Agilent N9320A

Spectrum Analyzer

User’s Guide
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N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

In This User’s Guide…
This guide contains operation information for the N9320A
Spectrum Analyzer. The following are descriptions of the
chapters within this book.
1 Overview
A description of the front and rear panels.
2 Getting Started
Unpacking and setting up the analyzer.
3 Functions and Measurements
How to use the basic applications of the analyzer.
4 Key Reference
Front- panel hardkey descriptions and the related softkeys menu
functions.
5 One-Button Measurements
Key definition of one- button measurements.
6 Instrument Messages
Descriptions of the instrument messages of the analyzer.
7 In Case of Difficulty
Information and tips on what to do when instrument difficulties
are encountered.
8 Menu Maps
Menu maps, the structure of the menus and what the user will
see when making instrument parameter selections.
For more information about N9320A Spectrum Analyzer, see
www.agilent.com/find/n9320a.

N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

N9320A Spectrum Analyzer
Contents
1 Overview 1
Agilent N9320A at a Glance 2
Front Panel Overview 4
Rear Panel Overview 9
Front and rear panel safety and compliance symbols 10

2 Getting Started 11
Check the Shipment and Order List 12
Power Requirements 13
Environmental Requirements 15
Safety Notice 18
Electrostatic Discharge Protection 19
Power on and Check 20
Some helpful Tips 22
Running Internal Alignments 22
Enable the Options 22
Using an External Reference 23
Firmware Revision 23
Remote Control 24

3 Functions and Measurements 25

Making a Basic Measurement 26
Measuring Multiple Signals 30

N9320A User’s Guide

Contents

Measuring a Low-Level Signal 39

Improving Frequency Resolution and Accuracy 44
Tracking Drifting Signals 46
Making Distortion Measurements 48
Measuring Phase Noise 54
Stimulus Response Transmission 55
Measuring Stop Band Attenuation of a Lowpass Filter 58
Making a Reflection Calibration Measurement 61
Measuring Return Loss Using the Reflection Calibration
Routine 64
Viewing Catalogs and Saving Files 65

4 Key Reference 71
Amplitude 72
Auto Tune 75
Back <- 76
BW/Avg 77
Det/Display 81
Enter 87
File/Print 88
Frequency 95
Marker 97
Marker-> 101
Meas 102
MODE 103
Peak Search 107

N9320A User’s Guide

 Contents

Preset/System 111
SPAN 117
Sweep/Trig 118
View/Trace 120

5 One-Button Measurements 121

Channel Power 122
Occupied BW 124
ACP 127
Intermod (TOI) 130
Spectrum Emission Mask 132

6 Instrument Messages 139

Overview 140
Command Errors 141
Execution Conflict 143
Device-Specific Errors 145

7 In Case of Difficulty 149

Check the Basics 150
Read the Warranty 151
Contact Agilent Technologies 152

8 Menu Maps 153

Amplitude Menu 154
BW/Avg Menu 155
Det/Display Menu 156
File Menu (1 of 2) 157

N9320A User’s Guide

Contents

File Menu (2 of 2) 158

Frequency Menu 159
Marker Menu 160
Marker-> Menu 161
Measure Menu (1 of 2) 162
Measure Menu (2 of 2) 163
MODE Menu 164
Name editor Menu 165
Peak Search Menu 166
Preset/System Menu 167
SPAN Menu 168
Sweep/Trig Menu 169
View/Trace Menu 170

Index 171

N9320A User’s Guide

Agilent N9320A Spectrum Analyzer
User’s Guide

1
Overview

Agilent N9320A at a Glance 2

Front Panel Overview 3
Rear Panel Overview 8
Front and rear panel safety and compliance symbols 9

This chapter provides a description of the Agilent N9320A

spectrum analyzer and an introduction to the buttons,
features, and functions of the front and rear instrument
panels.

s 1
1 Overview

Agilent N9320A at a Glance

The Agilent N9320A spectrum analyzer is a portable, swept
spectrum analyzer with a frequency range of 9 kHz to
3.0 GHz. It can be a fundamental component of an
automated system. It can also be widely used in an
electronic manufacturing environment and in
functional/final/QA test systems.
The Agilent N9320A spectrum analyzer primary features and
functions are described below:
• High sensitive measurement
The spectrum analyzer includes a pre- amplifier for signals in
the frequency range up to 3 GHz, enabling more sensitive
measurements. This feature is a great help in analysis of
weaker signals.
• Pass/fail limits
Upper and lower limits can be set on the screen, thereby
enable the user to make fast, accurate, automated
PASS/FAIL judgments on trace data.
• Four-trace detection display
The spectrum analyzer will display up to four independent
traces simultaneously.
• SSB Phase Noise Measurement
The analyzer provides automated, single- sideband phase
noise measurement capability (dBc/Hz). The display includes
frequency offset and the noise value data.
• Frequency counter with 0.1 Hz resolution
A built- in frequency counter allows the user to measure the
signal frequency with 0.1 Hz resolution.
• USB interface
USB data interface ports allow the user to save and transfer
a screen shot (in JPG format) to a USB storage device.

2 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Overview 1

Front Panel Overview

Front panel features description information.

1 2 3 4 5 6

N9320A SPECTRUM ANALYZER 9 kHz - 3.0 GHz

Auto BW/ Sw eep/ Preset/
Frequency Tune Avg Trig System
Local
View / Det/ M arker File/
SPAN Trace Display Print
Save

16
M ODE M eas M arker Peak
Amplitude Search

7
7 8 9

4 5 6

15 1 2 3 Back

Remote
0 · Enter
50VDC M AX
30dBm 1W M AX

14
Standby TG SOURCE CAL OUT RF IN 50
On

13
PROBE POWER CAT Ⅱ

8
50MHz 10dBm

12 11 10 9

1 Screen displays current function information, which

includes signal traces, status indicators, and instrument
messages. Menu labels for the function softkeys are located
on the right- hand side of the screen.
2 Softkeys are the unlabeled keys to the right of the screen.
The menu information for the active function is displayed to
the immediate left of each softkey.
3 Amplitude hardkey accesses the reference level function and
amplitude softkey menu. Used to set functions that affect
vertical axis data.
4 SPAN hardkey to access the menu selection which set the
frequency range symmetrically about the center frequency.
The frequency- span readout displays the total displayed
frequency range.
5 Frequency hardkey accesses the center- frequency function,
and the menu for frequency functions.

N9320A Spectrum Analyzer 3

1 Overview

6 Function keys hardkeys that are grouped in the upper right

corner of the front panel. Their functions are defined below:
• Preset/System (Local) hardkey accesses the softkeys to
reset the analyzer to a known state, if the analyzer is in
the remote mode, pressing this key returns the analyzer
to the local mode and enables front- panel control.
• Auto Tune hardkey searches the signal automatically and
locates the signal to the center of the graticule. see “Auto
Tune” on page 75.
• BW/Avg hardkey activates the resolution bandwidth
function and accesses the softkey menus that control the
bandwidth functions and averaging.
• Sweep/Trig hardkey accesses the softkey menus to set the
sweep time, select the sweep and trigger mode.
• View/Trace hardkey accesses the softkeys that allow you
to store and manipulate trace information.
• Det/Display hardkey accesses the softkey menus to
configure detector functions and control the display
settings on the analyzer. These include the display line
value, and limit lines used in testing of trace data against
the entered limit values.
• MODE hardkey to select the measurement mode of the
analyzer.
• Meas hardkey accesses the softkey menu selections for
transmitter power measurements such as adjacent channel
power, occupied bandwidth, and harmonic distortion, etc.
Refer to “One- Button Measurements” on page 121.
• Marker hardkey accesses the marker control keys that
select the type and number of markers and their on and
off control.
• Marker-> hardkey accesses the marker function softkeys
that assist with measurements.
• Peak Search hardkey places a marker on the highest peak.
• File/Print hardkey accesses the softkey menus to
configure the file type, save, and recall, and save location
for the file.

4 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Overview 1

7 Data Control Keys including the numeric keypad, arrow keys,

back key, Enter key and knob. Used to change and control
the numeric value of an active function such as center
frequency, start frequency, resolution bandwidth, and marker
position.
8 RF IN connector is the signal input port for the analyzer. The
limit for maximum damage level is an average continuous
power of 40 dBm, DC voltage 50 VDC. The impedance is
50 W. (N- type female).
9 PROBE POWER connector provides DC power for
high- impedance AC probes or other accessories (+15 VDC,
–12 VDC, 150 mA maximum).
10 CAL OUT connector provides an amplitude reference signal
output of 50 MHz at –10 dBm (BNC female).
11 TG SOURCE connector (optional) N- type female, is the source
output for the built- in tracking generator. The impedance is
50 W. (for Option TG3)

If the tracking generator output power is higher than the maximum power
CAUTION that the device under test can tolerate, it may damage the device under
test. Do not exceed the maximum power of DUT.

12 Standby Switch switches on all functions of the analyzer. To

switch the analyzer off, press the switch for at least 2
seconds. This deactivates all the analyzer functions but
allows power to be supplied to the internal circuits for as
long as the analyzer is connected to AC line power.
13 On LED (green) lights when the analyzer is switched on.
14 Standby LED (orange) lights when the analyzer is connected
to the AC line power.
15 Remote LED (red) lights when the analyzer is remotely
controlled by a PC through the USB host interface connector
on the rear panel.
16 USB connector (DEV) provides a connection between the USB
devices and the analyzer, such as a USB memory device.

N9320A Spectrum Analyzer 5

1 Overview

Display Annotations
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

3
2
1

27 OPT

26
Span 13
25 1.000000 MHz
24

23
22
21
20
19 18 17 16 15 14

Item Description Notes (Associated function key)

1 Amplitude scale [Amplitude] > Scale Type
2 Detector mode [Det/Display] > Detector
3 Reference level [Amplitude] > Rel Level
4 Active function block The function currently in use
5 Time and date display [Preset/System] > Time/Date
6 RF attenuation [Amplitude] > Attenuation
7 Marker frequency [Marker] or
[Marker] > Function > Frequency Counter
8 Uncal indicator The readout of amplitude is uncalibrated.
9 Marker amplitude [Marker]
10 External reference An external frequency reference is in use.
11 Remote mode The analyzer is in remote mode
12 Key menu title Dependent on current function key selection.

6 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Overview 1

13 Softkey menu Refer to “Key Reference” for details.

Dependent on current function key selection.
14 Frequency span [SPAN]
15 Sweep time [Sweep/Trig] > Sweep Time
16 Video bandwidth [BW/Avg] > Video BW
17 Display status line Display status and instrument messages.
18 Resolution bandwidth [BW/Avg] > Res BW
19 Center frequency [Frequency] > Center frequency
20 Continuous peak [Peak Search] > Continuous Pk
21 Signal track [Frequency] > Signal Track
22 Internal preamplifier [Amplitude] > Int Preamp
23 Trigger/Sweep [Sweep/Trig]
F - free run trigger example:
V - video trigger FC = free run trigger, continuous sweep mode
E - external trigger
C - continuous sweep
S - single sweep
24 Trace mode [Trace]
W - clear write examples:
M - maximum hold W1 = trace 1, clear write mode
m - minimum hold M2 = trace 2, max hold mode
V - view S3 = trace 3, store blank mode (not active)
S - store blank traces are color coded for differentiation.
25 Average [BW/Avg] > Average On Off
VAvg - video average
PAvg - power average
26 Display line [Det/Display] > display Line On Off
a
27 Optimized Phase [Marker] > Function > Optimize Phase Noise
a. Optimized Phase is only available when SPAN doesn’t exceed 50 kHz.

N9320A Spectrum Analyzer 7

1 Overview

Rear Panel Overview

9 8

SERIAL LABEL
VGA OUT ATTACH HERE

7
USB

1
REF OUT LAN

10MHz

K LOCK
REF IN EXT TRIG IN ~100-240 V
50-60 Hz
100 W MAX
10MHz

HIPOT LABEL
ATTACH HERE
TTL

6
2
3 4 5

1 REF OUT connector provides a frequency of 10 MHz, amplitude

of –10 dBm reference output. (BNC female)
2 REF IN connector accepts an external timebase with a
frequency of 10 MHz, amplitude of –5 to +10 dBm (BNC
female).
3 Kensington Lock lock the instrument for safety.
4 LAN port is reserved for future expansion.
5 EXT TRG IN (TTL) connector accepts an external voltage input,
the positive edge of which triggers the analyzer sweep
function (BNC female).
6 Power switch isolates the analyzer from the AC line power.
After switch on, the analyzer enters into standby mode and
the orange standby LED on the front panel lights.
7 AC power receptacle accepts a three- pin line power plug.
8 VGA connector provides the video output signal to an
external monitor or projector (D- sub 15- pin female).
9 USB Host connector provides a connection between the
analyzer and an PC for remote control.

8 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Overview 1

Front and rear panel safety and compliance symbols

The instruction manual symbol: indicates that the user must refer to spe-
cific instructions in the manual.

The CE mark: a registered trademark of the European Community.

ISM1-A Shows that this is an Industrial Scientific and Medical Group 1 Class
A product. (CISPR 11, Clause 4)

The CSA mark: a registered trademark of the Canadian Standards

Association International.
C US

The ISM device complies with Canadian Interference- Causing

ICES/NMB-001 Equipment Standard- 001.
Cet appareil ISM est conforme à la norme NMB- 001 du Canada.

The C-Tick mark: a trademark registered to the Australian

N10149 Communication Media Authority. It indicates compliance with all
Australian EMC regulatory information.

marks the “on/standby” position of the switch.

indicates that the instrument requires AC power input.

indicates this product complies with the WEEE Directive(2002/96/EC)

marking requirements and you must not discard this equipment in
domestic household waste. Do not dispose in domestic household
waste. To return unwanted products, contact your local Agilent office,
or refer to http://www.agilent.com/environment/product/

N9320A Spectrum Analyzer 9

1 Overview

10 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

Agilent N9320A Spectrum Analyzer
User’s Guide

2
Getting Started

Check the Shipment and Order List 12

Power Requirements 13
Environmental Requirements 15
Safety Notice 18
Electrostatic Discharge Protection 19
Power on and Check 20
Some helpful Tips 22
Remote Control 24

This chapter gives you the information to start using the

spectrum analyzer correctly.

s 11
2 Getting Started

Check the Shipment and Order List

After receiving the shipment, first check the shipment and
your order list according to the following procedure.
• Inspect the shipping container for damage.
Signs of damage may include a dented or torn shipping
container or cushioning material that indicate signs of
unusual stress or compacting.
• Carefully remove the contents from the shipping container
and verify that your order is complete. Each spectrum
analyzer includes the following items as standard:
Item Quantity Part number
N9320A Spectrum Analyzer 1 N9320A
USB cable 1 8121-1515
N-BNC adapter 1 1250-0780
BNC cable 1 8120-2682
Three-pin power cord 1 Specific to shipping location
Help kit CD-ROM 1 N9320-84500
Calibration certificate 1 5962-0476

• Verify if that the shipment includes your ordered options

by checking the option label on the rear panel:

Option Name Part number

PA3 3 GHz Preamplifier N9320A-PA3
TG3 3 GHz Tracking Generator N9320A-TG3
1HB Handle and bumpers N9320A-1HB
1CM Rackmount kit N9320A-1CM
1TC Hard transit case N9320A-1TC

For any questions about your shipment, Contact Agilent

Technologies for consulting and service.

12 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Getting Started 2

Power Requirements
The spectrum analyzer has an auto- ranging line voltage
input. The AC power supply must meet the following
requirements:

Voltage: 100 to 240 VAC (90 to 264 VAC)

Frequency: 50 to 60 Hz
Power: Maximum 100 W

AC Power Cord
The analyzer is equipped with a three- wire power cord, in
accordance with international safety standards. This cable
grounds the analyzer cabinet when connected to an
appropriate power line outlet. The cable appropriate to the
original shipping location is included with the analyzer.
Various AC power cables are available that are unique to
specific geographic areas. You can order additional AC power
cables for use in different areas. The table AC Power Cords
lists the available AC power cables, the plug configurations,
and identifies the geographic area in which each cable is
appropriate.
The detachable power cord is the product disconnecting
device. It disconnects the mains circuits from the mains
supply before other parts of the product. The front panel
switch is only a standby switch and do not disconnect
instrument from LINE power.

N9320A Spectrum Analyzer 13

2 Getting Started

AC Power Cords

Plug Type Cable Part Plug a For use in

Number Description Country & Region

8121-1703 BS 1363/A Option 900

United Kingdom, Hong Kong,
Singapore, Malaysia
250V 10A

8120-0696 AS 3112:2000 Option 901

Australia, New Zealand
250V 10A

8120-1692 IEC 83 C4 Option 902

Continental Europe, Korea,
Indonesia, Italy, Russia
250V 16A

8120-1521 CNS 10917-2 Option 903

/NEMA 5-15P Unite States, Canada, Taiwan,
125V 10A Mexico

8120-2296 SEV 1011 Option 906

Switzerland
250V 10A

8120-4600 SABS 164-1 Option 917

South Africa, India

230V 15A

8120-4754 JIS C8303 Option 918

Japan
125V 15A

8120-5181 SI 32 Option 919

Israel

250V 16A

8120-8377 GB 1002 Option 922

China

250V 10A

a. Plug description describes the plug only. The part number is for the complete cable assembly.

14 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Getting Started 2

Environmental Requirements
Agilent Technologies has designed this product for use in
Installation Category II, Pollution Degree 2, per IEC 61010- 1.
Agilent has designed the spectrum analyzer for use under
the following conditions:
• Indoor use
• Altitude < 3,000 meters
• Operating temperature range: +5 to +45 oC;
Storage temperature range: –20 to +70 oC
• Relative humidity range 15% to 95 %

Ventilation
Ventilation holes are located on the rear panel and one side
of the spectrum analyzer cover. Do not allow these holes to
be obstructed, as they allow air flow through the spectrum
analyzer.
When installing the spectrum analyzer in a cabinet, do not
restrict the convection of the analyzer. The ambient
temperature outside the cabinet must be less than the
maximum operating temperature of the spectrum analyzer by
4 oC for every 100 watts dissipated within the cabinet.

