This type of research (often called basic research) is
most commonly conducted at colleges and universities. The chemist uses
undergraduate and graduate students to help conduct the research. The work
becomes part of the professional training of the student. The researcher pub-
lishes his or her results in professional journals for other chemists to examine
and attempt to refute. Funding is almost always a problem, because the experi-
mentation, chemicals, and equipment are quite expensive.

In applied chemistry, chemists normally work for private corporations.

Their research is directed toward a very specific short-term goal set by the
company - product improvement or the development of a disease-resistant
strain of corn, for example. Normally, more money is available for equipment
and instrumentation with applied chemistry, but there's also the pressure of
meeting the company's goals.

These two types of chemistry, pure and applied, share the same basic differ-
ences as science and technology. In science, the goal is simply the basic
acquisition of knowledge. There doesn't need to be any apparent practical
application. Science is simply knowledge for knowledge's sake. Technology
is the application of science toward a very specific goal.
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234 SEO SEO Salt land; land left dry by the tide, and from
wliich salt is obtained. From varnish and Jlesh^ or varnish and knot.
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feud off a pear. 盤 膝 P'wan seih, to sit cross-legged. 齒 膝 Ch，e
seih, au appellation of a gentle horse. 膝下 膽依 Se»h lieu clien e,
childreu leaning on a parent's kuee and looking up. 膝 TT Seih hing,
to walk or creep ou one's knees. 骨 Seih t,ow kuh, the knees pan. ^
Name of a cooling opening medicine. J||5 Low marshy land; damp
moist land whence springs and streams take their rise. Name of a
district A surname. 原隰 Yuen seih, Yuen, is an elevated plain ；
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over the iu^-ferior garments but disclosing them in part; to continue
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rank or honors conferred by the sovereign. Taou sevh, to receive
sayings or principles handed down from the ancients. — ' Yih seih, a
suit of clothes. Seih t-" o, hereditary nobility. Seih yin, hereditary, ―
the heirs of officers who fall in bat. tie are entitled to the situations
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the family of the conqueror of Formosa; he is also a Kung yay, or
duke. See or Seth, a surname. See See. SEO. hit To cut and form; to
pave, 畲 shave, or scrape off; a flight invasion or usurpation of]
territory; to plunder, or seize I from by violence; weak, and liable to
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scabbard. Read Shaou, or 家创 K^a shaou, a certain official
situation; a kind of overseer of a certain portion of 】aml. Read
Tseaou, 创 格 Tseaou keh， that which is employed to spread a net.
To rhyme, read Seih. Foo seo, to chop off with a hatchet; to correct
a written composition, 害 'J^lj K6 seo, SEU 235 to cut away from,
^(j 削 Kwa seo, to scrape off. #J 職 Svo cheh, to degrade to a lower
situation* ^* Seo kh^eu, to substract or take away from, 了 Seo
leaou cheh, to deprive a person of office. Name of a bird. m A slight
invasion or encroachment on; to steul, or by stealth. SEU. 盱 序 A
wall on the east ami west; to be seated on the east and west sides,
in the Chinese manner ； hence the usual sense of the character,
viz. order; arrangement; a school room, oi" college; the order of
precedence between seniors and juniors. A surname; the preface of
a book in which its subsequent arrangement is sometimes stated,
Ts'ze sen, in order; in a regular series, §^ Seu luu, to discuss in lucid
order. 杼 Choo or Seu, said to be an oak. Choo, or Seu, a certain J m
plant From head and hair. Tho hair on the feces the beard ； the
beard of fish; to wait > for or expect ; slow ； to wait for necessary
materials ； that which is necessary; requisite. The uame of a state;
of a city; of a plant; of a vegetable; aud of a bird; the name of a
weapon, A rnun's name. A surname. The second is a vulgar forra，
it is correctly read We or Hwuy, tlie name of a place. 些 須 Seay sen,
a little of anything 斯臾 Szeyu, or 須奭 Sen yu, a moment ；
momentarily. 須要 Seu yaou, or 必須 lJeih seu, absolutely requisite.
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stand expecting ； to stop or wai^ for} a Mian's name. W The
beardr particularly that on the elrfn r the stamens or chives of platits
are called 花 鬚 Hwa sen. 不 要捋 ^ 豪 PfiKyaouleue lioo seur ck>n't
play with a tiger's beard. 觀鬚穩 Hoo, seu, tsrze, the beavd oa the
upper lipr ou the ehia, and on the ebeek, or the whiskers. Heo, h not
sanctioned by the Dio tionaries. ^[ 髮 Seu fa, the beard and hair of
the head, 髮 盡 Seu fa tsiu pehr the beard and hair entirely grey.
The fleshy part of a crab, cut or topiv to pieces ； all together ；
mutually ； to wait. Name of an office ^ of a- tree ； and of a kind
of butterfly. Name of a place, A manrs name. A surname. A euphonic
particle. Le seu, inferior officers or attendants in courts. Chooseu, to
accumulate or store up, to be ready, 間 Seu leu, a particular door or
gate. Epith^et applied to those* who possess talents an^
knowledge. Read Leu, openr loosely connected. ^Lfc£ To purify or
give a taste>f ^ to wine hy means of a> certain plants One says,
deepp to dig deep; to disclose or expose the figure ©f a things a
richi appearance ~ ^>plied to dress. A vessel asetl in offeriug
sacrifice^ Grain perfectly ripe. Ripe grain falling down; grairt used in
offering- sacrifice. Grain given as a ration^ grain nsed in sacrificing
to、 > the gods, 厚 精 How seu, ferge income from the government.
To know; possessing natural talents and acquirecf knowledge ； an
appellative of those possessing, wisdom ； falla*cious; cleceitfuL
Fine pure wine, or such Iiquor as the Chinese drink. §^ Seu tsew,
generous wine. On meeting with rain t°* stop ； rain falling from
heaven; necessary ； Avhafc is necessary ； to deubt; to hesitate;
to delay ； to stop. 軍 需 Keun seu, the necessaiy supplies of the
army; an annual
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on account of these supplies. ^ 9^1 Seu sze che tseh, hesitation is
the thief of business. Jt/j^ Easy manner; leisurely ； the mind not
hurried, nor fluttered. wlJ^^ Weak; feeble; according J(fff^ to
some, a wife; and according to others, a concnbine; au inferior wife,
in which sense it is read Joo. Read Now, a woman's name. Fine close
silk; silk of various colours. One says, a close fine net. A man's
name. The edge of a piece of silk, from its being the usage in former
times, for two parties to tear a ！ piece of silk through the middle,
and each retain one half; that by their subsequent joining, proof
might be afforded. An island; or according to others, a hill. A
fragrant plant; elegant; excellent, applied to wine. Yu, luxuriant
herbage. Seu or Yu. The name of a fish. Commonly read Seay,
deflected ； depraved. Read Seu, slow j tardy ； leisurely ; dig- 1 徐
nified. A composed, dignified walk ； easy motion ； leisurely;
steady, tranquil, sedate appearance ； formal ； grave ；
commanding ； majestic; tardy; slow. Name of a district ； of an
ancient state ； and of the year, under certain circumstances. A
surname. 《了 後 長 Seu hing how ch'ang, to walk slow and keep
behind seniors. To arrange in order; to converse about. >^ ^Jt
Seang seu, ^Jt Seu hwa, or ^Jt pj^ Sea t,an， to converse together.
天 T'een seu, the celestial orders; f. e. the five relationshipsy
husband and wife, father and son, and so on. 論 之 Seu lun chey
discourse of them in order. j^ri The coarser part of the silk obtained
from the cocoon, it is unfit for being formed into threads ； to
compound, or make tip various ingredients ； to reiterate ； verbose
； anything pendant. 衫 |J Lew sen, the flowers of the pendant
willow. 冒 絮 Maou seur a cloth in ancient times wound round the
head. Pae seu, useless silk. 、y^ d R i
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238 SEUE SEUE Kwo seu, excessively verbose. 絮 直 Seu