Cleaning Tips
To prevent electrical shock, disconnect the spectrum analyzer
from line power before cleaning. Use a dry cloth or one
slightly dampened with water to clean the external case
parts. Do not attempt to clean internally.

N9320A Spectrum Analyzer 15

2 Getting Started

Rack Mount
It is recommended to use the Agilent rackmount kit (option
1CM) to install the spectrum analyzer into a rack.
Do not attempt to rack mount the spectrum analyzer by the
front panel handles only. This rackmount kit will allow
mounting of the spectrum analyzer with or without handles.
Refer to the following instructions when installing the
rackmount kit on the spectrum analyzer.
1 Remove feet, key- locks and tilt stands.
2 Remove side trim strips and a middle screw per side.

16 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Getting Started 2

3 Attach rackmount flange and front handle assembly with 3

screws per side.

4 Attach the spectrum analyzer to the rack using the

rackmount flanges with two dress screws per side.

Installing the spectrum analyzers into other racks may promote shock
CAUTION hazards, overheating, dust contamination, and inferior system
performance. Consult your Agilent customer engineer about installation,
warranty, and support details.

Transit
It is recommended to use the hard transit case (option 1TC)
for instrument transportation.

N9320A Spectrum Analyzer 17

2 Getting Started

Safety Notice
Read the following warnings and cautions carefully before
powering on the spectrum analyzer to ensure personal and
instrument safety.

Always use a well-grounded, three-pin AC power cord to connect to

WAR N ING
power source. Personal injury may occur if there is any interruption of
the AC power cord. Intentional interruption is prohibited. If this product
is to be energized via an external auto transformer for voltage
reduction, make sure that its common terminal is connected to a
neutral (earthed pole) of the power supply.

Personal injury may result if the spectrum analyzer covers are removed.
WAR N ING
There are no operator serviceable parts inside. To avoid electrical
shock, refer servicing to qualified personnel.

Electrical shock may result if the spectrum analyzer is connected from

WAR N ING
the power supply while cleaning. Do not attempt to clean internally.

Prevent damage to the instrument and ensure protection of the input

CAUTION mixer by limiting average continuous power input to +30 dBm, DC voltage
to 50 VDC, maximum pulse voltage to 125 V. Instrument damage may
result if these precautions are not followed.

18 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Getting Started 2

Electrostatic Discharge Protection

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) damages or destroys electronic
components (the possibility of unseen damage caused by
ESD is present whenever transported, stored, or while the
instrument is in use).
This product contains components that are easily damaged
by electrostatic discharge. To help reduce the possibility of
ESD damage that can occur while using test equipment,
follow these guidelines:
1 Before connecting any coaxial cable to the spectrum analyzer
connector for the first time each day, momentarily short the
center and outer conductors of the cable together to
eliminate any potential electrostatic charges that may exist.
2 Personnel should be grounded with an approved type, 1 MW
resistor- isolated ESD wrist- strap before touching the center
pin of any connector, and before removing any assembly
from the spectrum analyzer.
3 Be sure that all instruments are properly earth grounded to
prevent build- up of static charges.
For more information about ESD and how to prevent ESD
damage, contact the Electrostatic Discharge Association
(http://www.esda.org). The ESD standards developed by this
agency are sanctioned by the American National Standards
Institute (ANSI).

N9320A Spectrum Analyzer 19

2 Getting Started

Power on and Check

1 Connect the AC power cord into the instrument. Insert the
plug into a power socket provided with a protective earth.
Set the tilt adjustors for your preference.

2 Press the AC line switch on the rear panel. The standby

LED (orange) on the front panel will light and the spectrum
analyzer is in standby mode (AC power applied).
3 Press the standby switch on the front panel. The On LED
(green) will light, and the spectrum analyzer boots up.
Self- initialization takes about 25 seconds; the spectrum
analyzer then defaults to the menu mode. After power on,
let the spectrum analyzer warm up for 45 minutes for
stabilization.

The front panel switch is a standby switch only; it is not a power

NOTE
switch. To completely disconnect the spectrum analyzer from the AC
line power, shut off the power switch on the rear panel.

20 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Getting Started 2

Check for Instrument Messages

The spectrum analyzer has two categories of instrument
messages: error and warning messages. A error message is
triggered by operation errors, for example, parameter setting
conflicts or data input that is out of the range of a
parameter. An warning message may be triggered by
hardware defects which could result in damage to
instrument.
Here are some tips to check the instrument messages.
1 Check the display to see if any messages display in the
System > More > Show Errors to review each
status bar. Press Preset/
messages. Refer to Chapter 6, “Instrument Messages” for
detailed system messages descriptions.
2 When you have reviewed and resolved all of the error
System > More > Show Errors > Clear error queue to
messages, press Preset/
delete the messages.

3 Cycle the power to the analyzer and re- check to see if the
Instrument messages is still there.
4 If the error messages cannot be resolved, contact the
Agilent Customer Contact Center for assistance or service.

N9320A Spectrum Analyzer 21

2 Getting Started

Some helpful Tips

The following contains information to help in using and
maintaining the instrument for optimum operation, including
alignment, external reference, firmware update and option
activation.

Running Internal Alignments

To meet the instrument performance specifications, the
analyzer must periodically be manually aligned.

When an alignment is being run, there will be an audible clicking

NOTE
sound as the attenuator settings are changed. This sound is not an
indication of a problem.

1 Connect a BNC cable with a correct type N- BNC adapter

between the CAL OUT and RF IN front panel connectors.
2 After instrument warm- up, press Preset/
System > Alignment > Align >
All.
Refer to “Alignment” on page 112 for details.

Enable the Options

Option license key information is required to enable product
options. Contact your nearest Agilent Office for purchasing a
license. Refer to the procedures below to activate the options
you have purchased. (option TG3 and option PA3)
1 Press Preset/
System > More > More > Licensing > Option
2 Enter the option number to be enabled. Press [Enter] to
confirm your input.
3 Press Preset/
System > More > More > Licensing > License key
4 Enter the license key information. Press [Enter] to confirm
your input and terminate the license key input. The option
will be enabled immediately.

22 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Getting Started 2

Using an External Reference

To use an external 10 MHz source as the reference
frequency, connect the external reference source to the REF
IN connector on the rear panel. An EXT REF indicator will
display in the upper bar of the display. The signal level must
be in the range of –5 to +10 dBm.

Firmware Revision
System > More > Show software to view the firmware
Press Preset/
revision of your analyzer. If you call Agilent Technologies
regarding your analyzer, it is helpful to have this revision
and the analyzer serial number available. To update the
firmware, refer to:
http://www.agilent.com/find/n9320a
Follow this procedure to finish the firmware update:
1 Download the firmware package from web. Extract and copy
the file version and folder “n9320a” into the root directory
of a USB stick.
2 Turn the N9320A off. Then insert the USB stick into the
USB connector.
3 Power on your spectrum analyzer, the instrument will
perform the update process automatically. The upgrade
procedure will take about 10 minutes.

Any interruption during the update process will result in update failure
CAUTION
and system data lost. Do not remove the USB storage device until the
update is finished.

N9320A Spectrum Analyzer 23

2 Getting Started

Remote Control
The N9320A spectrum analyzer is capable of being connected
to a PC through a USB connection, allowing the analyzer to
be operated in remote mode.

N9320A SPECTRUM ANALYZER 9 kHz - 3.0 GHz

Auto BW/ Sweep/
Tune Avg Trig
Local
View/ Det/ Marker File/
Trace Display Print
Save
MODE Meas M arker Peak
Search

7 8 9

4 5 6

1 2 3 Back

Remote
0 · Enter
50VDC M AX
30dBm 1W MAX

Standby TG SOURCE CAL OUT RF IN 50

On

USB 50M Hz 10dBm PROBE POWER CAT Ⅱ

cable

The configuration for setting up a remote control for your

N9320A is easily done: connect your N9320A using a USB
cable to a PC which has had Agilent IO Libraries Suite
installed.

When connecting a PC to the spectrum analyzer, power on

the spectrum analyzer. The PC will then detect if there is a
connection to the spectrum analyzer.
To maximize the flexibility of the remote control feature, use
SCPI commands to create your own programs.
For more information about Agilent IO Libraries Suite, refer
to: http://www.agilent.com/find/iolib
For further information on remote control and programming,
refer to the N9320A Programmer’s Guide in the N9320A
Help Kit CD.

24 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

Agilent N9320A Spectrum Analyzer
User’s Guide

3
Functions and Measurements

Making a Basic Measurement 26

Measuring Multiple Signals 30
Measuring a Low-Level Signal 39
Improving Frequency Resolution and Accuracy 43
Tracking Drifting Signals 45
Making Distortion Measurements 47
Measuring Phase Noise 53
Stimulus Response Transmission 54
Measuring Stop Band Attenuation of a Lowpass Filter 57
Making a Reflection Calibration Measurement 60
Measuring Return Loss Using the Reflection Calibration Routine 63
Viewing Catalogs and Saving Files 64

This chapter provides information on the analyzer functions

and specific measurements capabilities of the spectrum
analyzer.
It is assumed that the operator has an understanding of the
front and rear panel layout, and display annotations of the
analyzer. For information on the front panel and display
details, refer to “Agilent N9320A at a Glance” on page 2.

s 25
3 Functions and Measurements

Making a Basic Measurement

In this guide, the keys labeled with [ ], for example,
[Preset/System] refer to front- panel hardkeys. Pressing many
of the hardkeys accesses softkey menus that are displayed
along the right side of the screen. The softkey menu labels
are aligned so that they are located next to the softkeys at
the right side of the display screen. For example, Preset is a
softkey menu selection when first pressing [Preset/System].

Using the Front Panel

This section provides you with the information on using the
front panel of the spectrum analyzer.

Entering Data
When setting the measurement parameters, there are several
ways to enter or modify the value of the active function:
Knob Increments or decrements the current value.
Arrow Keys Increments or decrements the current value by a step unit.
Numeric Keys Enters a specific value. Then press the desired terminator
(either a unit softkey, or [Enter] hardkey).
Unit Softkeys Terminate (enter) a value with a unit softkey from the menu.
Enter Key Terminates an entry when no unit of measure is required, or
the instrument uses the default unit.
Back Key To delete the current input digit prior to entering the value.

Using Softkeys
Softkeys are used to modify the analyzer function parameter
settings. Some examples of softkey types are:
Toggle Turn on or off an instrument state.
Submenu Displays a secondary menu of softkeys, {More}.
Choice Selecting from a list of standard values or filenames.
Adjust Highlights the softkey and sets the active function.

26 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Functions and Measurements 3

Presetting the Spectrum Analyzer

Preset function provides a known instrument status for
making measurements. There are two types of presets,
factory and user:
Factory Preset When this preset type is selected, it restores the analyzer to
its factory- defined state. A set of known instrument
parameter settings defined by the factory. Refer to “Factory
Preset State” on page 111 for details.
User Preset Restores the analyzer to a user- defined state. A set of user
defined instrument parameter settings saved for assisting the
user in quickly returning to known a instrument
measurement setup.
Press Preset/
System > Pwr on/Preset > Preset Type to select the preset
type.
When Preset Type is set to Factory, pressing Preset/
System > Preset
triggers a factory preset condition. The instrument will
immediately return to the factory default instrument
parameter setting.
When Preset Type is set to User, pressing Preset/
System > Preset
displays both User Preset and Factory Preset softkeys. The user
may then select the preset desired from the softkey menu
selections.

Setting up a User Preset

To quickly return to instrument settings that are user
defined, perform the following steps to save the instrument
state as the user- defined preset:
1 Set the instrument parameters to the values and settings
necessary for the user preset state. This would include the
frequency, span, amplitude, BW, and measurement type and
any other setup details desired.
2 System > Pwr on/Preset > Save User Preset, to save the
Press Preset/
current instrument settings as the ‘user preset’ state. The
user preset will not affect the default factory preset settings.
User preset settings can be changed and saved at any time.

N9320A Spectrum Analyzer 27

3 Functions and Measurements

Viewing a Signal
Refer to the procedures below to view a signal.
1 System > Pow on/Preset > Preset Type > Factory to enable
Press Preset/
the factory- defined preset state.
2 System > Preset to restore the analyzer to its
Press Preset/
factory- defined state.
3 Connect the 10 MHz REF OUT on the rear panel to the
front- panel RF IN.

Setting the Reference Level and Center Frequency

1 Press Amplitude > 10 > dBm to set 10 dBm reference level.
2 Press Frequency > 30 > MHz to set 30 MHz to center frequency.

Setting Frequency Span

Press SPAN > 50 > MHz to set 50 MHz frequency span.

Changing the reference level changes the amplitude value of the top
NOTE
graticule line. Changing the center frequency changes the horizontal
placement of the signal on the display. Increasing the span will
increase the frequency range that appears horizontally across the
display.

Reading Frequency and Amplitude

1 Press Peak
Search to place a marker (labeled 1) on the 10 MHz
peak.

28 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Functions and Measurements 3

Note that the frequency and amplitude of the marker appear

both in the active function block, and in the upper- right
corner of the screen.

Figure 1 10 MHz Internal Reference Signal

Active function block Marker Annotation

Marker
10.000000 MHz
0.43 dBm

2 Use the knob, the arrow keys, or the softkeys in the Peak
Search menu to move the marker. The marker information
will be displayed in the upper- right corner of the screen.

Changing Reference Level

1 Press Amplitude and note that reference level (Ref Level) is now
the active function.
2 Press Marker > Mkr-> Ref Lvl.

Changing the reference level changes the amplitude value of the top
NOTE
graticule line.

N9320A Spectrum Analyzer 29

3 Functions and Measurements

Measuring Multiple Signals

This section provides the information on how to measure
multiple signals.

Comparing Signals on the Same Screen Using Marker Delta

The delta marker function allows the user to compare two
signals when both appear on the screen at the same time.
In the following example, harmonics of the 10 MHz reference
signal available are used to measure frequency and
amplitude differences between two signals on the same
screen. Delta marker is used to demonstrate this
comparison.
1 Preset the analyzer:
Press Preset/
System > Preset (With Preset Type of Factory)
2 Connect the rear panel REF OUT to the front panel RF IN.
3 Set the analyzer center frequency, span and reference level
to view the 10 MHz signal and its harmonics up to 50 MHz:
Press Frequency > 30 > MHz
Press SPAN > 50 > MHz
Press Amplitude > 10 > dBm
4 Place a marker at the highest peak on the display (10 MHz):
Press Peak
Search

The marker should be on the 10 MHz reference signal. Use

the Next Pk Right and Next Pk Left softkeys to move the marker
from peak to peak.
5 Anchor the first marker and activate a second marker:
Press Marker > Delta > Delta (On)
The label on the first marker now reads 1R, indicating that it
is marking the reference point.
6 Move the second marker to another signal peak using the
front- panel knob or by using Peak Search.

30 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Functions and Measurements 3

Press Peak
Search > Next Peak or

Search > Next Pk Right or Next Pk Left. Continue pressing

Press Peak
the Next Pk softkeys until the marker is on the correct signal
peak.
The amplitude and frequency differences between the
markers are displayed in the active function block.
Figure 2 Delta pair marker with signals on the same screen

To increase the resolution of the marker readings, turn on the

NOTE
frequency count function. For more information, refer to “Improving
Frequency Resolution and Accuracy” on page 45.

N9320A Spectrum Analyzer 31

3 Functions and Measurements

Comparing Signals not on the Same Screen

Using Marker Delta
The analyzer will compare the frequency and amplitude
differences between two signals which are not displayed on
the screen at the same time. (This technique is useful for
harmonic distortion tests.)
In this example, the analyzer’s 10 MHz signal is used to
measure frequency and amplitude differences between a
signal on screen, and another signal off screen. Delta marker
is used to demonstrate this comparison.
1 Preset the analyzer:
Press Preset/
System > Preset (With Preset Type set to Factory)
2 Connect the rear panel REF OUT to the front panel RF IN.
3 Set the center frequency, span and reference level to view
only the 50 MHz signal:
Press Frequency > Center Freq > 50 > MHz
Press SPAN > Span > 25 > MHz
Press Amplitude > Ref Level > 10 > dBm
4 Place a marker on the 50 MHz peak and then set the center
frequency step size equal to the marker frequency (10 MHz):
Press Peak
Search

Press Marker > Mkr -> CF Step

5 Activate the marker delta function:
Press Marker > Delta > Delta (On)
6 Increase the center frequency by 10 MHz:
Press Frequency > Center Freq, FM

The first marker moves to the left edge of the screen, at the
amplitude of the first signal peak.

32 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Functions and Measurements 3

Figure 3 shows the reference annotation for the delta

marker (1R) at the left side of the display, indicating that the
marker set at the 50 MHz reference signal is at a lower
frequency than the frequency range currently displayed.

Figure 3 Delta Marker with Reference Signal Off-Screen

The delta marker appears on the peak of the 100 MHz

component. The delta marker annotation displays the
amplitude and frequency difference between the 50 and
100 MHz signal peaks.
7 Press Marker > Off to turn the markers off.

N9320A Spectrum Analyzer 33

3 Functions and Measurements

Resolving Signals of Equal Amplitude

In this example a decrease in the resolution bandwidth
(RBW) is used in combination with a decrease in video
bandwidth (VBW) to resolve two signals of equal amplitude
with a frequency separation of 100 kHz.

Figure 4 Setup for obtaining two signals

Signal Generator Signal Generator Spectrum Analyzer

FUNCTION S N 9320A SPECTRUM AN ALYZER 9 kHz - 3.0 GHz
N9310A RF Signal Generator 9 kHz - 3.0 GHz FUN CTIONS N9310A RF Signal Generator 9 kHz - 3.0 GHz
Auto BW / Sw eep/
Frequency AM I/ Q Utility Preset Frequency AM I/ Q Utility Preset Tune Avg Trig
Local
View / Det/ M arker File/
Amplitude FM Sw eep File Local Trace Display Print
Amplitude FM Sw eep File Local
Save
MODE Meas M arker Peak
Enter M Pulse Trigger LF Out Enter M Pulse Trigger LF Out
Search

7 8 9 M OD 7 8 9 M OD
On/ Off
7 8 9
On/ Off

4 5 6 4 5 6 4 5 6

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 Back

0 · RF 0 · RF
On/ Off 0 · Enter
Remote On/ Off Remote Rem ote 50VDC M AX
30dBm 1W M AX
Standby LF OUT RF OUT 50 Standby
Standby LF OUT RF OUT 50 TG SOURCE CAL OU T RF IN 50
On
On On

REV ERSE PWR

REV ERSE PWR
4W MAX 30VDC 50M Hz 10dBm PROBE POWER CAT Ⅱ
4W M AX 30VDC

RF OUT RF IN
RF OUT

Directional Coupler

Notice that the final RBW selection to resolve the signals is

the same width as the signal separation while the VBW is
slightly narrower than the RBW.
1 Connect two sources to the analyzer input as shown above.
2 Set one source to 300 MHz. Set the frequency of the other
source to 300.1 MHz. Set both source amplitudes to –20 dBm.
3 Setup the analyzer to view the signals:
Press Preset/
System > Preset (With Preset Type of Factory)
Press Frequency > 300 > MHz
Press BW/
Avg > 300 > kHz
Press SPAN > 2 > MHz
A single signal peak is visible. See Figure 5 for example.

34 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Functions and Measurements 3

If the signal peak is not present on the display, increase the

frequency span out to 20 MHz, turn signal tracking on,
decrease the span back to 2 MHz and turn signal tracking
off:
Press SPAN > Span > 20 > MHz
Press Peak
Search

Press Frequency > Signal Track (On)

Press SPAN > 2 > MHz
Press Frequency > Signal Track (Off)

Figure 5 Unresolved Signals of Equal Amplitude

4 Change the resolution bandwidth (RBW) to 100 kHz so that

the RBW setting is less than or equal to the frequency
separation of the two signals:
Press BW/
Avg > 100 > kHz
Notice that the peak of the signal has become flattened
indicating that two signals are present.
5 Decrease the video bandwidth to 3 kHz:
Press BW/
Avg > Video BW > 3 > kHz

N9320A Spectrum Analyzer 35

3 Functions and Measurements

Two signals are now visible as shown in Figure 6. Use the

front- panel knob or arrow keys to further reduce the
resolution bandwidth and better resolve the signals.
Decreasing the resolution bandwidth improves the resolution
of the individual signals and increases the sweep time.

Figure 6 Resolving Signals of Equal Amplitude

For fastest measurement times, use the widest possible

resolution bandwidth. Under factory preset conditions, the
resolution bandwidth is coupled to the span.

36 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Functions and Measurements 3

Resolving Small Signals Hidden by Large Signals

This example uses narrow resolution bandwidths to resolve
two RF signals that have a frequency separation of 50 kHz
and an amplitude difference of 60 dB.
1 Connect two sources to the RF IN as shown in Figure 4.
2 Set one source to 300 MHz at –10 dBm. Set the other source
to 300.05 MHz at –70 dBm.
3 Set the analyzer as follows:
Press Preset/
System > Preset. (With Preset Type of Factory)
Press Frequency > 300 > MHz
Press BW/
Avg > 30 > kHz
Press SPAN > 500 > kHz
4 Set the 300 MHz signal to the reference level:
Press Peak
Search

Press Marker > Mkr -> Ref Lel

The 30 kHz filter shape factor of 15:1 has a bandwidth of 450 kHz at the 60
NOTE dB point. The half-bandwidth (225 kHz) is NOT narrower than the
frequency separation of 50 kHz, so the input signals can not be resolved.

Figure 7 Unresolved small signal from large signal

N9320A Spectrum Analyzer 37

3 Functions and Measurements

5 Reduce the resolution bandwidth filter to view the smaller

signal. The smaller signal will be hidden by the larger signal
when the bandwidth settings are wider, as in Figure 7.
Reducing the RBW setting will allow less of the larger signal
to pass through the analyzer and the smaller signals peak
will then rise out of the noise floor. Place a delta marker on
the smaller signal:
Press BW/
Avg > 1 > kHz
Press Peak
Search

Press Marker > Delta > Delta (On)

Press 50 > kHz

Figure 8 Resolved small signal from large signal

The 1 kHz filter shape factor of 15:1 has a bandwidth of 15 kHz at the
NOTE
60 dB point. The half-bandwidth (7.5 kHz) is narrower than the
frequency separation of 50 kHz, so the input signals can be resolved.

38 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Functions and Measurements 3

Measuring a Low-Level Signal

This section provides information on measuring low- level
signals and distinguishing them from spectrum noise.

Reducing Input Attenuation

The ability to measure a low- level signal is limited by
internally generated noise of the spectrum analyzer. The
analyzers input attenuator affects the level of a signal
passing through the analyzer. If a signal power level is close
to the noise floor, reducing the analyzer input attenuation
will help raise the signal so that it can be seen rising out of
the noise.

Ensure that the total power of all input signals at the analyzer RF input
CAUTION
does not exceed +30 dBm (1 Watt).

1 Preset the analyzer

Press Preset/
System > Preset (With Preset Type of Factory)
2 Set the source frequency to 300 MHz, amplitude to –70 dBm.
Connect the source RF OUT to the analyzer RF IN.
Figure 9 Setup for obtaining one signal

Signal Generator Spectrum Analyzer

FUN CTIONS N 9320A SPECTRUM ANALYZER 9 kHz - 3.0 GHz

N9310A RF Signal Generator 9 kHz - 3.0 GHz
Auto BW/ Sw eep/
Frequency AM I/ Q Utility Preset Tune Avg Trig
Local
V iew / Det/ M arker File/
Amplitude FM Sw eep File Local Trace Display Print
Save
M ODE M eas Marker Peak
Enter M Pulse Trigger LF Out Search

7 8 9 M OD
On/ Off
7 8 9

4 5 6 4 5 6

1 2 3 1 2 3 Back

0 · RF
On/ Off 0 · Enter
Remote Remote 50VDC M AX
30dBm 1W M AX
Standby LF OUT RF OUT 50 Standby TG SOURCE CAL OUT RF IN 50
On On

REVERSE PWR
4W M AX 30VDC 50M Hz 10dBm PROBE POW ER CAT Ⅱ

RF OUT RF IN

N9320A Spectrum Analyzer 39

3 Functions and Measurements

3 Set the center frequency, span and reference level:

Press Frequency > Center Freq > 300 > MHz
Press SPAN > Span > 2 > MHz
Press Amplitude > Ref Level > 40 > –dBm.
4 Move the desired peak to the center of the display:
Press Peak
Search

Press Marker > Mkr -> CF

5 Reduce the span to 500 kHz, if necessary re- center the peak:
Press SPAN > 500 > kHz
6 Set the attenuation to 20 dB:
Press Amplitude > Attenuation > 20 > dB

Figure 10 A signal closer to the noise level

Note that increasing the attenuation moves the noise floor

closer to the signal level.
7 To allow more of the signal power to pass through the
analyzer, decrease the attenuation to 0 dB.

40 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Functions and Measurements 3

A lower attenuation value will mean that more of the signal

strength will be displayed on screen:
Press Amplitude > Attenuation > 0 > dB
Figure 11 Measuring a low-level signal using 0 dB Attenuation

Decreasing the Resolution Bandwidth

Resolution bandwidth settings affect the level of internal
noise but have little affect on the displayed level of
continuous wave (CW) signals. Decreasing the RBW by a
decade (factor of ten) reduces the noise floor by 10 dB.
1 Refer to the procedure “Reducing Input Attenuation” on
page 39 and follow steps 1, 2 and 3.
2 Decrease the resolution bandwidth:
Press BW/ and FM
Avg

The low- level signal appears more clearly due to the noise
level being reduced by the decrease in RBW (see Figure 12).

N9320A Spectrum Analyzer 41

3 Functions and Measurements

Figure 12 Decreasing Resolution Bandwidth

A “#” mark appears next to the Res BW annotation in the

lower left corner of the screen, indicating that the resolution
bandwidth is uncoupled.
Uncoupled indicates that the function is in manual control
mode, not auto control mode. Manual control mode allows
the user to change the parameter value for that function
without affecting any other settings.

The analyzer allows you to change the RBW in a 1-3-10 sequence by

NOTE
the data control keys. The RBWs below 1 kHz are digital and have a
selectivity ratio of 5:1 while RBWs at 1 kHz and higher have a 15:1
selectivity ratio. The maximum RBW is 3 MHz and minimum is 10 Hz.

Trace Averaging
Averaging is a digital process in which each sweep of the
trace returns measurement values for each point in the
trace. These values are then mathematically averaged with
the previous sweep trace data which has been stored in the
analyzer. The amount of averaging is selected by choosing
the number of trace sweeps to be included in the process.
The averaging function uses the most recent trace sweep
values so that the display shows any signal changes.

42 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Functions and Measurements 3

Selecting averaging, when the analyzer is auto- coupled,

changes the detection mode to Sample, smoothing the
displayed noise level.

This is a trace processing function and is not the same as using the
NOTE
average detector (as described on page 42).

1 Refer to the procedure “Reducing Input Attenuation” on

page 39 of this chapter and follow steps 1, 2 and 3.
2 To turn averaging on, toggle the softkey menu labeled
Average:
Press BW/
Avg > Average (On)
3 Set the number of averages to 20, using the number keypad,
up and down arrows, or the knob:
Press 20, Enter

The averaging process smooths the viewed trace, low level

signals become more visible (see Figure 13). Changes to the
average number will restart the averaging process.
Figure 13 Trace Averaging

N9320A Spectrum Analyzer 43

3 Functions and Measurements

Improving Frequency Resolution and Accuracy

This section provides information on using the frequency
counter function to improve frequency resolution and
accuracy.
1 Press Preset/
System > Preset (With Preset Type of Factory)
2 Connect a cable from the front panel CAL OUT to RF IN;
System > Alignment > Align > CAL OUT ON to toggle on and
Press Preset/
enable the 50 MHz amplitude reference signal.
3 Press Auto
Tune hardkey.
The analyzer will detect the signal peak and locate it to the
center of the display screen (Refer to “Auto Tune” on
page 75).
4 Turn the frequency counter on:
Press Marker > Function > Freq Counter > Freq Counter (On).
5 Move the marker, with the front- panel knob, half- way down
the skirt of the signal response.
Figure 14 Using Frequency Counter
Counted result

Marker
50.032500 MHz
– 49.30 dBm

The frequency and amplitude of the marker appears in the active function
NOTE area (this is not the counted result). The counted result appears in the
upper-right corner of the display to the right-side of Cntr1.

44 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Functions and Measurements 3

The marker readout in the active frequency function changes

while the counted frequency result (upper- right corner of
display) does not. For an accurate count, the marker need
not be placed at the exact peak of the signal response.

The Frequency counter properly functions only on stable, CW signals

NOTE
or discrete spectral components. The marker power level must be
greater than 40 dB above the displayed noise level.

6 To change the counter resolution:

Press Marker > Function > Freq Counter > Resolution
The frequency- counter resolution range is from 1 Hz to 1
kHz, and may be set to Auto or Manual.
7 To turn off the marker counter:
Press Marker > Function > Freq Counter > Freq Counter (Off).

When using the frequency counter function, the ratio of the resolution
NOTE
bandwidth to the span must be greater than 0.02.

N9320A Spectrum Analyzer 45

3 Functions and Measurements

Tracking Drifting Signals

This section provides information on measuring and tracking
signals that drift in frequency.

Measuring a Source’s Frequency Drift

The analyzer will measure source stability. The maximum
amplitude level and the frequency drift of an input signal
trace can be displayed and held by using the maximum hold
function. Using the maximum hold function you can measure
and determine how much of the frequency spectrum a signal
occupies. For more information, refer to “Max Hold” on
page 119.
Use signal tracking to return a signal drifting in frequency
to the center of the display. The drifting is captured by the
analyzer using the maximum hold function.
1 Connect the signal generator to the analyzer RF IN.
2 Output a signal with the frequency of 300 MHz and
amplitude of –20 dBm.
3 Set the analyzer center frequency, span and reference level.
Press Preset/
System > Preset. (With Preset Type of Factory)
Press Frequency > Center Freq > 300 > MHz
Press SPAN > Span > 10 > MHz
Press Amplitude > Ref Level > –10 > dBm
4 Place a marker on the peak of the signal and turn signal
tracking on:
Press Peak
Search

Press Frequency > Signal Track (On)

Press SPAN > 1 > MHz
Notice that this holds the signal in the center of the display.

46 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Functions and Measurements 3

5 Turn off the signal track function:

Press Frequency > Signal Track (Off)
6 Measure the excursion of the signal with maximum hold:
Press View/
Trace > Max Hold
As the signal varies, maximum hold maintains the maximum
responses of the input signal. Annotation on the left side of
the screen indicates the trace mode. For example, M1 S2 S3
S4, indicates trace 1 is in maximum- hold mode, trace 2, trace
3, and trace 4 are in store- blank mode.
7 Activate trace 2 and change the mode to continuous sweep:
Press View/
Trace > Select Trace > Trace 2
Press Clear Write
Trace 1 remains in maximum hold mode to show any drift
in the signal.
8 Slowly increase the frequency of the signal generator. Your
analyzer display should look similar to Figure 15.
Figure 15 Viewing a Drifting Signal With Max Hold and Clear Write

N9320A Spectrum Analyzer 47

3 Functions and Measurements

Making Distortion Measurements

This section provides information on measuring and
identifying signal distortion.

Identifying Analyzer Generated Distortion

High- level input signals may cause analyzer distortion
products that could mask the real distortion measured on
the input signal. Use trace and the RF input attenuator to
determine which signals, if any, are internally generated
distortion products.
In this example, we use the RF output of a signal generator
to determine whether the harmonic distortion products are
internally generated by the analyzer.
1 Connect the signal generator to the analyzer RF IN.
2 Set the source frequency to 200 MHz, amplitude to 0 dBm.
3 Set the analyzer center frequency and span:
Press Preset/
System > Preset
Press Frequency > 400 > MHz
Press SPAN > 500 > MHz

Figure 16 Harmonic Distortion

48 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Functions and Measurements 3

The signal produces harmonic products (spaced 200 MHz

from the original 200 MHz signal) in the analyzer input
mixer as shown in Figure 16.
4 Change the center frequency to the value of the first
harmonic:
Press Peak
Search > Next Peak
Press Marker > Mkr -> CF
5 Change the span to 50 MHz and re- center the signal:
Press SPAN > 50 > MHz
Press Peak
Search

Press Marker > Mkr -> CF

6 Set the attenuation to 0 dB:
Press Amplitude > Attenuation > 0 > dB
7 To determine whether the analyzer generates harmonic
distortion products, first display the trace data in trace 2 as
follows:
Press View/
Trace > Select Trace > Trace 2
Press Clear Write
8 Allow trace 2 to update (minimum two sweeps), then store
the data from trace 2 and place a delta marker on the
harmonic of trace 2:
Press View/
Trace > View
Press Peak
Search

Press Marker > Delta > Delta (On)

The analyzer display shows the stored data in trace 2 and
the measured data in trace 1. The MarkerΔ indicator reads
the difference in amplitude between the reference and active
markers.
9 Increase the RF attenuation to 10 dB:
Press Amplitude > Attenuation > 10 > dB

N9320A Spectrum Analyzer 49

3 Functions and Measurements

Notice the MarkerD amplitude readout. This is the difference

of the distortion product amplitude between 0 dB and 10 dB
input attenuation settings. If the MarkerΔ absolute amplitude
is approximately ≥ 1 dB for an input attenuator change, the
analyzer is generating, at least in part, the distortion.

The MarkerΔ amplitude readout comes from two sources:

1) Increased input attenuation causes poorer signal- to- noise
ratio. This causes the MarkerΔ to be positive.
2) The reduced contribution of the analyzer circuits to the
harmonic measurement causes the MarkerΔ to be negative.
Large MarkerΔ readout indicates significant measurement
errors. Set the input attenuator to minimize the absolute
value of MarkerΔ.

50 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Functions and Measurements 3

Third-Order Intermodulation Distortion

Two- tone, third- order intermodulation distortion is a
common specification in communication systems. When two
signals are present in a non- linear system, they may interact
and create third- order intermodulation distortion (TOI)
products that are located close to the original signals.
System components such as amplifiers and mixers contribute
to the generation of these distortion products.
For an example of the quick setup of TOI measurement,
refer to “Intermod (TOI)” on page 130.
This example will test a device for third- order
intermodulation through the use of markers. Two sources
are used, one set to 300 MHz and the other to 301 MHz.
1 Connect the equipment as shown in figure below. This
combination of signal generators, low pass filters, and
directional coupler (used as a combiner) results in a
two- tone source with very low intermodulation distortion.
Although the distortion from this setup may be better than
the specified performance of the analyzer, it is useful for
determining the TOI performance of the source/analyzer
combination. After the performance of the source/analyzer
combination has been verified, the device- under- test (DUT)
(for example, an amplifier) would be inserted between the
directional coupler output and the analyzer input.

Signal Generator Signal Generator Spectrum Analyzer

N9310A RF Signal Generator 9 kHz - 3.0 GHz FUNCTIONS
N9310A RF Signal Generator 9 kHz - 3.0 GHz FUNCTIONS
Frequency AM I/ Q Utility Preset N 9320A SPECTRUM AN ALYZER 9 kHz - 3.0 GHz
Frequency AM I/ Q Utility Preset
Auto BW / Sw eep/
Tune Avg Trig
Amplitude FM Sweep File Local Local
Amplitude FM Sweep File Local View / Det/ File/
M arker
Trace Display Print
Save
Enter M Pulse Trigger LF Out
Enter M Pulse Trigger LF Out MODE Meas M arker Peak
Search

7 8 9 MOD
On/ Off 7 8 9 MOD
7 8 9
On/ Off

4 5 6 4 5 6 4 5 6

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 Back

0 · RF
· 0 · Enter
Remote On/ Off
Remote
0 RF
On/ Off
Rem ote 50VDC M AX
30dBm 1W M AX

Standby TG SOURCE CAL OU T RF IN 50

Standby LF OUT RF OUT 50 Standby LF OUT RF OUT 50 On
On
On

50M Hz 10dBm PROBE POWER CAT Ⅱ

REVERSE PWR
4W MAX 30VDC REVERSE PWR
4W MAX 30VDC

RF OUT RF IN
300 MHz LOW
PASS FILTER

300 MHz LOW

Directional Coupler
PASS FILTER

N9320A Spectrum Analyzer 51

3 Functions and Measurements

The coupler should have a high degree of isolation between the two
NOTE
input ports so the sources do not intermodulate.