taou, to repeat over and over; tautology. 絮論 Seu lun, to state the
same argument repeatedly. The end of a thread, by pulling which a
ball, or cocoon of silk, is unfolded; the commencement; the
beginning of; that which is necessary to evolve the whole and to
preserve order ； the course of events ； that which is left by
ancestors to their posterity ； to search or examine into. ^ T'ow
seu, or Twan seu, the beginning* of an affair ； the first principles
or circumstances ； without which nothing can be done. 沒 情沒緖
Muh ts'ing muh seu, or '[pj Woo ts'ing woo seu, no pleasant feeling,
nor any means of effecting one's wishes ； embarrassed ；
nonplused. 糸 者^^ Seu yu, remnant ； overplus ； something not
included in the preceding general mass, like the end of a thread
which remains outside the ball. A certain kind of silk. ^ Seu or Tseu,
to collect together ； to assemble ； to live together; to accumulate.
SEUE. •i^^i To brush away and exj— tinguish, or exterminate with
the hand. J From rain and a broom. " lZ| * ( Rain that may be swept
t^\TP ( away; frozen rain; snow; ) because snow soils like dust and
may be brushed away; to render white as snow ； to whiten ；
figuratively; to clear one's-self from blame ； to revenge an insult or
disgrace; to put away; to wash clean ； to rub off. The name of a
hill. A surname. 小 雪 Seaou seue, a term that answers to the 23rd
of November. 大 Ta seue, a term that answers to the 8th of
December. 雪 茶 Seue ch'a, a kind of moss that grows on stones. 雪
恥 Seue cVe， to revenge the shame caused by insulting a woman,
to remove the disgrace. 雪 恨 Seue han, or Seue yuen, to take
revenge by bringing to justice the person who has injured one or by
taking private revenge. Seo or Seue, to pare off ; to cut or scrape.
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SEUEN SEUEN 239 SEUEN. Effort to revolve: to revolve

between two ； to extend to ； to promulge. 4=^ 且 From a house
or covering in which winds revolve and cause to circulate the
material principles in nature; to revolve and extend to every place;
to spread out; to expand ； to promulge; to proclaim to ； to
declare to ； to summon ； a high degree of intelligence ； slow.
The name of a district. A surname. A certain appurtenance of a
carriage; early grey hairs ； bald. ^* Seuen hwa, to diffuse the
principles of order and of civilization. *^ Seuen kaou, to proclaim ；
an imperial proclamation. ApL Seaou shth, an imperial mansion.
Seuen yang, to spread or promulge. A stone formed in a particular
manner for ornament, six tenths of a cubit long. Jp^P^ A certain
utensil. "lh^ From 方人 Yen, waving as a banner, and /H P'eih, a
foot. The feet of the soldiers' march round at the signal made by the
colours; to circulate ； to return ； to come to the same point again,
as anything that revolves. Used as a par ticle for afterwards ； then;
next. ^ ^£ Chow seuen, to bring matters round for people; to bring
things about. 旋 Seuen lun, revolving, as the sun and moon ； to
circulate. 旋風 Seuen fang, a whirlwind. 旋鄕 Seuen heang, to return
to oue's own village; to return home. 旋 第文 Seuen wan, curly
down ； air, or the ripple on water. The name of a valuable stone ；
an astronomical I instrument, used in reference to the planets. The
name of a star. A man's name. 、 Comracmly read Hwan, to revolve,
or revert to. Read Seuen, to circulate; to revolve ； quick ；
forthwith ； prompt. A stand or support to any thiug. Name of one
of the diagrams or Kwa， in which place, it denotes being humble
aud lowly, in a good sense; humble; adapted to use; universal 
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240 SEUH ly diffused, as the wind or air; to take hold of as