2 Set one source (signal generator) to 300 MHz and the other
source to 301 MHz, for a frequency separation of 1 MHz. Set
the sources equal in amplitude as measured by the analyzer
(in this example, they are set to –5 dBm).
3 Set the analyzer center frequency and span:
Press Preset/
System > Preset (With Preset Type of Factory)
Press Frequency > Center Freq > 300.5 > MHz
Press SPAN > Span > 5 > MHz
4 Reduce the RBW until the distortion products are visible:
Press BW/ and FM
Avg

5 Move the signal to the reference level:

Press Peak
Search

Press Marker > Mkr -> Ref Lvl

6 Reduce the RBW until the distortion products are visible:
Press BW/ and FM
Avg

7 Activate the second marker and place it on the peak of the

distortion product (beside the test signal) using the Next
PeaK:
Press Marker > Delta > Delta (On)
Press Peak
Search > Next Peak
8 Measure the other distortion product:
Press Marker > Normal
Press Peak
Search > Next Peak

52 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Functions and Measurements 3

9 Measure the difference between this test signal and the

second distortion product (see Figure 17):
Press Marker > Delta > Delta (On)
Press Peak
Search > Next Peak

Figure 17 Measuring the Distortion Product

N9320A Spectrum Analyzer 53

3 Functions and Measurements

Measuring Phase Noise

Phase noise is a frequency domain measure of stability.
Phase noise is specified as single- sideband power in relation
to the fundamental RF output frequency. It is measured at
various offset frequencies from the carrier, normalized to a 1
Hz measuring bandwidth.
In this example the 50 MHz amplitude reference signal is
used as the fundamental signal.
1 Press Preset/
System > Preset (With Preset Type of Factory)
2 Connect a cable from the front panel CAL OUT to RF IN.
Press Preset/
System > Alignment > CAL OUT On
3 Press Auto
Tune to auto- tune the signal to the center of display.
4 Press Peak
Search to place a marker on the peak of the signal.
5 Turn on the phase noise function to view the results:
Press Marker > Function > Phase Noise > Phase Noise (On)
6 Change the offset:
Press Marker > Function > Phase Noise > Offset Manual
Then select the offset by pressing the corresponding softkeys
under the Phase Noise menu.

Marker D
20.000 kHz
Noise -97.91 dBc/Hz

54 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Functions and Measurements 3

Stimulus Response Transmission

The procedure below describes using the built- in tracking

generator of the analyzer to measure the rejection of a low
pass filter. A type of transmission measurement.

1 To measure the rejection of a low pass filter, connect the

equipment as shown in Figure 18. A 370 MHz low pass filter
as the DUT.
Figure 18 Transmission Measurement Test Setup
N9320A SPECTRUM ANALYZER 9 kHz - 3.0 GHz
Auto BW/ Sw eep/
Tune Avg Trig
Local
View/ Det/ M arker File/
Trace Display Print
Save
M ODE M eas M arker Peak
Search

7 8 9

4 5 6

1 2 3 Back

Remote
0 · Enter
50V DC M AX
30dBm 1W M AX

Standby TG SOURCE CAL OUT RF IN 50

On

50M Hz 10dBm PROBE POWER CAT Ⅱ

DUT

2 Press Preset/
System > Preset. (With Preset Type of Factory)
3 Set the start and stop frequencies and resolution bandwidth:
Press Frequency > Start Freq > 100 > MHz
Press Frequency > Stop Freq > 1 > GHz
Press BW/
Avg > Res Bw > 3 > MHz
4 Turn on the tracking generator and if necessary, set the
output power to - 10 dBm:
Press MODE > Tracking Generator > Amplitude TG(On) > -10 > dBm

Excessive signal input may damage the DUT. Do not exceed the
CAUTION
maximum power that the device under test can tolerate.

N9320A Spectrum Analyzer 55

3 Functions and Measurements

To reduce ripples caused by source return loss, use 6 dB or greater

NOTE
output attenuation. Tracking generator output attenuation is normally
a function of the source power selected. However, the output
attenuation may be controlled in the Tracking Generator menu.

5 To increase measurement sensitivity and smooth the noise:

Press BW/
Avg > Res Bw > 30 > KHz
Press BW/
Avg > Video Bw > 300 > KHz
A decrease in displayed amplitude is caused by tracking
error.

6 Use peak tracking to correct the frequency offset:

Press MODE > Tracking Generator > More > Tracking Peak
Tracking error occurs when the output frequency of the
tracking generator is not matched to the input frequency of
the analyzer. The amplitude should return to the value that
was displayed prior to the decrease in resolution bandwidth.

7 Connect the cable from the tracking generator output to the

analyzer input. Store the frequency response in trace 3 and
normalize:
Press MODE > Tracking Generator > More > Normalize > Store Ref (1
→ 3) > Normalize (On)

8 Reconnect the DUT to the analyzer and change the

normalized reference position:
Press MODE > Tracking Generator > More > Normalize > Norm Ref
Posn > 8

56 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Functions and Measurements 3

9 Measure the rejection of the low pass filter:

Press Marker > Normal > 370 > MHz, Delta > 160> MHz
The marker readout displays the rejection of the filter at 160
MHz above the cutoff frequency of the low pass filter. See
Figure 19 as below.

Figure 19 Measure the Rejection Range

N9320A Spectrum Analyzer 57

3 Functions and Measurements

Measuring Stop Band Attenuation of a Lowpass Filter

When measuring filter performance, it is useful to look at
the stimulus response over a wide frequency range. Setting
the analyzer y- axis (amplitude) to Log scale type presents
the measurement data in a usable format for determining
filter characteristics.
The following example uses the tracking generator to
measure the stop band attenuation of a 370 MHz low pass
filter.
1 To measure the response of a low pass filter, connect the
equipment as shown in Figure 20. This example uses a
370 MHz low pass filter.

Figure 20 Transmission Measurement Test Setup

N9320A SPECTRUM ANALYZER 9 kHz - 3.0 GHz

Auto BW/ Sweep/
Tune Avg Trig
Local
View/ Det/ Marker File/
Trace Display Print
Save
MODE Meas Marker Peak
Search

7 8 9

4 5 6

1 2 3 Back

Remote
0 · Enter
50VDC MAX
30dBm 1W MAX

Standby TG SOURCE CAL OUT RF IN 50

On

50MHz 10dBm PROBE POWER CAT Ⅱ

DUT

2 Press Preset/
System > Preset. (With Preset Type of Factory)
3 Set the start and stop frequencies and resolution bandwidth:
Press Frequency > Start Freq > 100 > MHz
Press Frequency > Stop Freq > 1 > GHz
Press Amplitude > Scale Type > Log

58 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Functions and Measurements 3

4 Set the resolution bandwidth to 10 kHz:

Press BW/
Avg > Res Bw > 10 > KHz

Excessive signal input may damage the DUT. Do not exceed the
CAUTION
maximum power that the device under test can tolerate.

5 Turn on the tracking generator and, if necessary, set the

output power to - 10 dBm:
Press MODE > Tracking Generator > Amplitude TG(On) > -10 > dBm
6 Connect the test cable (but not the DUT) from the tracking
generator output to the analyzer input. Store the frequency
response into trace 3 and normalize:
Press MODE > Tracking Generator > More > Normalize > Store Ref (1
→ 3) > Normalize (On)

7 Reconnect the DUT to the analyzer. Note that the units of

the reference level have changed to dB, indicating that this
is now a relative measurement.
8 To change the normalized reference position:
Press MODE > Tracking Generator > More > Normalize > Norm Ref
Posn > 8
9 Place the reference marker at the specified cutoff frequency:
Press Marker > Delta Pair (Ref) > 370 > MHz
10 Place the second marker at 37 MHz:
Press Marker > Delta Pair (Delta) > 37 > MHz

N9320A Spectrum Analyzer 59

3 Functions and Measurements

11 In this example, the attenuation over this frequency range is

- 17.98 dB/octave (one octave above the cutoff frequency).
12 Use the front- panel knob to place the marker at the highest
peak in the stop band to determine the minimum stop band
attenuation. In this example, the peak occurs with Delta of
563 MHz. The attenuation is - 60.93 dB. See Figure 21.

Figure 21 Minimum Stop Band Attenuation

60 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Functions and Measurements 3

Making a Reflection Calibration Measurement

The following procedure makes a reflection measurement
using a coupler or directional bridge to measure the return
loss of a filter. This example uses a 370 MHz low pass filter
as the DUT.
The calibration standard for reflection measurements is
usually a short circuit connected at the reference plane (the
point at which the device under test (DUT) is connected.)
See Figure 22, a short circuit has a reflection coefficient of
1 (0 dB return loss). It reflects all incident power and
provides a convenient 0 dB reference.
1 Connect the DUT to the directional bridge or coupler as
shown in Figure 22. Terminate the unconnected port of the
DUT.

Figure 22 Reflection Measurement Short Calibration Test Setup

N9320A SPECTRUM ANALYZER 9 kHz - 3.0 GHz

Auto BW/ Sweep/
Tune Avg Trig
Local
View / Det/ Marker File/
Trace Display Print
Save
MODE Meas Marker Peak
Search

7 8 9

4 5 6

Reference Plane
1 2 3 Back

Remote
0 · Enter
50VDC M AX
30dBm 1W MAX

Standby TG SOURCE CAL OUT RF IN 50

On

50M Hz 10dBm PROBE POWER CAT Ⅱ

Short
Circuit

Coupled Port or

DUT

Directional
Bridge/Coupler Test Port

N9320A Spectrum Analyzer 61

3 Functions and Measurements

For greatest accuracy, use a coupler or bridge with the correct test
NOTE
port connector. Any additional adapters or components placed
between the test port and DUT degrades coupler/bridge directivity
and system source match.
For best results, use the same adapter for the calibration and the
measurement. Be sure to terminate the second port of a two port
device.

2 Connect the tracking generator output of the analyzer to the

directional bridge or coupler.
3 Connect the analyzer RF input to the coupled port of the
directional bridge or coupler.
4 Press Preset/
System > Preset. (With Preset Type of Factory)
5 Turn on the tracking generator and, if necessary, set the
output power to - 10 dBm:
Press MODE > Tracking Generator > Amplitude TG (On) > -10 > dBm

Excessive signal input may damage the DUT. Do not exceed the
CAUTION
maximum power that the device under test can tolerate.

6 Set the start and stop frequencies and resolution bandwidth:

Press Frequency > Start Freq > 100 > MHz

Press Frequency > Stop Freq > 1 > GHz
Press BW/
Avg > Res Bw > 3 > MHz
7 Replace the DUT with a short circuit.

62 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Functions and Measurements 3

8 Normalize the trace:

Press MODE > Tracking Generator > More > Normalize > Store Ref (1
→ 3) > Normalize (On)
This activates the trace 1 minus trace 3 function and
displays the results in trace 1 (Figure 23). The normalized
trace or flat line represents 0 dB return loss. Normalization
occurs each sweep. Replace the short circuit with the DUT.

The reference trace is stored in trace 3, changing trace 3 to Clear

NOTE
Write will invalidate the normalization.

Figure 23 Short Circuit Normalized

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3 Functions and Measurements

Measuring Return Loss Using the Reflection Calibration Routine

This procedure uses the reflection calibration routine in the
proceeding procedure “Making a Reflection Calibration
Measurement” on page 62 to calculate the return loss of the
370 MHz low pass filter.
1 After calibrating the system with the above procedure,
reconnect the filter (DUT) in place of the short circuit used
for calibration. Do not change any of the analyzer settings or
the measurement setup may be invalidated.
2 Use the marker to read return loss. Position the marker with
the front- panel knob to read the return loss at that
frequency.
Rotate the knob to find the highest peak and the readout is
the maximum return loss. See Figure 24.

Figure 24 Measuring the Return Loss of the Filter

64 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Functions and Measurements 3

Viewing Catalogs and Saving Files

The analyzer will store and retrieve data files similar to
using a PC. The analyzer allows you to view and save files in
the internal storage of the analyzer or to a USB storage
device. This section provides information on how to locate
catalogs (file types) and to save files.

Locating and Viewing Files in the Catalog

The analyzer has four types of files:
State stores analyzer settings (file extension: .STA).
Trace stores trace information (file extension: .TRA).
Screen stores screen captures of the display (file extension: .JPG).
Limits which stores data sets to determine whether a trace has
exceeded preset specifications (file extension: .LIM).

Trace files are not bitmap files. They cannot be imported into other
NOTE
applications or converted. If you require the use of other applications,
be sure to save as .JPG formats using Screen for your file type.

Press File/
Print > Catalog to bring up a screen display below.

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3 Functions and Measurements

1 The entry fields show the parameters for the files viewed:
Name states the filename.
Type displays the type of files viewed.
Path displays the location of the files (Local or USB).
2 There are four column headings in this area of the display:
Name displays the filename.
Type displays the filename extension (TRA, STA, TRC or JPG).
Size displays the size of the file in bytes.
Modified displays the date and time the change occurred.
3 The softkey menu has four options:
Type selects the type of file you wish to view.
Sort sorts and views the files according to a file attribute.
Local accesses the internal storage to view files.
USB accesses the external USB storage device to view files.
4 The drive space line shows the number of bytes used on the
drive and the number of bytes still free on the drive.

Saving a File
The analyzer can save files (states, traces, limits or screens)
to a USB storage device (USB/), or internal storage (Local/).
The following is an example of how to save a trace to
internal storage (Local/).
1 Select the save destination for the file. This example will
select the internal storage (Local/):
Press File/
Print > Catalog > Local
2 Press Return > Save, to access the Save menu.
3 Select the type of file. In this example we will save a trace.
The filename extension for the trace file type is .TRA:
Press Type > Trace

66 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Functions and Measurements 3

4 Select the trace to save (1, 2, 3, 4 or all traces). For this

example, we will select trace 3:
Press Source > Trace 3
5 Enter a filename by pressing Name. Assume you name the
file “TEST1”. The alpha portion of the filename is selected
using the softkey menus. The numeric keypad is used for the
numeric portion of the filename. Press Enter to accept the
filename and to terminate this process and return to the
Save menu.
The filename can be composed of alpha (A- Z) or numeric
(0- 9) characters in any combination. The analyzer will not
overwrite an existing file. If the filename already exists, the
status bar will display the message: “File already exists”. If a
filename is not edited, the analyzer will automatically
generate a name based on the type of file you are saving
(State: STATE, Trace: TRACE, Limits: LIMIT, Screen: SCREN). It
also generates a three digit integer, starting at 000 and
extending through 999, which it adds to the name, for
example: TRACE056.TRC. The analyzer will remember the
previously saved value even through a power cycle.
6 Press Save Now to save the file
“Saving Now” is displayed during this operation. In this
example, the status bar displays “Local/TEST1.TRC file saved”.

When saving a file to a USB storage device, do not disconnect the

CAUTION
USB device during the save operation. To do so may cause unexpected
data loss.

N9320A Spectrum Analyzer 67

3 Functions and Measurements

Loading a File
This feature will recall (load) onto the displayed screen a
previously saved filename and type compatible with this
analyzer. The file types are described above.
1 Select the directory where your file is located. In this
example, select the internal storage (Local/):
Press File/
Print > Catalog > Local
2 Press Return > Load to access the Load menu
3 Select the type of file. Assume you need to load a trace file:
Press Type > Trace
4 Using the knob or arrow keys to highlight the file you need.
And then select the trace into which you wish to load the
file. Assume you need to load file TEST1.TRC into Trace 2:
Press Destination > Trace 2.
5 Press Load Now to load the specified file. The status bar
displays: “Local/TEST1.TRC file loaded”.
Screen files are in .jpg format and cannot be loaded or
recalled into the analyzer display, they can only be
downloaded and used in PC applications.

68 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Functions and Measurements 3

Copying a File
To copy a file from internal storage to a USB storage device,
follow this procedure:
1 Press File/
Print > Catalog > Local to select the path
2 Connect a USB storage device to the USB connector (DEV).
3 Select the type of file. Assume you need to copy a trace file:
Press Return > Copy > Type > Trace
4 Using the knob or arrow keys to highlight the file name you
need. In this example, highlight the file TEST1.TRC.
5 Press Copy Now to execute the operation. A “Copying file”
indicator displays. Then “/USB/TEST1.TRC file copied” appears
on the status bar. You have now copied the file TEST1.TRC
from the internal storage to the USB storage device.

Deleting a File
Perform the following process to delete a specific file. Note
that once a file is deleted from local memory, it cannot be
recovered.
1 Press File/
Print > Catalog > Local to select the path
2 Press Return > Delete to access the Delete menu
3 Select the type of file. Assume you need to delete a trace file
press Type > Trace
4 Using the knob or arrow keys to highlight the file name you
want to load. In this example, selecting the file TEST1.TRC.
5 Press Delete Now. “Deleting file” indicates the operation is in
process. Then, “Local/TEST1.TRC file deleted” shown on the
status bar indicates the file has been deleted.

N9320A Spectrum Analyzer 69

3 Functions and Measurements

70 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

Agilent N9320A Spectrum Analyzer
User’s Guide

4
Key Reference

Amplitude 72
Auto Tune 75
Back <- 76
BW/Avg 77
Det/Display 81
Enter 87
File/Print 88
Frequency 95
Marker 97
Marker-> 101
Meas 102
MODE 103
Peak Search 107
Preset/System 111
SPAN 117
Sweep/Trig 118
View/Trace 120

This chapter describes each front panel hardkey and their

associated softkeys (menus). The front panel key descriptions
are organized alphabetically. The lower level softkeys are
listed as they appear in the softkey menus.

s 71
4 Key Reference

Amplitude
Press Amplitude hardkey to activate the reference level function
and access the amplitude softkey menu.
The softkey menu selections are described as follows:
Ref Level Softkey sets the reference level. This function is activated
when Amplitude is pressed. The reference level is the amplitude
power or voltage represented by the top line of the graticule
on the display. Setting the reference level changes the
absolute amplitude level (in the selected amplitude units) of
the top graticule line.
Key access: Amplitude

Attenuation Softkey toggles the input attenuation between Auto and Man.
Auto Man The attenuation level can be set in as little as 1 dB
increments when Man is selected. The analyzer input
attenuator is normally coupled to the reference level control,
it reduces the power level of the input signal at the input
mixer. Selecting Auto re- couples the attenuator. Change the
attenuation by using the arrow keys, the knob, or the
numeric keypad.
Key access: Amplitude

Scale/Div Softkey sets the logarithmic units per vertical graticule

division on the display. The Scale/Div function is available
only when the Scale Type key is set to Log.
Key access: Amplitude

Scale Type Softkey scales the vertical graticule divisions in logarithmic

Log Lin units when Log is selected. The valid logarithmic units are 1,
2, 5 and 10 dB per division. When Lin is underlined, the
vertical divisions are linearly scaled with default amplitude
units of volts. The top of the graticule represents the
reference- level value; the bottom of the graticule represents
zero volts. (Each division is one- tenth of the reference level.)
Key access: Amplitude

72 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Key Reference 4

Int Preamp (Option PA3) Softkey toggles the internal pre- amplifier
On Off function between on and off. Pressing Int Preamp (On) results
in a correction being applied to compensate for the gain of
the preamp. Amplitude readings then represent the signal
value at the input connector. When the preamp is on, a “PA”
indication appears on the left side of the display. The
preamp operates over a range of 100 kHz to 3 GHz.
Key access: Amplitude

Y Axis Softkey accesses the softkeys that change the amplitude

units (logarithmic or linear). Change the amplitude units by
pressing dBm, dBmV, dBuV, dBuA, Watts, Volts, and Amps.
Key access: Amplitude > More 1 of 2 >

Ref Lvl Offset Softkey adds an offset value to the displayed reference level.
Reference- level offsets are only entered by using the numeric
keypad. Entering an offset does not affect the trace or the
attenuation value. Reference- level offsets are used when gain
or loss occurs between a device under test and the analyzer
input. Thus, the signal level measured by the analyzer may
be referred to as the level at the input of an external
amplitude- conversion device. When an amplitude offset is
entered, its value appears on the left side of the display
under Offst (as opposed to frequency offsets which appear
at the bottom of the display). To eliminate an offset, press
Ref Lvl Offst > 0 > dB.
Key access: Amplitude > More 1 of 2 >

N9320A Spectrum Analyzer 73

4 Key Reference

Ext Amp Gain Softkey adds a positive or negative preamplifier gain value,
which is subtracted from the displayed signal. (Use negative
values for gain and positive values for loss.) The function is
similar to the Ref Lvl Offset function, however with the Ext Amp
Gain function, the attenuation may be changed depending on
the preamplifier gain entered. A preamplifier gain offset is
used for measurements that require an external preamplifier
or long cables. The offset is subtracted from the amplitude
readout so that the displayed signal level represents the
signal level at the input of the preamplifier. The preamplifier
gain offset is displayed at the top of the screen and is
removed by entering zero. The preamplifier gain offset can
only be entered using the numeric keypad. The preamplifier
gain value is not affected by an instrument preset or a
power cycle.
Key access: Amplitude > More 1 of 2 >

74 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Key Reference 4

Auto Tune
Hardkey activates the autotune function to view the signal,
This hardkey performs the following functions automatically:
1 Run Peak Search in full span
2 Run Mkr -> CF
3 Select the appropriate reference level according to the
amplitude of searching signal.
4 Set span to 1 MHz and all auto couple to view the signal.

The Auto Tune functions in the frequency range of 5 MHz to 3 GHz.

NOTE
The minimum detectable amplitude is –65 dBm.

For more information about Peak Search, Mkr ->CF and

Mkr ->Ref Lvl softkeys, refer to “Peak Search” on page 109,
and “Marker- >” on page 103.

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4 Key Reference

Back <-
The backspace hardkey is located in the numeric keypad
area of the front panel and is used to change or correct an
active function entry, or to change a text entry before you
save data to a file.

76 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Key Reference 4

BW/Avg
Hardkey activates the resolution bandwidth function and
accesses the softkey menus that control the bandwidth and
averaging functions.
Res BW Softkey controls the 3 dB resolution bandwidth of the
Auto Man analyzer from 10 Hz to 3 MHz using the knob or arrow keys.
There are four available bandwidths less than 1 KHz are 10,
30, 100 Hz or 300 Hz. If an invalid bandwidth is entered
using the numeric keypad, the analyzer chooses the closest
acceptable bandwidth. As the resolution bandwidth is
decreased, the sweep time is modified in order to maintain
amplitude accuracy. Resolution bandwidth is also
coordinated with the frequency span. As the span is
decreased, the resolution bandwidth decreases. When the
VBW/RBW is set to AUTO, if the resolution bandwidth
changes, the video bandwidth changes to maintain the
VBW/RBW ratio.
A “#” mark appears next to “Res BW” on the display when it
is not coupled. To recouple the resolution bandwidth, press
Res BW (Auto).
Key access: BW/
Avg

Video BW Softkey changes the analyzer post- detection filter from 1 Hz

Auto Man to 3 MHz using the knob or arrow keys. If an invalid
bandwidth is entered, the analyzer chooses the closest
available bandwidth. As the video bandwidth decreases, the
sweep time will increase to maintain amplitude accuracy.
A “#” mark appears next to “VBW” on the bottom of the
analyzer display when it is not coupled. To couple the video
bandwidth, press Video BW (Auto).
Key access: BW/
Avg

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4 Key Reference

VBW/RBW Sets the ratio between the video and resolution bandwidths.
Auto Man When a signal is weak and is visually masked by the noise
floor, set the ratio to less than 1 to lower the noise. When
the Preset Type is set to Factory and Preset is pressed, the
ratio is set to 1. Change the ratio by using the arrow keys,
knob, or numeric keypad. When VBW/RBW (Auto) is selected,
the ratio is determined automatically by the rules in
Figure 25.
Figure 25 VBW/RBW Ratio Auto Rules

Yes Yes
Is Detector peak Is Trace
or Negative peak? Average On? Ratio=10

No
No
Ratio=1

No Yes
Is Detector Is Avg Type
Sample? Power? Ratio=10

No
Yes
Ratio=1

Is Avg Type No
Power? Ratio=1

Yes

Is Trace Yes
Average On? Ratio=10

No

Ratio=1

Key access: BW/

Avg

78 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Key Reference 4

Average Initiates a digital averaging routine that averages the trace

On Off points in a number of successive sweeps resulting in trace
“smoothing”. The number of sweeps (average number) is
changeable when setting Average (Off). Increasing the average
number will further smooth the trace. pressing BW/ Avg > Avg
Type to select the type of averaging.
To restart averaging:
• Enter a new average number
• Change any related parameter (e.g., Center Frequency)
When in sweep single, the specified number of averages is
taken, then the sweep stops and an average trace displayed.
When in continuous sweep mode, the specified number of
averages is taken, then the averaging continues with each
1
new sweep averaged in with a weight of -----------------------------
AverageNumber
- and the
old average reduced by multiplying it by
1
AverageNumber – ------------------------------ .
AverageNumber
To turn averaging off, press Average (Off).
Key access: BW/
Avg

Avg Type Toggles the average type between automatic and manual.
Auto Man Selecting Auto sets the analyzer to automatic averaging by the
rules in Figure 26.
Figure 26 Auto Rules for Average Type

Is Detector Yes
Type=Power
Average?

No

Type=Video

Selecting Man sets the analyzer to manual averaging.

N9320A Spectrum Analyzer 79

4 Key Reference

When trace average is on, the average type is shown on the

left side of the display. Selecting an average type manually
causes the analyzer to use that type without regard to other
analyzer settings and sets Avg Type to Man.
Key access: BW/
Avg

Video Avg Video averaging averages the data as appropriate

for the y- axis scale. When Avg Type > Video Avg is
selected, “VAvg” appears on the left side of the
analyzer display if Average is On.
Key access: BW/
Avg > Avg Type

Pwr Avg Power averaging is performed by converting the

trace data from logarithmic to linear power units,
and then averaging the power trace data. When
Avg Type > Pwr Avg is selected, “PAvg” appears on
the left side of the screen if Average is On.
Key access: BW/
Avg > Avg Type

80 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Key Reference 4

Det/Display
Press this hardkey to control detector and display functions.
Detector Softkey presents a submenu to select a specific detector
(detector type) type, or allows the analyzer to select the appropriate
Auto Man detector (select Auto) for a particular measurement.
Regarding detectors, it is important to understand what is a
trace “bucket”. For every trace point displayed, there is a
finite time during which the data for that point is collected.
The analyzer looks at all of the data collected during that
time and present a single point of trace data based on the
detector mode. The interval during which the data for that
trace point is being collected, is called the “bucket”.
Figure 27 Detector (auto) Selection Flowchart Rules
Yes Yes
Phase Res BW
Noise On？ Average
>300Hz?

No
No
Sample

Yes Yes
Trace Avg Type
Average On? Average
Power?

No
No
Sample

Yes Any Trace in Yes

Any Trace in
Max Hold? MinHold？ Sample

No No
Peak

Any Trace in Yes

Negative Peak
Min Hold?

No

Peak

Thus a trace is more than a series of single points. It is

actually a series of trace “buckets”. The data may be sampled
many times within each bucket.

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4 Key Reference

When the detector is set to Auto, Pressing BW/

Avg > Average (On)
changes the detector. The Auto choice will depend on marker
functions, trace functions, and the trace averaging function.
If a marker function or measurement is running, the Auto
choice of detector is either Average or Sample. When one of
the detectors (such as Average) is manually selected instead
of Auto, that detector is used without regard to other
analyzer settings.
• Average displays the power average in the bucket.
• Sample displays the instantaneous level of the signal at
the center of the bucket represented by each
display point.
• Positive Peak displays the max. of the signal in the bucket.
• Negative Peak displays the min. of the signal in the bucket.
The detector in use is indicated on the left side of the
display. A “#” will appear next to it if the detector has been
manually selected.
Key access: Det/
Display

Auto Selects peak detection as the default. If a

different detection scheme would be better
utilized for a particular measurement, the
analyzer will use the alternate detection method.
Display > Detector Auto Man
Key access: Det/
Positive Obtains the maximum video signal between the
Peak last display point and the present display point
and stores this value in memory. It’s used
primarily when measuring sinusoidal
components. When Positive Peak is selected,
“Peak” appears in the upper- left corner.
Display > Detector Auto Man
Key access: Det/
Negative Is a peak detector, but selects the minimum
Peak video signal value. This detection should not be
used to measure the accurate amplitude. “NPk”
also appears in the upper- left corner, When
Negative Peak is selected.
Display > Detector Auto Man
Key access: Det/

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 Key Reference 4

Average measures the average value of the amplitude

Video RMS across each trace interval (bucket). When
Average is selected, “Avg” appears on the left
corner.
Display > Detector Auto Man
Key access: Det/
Sample Sample detection is used primarily to display
noise or noise- like signals. It should not be
used to measure the accurate amplitude of non
noise- like signals. In sample mode, the
instantaneous signal value of the present
display point is placed in memory. When Sample
detection is selected, “Samp” appears in the
upper- left corner of the display.
Display > Detector Auto Man
Key access: Det/
Normal Selects the maximum and minimum video signal
values alternately. When selecting Normal
detection, “Norm” appears in the upper- left
corner.
Display > Detector Auto Man
Key access: Det/

Active Fctn Selects the screen position for the Active Function Display.
Position Depending on the type of trace data being viewed, you can
move the Active Function Display position to minimize its
visual interference with your screen data.
Key access: Det/
Display

Top Displays the active function in the top- left cor-

ner of the display.
Display > Active Fctn Position
Key access: Det/
Center Displays the active function in the center- left
side of the display.
Display > Active Fctn Position
Key access: Det/
Bottom Displays the active function in the bottom- left
corner of the display
Display > Active Fctn Position
Key access: Det/

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4 Key Reference

Display Line Activates an adjustable horizontal line that is used as a

On Off visual reference line. The line, which can be used for trace
arithmetic, has amplitude values that correspond to its
vertical position when compared to the reference level. The
value of the display line appears in the active function block
and on the left side of the display. Use the arrow keys,
knob, or numeric keypad to adjust the display line. Pressing
any digit, 0 through 9, on the numeric keypad brings up the
selected terminator submenu.
Key access: Det/
Display

Limits Accesses softkeys that allow you to control and define the
parameters of limit lines.
Key access: Det/
Display

Limit 1 selects either of the available limits. The Limit 1 and

Limit 2 Limit 2 keys access softkeys to set parameters for the
selected limit.
Display > Limits
Key access: Det/

Type defines the limit to be edited as an upper

Upper lower or lower limit. An upper limit will
indicate a fail if trace 1 exceeds this limit.
A lower limit will indicate a fail if trace 1
falls below the limit.
Display > Limits > Limit 1/2
Key access: Det/

Limit Toggles the limit line function to on or

On Off off. The limit points must exist before the
limit function can be turned on. Either
Limit or Margin, as well as Test, must be
turned on for a limit test. Limit points
must be defined before the Limit function
can be turned on.
Display > Limits > Limit 1/2
Key access: Det/

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 Key Reference 4

Test Toggles the testing of the limit lines

On Off between on and off. If trace 1 is at or
within the bounds of the set limit or
margin, “Limit_# Pass” or “Margin_# Pass” is
displayed in the upper left corner of the
measurement area limit line. Only
positive/negative margins are allowed for
lower/upper limits. If the trace is out of
the limit or margin boundaries, “Limit_#
Failed” or “Margin_# Failed” is displayed.
Either Limit or Margin must be turned on
for test.
Display > Limits > Limit 1/2
Key access: Det/

Margin Toggles the margin function to on or off.

On Off Use Margin to set a limit line offset for
the selected limit line. Either Limit or
Margin as well as Test, must be turned on
for a limit test to work.
Display > Limits > Limit 1/2
Key access: Det/

Edit Accesses the submenu to edit the limit

point, and also accesses the limits table.
Use arrow keys to move between the rows
in the limits table. New limit segments
will only be applied after close the editor.
Pressing Return, or any key not associated
with the editor, will close the editor.
Display > Limits > Limit 1/2
Key access: Det/

Point
Creates or edit a limit point. Up to 20
points can be defined for each limit line.
Enter the point number using the numeric
keypad, then Press [Enter], or use the
knob or arrow keys to move to an existing
point.
Display > Limits > Limit 1/2 > Edit
Key access: Det/

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4 Key Reference

Frequency
Edits the frequency value for a limit point.
After editing, the limit table will place the
frequency or time in correct order. For a
new point, the Amplitude default is 0 dBm,
and Connected default is Yes.
Display > Limits > Limit 1/2 > Edit
Key access: Det/

Amplitude
Sets the amplitude value for the current
point.
Display > Limits > Limit 1/2 > Edit
Key access: Det/

Connected To Previous Pt
Yes No
Defines if the current point being edited is
to be connected to the previous point.
Pressing this key toggles the Connected value
between Yes and No.
Display > Limits > Limit 1/2 > Edit
Key access: Det/

Delete Point
Deletes the current point in the limit line.
Pressing this key will delete the point
immediately.
Display > Limits > Limit 1/2 > Edit
Key access: Det/

Delete Limit Deletes the current limit set. Pressing this

key will delete the limit line entirely.
Display > Limits > Limit 1/2
Key access: Det/

Delete Purges data from the limit- line tables. Pressing this key
All Limits will delete all the limit line data immediately.
Display > Limits
Key access: Det/

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Enter
Terminates a front- panel keypad numeric entry and enters
that value into the analyzer. (For most applications, it is
better to use the units softkeys to terminate value entry.)
When in File menu, the [Enter] key is used to terminate
filename entries.

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4 Key Reference

File/Print
Hardkey accesses the softkeys menus to manage the file
system of the analyzer. Refer to “Viewing Catalogs and
Saving Files” on page 66, for more information.
Catalog Displays all files located on the selected catalog, depending
upon the preferences set under the Type and Sort keys
defined below.
Key access: File/
Print

Type selects all types or one type of file(s) for viewing.

Default: State
Key access: File/
Print > Catalog

All Displays all files and file types on the

selected drive.
Key access: File/
Print > Catalog > Type

Screen Displays only the screen (.JPG) files on

the selected drive.
Key access: File/
Print > Catalog > Type

State Displays only the state files (.STA) on the

selected drive. State files contain most
instrument settings.
Key access: File/
Print > Catalog > Type

Trace Displays only trace files (.TRA) on the

selected drive.
Key access: File/
Print > Catalog > Type

Limits Displays only the limits files (.LIM) on the

selected drive.
Key access: File/
Print > Catalog > Type

Sort Sorts the files according to a selected file attribute,

including By Date, By Name, and Order Up Down. Order
(Up) sorts files in ascending order (such as A, B, C).
Order (Down) allows you to sort files in descending
order (such as C, B, A).
Key access: File/
Print > Catalog

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 Key Reference 4

Local Accesses the internal storage of the analyzer.

Key access: File/
Print > Catalog

USB Accesses the external USB storage device.

Key access: File/
Print > Catalog
Save Accesses menu keys that allow the user to save the analyzer
screen, state, trace, and limit data to a USB storage device
or to the internal storage.
Key access: File/
Print

Save Executes the save function. When completed, the

Now message “local(USB)/XXX file saved” (where XXX is
the filename) will appear in the status bar.
Key access: File/
Print > Save

Type Selects the type of data for the file save.