if to place on a stand, or to select. ^PEL To dance round in a circle;
to choose; to select; to choose and appoint officers of government;
apprehensive; timorous. Read swan, to reckon up ten thousand.
Read Suh, a piece of silver. 白 選 Peh seuen, a certain pearl or shell
of commerce, or rather a piece of money. 金 選之品 Kiu suh che p'in,
a certain series of fines for small offences. 選下 Seuen hea, to
choose; to select. 選 懦 Seuen joo, or 選 ^ Seuen joo, careful;
apprehensive; timorous; undecided. 選 舉 Seuen keu, select
promotions in the government. 選 Seuen keen, or 少 選 SEUH Shaou
seen, for a moment of time; for a short period. ~f" Seuen sze, to
select officers of government from amongst the literary candidates.
Seuen tseh, or reversed, Tseh seuen, to select from amongst; to
choose. ^ Seuen or Heuen, that with which a circle is made; a
compass, 、 Read Seuen and Juy, name of a valuable stone ； an
astronomical instru>meiit. Same as Seuen. 瑰 Seuen kwei, a certain
precious stone, used about ancient courts. Seuen ke， an
instrument of stone to represent the revolution of the heavens ； a
sort of planetarium. 戍 From 戊 Woo or Mow, and a line representing
the earth. Nature sinking or fading, as in autumn. A character which
answers to the ninth moon, and the hours from 9 to 11 at night; to
be distinguished from Shoo, a man and a spear, to defend the
frontier. Name of a certain stone. SEUH. 邺 载 ， The heart's blood
affectj ed. To feel for; to comvr nii-seratc ； mournful ； to j fuel
affection for; to love. 」 Moved; agitated; to feel sorry ； to
commiserate; to compassionate. 撫 恤 Fooseuh, to soothe and
compassionate. 賬 恤 Shin seuh, to compassionate and relieve the
wants of the needy. 蕩 恤 Yew sefih,
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SEUN SEUN 241 ■grieved for the distresses of others. 1i 1

隣 Seuh leen, to compassionate ; commiseration . ！ 1 血 貧 老
Seuh p，in laou, to com passionate the poor and aged. *| 血政 Seuh
ching, benevolent acts of go rernment SEUN. jj_rf Seun or Tseun, a
period F^J of ten9 either days or years ； each mouth is divided into
three Seun. The first, second, and third, are expressed by Sharig, 中
Chung, or f、 Hea, prefixed to Seun. To extend everywhere; all
equally. 已 七 旬 NSen e ts^eih seun, aged 70 years, m 旬 Sau seun,
three decades ； a month. Shang seun, the first ten days of a
month. Seun ch，e, the name of a star. 內 Seun nuy, within ten
days, 旬外 Seun wae, more than ten days. 佝 To bury one or more
living persons with the dead, ― said to have been an •ancient
custom. Sincere ； faithful ； respectful manner ； cherishing awe
and reverence for. Shin seun, faithful ； truly devoted, j 旬 '| 栗
Seun ieth, afraid ； apprehensive ； standing in awe of. E The cross
bar at the top of a stand on which a bell or sonorous stone is hung.
The upright posts are called Heu. The name of a district. To follow
the dead to the grave and be interred Avitb. them, once the partial
usage of China; to pursue an object immoderately and seek tlie
attainment at any risk, even that of life, either ia agood or bad
sense, according to the object nought. 至 死 不 夠 Che sze piih
Beun, to refuse com ply i d g ( w i tii what is required) even to
death. 麻國 家之急 Seun kwo kea die keib, to venture life ami
fortune to serve one's country. 殉難 Seun uan, to take a voluntary
share in difficulties of the country. 殉 于貨色 Seun yu lio seh, to be
given up to the pursuit of gain and pleasure. 葬 Seun tsang, to inter
the living with the dead. 歹甸 个寿 Seun tsTing, to comply with
people's luunourau
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242 SEUN SEUN /-» The name of a stream ； Hj faithful;

sincere; distant; remote; fo weep silently; equal; even. 询 沸 Seun
t，e， to shed tears; a discharge from the nose' Seun or Sun, the
young shoots of bamboo, which are eaten by the Chinese; they
generally sprout out in the fourth moon, but there is a species which
sprouts forth in the eighth and ninth moons. Read Yun, a flexible
bamboo of which mats are made, Seun ya, a sprout' or bud ； a
tenon, or end of a piece of wood fitted into another piece. The name
of a plant; and of a state. A surname. ^ To enquire; to inve^tiJ gate
； to ask about ； to ^communicate information I to; to contrive; to
scheme, J 詢間其 故8賺^\" kli'e koo， enquire into the cause of. 詢;
3： 其事 Seun keih kh'e sze, to ask about an affair. To go before; to
exhibit; to manifest; to attack by words. ^9 ^Pj Stiang seun, to
attack, or point at each other, said of friends, that it should not be
done. Name of an ancient naH| |^ lion; name of a place. A 偷
surname. To transmit to others what has been committed to one's-
self. From to walk anil a shield. To go as one is ted; to comply or
accord with; to act agreeably to; to go round with; to revolve; to
goo the; to go about; to examine. 撫循 Foo seun, to soothe; to
encourage. 因 循 Yin seun, to fall in with existing circumstances, in a
bad sense, implying sloth and remissness; doing nothing, -f^p Ch，
e seun, to maintain a steaily obedience to. 循環不 已 Seun bwan
ptth e, to revolve unceasingly. Seun hwan, to revolve or circulate; to
go round and begin again. •jj^ 例 Seun lc, agreeable, or according
to law. Seun leang, a docile disposition. 循 'jj^ Seun seun, leisurely.
Shim or Seun, to rub with the hand. From hand and shir hi. To
defend ； to soothe; to encourage; to take au interest in; to
sympathize with. The seam down the back of a Chinese garment; to
seam or sew ； to biud rouud. Seun, 'LVeun, and Heun, a gentle,
tractable horse i
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SEW SEW 243 • yielding ； docile ； innoxious; harmless;