Key access: File/
Print > Save

Screen Displays all previously saved screen

files (.JPG) and captures the current
screen displayed in preparation to save
it in a file (.JPG).
Key access: File/
Print > Save > Type

State Displays all saved state (.STA) files and

detects the current state parameters in
preparation to save into a file (.STA).
State files include all settings but not
traces or limits.
Key access: File/
Print > Save > Type

Trace Displays all previously saved trace files

(.TRA) and detects the current trace in
preparation to save it in a file (.TRA).
Save individual traces or a group of
traces.
Key access: File/
Print > Save > Type

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4 Key Reference

Limits Displays all previously saved limits files

(.LIM) and detects the current limits in
preparation to save them in a file
(.LIM). Limits provide data sets to
determine whether a trace has exceeded
preset specifications.
Key access: File/
Print > Save > Type
Source When Type is Trace, you can select trace 1, 2, 3 or
4 in addition to the state. All Traces is selected to
save all four traces in a single file, along with the
state.
When Type is Limits, Source accesses the Limit 1 and
2 softkeys. Limit 1 and 2 provide data sets to
determine whether a measurement trace has
exceeded preset specifications.
Key access: File/
Print > Save
Name Accesses the softkeys to enter the filename.
Key access: File/
Print > Save

Only capital letters (A-Z) and digits (0-9) may appear in file names. The
NOTE
analyzer will automatically add the three character file extension
name.

Load Accesses a submenu to load analyzer states, traces and

limits into the analyzer from a USB storage device or
internal storage (Local).
Key access: File/
Print

Load Executes the load file function. When load

Now completed, the message “local(USB)/XXX file loaded”
appears in the status bar (where XXX is the
filename).
Key access: File/
Print > Load
Type To select the type of file to be loaded.
Key access: File/
Print > Load

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State Displays all state file types listed in

the storage location (.STA). Loading a
state filetype restores most parameters
to the instrument settings.
Key access: File/
Print > Load > Type
Trace Displays all trace file types (.TRA).
Load traces individually or as a group.
Loading a trace also loads the current
state, and sets the trace to view mode.
Key access: File/
Print > Load > Type
Limits Displays all limits file types. The limits
data points in these files may help
determine whether a trace has
exceeded preset specifications (.LIM).
Limits are loaded individually only.
Key access: File/
Print > Load > Type
Sort Accesses a submenu to view your saved files
according to a selected file attribute. The
selections include, By Date, By Name, and Order Up
Down. Order (Up) sorts files in ascending order
(such as A,B,C). Order (Down) sorts files in
descending order (such as C,B,A).
Key access: File/
Print > Load
Destination With Type set to Trace, Destination directs the
data to Trace 1, 2, 3 or 4. If the data is for all
four traces (for instance, Source was All Traces
when they were saved), the data returns to the
original trace registers.
When Type is set to Limits, Destination allows you
to direct your data to Limit 1 or Limit 2.
Key access: File/
Print > Load

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4 Key Reference

Delete Enter the submenu for deletion.

Key access: File/
Print

Delete Executes the delete file function. After a

Now successful delete, the message “local(USB)/XXX file
deleted” appears in the status bar on the display
(where XXX is the filename).
Key access: File/
Print > Delete

Type Selects the filetype to delete.

Key access: File/
Print > Delete

All Displays all files for deletion.

Key access: File/
Print > Delete > Type

Screen Displays only screen files for deletion.

Key access: File/
Print > Delete > Type

State Displays only state files for deletion.

Key access: File/
Print > Delete > Type

Trace Displays only trace files for deletion.

Key access: File/
Print > Delete > Type

Limits Displays only limits files for deletion.

Key access: File/
Print > Delete > Type

Sort Sorts the files according to a file attribute for

deletion: By Date, By Name and Order Up Down.
Order (Up) displays files in ascending order. Order
(Down) displays files in descending order.
Key access: File/
Print > Delete

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 Key Reference 4

Copy Enters the submenu to copy files from local to a USB

storage device.
Key access: File/
Print

Copy Executes the copy function. If the copy is

Now successful, “local/XXX file copied to USB” will appear
in the status bar (where XXX is the filename).
Key access: File/
Print > Copy
Type Select the type of file to copy.
Key access: File/
Print > Copy
All Displays all file types.
Key access: File/
Print > Copy > Type
Screen Displays all screen files.
Key access: File/
Print > Copy > Type
State Displays all state files.
Key access: File/
Print > Copy > Type
Trace Displays all trace files.
Key access: File/
Print > Copy > Type
Limits Displays all limits files.
Key access: File/
Print > Copy > Type
Sort Sorts the files according to a file attribute to be
copied, including By Date, By Name and Order Up
Down. Order (Up) displays files in ascending order.
Order (Down) displays files in descending order.
Key access: File/
Print > Copy

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4 Key Reference

Frequency
Press Frequency to activate the center frequency function, and
access the menu softkeys for frequency functions. The center
frequency, or start and stop frequency values appear below
the graticule on the display.

When changing both the center frequency and span, change the
NOTE
frequency first. The frequency value may limit the span.

Center Freq Softkey activates the center frequency function and sets the
horizontal center of the display to a specific frequency.
Key access: Frequency

Start Freq Softkey sets the frequency starting at the left side of the
graticule. The left and right sides of the graticule correspond
to the start and stop frequencies.
Key access: Frequency

Stop Freq Softkey sets the frequency at the right side of the graticule.
The left and right sides of the graticule correspond to the
start and stop frequencies.
Key access: Frequency

CF Step Softkey changes the step size for the center frequency
Auto Man function. On selecting a step size and activating the center
frequency function, the arrow keys change center the
frequency by the step- size value. The step size function is
useful for finding harmonics and sidebands beyond the
current frequency span of the analyzer. Selecting auto- couple
sets the center frequency step size to one division (10
percent of the span).
Key access: Frequency

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 Key Reference 4

Signal Track Softkey moves the signal nearest the active marker to the
On Off center of the display and maintains the signal at the center
of the display. “ST” will appear in the lower- left corner of
the display.
Pressing Signal Track (Off); Preset/
System > Preset (Preset Type set to
Factory); or Marker > All Off will turn off the signal track
function.
Toggling signal track to on and reducing the span initiates
an automatic zoom and will reduce the span in steps, so
that the signal remains at the center of the display. Signal
track cannot be activated, if the span is set to zero.
Key access: Frequency

If no marker is active, pressing Signal Track (On) activates a marker,

NOTE
perform a peak search, and center the marker on the display.
Switching to zero span turns Signal Track (Off).

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4 Key Reference

Marker
Hardkey accesses the marker control softkey menus to select
the type and number of markers. Markers are shown on the
display as diamond- shaped characters that identify points of
traces. Up to twelve pairs of markers (when using Delta Pair
markers) may appear on the display simultaneously; only
one pair can be controlled at a time.
Select Marker Selects one of the twelve possible markers. If a marker has
already been selected it will become the active marker.
Key access: Marker

Normal Activates a single frequency marker at the center of the

active trace if not already displayed.
Displaying a marker before enabling the Normal function
enables the marker at the position of the selected marker.
The marker number shows above the marker. The knob
and/or arrow keys move the marker left or right. Entering a
value from the numeric keypad moves the marker to the
trace point nearest to that value. Annotation in the active
function block and in the upper- right corner indicates the
frequency and amplitude of the marker (time and amplitude,
if in zero span.) Pressing Normal turns off the Delta function
and moves the active marker to the delta marker position.
Key access: Marker

Delta Accesses the submenu to use the marker delta function.

Key access: Marker

Delta Delta (On) activates a second marker at the

On Off position of the first marker. If no marker is
present, two markers with the same
identification number will appear at the center
of the display. The marker number is indicated
above the delta marker, and the same number is
indicated with an R (for example, 1R) above the
reference marker. The amplitude and frequency
(or time) of the first marker is fixed.

96 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Key Reference 4

Use the data control keys to position the delta

marker. Annotation in the active function block
and in the upper- right corner indicates the
differences between the two markers,
frequency/time and amplitude. Delta (Off) moves the
reference marker to the active marker position,
allowing you to make delta measurement from
differing reference points without having to turn
off the markers and begin again.
Key access: Marker > Delta
Delta Pair Toggles the Delta Pair between the reference (start)
Ref Delta and delta (stop) markers. The start marker number
is indicated with a number and an R (reference)
above the marker (for example, 1R). The delta
marker is identified with the marker number only.
Key access: Marker > Delta
Span Pair Toggles the Span Pair function between the span
Span Center and center markers. The start marker number is
indicated with a number and an R above the
marker (such as 1R) and the stop marker is
indicated with only the marker number. Adjusting
the span changes the frequency difference between
the two markers while maintaining the midpoint at
a fixed frequency. Selecting Center changes the
center point between the two markers while
maintaining the frequency difference.
Key access: Marker > Delta
Ref and Delta markers maintain their displayed x-axis location,
NOTE
however, their frequency values will change if the frequency or span
parameters that define the x-axis scale are changed. Reset these
markers, if necessary, when parameters such as Span or Center Freq
are changed.

Off Turns off the selected marker by the Select Marker key. Off
also turns off the related functions such as signal track. It
will also removes marker annotation from the display.
Key access: Marker

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4 Key Reference

All Off Turns off all markers, including markers used for signal
track, and marker annotations.
Key access: Marker

Function Accesses the marker function softkeys listed below.

Key access: Marker

Freq Accesses the frequency counter function.

Counter Key access: Marker > Function
Freq Counter Toggles the frequency counter
On Off function on and off.
Key access: Marker > Function > Freq Count
Resolution Toggles the frequency counter
Auto Man resolution from manual to
auto- couple. The allowed values are
0.1, 1, 10, 100 Hz and 1 kHz. Pressing
Auto auto- couples frequency counter
resolution to the span.
Key access: Marker > Function > Freq Count

The ratio of the resolution bandwidth to span must be greater than

NOTE
0.02 for proper frequency counter function. The frequency counter will
work correctly only on CW signals or discrete peaks. For an accurate
reading, the marker must be >40 dB above the noise.

Phase Accesses the phase noise function softkeys.

Noise Key access: Marker > Function
Phase Noise Toggles the phase noise function on
On Off and off.
Key access: Marker > Function > Phase Noise
Offset Manually sets the offset of the marker
Manual to measure phase noise.
Key access: Marker > Function > Phase Noise
Offset Sets the offset to +1, +10, +20, +30, +50,
+100 kHz or +1 MHz.
Key access: Marker > Function > Phase Noise

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 Key Reference 4

Optimize This softkey is valid only when span fall in the

Phase Noise range of 100 Hz and 100 kHz. After enabling
this softkey, the 1st LO Loop filter bandwidth
will be changed from approx. 5 kHz to 120- 150
kHz automatically, which optimizes the phase
noise close in to the carrier.
Key access: Marker > Function > Phase Noise

Optimize Phase noise (On) will worsen phase noise accuracy far away
NOTE from the carrier. When testing phase noise far away from the carrier,
select Optimize Phase noise (Off).

For more details on how to measure the phase noise of a

signal, refer to “Measuring Phase Noise” on page 55.
Marker Trace Places a marker on the selected trace, if no markers have
Auto 1 2 3 4 been previously turned on. If a marker is currently active,
press Marker Trace until 1, 2, 3, or 4 is underlined: the active
marker moves to the selected trace.
Selecting Auto mode moves the marker to the automatically
selected trace. The trace selection will search for the lowest
numbered trace in the following mode order: Clear-write,
Max-hold, Min-hold and View. If there are no traces in any of
these modes, it selects trace 1.
Key access: Marker > More

Marker Table Compresses the graticule and displays marker information in

a table. The information includes the marker number, trace
number, marker type, X axis value, and the amplitude.
Key access: Marker > More

On Activates/deactivates the marker table.

Off Key access: Marker > More > Maker Table

Prev Page displays the previous/next page of the marker

Next Page table.
Key access: Marker > More > Maker Table

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4 Key Reference

Marker->
Press Marker accesses the following marker function softkeys:
Mkr CF Sets the frequency of the marker to the center frequency. In
delta mode, Mkr CF sets the displayed trace center
frequency to the frequency of the marker delta value.
Mkr CF is not available in zero span.
Key access: Marker

Mkr CF Step Changes the center- frequency step size to match the value of
the active marker. Press Frequency > CF Step to view the step
size. The step size is the frequency difference between the
markers when marker delta is active. Use this function to
step from one signal harmonic to another. Mkr CF Step is
not available in zero span.
Key access: Marker

Mkr Start Changes the display start frequency to the frequency of the
active marker. In delta mode, Mkr Start sets the start
frequency to the marker delta value. Mkr Start is not
available in zero span.
Key access: Marker

Mkr Stop Changes the stop frequency to the frequency of the active
marker. In Delta mode, Mkr Stop sets the stop frequency to
the marker delta value. Mkr Stop is not available in zero
span.
Key access: Marker

Mkr Ref Lel Changes the reference level to the active marker value,
moving the marked point to the reference level (top line of
the graticule). In delta mode, Mkr Ref Lel sets the reference
level to the amplitude difference between the markers. (For
example, if the difference is –15 dB, the reference level –15
dBm.)
Key access: Marker

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 Key Reference 4

Meas
In the Spectrum Analyer mode (see MODE), Meas key displays a
menu for measurements such as adjacent channel power,
occupied bandwidth, channel power, spectrum emission mask
and TOI. Refer to Chapter 5, “One- Button Measurements” for
more information about these measurements. Press Measure
Off to turn the measurement off.

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4 Key Reference

MODE
Selects the measurement mode of your analyzer.
Spectrum Analyser mode is the default mode and is for general
purpose measurement use. .
Spectrum Selects the spectrum analysis measurement mode for the
Analyzer analyzer.
Key access: MODE

Tracking Accesses the tracking generator functions. (Option TG3)

Generator Key access: MODE

Amplitude TG Activates (On) or deactivates (Off) the

On Off tracking generator output. The power level
can then be adjusted using the numeric
keypad, arrow keys or knob. Pressing any
digit, 0 through 9, on the numeric keypad
brings up the selected terminator menu. The
output level range is –30 dBm to 0 dBm.
Key access: MODE > Tracking Generator
Attenuation To set the output attenuation level of the
tracking generator using the tracking
generator output attenuator. The available
level is 0 to 30 dB in 6 dB steps.The default
setting is 18 dB.
Key access: MODE > Tracking Generator
Amptd Offset Amptd Offset (On) allows you to offset the
On Off displayed power of the tracking generator.
Using the amplitude offset capability of the
tracking generator allows you to take system
losses or gains into account, thereby
displaying the actual power delivered to the
device under test.
Key access: MODE > Tracking Generator

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 Key Reference 4

Amptd Step To set the step size of the power level range of the
Auto Man tracking generator. The default setting is one vertical
scale division when in a logarithmic amplitude scale.
Key access: MODE > Tracking Generator
Power Sweep the output offset of the tracking generator.
Sweep The analyzer continues to sweep the linear change
between start and stop frequency when power sweep
is on. The input range is 0 dB to 10 dB.
Key access: MODE > Tracking Generator>More
Normalize Accesses the following softkeys.
Store Ref Copies trace 1 into trace 3. Softkey menu
(1->3) Store Ref (1->3) must be pressed before
pressing Normalize (On).
Key access: MODE > Tracking Generator >
More > Normalize
Normalize Activates the normalize function. On
On Off each sweep, the normalized trace (Trace
3) is subtracted from Trace 1 and the
result is added to the normalized
reference level.
The trace data is normalized with
respect to the normalized reference level,
even if the value of the normalized
reference level is changed. This function
remains in effect on all subsequent
sweeps until it is turned off.
The normalize function is most useful for
applying correction data to a trace while
making a stimulus response measurement

Trace 1 should be in clear write mode prior to setting normalize to on.

NOTE

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4 Key Reference

with a tracking generator. For example,

connect the cables and a thru line, in place
of the device to be measured, between the
tracking generator and the analyzer input.
Notice that the frequency response is not
perfectly flat, showing the response of the
cables, as well as the flatness of both the
tracking generator and the analyzer. Now
press Store Ref (1->3), Normalize (On). Notice
that the displayed trace is now flat, or
normalized. The position of the normalized
trace can now be moved to a different
position on the display by changing the
normalized reference position. This may be
useful if the device to be tested has
positive gain, such as an amplifier. Now,
replace the thru line with the device under
test, and an accurate measurement of the
gain or loss can be made.
Key access: MODE > Tracking Generator > More
> Normalize
Norm Ref Lvl Sets the level (in dB) of the normalized
reference.
Key access: MODE > Tracking Generator > More
> Normalize
Norm Ref Offsets the displayed trace without affecting
Posn the instrument gain or attenuation settings.
This allows the displayed trace to be moved
without decreasing measurement accuracy.
The normalized reference position is
indicated with a (>) character on the left
side of the display and a (<) character on
the right side of the display.
Key access: MODE > Tracking Generator > More
> Normalize

104 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Key Reference 4

Ref Trace Allows you to view or blank the reference

View Blank trace on the display.
Key access: MODE > Tracking Generator > More
> Normalize
Tracking Activates a routine that automatically adjusts fine
Peak frequency tracking to obtain the peak response of the
tracking generator on the spectrum analyzer display.
Tracking Peak is performed in the current resolution
bandwidth.
Key access: MODE > Tracking Generator > More
Man Track Allows you to manually adjust the frequency of the
adj tracking generator oscillator using the step keys, knob,
or numeric keypad. The tracking adjust is tuned to
maximize the amplitude of the trace.
Key access: MODE > Tracking Generator > More

When in the Tracking Generator mode, resolution bandwidths < 1 kHz

NOTE
are not available.

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4 Key Reference

Peak Search
Places a marker on the highest peak based on the settings of
the “Search Criteria” on page 110. Refer to “Peak Search
Type” on page 111, for more information on the effect of
settings.

All peak search functions ignore the LO feed through signal. The process
NOTE for determining if the Peak is the LO feed through takes into account Start
Frequency, Span, Resolution Bandwidth, Resolution Bandwidth shape
factor, and Frequency Accuracy. If there is no point of inflection within the
LO feed through range, the point on the trace with maximum amplitude,
that is higher in frequency than the LO feed through, will be selected.

Peak Search Performs peak search as described above.

Key access: Peak
Search

Next Peak Places the marker on the next highest peak. The signal peak
must exceed the peak threshold value by the peak excursion
value. If there is no peak, the marker will not move.
Key access: Peak
Search

Next Pk Right Moves the marker to the next peak to the right of the
current marker position. The signal peak must exceed the
peak threshold value by the peak excursion value. If there is
no peak to the right, the marker will not move and the “ No
Peak Found ” error message will appear on the display.
Key access: Peak
Search

Next Pk Left Moves the marker to the next peak to the left of the current
marker position. The signal peak must exceed the peak
threshold value by the peak excursion value. If there is no
peak to the left, the marker will not move and the “No Peak
Found” error message will appear on the display.
Key access: Peak
Search

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 Key Reference 4

Min Search Moves the active marker to the minimum detected amplitude.
Key access: Peak
Search

Pk-Pk Search Finds and displays the frequency (or time, if in zero span),
and amplitude differences between the highest and lowest
trace points.
Key access: Peak
Search

Continuous Pk When Continuous Pk is on, the marker will remain on the peak
On Off signal even if the frequency of that signal changes. The
marker will remain on that signal as long as the amplitude
of the signal does not change by more than 3 dB from one
sweep to another.
If the signal is lost, the marker will attempt to find it again
and maintain on the peak. If there are other signals on
screen near the same amplitude, one of them may be found
instead. Signals near 0 Hz cannot be maintained effectively.
This function is intended to maintain the marker on signals
with a frequency that is changing, and an amplitude that is
not changing.
Search > More
Key access: Peak

N dB Points Activates the N dB function. Pressing N dB Points (On)

On Off activates two arrows that are N dB down from the marker.
The frequency difference between the two arrows will be
displayed in the upper right- hand corner of the display.
Key access: Peak
Search > More

Search Criteria Accesses the submenu to set the criteria for peak search.
Key access: Peak
Search > More

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4 Key Reference

Peak Excursion Sets the minimum amplitude variation of

signals that the marker identifies as a peak.
If a value of 10 dB is selected, the marker
moves only to peaks that rise and fall more
than 10 dB above the peak threshold value.
When the peak excursion is 6 dB or higher,

Two signal peaks, which are so close together that the amplitude drop
NOTE
between them is less than the peak-excursion value, are not
recognized as two peaks. A signal peak is recognized only if it has a
peak excursion drop above the noise floor, on both sides of the signal.

the marker- peak does not recognize signals

less than peak- excursion value above the
noise floor. To correct this, when measuring
signals near the noise floor, reduce the
excursion value. To prevent the marker from
identifying noise as signals, reduce the noise
floor variance less than the peak- excursion
value by reducing the video bandwidth or by
using video averaging.
Search > More >Search Criteria
Key access: Peak
Peak Sets the minimum amplitude that the marker
Threshold can identify as a peak. For example, if set to
–90 dBm, the marker moves only to peaks
that rise and fall more than the peak
excursion above –90 dBm. Only functional
when in Excursion and Threshold marker
mode.
Search > More > Search Criteria
Key access: Peak
Threshold Hides the threshold line from being displayed
Hidden on the screen.
Search > More > Search Criteria
Key access: Peak
Peak Search Selects the peak search mode.
Type Search > More > Search Criteria
Key access: Peak

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 Key Reference 4

Max Value A Peak search with Max Value type

places a marker on the highest
peak, excluding the LO
feedthrough peak.
Search > More > Search
Key access: Peak
Criteria > Peak Search Type
Excursion & When Peak Search Type is Excursion &
Threshold Threshold, a peak search places a
marker on a peak that meets the
Peak Excursion and Peak Threshold
parameters. If Peak Search Type is
Excursion & Threshold and no peak
satisfies the selected parameters, a
marker is placed at the center of
the trace, and the error message,
“No Peak Found” will appear.
Search > More > Search
Key access: Peak
Criteria > Peak Search Type

Peak Table Accesses the following Peak Table softkeys to set a peak table.
Search > More
Key access: Peak

Peak Table Displays a list of up to 12 signal peaks that is

On Off updated at the end of each sweep. The peak
table function works with trace 1 only.
Search > More > Peak Table
Key access: Peak

Peak Sort Switches the peak table sorting routine

Freq Amptd between listing the peaks in order by
descending amplitude or frequency.
Search > More > Peak Table
Key access: Peak

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4 Key Reference

Preset/System
Accesses the Preset and System softkeys. When the analyzer
is in the remote mode, pressing Preset/
System returns the analyzer
to the local controlmode and enables front- panel inputs.
Preset Provides a known state of the instrument for making
measurements. The analyzer allows you to select whether a
user preset, or factory preset is performed.
If Preset Type is set to Factory, pressing Preset/
System > Preset performs
a factory preset, which performs the following:
• Resets the analyzer to Spectrum Analyzer (SA) mode
• Brings up the Frequency menu
• Sets certain conditions to their default values
• Clears both the input and output buffers and clears all
trace data
• Sets the amplitude values of trace 2, 3 and 4 to the
bottom of the screen
• Turn amplitude- correction factors off, but remain in
analyzer memory
• Turn limit line testing off, but the limit line tables remain
in analyzer memory
See Table Factory Preset States as follows for the conditions
established by performing a factory preset.
When Preset Type is set to User, pressing Preset/
System > Preset
displays the softkeys User Preset and Factory Preset, you then
select the specific preset as you need.
Key access: Preset/
System

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 Key Reference 4

Factory Preset State

Attenuation 20 dB(Auto) Average Type Video (Auto)

Center frequency 1.5 GHz Averaging 1(Off)
CF step size 300 MHz Peak Excursion 6 dB
Start Frequency 0 Hz Peak Threshold -90 dBm
Stop Frequency 3 GHz Peak Search Type Max Value
Signal Track Off Peak Table Off
Span 3 GHz Peak Sort Amplitude
Reference level 0 dBm Continuous Pk Off
Log scale/Division 10 dB Delta Pair Delta
Int Preamp Off Span Pair Center
Trace 1 Clear Write Trigger Free Run
Trace 2, 3, 4 Blank Markers Normal(Off)
Sweep Time 100.2 ms(Auto) Marker Delta Off
Sweep Continuous Marker Table Off
Limit Off Measure Meas Off
Limit line testing Off File Catalog Local
Limit point 0 File Type State
Detector Peak(Auto) File Sort By Date
Display line -25 dBm(Off) Phase Noise Off
Video bandwidth 3 MHz(Auto) Optimize phase noise Off
VBW/RBW ratio 1.000 (Auto) Frequency Counter Off
Resolution 3 MHz(Auto) Frequency counter 1 kHz(Auto)
bandwidth resolution

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4 Key Reference

Pwr on/Preset Accesses the following softkeys for the preset settings.
Key access: Preset/
System

Power on Determines the state of the analyzer when the

Last Preset analyzer is turned on. Power On set to Preset
recalls the analyzer settings previously with the
Preset function. Power On set to Last recalls the
analyzer settings when previously power off.
System > Pwr on/Preset
Key access: Preset/

Preset Type Selects User or Factory preset settings.

System > Pwr on/Preset
Key access: Preset/

User Pressing Preset recalls the analyzer

settings defined by Save User Preset.
System > Pwr on/Preset >
Key access: Preset/
Preset Type

Factory Pressing Preset recalls the analyzer

settings originally set at the factory.
System > Pwr on/Preset >
Key access: Preset/
Preset Type

Save User Saves the active settings of the analyzer into

Preset the User Preset register. To recall these settings,
select Preset Type to User.
System > Pwr on/Preset
Key access: Preset/

Alignment Accesses the following softkeys that align the internal

circuitry of the analyzer, load default values for the
alignment system, and adjust the 10 MHz reference.
Key access: Preset/
System

Align Accesses the Align softkeys.

System > Alignment
Key access: Preset/

All Initiates the alignment of systems

(Ext Cable) with a cable connected from the CAL
OUT to RF IN (Except option TG3).
System > Alignment > Align
Key access: Preset/

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 Key Reference 4

CAL OUT Turns the internal amplitude

On Off reference signal on or off. When this
signal is on, the RF input is disabled.
System > Alignment > Align
Key access: Preset/

Timebase verifies the 10 MHz reference signal setting may

be adjusted for changed operating conditions,
such as temperature.
System > Alignment
Key access: Preset/

Load Default Loads the default values for the alignment

system, turns on the frequency corrections, and
resets the timebase to the factory values.
System > Alignment
Key access: Preset/

Language Accesses the softkeys for selecting the screen menu language.
Key access: Preset/
System

Diagnostics Accesses the Front Panel Test softkey to verify the functionality
of each front- panel key. The number next to each key name
increments once each time the key is pressed. Rotating the
knobs causes the number of pulses to be counted. Press
Return will go back to the main menu.
Key access: Preset/
System

Show System Displays the number and description of the options installed
in your analyzer. It also displays the instrument model
number, product number, serial number, the date of
production, etc.
System > More
Key access: Preset/

Show Provides detailed information about the hardware installed

Hardware on the analyzer, including the model number and firmware
revision.
System > More
Key access: Preset/

Show Provides detailed information about the software installed on

Software the analyzer.
System > More
Key access: Preset/

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4 Key Reference

Show Errors Accesses a list of the 100 most recent errors reported. The
most recent error will appear at the bottom of the list. The
first error listed will be removed if the error list is longer
than 20 entries. If the same error occurs continuously, that
error message will not be added repeatedly to the list. Refer
to “Instrument Messages” on page 139 for details.
System > More
Key access: Preset/

Prev Page/ Access the previous/next page of error

Next Page messages.
System > More > Show Errors
Key access: Preset/

Clear Error Clears all the errors in the errors queue.

Queue System > More > Show Errors
Key access: Preset/

Time/Date Accesses the following Time/Date menu keys used to set and
display the real- time clock:
System > More
Key access: Preset/

Time/Date Toggles the time/date display between on and

On Off off.
System > More >Time/Date
Key access: Preset/

Date Format Changes the display format of date from

MDY DMY month- day- year to day- month- year.
System > More > Time/Date
Key access: Preset/

Set Time sets the time of the real- time clock. Enter the
time in 24 hour HHMMSS format. Valid hour
(HH) values are from 00 to 23. Valid minute
(MM) and second (SS) values are from 00 to 59.
System > More > Time/Date
Key access: Preset/

Set Date sets the date of the real- time clock. Enter the
date in the YYYYMMDD format. Valid year
(YYYY) values are 0000 through 9999. Valid
month (MM) values are from 01 to 12, and
valid day values are from 01 to 31.
System > More > Time/Date
Key access: Preset/

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 Key Reference 4

Licensing Accesses the security system to enable licensing for

individual options. A user may not turn off an option using
this system. Once an option has been licensed for a given
analyzer, it cannot be transferred to a different analyzer.
System > More > More
Key access: Preset/

Option Allows you to key in a three- character option

number. The option number will appear on the
second line of the Option key.
System > More > More > Licensing
Key access: Preset/

License Key Allows you to key in a license key number.

The license key number appears on the second
line of the License Key softkey.
System > More > More > Licensing
Key access: Preset/

Activate Activates the license for the option whose

License number was previously input in License Key. If
the entry is correct, the option will be enabled
and the message: “Option activated” will appear
in the status line of your display. The option
number and license key numbers will also
clear from the License Key and Option key.
If the entry is incorrect, the error message
“License key invalid” appears in the status line of
the display. Edit the option and/or license key
number until they are correct.
System > More > More > Licensing
Key access: Preset/

Brightness Adjusts the display brightness from 1% to 100%.

System > More > More
Key access: Preset/

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4 Key Reference

SPAN
Accesses the span function and the submenu softkeys for
span functions. Pressing Span changes the frequency range
symmetrically about the center frequency. The
frequency- span readout describes the total displayed
frequency range. To determine frequency span per horizontal
graticule division (when the frequency scale type is set to
linear), divide the frequency span by 10.
Span Enter the span frequency range value.
Key access: Span

Full Span Changes the span to full span showing the full frequency
range of the analyzer. Full span sets Signal Track, Marker
function off.
Key access: Span

Zero Span Changes the frequency span to zero. In this mode, the
current center frequency is displayed in the time domain
(the x- axis is displayed in units of time), like a conventional
oscilloscope. Zero span sets Signal Track (Off).
Key access: Span

Last Span Changes the span to the previous span setting.

Key access: Span

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 Key Reference 4

Sweep/Trig
Accesses the Sweep/Trigger softkeys for selection of the
sweep mode and trigger mode of the analyzer. The softkey
menu selections are defined as follows:
Sweep Time Selects the length of time the analyzer takes to tune across
Auto Man the displayed frequency span (or, in zero span, the time the
analyzer takes to sweep the full screen). Reducing the sweep
time increases the sweep rate. Change the sweep time by
using the arrow keys, the knob, or the numeric keypad.
In non- zero spans, when the sweep time is auto- coupled, the
analyzer selects the optimum (shortest) sweep time for the
current settings. This selection process is influenced by
several factors:
• The max. tuning rate of the spectrum analyzer
• The selected resolution and video bandwidth filters
• The max. sample rate of the analog- to- digital converter
• The number of trace points
• The amplitude scale (logarithmic or linear)
• The detector mode
The user may select a sweep time less than the auto- coupled
value; however this may generate measurement errors. The
minimum sweep time is 50 ms.
In zero span, the minimum sweep time is determined by the
maximum sample rate of the ADC and the number of sweep
points. The minimum sweep time is 2 microseconds. The
maximum sweep time is 4000 seconds.
Key access: Sweep/
Trig

Sweep Pressing Sweep Single puts the analyzer in single- sweep

Single mode. Press Sweep Single to initiate a sweep when in
single- sweep mode.
Key access: Sweep/
Trig

Sweep Cont Selecting continuous sweep causes repeated sweeps to be

triggered. Pressing Preset (When Preset Type is set to Factory)
sets the sweep mode to continuous sweep.

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4 Key Reference

Key access: Sweep/

Trig
Free Run New sweep starts as soon as possible after the current
sweep ends.
Key access: Sweep/
Trig > More

Video Activates the trigger condition that starts the next sweep if
the detected RF envelope voltage rises to a level set by the
video trigger level. When Video is pressed, a line appears on
the display. The analyzer triggers when the input signal
exceeds the trigger level at the left edge of the display.
Change the trigger level by using the arrow keys, the knob,
or the numeric keypad.
Key access: Sweep/
Trig > More

This function is not available when the Resolution Bandwidth is less

NOTE
than 1 kHz. Selecting a Resolution Bandwidth less than 1 kHz while in
Video Trigger mode, changes the Trigger mode to Free Run.

External Pos Activates the trigger condition that will start a sweep when
the external voltage (connected to EXT TRG IN on the rear
panel) passes through approximately 2 volts. The external
trigger signal must be a 0 V to +5 V TTL signal. Sets the
trigger polarity to positive.
Key access: Sweep/
Trig > More

External Neg Sets the trigger polarity to negative.

Key access: Sweep/
Trig > More

Trig Offset Allows you to set and turn on or off an offset value from
On Off the trigger point of the sweep at which to begin storing data
in the trace of the analyzer. The offset is specified as a
function of time, and permits positive (pre trigger) and
negative (post trigger) values to be specified.
Key Access: Sweep/
Trig > More

This function is only available when in Zero Span. The value and state is
NOTE saved if Zero Span is exited and restored when Zero Span is reselected.

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View/Trace
Accesses the trace keys to store and manipulate trace
information. Each trace consists of a series of points in
which amplitude data is stored. The analyzer updates the
information for any active trace with each sweep.
Select Trace Selects the trace for current use.
1234 Key access: View/
Trace

Clear Write Erases any data previously stored in the selected trace, then
continuously displays any signals during each sweep of the
analyzer. This function is activated for trace 1 at power- on
and Factory Preset.
Key access: View/
Trace

Max Hold Retains the maximum level for each trace point of the
selected trace. Updates the trace point value if a new
maximum level is detected in successive sweeps.
Key access: View/
Trace

Min Hold Retains the minimum level for each trace point of the
selected trace. Updates each minimum trace point if a new
minimum level is detected in following sweeps.
Key access: View/
Trace

View Holds and displays the amplitude data of the selected trace.
The trace register is not updated as the analyzer sweeps.
press View to retrieve a stored trace previously deactivated
by pressing Blank.
Key access: View/
Trace

Blank Stores the amplitude data for the selected trace, then
removes the trace from the display. The selected trace
register no longer updates as the analyzer sweeps. To
activate this function for traces 2, 3 and 4 at power- on press
Preset (when Preset Type is set to Factory).
Key access: View/
Trace

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120 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

Agilent N9320A Spectrum Analyzer
User’s Guide

5
One-Button Measurements

Channel Power 122

Occupied BW 124
ACP 127
Intermod (TOI) 130
Spectrum Emission Mask 132

This chapter provides information on the functional

descriptions of all available measurements when you press
the front- panel Meas hardkey (Spectrum Analyzer is selected).
It is assumed that the user has an understanding of the
front and rear panel, layout, and the display annotations of
the analyzer. To learn more about this, refer to “Agilent
N9320A at a Glance” on page 2.

s 121
5 One-Button Measurements

Channel Power
Channel Power measures the power and power spectral
density in the specified channel bandwidth. A white frame
on the display indicates the edge limits of the channel
bandwidth. The user must specify the center frequency,
reference level, and channel bandwidth to be used for the
measurement.
The power calculation method used to determine the channel
power is a traditional method known as the integration
bandwidth (IBW) method. A swept spectrum is used as the
basis for this calculation. Therefore, it is important to set
the resolution bandwidth correctly before making this
measurement using the following formula:
( k ( span ) )
RBW = ----------------------------
n
Where k is a value between 2 and 6 and n=461 is the
number of trace points.