benign; to approach to gradually ； cause to accord with. Seua
leang, gentle; tractable ； good. ^/// ) From to go and a stream.
P^V*. To go about from place > to place in order to examine what is
doing, whether by land or water, in the town, or in the country; to
cruise; to go the rounds. 3^ 巡 Tseuu seun, to recede; to draw
back; to hesitate. jtSf Seun ch'ueu, boats which cruise about the
river for the detection of smugglers and petty pirates. Seun foo, the
deputy governor of a province; otherwise called Foo Yuen. 巡 Seun
jaou, to make a circuit or tour. 巡檢 Seun keen, an officer placed
over village; a kind of overseer. 5^ | 甫 Seun poo, kind of aide-de-
camp to the principnl officers of a province, they have both Wau,
civil, and Woo, military ones. Jjf^ Seun she, to go and look round.
5^ Sen 11 show, to go round aud keep a watch. Seun or Tseun,
high lofty,— said of mountains. Great ； large ； pointed ；
pierciug; urgent; impetuous. Deep beds of rivers or streams ； deep
water ； deep; profound; abstruse; the name of a district; to take
out of or from. 我以生 Seun wo e sang, took my property to support
himself. SEW. To direct; to regulate; to adorn ； to cultivate the
reasoning faculty, or the principles and practice of virtue. A surname.
TF. ^\j> 修 身 Ching siu sew shin, to rectify the heart and regulate
the actions of the body, Ts'een sew, the sages of antiquity, 勤修 Kin
sew, to be attentive or diligent in the regulation of one's conduct, jj^
Ts'eea sew, to compose a letter with care. 陰 11^ Sew yin clnh, to
practice virtue, to obtain the approbation and blessing of heaven. 修
福 Sew fuh, to study and practice what tends to happiness. 修 理
Sew Ie， to direct; to regulate. 修陰功 Sew
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244 SEW SEW yiu kuiig, to perform secret unostentatious

deeds of virtue. 修 Sew leen, to study the refining and purifying of
one's nature. 修 輔 Sew poo, or ^ ^ Sew ching, to repair. # 身 以侯
堯 Sew shin e sze sze, to adorn one's person with moral virtue, as a
preparative for death. 修 善 Sew &hen, to cultivate virtue. 修 己始 人
之道 Sewkedi'e jin che taou, the principles or rules by which to
improve one's own virtues and reform or govern other people. 修 德.
Sew teh, to cultivate the practice of virtue. 修 身 Sew shin, to adorn
one's person with virtuous habits. A den or cavern in hills nountains.
A deep valley; a ravine. From garment sxid^passyiM age* The part
of a ^:irment at which the hands go out and in; tile sleeve of a
garment; the cuff. 半 f& Pwan sew, a garment with half or short
armn. 3^ Sew chin, a sleeve pearly a pocket book, containing what
is thought valuable. 袖 手 Sew «how, to put the hands into the
sleeves or cuffs of a garment. Grain flowering; beautiful flowers;
flowers which are followed by fruit ； gay ； splendid ； elegant ；
luxuriant herbage. Tlie name of a district. A surname. y Sew e, fine
raiment. Sew kli'e, elegant, subtle matter, human beings; a fine
person. Sew sze, au elegant scholar, applied to persons having the
following degree. ^ Sew ts'ae, adorned taleut, ― a title of the
lowest degree of literaiy rank, and of rank in military From sheep. To
offer or t present to; savouiy food; food for the mouth ； the mouth
causes shame ； hence, to be a shamed ； to feel ashamed; a
consciousness of having behaved ill or done wroug. 知 羞 Che sew,
to know shame; to have a sense of honour. 不知羞 Puh che sew,
insensible to shame ； no sense of honour. 差 Han sew, to blush; to
be bashful. 害 羞 H«e sew, 怕 羞 P'a sew, or 畏羞 Wei sew, bashful;
ashamed to do; ashamed of. 羞 Sew eh，e, a feeling of shame. 羞愧
Sew k'wei, or 羞懇 Sew te,an»、
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SHA SHA 245 to feel aehameel; touched with & sense of

shame, 羞 Sew juh, to be disgraced aud insulted, as by reproach, or
by rudeness to women, Sew seo, to cause a person to feel much
ashamed hy some just reproach. f^Tr: To present or offer food to 、
二 Jjj^ a superior; savoury food; to nourish; to feed. Commonly read
Suh, to stop at night ； to lodge; the stars in their places; a
constellation. Read Sew， a group of stars. vAA^ A thick
consistence, such VI S as arises from rice steeped in water ； a
slippery souplike consistence, y 潜 Sew suy, a sort of jelly-like soup.
宿 Sew, or Tsew. From man, and J^j} Tsew, to approach to. To
engage ； to procure ； to hire. To variegate with different colours;
to embroider; to embellish. 編 花 Sew hwa, to embroider with
flowers. Sew shang, embroidered garmeuts. 錦繡 Kin sew, to
embroider aud work with gold aud silver threads. 纖 縫全圖 Sew
hwuy ts'euen t，oo， to ornament with a complete set of cuts or
prints. Rust on metals, they exU ( press it by metal producing a
garment or cover ing for itself* SHA. From water and small. The
small stones dispersed by water; sand; pebbles; an appellation of
anything small and sweet. Name of a district; of a hill ； of a wood
； and of certain pulse. A surname. 長 Ch'ang sha foo, the capital of
Ho-nau province. Sim le， a particular kind of pear. * 沙 Sha kuh
me, sago; some call it 西米 Se me. 沙 漠 Sha mo-, the sandy desert
in Tartaiy, also called Gobi. Sha meen, the shallow sat> dy shores of
a river, on which the Chinese build houses, which are the resort of
prostitutes, generally. 沙 門 Sha raun, the priests of Buddha, hence
Sha?ncmism, in this connexion it is said to denote diligent, careful
conduct. 、沙 白 Sha peh, a species of oyster. 沙 糖 Sha
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246 SHA SHA fang, soft sugar, Sha te， island of St. Johns.
】少 |^ Sha t'ang, rattan, ^j? Sha shing, a kind of hoarseness or
catarrh. 沙 魚 Sha yu， the shark; otherwise called Hoo sha. 》n^ "
, Kea sha, a kind of cloak worn by the priests of Buddha. 'j^ijn Small
stones ； pebbles ； r/^ sand. Used for 沙 Sim. 棘砂 Choo slm，
cinnabaris nativa, used by the Buddha priests for writing charms
with. 砂 Tan sha, a red oxide; Vermillion. 梨 Sha le， pears. 砂 皮
Sha p，e， the hide of the cow. 砂仁 Sha jin, the seeds of a certain
fruit, used in medicine. ■^A1、 Sugar, as expressed from 4V the
cane. ^ 糖 Sha t'aug, soft sugar. ^/t\ Gauze; a silk of thin tex- !
7f\^ ture worn in sumnu'r. 0 提鈔 Poo t，e sha, the leaf of a tree
dried, aud every part removed but the fibre, which lias the
appearance of gauze, : aud upon which the Chinese paint figures,
usually of their ； demi-gocls. 纖 耖 T 贿 sha, : crape. 鈔 帽 Sha
maou, a cap with two silk wings, worn under the Ming dynasty ；
now used to denote an official cap, or the official situation one
occupies; not to keep the Skamaou on erne's head, is to lose one's
situatioii. 鈔 線 Sha seen, the threads of which gauze is woven . 耖
燎 Sha tang, gauze lanterns. 魚 Sha yu， the shark fish. 總 /|^|
Li'ght; giddly; sprightly; j^C- light-beaded; crazed, 悄 Sha scaou, or
傻 Sha ts'ew, vicious; immoral. To sprinkle water ； to |J[^^ scatter;
to disperse as by the wind. Read Sha, to fall down. Read Se, to
wash, 聽庭內 Sha saou ting nuy, to sprinkle water on the floor and
.sweep inside the hall. 7 還 Sha jen, an alarmed appearm Read Sha,
and Shae, to wash or cleanse ； to sprinkle, lued for the preceding.
Read Seen, a respectful appearance; dec]) water; a steep l>ank.
Read San, afraid; apprehensive; frightened. Read Se, to wasln
Occurs denoting Snow. Read T.^uy, a fresh appearance; lofty .
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SHA SHA 247 eminent. ^| The voice broken as by

hoarseness. Read Yae， the voice spoiled ； the breath belling or
rising ； sobbing. SHA. Tsa or Sha. ^ ^ Sha tee, the sound of ducks
or geese feeding. P 妾 [f[f Sha heue, to daub the mouth with blood
when mutually entering into a solemn engagement, — said to be an
aiicieut custom. A bamboo utensil ； a kind of coarse fau made of
bamboo. 、 A kind of pall or mantle of state thrown over a coffin ；
in ancient times 《3 \ made of feathers, ― uot ^5^^ J commonly
used bj poor Chinese; a ftiu; a kind of banner. Small rain ； a slight
show■^S^* er. B# Sha she? the time of a summer's shower; a short
time; in a moment. To smear the Hps and sides of the mouth with
the blood of a sacrifice, /^JLf \ over which, an oath is ) taken ；
swearing mutual attachment to. 欷血 Sha heue, to sip or smear the
lips with biood. s)c tfi >t ^ Slia heue heuug te， persons uot
related, who take a solemn oath to adhere to eacli other. Motion of
the eye ； a I T| glance or wiuk with the eye. 、 From hand, a club
and a J spear. To overcome; to j seize ； to wound; to kill; r to
murder; to be destroy, ed or forgotten; to die; to destroy by the
application of caustic, murderously ； used to denote the superlative
degree ； the hoarfrost killing vegetable life; the name of a lance.
Read Sa, to disperse; to scatter ； to sweep away entirely ； to
bang down, as anything suspended. Read Shae, to pare off; to
degrade ； to cover with the feathers or wings. Used to denote the
tone of grief and distress. Read She, to murder a superior. 服 >^
Ffih sha, to submit to entirely. 殺 戮 Sha luh? to kill and mangle the
corpse. 殺死 Sha sze, to wound mortally; to kill. 殺 f Sha show, an
executioner. 靑 Sha ts'ing, to
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248 SHAN SHAN prepare bamboo for writing on ； an

ancient usage. Sha or Tsee, a fan. ^ Shen, is a more usual term; the
first term was used in one part of the empire, and the other in
another part. Sha foo， a certain utensil formerly used to keep meat
cool and freslu Sha or Shae. The vulgar form of 殺 Sha. To
overcorae; to seize ； to wound; to injure; to kill ； to strike with
noxious influence; to terminate. 煞隔 ff 壤 keh seaou jang, as far
apart as the heaven and the earth. 熬星 Shi sing, a baleful star.
SUAE. Read Sha, to kill. Reiul Shae, to pare off; to degrade ； to cut
off and form the seam of a garment; the lower part of a shroud ；
haste, rapidity of motion. A long spear; to hurt or injure; certain
scissors for clipping wings. Read Sze, the name of a bamboo. Read
Slmy the current of a stream. 山峰 Shan ftuig, the peak of a
mountain. 1 1 1 H 鳥 Shan ngo, a wild goose. 山海關 Shan hae
kwan, a pass at the eastern end of the great Avail, on the sea coast
betwt'L'u the pruv ince of Cbih-le
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SHAN SHAN 249 ami Maii-chow Tartaiy. \ \ [ 西 Slum se, a

province on 4he west of Shan-tuiig. 山 "Shan tung, a province of
China. 山 川 鬼神妄 W Shan ^cb'uen kwei shin waRg yen,
unfounded tales about the spirits ^of liills^nd rivers. 山 由 # .'Shau
yew-kan, species of evouymus. 山 素 Slmn soo iiing, species of
jasmine. \ 1| 權3' Shan kin k'euh, daphne ， indica. 山 Slian kean^,
species of alpinia. 山 |^ £han pin lang, callicarpa. 山 考留 Shuu sliih
lew, species iof gnrdenia. 山 jj^ Skan Jiwang p'^, species of
hyperisorh the perspiration. 衣 E shan, garments; short clothes. MTo
pare off; to obliterate; to expunge; to reject; to settle; to fix what to
retain, and what to reject in any work. 復 UBil 去 Chung fuh chay
shan kh'eu, to obliterate repetitions. Good or beautiful; te speak
against and rklicu'le. Read Pwan, ugly. Head Siien, fi person's gait or
mauner of walking. Head So^ the a^>
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250 SHANG pearaDce of a lady's garments, trailing on the

ground as she walks. 纖 笑 Wian seaou, to epoak ao-iiinst utid laugh
at. tIHI fj\ 湖 "a" hoo, coml. ^]|| ALo reatl ！ Sim, vv'bich see. Tews
flov.'iiig; sheildiug tears copiously. 潸 SHANG To out herbs or grass
； large si ek Ie or scy the with which grass is cut down. Occurs
denoting the blossoms of plants. To hold a thing in the mouth* Read
Tsau, sound or noise* SHANG. ±Wbe» rejtd Sbang, it denotes hig'h;
above; eminent; exalted ； honorable ； on, or upon. Kead Sliang",
it deDotes to ascend; to advance farward; to present to a superior;
to put upon paper; i. e. to write down; to honor or respect. 皇 上
Hwang shang, a sovereign prince, or emperor. The emperor of China
: they object to give the title to any other monarch. 太 上 T,ae
sbang, epithet of tbe most honorable, ― applied to the Emperor^
deceased father; and to the founder of tbe sect Taou. >^ Jti * 個 月
Ptth shang ylh ko yuS, Dot more tban a month. 至 上 Che shang, the
highest. 天 、 卜, T，"en sbang^ in heaven. 上 Kan shan^ kh，ea，
ta pursue after. Jtl 舟!^ Shangoh^aen, to embark. 上 序 Shang
ngai>7 to go on shore* 卜 "f^ ShaDg hea, above or below ； about
more, or less. 上 Shang heen, the superior officers of government.
_L "~[^ 人 Shang hea yew san ts^een jin, about three thousand
men. 上 日 Shang jih, tbe 1st day of the moon. 上 古 Sbang koo, or
上 世 Shang she, higb antiquity ； former ages. 上 階級去 Shang
keae kelh kh'eu, to go upstairs. 上 樓 ShaDg low, to go up to an
upper room. 上不上 下 不 下 Shang piih shang, hea pilh hea, neither
able to go up nor down, — a person nonplused. 上 本 vShang pnn,
to present an official document ko a superior, or to tbe Emperor, The
single word 上 Shaug, often denotes the Emperor, or the supreme
person, either on
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SHANG SHAXG 251 earth, or amongst assemblies of the

gods. 上 諭 Shang yu, an imperial mandate or order. 上 曰 Shang
yue, the emperor said. 上 怒 Shang uoo, the emperor was angry. 上
藪 Shang soo, to enter or write down in an account. SLaug shing,
the second of the Chinese tones. 上 旬 Shang seuny the first
decade, or ten days of every moon. 上午 Shang woo, or 午 上 Woo
shang, the forenoon, 上帝 Shang te, the High or Supreme Ruler ；
the epithet, though seemingly to express the Christiau idea of the
deity, is however applied to more than one divine personage. 上 格
寫 Shang keh ts'ang kh'eung, to reach, extend to, or iiiftueuce
heaven above ― by virtuous actions. 上 Shangf heo, to go to school.
上平 Shang p*ing, to ascend the scales; i. e. to be weighed. 七 錢上
平 Ts'eih ts'een shang p'ing, to weigh or reckon the dollar at seven
mace value. 5j 弔 馬 平兌 Shang sze ma p'ing tuy, to put on the
weights and weigh. 北上 Peh shang, or 上京 Shang king, to go to
Peking. From A Pa, separated^ I^J and 向 Heimg, directed towards.
The miiul Avisliing to attain ^ to esteem; to value; to receive in
in;uTinge a princess, by whifh it is intimated that she is nor 娶
T^eu, takm, as a wife usually is, but received an a favor frmn the
Emperor. To direct or oontroiil whatever is carried before the
Emperor ； hcuce a title of officers about the conrt. Used as a
particle, yet, -still; nenrly; probably; to boast; to brag. A surname.
To add to; to adonu Usod for tho precediDg. 好 仁者無 以 l^j* Iiaou
jin chay, avoo t? shnug che, he who loves virtue and benevolence
can have nothing more said in his praiso, 和 尙 Ho— ha"g， a
superior of the Uuddha priests, any priest of thiit sect, 局 尙之 心
Kuou shaiig che sin, a high ambitious mind. t^T n^1 Ilea shang heh,
the ancient dynasty Hea? esteemed a black colour; 殷 人尙白 Yin jin
shang peh, the people of the dynasty Yin, esteemed white for
mourning. 尙 ^ 主 Shang kung choo， to marry a princess. 尙 醫
Shang e, the head imperial physician. 尙 ^^Sbang keaou, to attach
pr paste to. |mJ
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252 SHANO SHAN& 食 Shang shib, to attend to the

Eoaperoi's food, an appellation of- the head cook. 尙書 Shang shoo,
title of presidents of the six boards, or tribunals at court ； they are
said, 主大 目十 Choo ta ke, to direct the great plans of state. Shanpr,
yet、 often corresponds to 雖 Suy, although^ in the beginning of a
sentence ； q. d. althoftgh it be ^oyyety &o, R. Shang tsreay, still ；
jet; however. Read Shang or Cbaug, 《 clothes ； ganncnts. See
Cliang, To give from a superior to an inferior; to ('('nii'r; to bestow;
to grant as a lrti-fress or rewai-d ； to encourage hj rewards; to
reward. Said also of heaven or providence; to pmise; to commend;
to take pU'aMin1 io. A surname. 員 Cli'ing shang, to praise. 員 Shang
keih^ 賞 齊 Shang ht^ in T( Shang teze, to bestow; to confer upon;
an inferior. 眷寻 Shaug fa, to reward and to punish. 賞 花 Shang
hwa, to delight in flowers. 員 Shang he, to confer a theatricul
entertainment; the language of the Emperor respecting foreign
ambassadors. 員 Shang wan, to afford- op supply amusement. ^ 月
Shang j\\ey the loth of the 8th moon; the liarvesfc moon, ■/N Shang
or Heang^, rations W of food; grain* 軍 Jfij. Keun shan
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SHANG SHANO 253 the sense of, to deliberate, syn. with

Shang, to be distinguished from J^j TeTh, which is formed by Koo,
within side. |^ Hang shawg, or 洋 行 商 Yang hang shang, a Chinese
merchant, engaged in European or foreign trade, at Canton ； they
are commonly called, from the provincial pronundatiooi of the word
yfT Hang, Hong mepchants. The same character is also pronouweed
liing, hence ^Tj ]^ Hing shang, a travelling merchsHit. ]^ Yen
shang, salt merchant, of whom there are licensed eompanies in
China. 客 Kh'eh ghang, a n^erchant who has come from u distance,
one who visits a place for mercawtile purposes. 禱 逋有無 Shang
t'ung yew woo, the merchant makes a transfer of what is possessed
lor wfiat is not. g|| Sha^n^ e, M Shang leaiig, or j§ Shang cho, or 商
相 Shang seaiig, all express, consultution or deliberation between
two or more persons. ■ Shang treaou, or \^\ Shang low, imiues of
certain plants. To wound; to Injure; to hurt; to wound the heart.
Grieved ； mournful though ； distressed m mind; to give pain to
the feelings. A surname. Also read Shang. 戮 傷 致 死 Cho shang
che sze, mortally wounded. 跌 打損傷 fFee ta sun shang, to wound
and injure by falls and blows. 內傷病 Nuy shang ping, an inward
complaint. 傷 名 教 Shang ming keaou, a breach of morality. 傷 人
名 Shang jin ming, to injure a person's reputation. 傷 財 Shang ts'ae,
to waste property. To die before arriving at the age of puberty ；
untiniely death ； to die. 國 Kwo shang, to die in battle. 長殤 Chrang
shang, to die between the ages of sixteen and nineteen, 中 Chung
shang, to die between the years of twelve and fifteen. Ilea ^Fiang,
to die between eight and eleven years of age. 服之殤 Woo fuh die
shang, not to be mourned for, — Is said of those avIio die under
seven years. 不爲藉 Puh wei sluuig, to die under tliree months after
birth. 嫁籍 to murry an espoused' wife after her death, ― a youug
woman avIig dies under nineteen years of age, lias a paper effigy
mnde by her pm-ent^s, and tlie inteutied
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254 SHAOU STTAOU husband receives the effigy home to

his house with the bridal rites; he then burns the effigy and erects a
tablet to her memory. This is the object of the parents; the laws
forbid iu vain this usage. ) To worship on the road; )\\^ ( to offer
sacrifice to the spirit of a road; to expel evil spirits. \ A general term
for wine f^i^ I cups; a full cup; to cause \ people to drink wine, iflj
每 \ The name of a deep rif3^ ' ver. 濫 觸 Lan shang, beginning to
issue forth ； the commencement of a stream, wheu the quantity of
water appears not more than would fill a cup. SHAOU. ^^J 、 Not
much ； not many ； littie in quantity ； in a slight degree; few in
number; young in years; to detract from ； to be wanting to, or
deficient; to owe; to suffer the want of; to be deprived of; to
diminish. 多之 To che, to praise. 少之 Shaou che, to detract or
slander. To shaou, many, or few; i. e. how many? 老少 Laou shaou,
old and young. ^* 年 Shaou neen, or 少年人 Shaou neen jin, young
； the young. 少 傅 Shaou foo， 少 Shaou paou, or ^ 師 Shaou sze,
guardians of the heir apparent, and regent ； in case of his minority
； now a mere honorary title. Shaou k'ing, a certain office of tlie
fourth rank. ^ Sliaou kh'tien, to owe to. 他 Shaou puh teh t，a， or
少 他不得 Shaou t，a puh teh, couUl not endure to be deprived of it;
cannot want or spare it. Shnou tsze, the youngest son. 少爺 Shaou
yay, a a gentleniiui's son when a boy; a young gentleman. Exertion;
effort; endeavour, or as they express 自强也 Tsze kh'eang yay, to
force one's self. Also beauty ； excellence. 劭農 Shaou nung, to
stimulate or exhort husbandmen to diligence. Also rend Sliaou and
Keaoa. -rjl To invite by a motion of the hauds. See Chaou. To
ooiuipct ; to join the J\\ p| cml.— of a cor J ； to cowti劭
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SHAOU SHAOU 255 nue in succession ； to lead. 糸召 Ke

shaou, to continue or keep up what existed before; to imitate and
equal the virtues of a prodecessor, 糸 3 j^L Shaou wei, to succeed
or be heir to. 糸 3 ^fY Shaou keae, or Keae sliiiou, one who is the
medium of communication between two yj^JJ An ancient instrument
of 曰 P music; to continue the virtues of a [)red(icessor, said of
Shun, being a worthy successor of the ancient king Yaou. Elegant;
pleasing; bland. Name of a district. A surname. Shaou hwa, the
fading glory of hnraan life. 光 Shaou kwcOiig, the pleasing
splendours of spring. /f| / The name of a city. A |iM surname.
Erroneously used for the following. 高 S|5 Neen kaou teh shaou,
advanced in years and emineut in virtue. 邵 夫 子 Shaou foo tsze, a
celebrated scholar of the Sung dynasty. ^^rt Commonly used for the
|J preceding. High ； eminent; to persuade ； to encourage. Small
and distorted in the mouth or spout; verbose; ― to mention often ；
cry of lie tors who precede officers of govciument. Read Seaou,
Shaou, or Chaou, anything pointed; any place where guards are
stationed as a defence against banditti, which application of the
word arises from its beiug used for 禾 义 Tseaou, to blow a trumpet
in order to give an alarm. Seaou paou, a kind of fortress. I] 肖 糸害
Seaou tsung, and "j^ Seaou chang, certain officers iu the army ；
captain of the guards. "| 考 "f^ Seaou hea, to be stationed on a
particular guard. B^J 人 Seaou jin, a sentry. P 肖 Seaou ch'uen, war
boats with troops employed against pirates. 口宵 Seaou fan, a spy; a
scout. A bow shooting forth an ^Jp) arrow ； the ends of a bow. -
J/I^ To select or take from amongst; to eject or cast jiway; to brusli
aside; to pluck up; to eradicate. Read Seaou, to move; to shake. 卞
^] Yaou seaou, moved ； agitated. Seaou leo, to seize by violence;
to pi under, A tall tapering branch1、 目 less tree; the extreme top
end of a tree or of a branch; a pole or staff held in the haud by
posture-makers ； small ； small wood for fuel, the rudder of a
boat; the person who steers; a
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256 SHAY waterman or sailor ； to strike and drive away.

末 梢 Mfih shaou, the end of; the end of a rope. 篇稍 Kaou shaou, a
long pole with which waterman propel boats. 精 ^ Shaou kung, a
skipper of a boat. 稍 子 Shaou tpze, a lielnisman; a 稍 X a small
quantity; iji u a ration of gniin fh nn tlic ^«>\ enniKMit stores; L.v
Sliuou, because it is given in smaH quantities at a time. 禾 g Shaou
slnh, an nllowaiice from government. 有 Sliaou yew, possess in a
slight dogreo. V 筲 Sh 觀， 斗筲 1W shaou ， or 筲箕 Shaou ke， a
bamboo vessel for containrice, either when washing It, or after it is
boiled. 蛸 SHAY A large species of spider. Name of a fisL. A surTo
bum with fire; a fire lit in moors or waste laud, to l>uni down the
ferns and l>nsli, slices of roasted meat. 燒 樣、 Sliaou 1"、 t'oast
fowl, ~ 1 壶 茶 Shami yih hoo ch'a, to boil a pot of tea. 衣 Sa per in
lieu of clothes are l)ui*nt, and so sent to the invisihle state to clothe
tlie doceasSHAY. yg-^y A surname. The autho>^_J、 rity of this
character is disputed. Some suppose dmt it is erroneously written for
余 Yu. According to Shwo-wan, a field which has been cultivated
three years ； I accordiup; to others, ouo J^f\ J that has been
cultivated two years. R^ad Yu, to cultivate. Land cleared the first
year is coIJod ^* Sze, the second y^ir 食 Shay, the third year ^\
Sin, the fourth year it 田 T'een. J^»^ To slop; to rest; a lodg\ \ in^
in h mnrket place; a cottage ； used for the pronoun
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