Figure 28 Channel Power Measurement

Active Function
Area

Measurement
Result

122 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 One-Button Measurements 5

Avg Number Specifies the number of measurement averages used when

On Off calculating the measurement result with Avg Number (On). The
range is 1 to 1000. Use the knob, the arrow keys or the
numeric keypad to set the number. The average will be
displayed at the end of each sweep. Selecting Off disables
measurement averaging.
Key access: Meas > Channel Power

Avg Mode Toggles the average mode between Exp or Repeat. This
Exp Repeat determines the averaging action after the specified number
of measurements (average count) is reached.
When selecting Exp, each successive data acquisition after
the average count is reached is exponentially weighted and
combined with the existing average. Exponential averaging
weights new data more than old data, which facilitates
tracking of slow- changing signals. The average will be
displayed at the end of each sweep.
When selecting Repeat, after reaching the average count, all
previous data is cleared and the average count is back to 1.
Key access: Meas > Channel Power

Integ BW Specifies the range of integration used in calculating the

power in a channel. For example, set the main (center)
channel bandwidth. Note that the white frame indicates the
integration bandwidth. Be sure the span is set between 1
and 10 times the integration bandwidth. Change integration
bandwidth by using the knob and the arrow keys.
Key access: Meas > Channel Power

Chan Pwr Span Specifies the frequency span used for the channel power
measurement by using the knob and the arrow keys. Be sure
the span is set between 1 and 10 times the integration
bandwidth.
Key access: Meas > Channel Power

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Occupied BW
Occupied Bandwidth integrates the power of the displayed
spectrum. The power- bandwidth routine first computes all
signal power contained in the trace, then calculates the span
containing the power of the specified percentage. The
percentage value default is 99% of the occupied bandwidth
power.
For 99% occupied power bandwidth, Markers are placed at
the frequencies on either side of 99% of the power. 1% of the
power is evenly distributed outside the markers. The
difference between the marker frequencies is the 99% power
bandwidth.

This is the main menu of occupied bandwidth measurement

including all related parameters and measurement results.

Figure 29 Occupied Bandwidth Measurement

f1 f2

Measurement
Result

The occupied bandwidth function also indicates the

difference between the center frequency and the center
frequency of the channel. This “Transmit Freq Error”

124 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 One-Button Measurements 5

is defined as the difference between the (f1 + f2)/2 and the

tuned center frequency of the signal.
To get the correct measurement result, first set the center frequency,
NOTE reference level, and channel spacing.

Avg Number Select On to specify the number of measurement averages

On Off used when calculating the measurement result. The average
is displayed at the end of each sweep. Select Off to disable
measurement averaging. The range is from 1 to 1000.
Key access: Meas > Occupied BW

Avg Mode Toggles the termination control type used for the averaging
Exp Repeat function between Exp and Repeat. This determines the
averaging action after the specified number of measurements
(average count) is reached.
When you select Exp, each successive data acquisition after
the average count is reached is exponentially weighted and
combined with the existing average. Exponential averaging
weights new data more than old data, which facilitates
tracking of slow- changing signals. The average is displayed at
the end of each sweep.
When you select Repeat, after reaching the average count, all
previous data is cleared and the average count is reset to 1
and the averaging process is restarted.
Key access: Meas > Occupied BW

Max Hold Toggles the maximum hold trace feature between On and Off.
On Off Maximum hold displays and holds the maximum responses
of a signal.
Key access: Meas > Occupied BW

Occ BW% Pwr Edits the percentage of signal power used when determining
the occupied bandwidth.
Key access: Meas > Occupied BW

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5 One-Button Measurements

OBW Span Specifies the integration range used to calculate the total
power from which the percent occupied bandwidth is then
calculated. The analyzer span will be set to the same value
as the OBW Span for the measurement. OBW Span should
be set to an approximate multiple of 2 times the expected
occupied bandwidth result. The range is from 100 Hz to 3
GHz.
Key access: Meas > Occupied BW

x dB Specifies the power level used to determine the emission

bandwidth as the number of dB down from the highest
signal point, within the occupied bandwidth span. This
function is an independent calculation from the OBW
calculation. The x dB Bandwidth result is also called the
emissions bandwidth, or EBW. Two arrows will be set to the
specified dB value below the maximum power level and the
total power between the arrows will be computed.
Frequencies f1 and f2 are determined as the furthest
frequencies x dB below and above maximum power level,
respectively. The emission bandwidth is then calculated as f2
– f1 as shown by the arrows indicated in Figure 29 (note
that the diamond markers are for the OBW function). The
range is from –100.0 to –0.1 dB.
Key access: Meas > Occupied BW

The asterisk next to the x dB bandwidth value in Figure 29 indicates

NOTE
the results may not have been determined with optimal analyzer
settings. If emission bandwidth is your primary interest, select Max
Hold. Then change detector mode to peak by pressing Det/ Display >
Detector > Positive Peak. Acquiring peak data ensures accuracy of
this measurement.

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 One-Button Measurements 5

ACP
Adjacent Channel Power (ACP) measures the power present
in adjacent transmit channels. The span is automatically set
according to the six available offsets and their associated
integration bandwidths as defined by the user.

Figure 30 Adjacent Channel Power Measurement

Avg Number Pressing On specifies the number of measurements that will

On Off be averaged when calculating the measurement result. The
average will be displayed at the end of each sweep. Pressing
Off disables the measurement averaging.
Key access: Meas > ACP

Avg Mode Enables the user to select the type of termination control
Exp Repeat used for the averaging function (Exp or Repeat). This
determines the averaging action after the specified number
of measurements (average count) is reached.
When selecting Exp, each successive data acquisition after
the average count is reached is exponentially weighted and
combined with the existing average. Exponential averaging

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5 One-Button Measurements

weights new data more than old data, which facilitates

tracking of slow- changing signals. The average is displayed at
the end of each sweep.
When selecting Repeat, after reaching the average count, all
previous data is cleared and the average count is back to 1.
Key access: Meas > ACP

Chan Integ BW Specifies the range of integration used in calculating the

power in the main channel. Use the knob and the arrow
keys to set the bandwidth.
Key access: Meas > ACP

Offset/Limits Accesses softkeys that allow you to configure the offsets for
the ACP measurement.
Key access: Meas > ACP

Offset Selects the offset the softkeys will affect. Press

ABCDEF Offset until the letter of the desired offset is
underlined.
Key access: Meas > ACP > Offset/Limits

Offset Freq Sets the frequency difference from the center

On Off of the main channel to the center of the offset
for a maximum of 6 offsets (labeled A- F). It
also allows you to turn On/Off the offsets that
you want to measure.
Key access: Meas > ACP > Offset/Limits

Ref BW Sets the reference bandwidth (integration

bandwidth) for each offset.
Key access: Meas > ACP > Offset/Limits

Pos Offset Sets the upper limit for the upper segment of
Limit the specified offset pair.
Key access: Meas > ACP > Offset/Limits

Neg Offset Sets the upper limit for the lower segment of
Limit the specified offset pair.
Key access: Meas > ACP > Offset/Limits

128 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 One-Button Measurements 5

Meas Type Specifies the reference for the measurement, either Total Pwr
Ref or PSD Ref. Relative values are displayed referenced to
either the total power (Total Pwr Ref) or the power spectral
density (PSD Ref) measured in the main channel.
Key access: Meas > ACP

Method Enables you to select the measurement method. The

IBW RBW resolution bandwidth (RBW) method is most useful for
measuring cdmaOne signals; the integration bandwidth
method (IBW) is preferred for other signals.
Key access: Meas > ACP > More

Total Pwr Ref Sets the adjacent channel power reference to automatic or
(PSD Ref) manual when Meas Type is set to Total Pwr Ref . When select
Auto Man Auto, the carrier power result reflects the measured power
value in the carrier. When set to Man, the last measured
value is captured and held, or may be entered by the user.
Relative values are displayed, referenced to the total power
measured in the main channel.
When Meas Type is set to PSD Ref, pressing this key sets the
power spectral density in the carrier (main channel) that is
used to compute the relative power spectral density values
for the offsets.When the PSD Ref state is set to Auto, this
will be set to the measured carrier power spectral density.
Key access: Meas > ACP > More

Limits Turns limits testing on or off. When select On, each offset is
On Off compared to its upper and lower offset limit. In those cases
where the power exceeds the limit, the calculated result will
be displayed in red to indicate a failure. If there are any
failures, the pass/fail indicator area show “FAIL” in red; if
there are none, it shows “PASS” in green when using IBW
method. Neither “FAIL” nor “PASS” will be displayed when
using RBW method. Any offsets that are in the off state are
not measured and no results will be displayed.
Key access: Meas > ACP > More

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5 One-Button Measurements

Intermod (TOI)
The third order intermodulation (TOI) measurement computes
and displays the output intercept point (IP3), and places
arrows upon the trace to indicate the measured signals and
third- order products.
Figure 31 TOI Measurement

Avg Number Set Avg Number to On to specify the number of measurement

On Off averages used when calculating the measurement result. The
average will be displayed at the end of each sweep. Setting
Avg Number to Off disables measurement averaging.
Key access: Meas > More> Intermod (TOI)

Avg Mode Selects the type of termination control used for the averaging
Exp Repeat function (Exp/Repeat). This determines the averaging action
after the specified number of measurements (average count)
is reached.
When Avg Mode is Exp, Each successive data acquisition after
the average count is reached is exponentially weighted and
combined with the existing average. Exponential averaging
weights new data more than old data, which facilitates
tracking of slow- changing signals. The average is displayed at
the end of each sweep.

130 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 One-Button Measurements 5

When Avg Mode is Repeat, after reaching the average count, all
previous data is cleared and the average count is back to 1.
Key access: Meas > More> Intermod (TOI)

TOI Span Specifies the frequency span in which intermodulation

products are measured. If you modify the value of span in
the base instrument Span menu, the value in the Intermod
(TOI) menu will be updated to reflect the new value, and the
measurement will restart if it is running.
Key access: Meas > More> Intermod (TOI)

Max Mixer Lvl Sets the relationship between the highest signal that can be
Auto Man displayed (the reference level) and the input attenuation. The
relationship applies whenever the Attenuation is set to Auto.
The relationship is that the attenuation is given by reference
level minus the max mixer level. For example, as the
reference level changes, the input attenuator changes to
ensure that a signal at the reference level does not exceed
the Max Mixer Lvl setting.
When the TOI measurement is off, the previous maximum
Max Mixer Lvl is restored.
Pressing Auto sets the maximum mixer level to –30 dBm.
Key access: Meas > More> Intermod (TOI)

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5 One-Button Measurements

Spectrum Emission Mask

Spectrum Emission Mask measurement includes the in- band
and out- of- band spurious emissions. As it applies to
W- CDMA (3GPP), this is the power contained in a specified
frequency bandwidth at certain offsets relative to the total
carrier power. It may also be expressed as a ratio of power
spectral densities between the carrier and the specified
offset frequency band. For WLAN, the reference power is
taken as the peak PSD in the signal, and all offset results
are also the peak PSD in that offset as opposed to the
integrated power.
Figure 32 Spectrum Emission Mask

Avg Number Set Avg Number to On to specify the number of measurement

On Off averages used when calculating the measurement result. The
average will be displayed at the end of each sweep. Setting
Avg Number to Off disables measurement averaging.
Key access: Meas > More > Spectrum Emission Mask

Meas Type Displays a menu to select a measurement reference type,

Total Pwr Ref or PSD Ref.
Key access: Meas > More > Spectrum Emission Mask

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 One-Button Measurements 5

Total Pwr Ref When Total Pwr Ref is selected, the power in the
carrier is used as the reference in computing
the relative power values for the offsets.
Key access: Meas > More > Spectrum Emission
Mask > Meas Type
PSD Ref When PSD Ref is selected, the mean power
spectral density of the carrier is used in
computing the relative power spectral density
values for the offsets.
Key access: Meas > More > Spectrum Emission
Mask > Meas Type

Ref Channel Accesses the softkeys to change the reference channel

settings.
Key access: Meas > More > Spectrum Emission Mask

Chan Integ BW Specifies the integration bandwidth used in

calculating the power in the main channel.
Key access: Meas > More > Spectrum Emission
Mask > Ref Channel
Chan Span Specifies the span used in measuring the
power in the main channel.
Key access: Meas > More > Spectrum Emission
Mask > Ref Channel
Sweep Time Specifies the sweep time used in measuring
Auto Man the power in the main channel.
Key access: Meas > More > Spectrum Emission
Mask > Ref Channel
Res BW Specifies the resolution bandwidth used in
Auto Man measuring and the power in the main channel.
Key access: Meas > More > Spectrum Emission
Mask > Ref Channel

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5 One-Button Measurements

Total Pwr Ref Displays the type of power measurement

(PSD Ref) reference selected by Meas Type.
Auto Man Total Pwr Ref is the power in the carrier that is
used as the reference in computing the
relative power values for the offsets. When
Man is selected, this can be set by the user.
When Auto is selected, this is the measured
power in the reference carrier.
PSD Ref is the mean power spectral density in
the carrier that is used as the reference in
computing the relative power spectral density
values for the offsets. When Man is selected,
this can be set by the user. When Auto is
selected, this is the measured mean power
spectral density in the reference carrier.
Key access: Meas > More > Spectrum Emission
Mask > Ref Channel
Offset/Limits Displays the menus to change the following parameters for
offset frequency settings and pass/fail tests: Offset, Start Freq,
Stop Freq, Sweep Time, Res BW, and Limits. Refer to the tables
below for default settings of particular radio standards of
interest.
Key access: Meas > More > Spectrum Emission Mask

Table 1 Offsets & Limits Defaulted for W-CDMA (3GPP) Base Station Measurementsa
Offset Start Stop Res BW Abs Abs Abs Rel Rel Stop Meas
Freq Freq (kHz) Start Stop Couple Start (dBc) BW
(MHz) (MHz) (dBm) (dBm) (dBc)
A. On 2.515 2.715 30.00 -14.00 -14.00 Couple -30.00 -30.00 1
B. On 2.715 3.515 30.00 -14.00 -26.00 Man -30.00 -30.00 1
C. On 3.515 4.000 30.00 -26.00 -26.00 Couple -30.00 -30.00 1
D. On 4.000 8.000 1000.00 -13.00 -13.00 Couple -30.00 -30.00 1
30.00 33
E. On 8.000 12.500 1000.00 -13.00 -13.00 Couple -30.00 -30.00 1
a. Fail Mask is set to Absolute and Rel Stop is set to Couple.

134 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 One-Button Measurements 5

Table 2 Offsets & Limits Defaulted for W-CDMA (3GPP) Mobile Station Measurementsa
Offset Start Stop Res BW Abs Abs Rel Rel Rel Stop Meas
Freq Freq (kHz) Start Stop Couple Start (dBc) BW
(MHz) (MHz) (dBm) (dBm) (dBc)
A. On 2.515 3.485 30.00 -71.07 -71.07 Man -35.23 -49.78 1
B. On 4.000 7.500 1000.0 -55.84 -55.84 Man -35.50 -39.00 1
C. On 7.500 8.500 1000.00 -55.84 -55.84 Man -39.00 -49.00 1
D. On 8.500 12.000 1000.00 -55.84 -55.84 Couple -49.00 -49.00 1
E. Off 12.500 15.000 1000.00 -55.84 -55.84 Couple -49.00 -49.00 1

a. Abs Stop is set to Couple and Fail Mask is set to Abs AND Rel.

Table 3 Offsets & Limits Defaulted for 802.11a and HiperLAN/2 Radio Standardsa
Offset Start Stop Abs Abs Abs Rel Rel Stop Rel Meas
Freq Freq Start Stop Couple Start (dBc) Couple BW
(MHz) (MHz) (dBm) (dBm) (dBc)
A. On 9.00 11.00 16.00 -4.00 Man 0.00 -20.00 Man 1
B. On 11.00 20.00 -4.00 -12.00 Man -20.00 -28.00 Man 1
C. On 20.00 30.00 -12.00 -24.00 Man -28.00 -40.00 Man 1
D. On 30.00 50.00 -24.00 -24.00 Couple -40.00 -40.00 Couple 1
E. Off 50.00 100.00 -24.00 -24.00 Couple -40.00 -40.00 Couple 1
a. Res BW is set to 100 kHz and Fail Mask is set to Rel.

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5 One-Button Measurements

Table 4 Offsets & Limits Defaulted for 802.11b Radio Standarda

Offset Start Freq Stop Freq Abs Start Abs Stop Rel Start Rel Stop Meas
(MHz) (MHz) (dBm) (dBm) (dBc) (dBc) BW
A. On 11.00 22.00 -10.00 -10.00 -30.00 -30.00 1
B. On 22.00 50.00 -30.00 -30.00 -50.00 -50.00 1
C. Off 50.00 70.00 -30.00 -30.00 -50.00 -50.00 1
D. Off 70.00 90.00 -30.00 -30.00 -50.00 -50.00 1
E. Off 90.00 100.00 -30.00 -30.00 -50.00 -50.00 1
a. Res BW is set to 100 kHz, Fail Mask is set to Rel, and Abs Stop and
Rel Stop are both set to Couple.

Offset Select the offset pairs (upper and lower) that the softkeys
will affect, and displays the memory selection menu from A
to E (the analyzer can store up to 5 sets of values for Start
Freq, Stop Freq, Sweep Time, Res BW, Meas BW, Abs Start, Abs
Stop, etc.). Press Offset to select the letter of the desired
offset is underlined. Only one selection at a time is shown on
this key label.
Key access: Meas > More > Spectrum Emission Mask > Offset/Limits
Start Freq Specifies the inner limit (frequency closest to the carrier) for
On Off both segments of the specified offset pair. When Start Freq
(Off) is selected, the offset pair is not measured.
Key access: Meas > More > Spectrum Emission Mask > Offset/Limits
Stop Freq Specifies the outer limit (frequency furthest from the carrier)
for both segments of the specified offset pair. The minimum
frequency difference between Start Freq and Stop Freq is limited
to 100 Hz.
Key access: Meas > More > Spectrum Emission Mask > Offset/Limits
Sweep Time Specifies the sweep time for the currently selected offset, and
Auto Man toggles this function between Auto and Manual for each offset.
Key access: Meas > More > Spectrum Emission Mask > Offset/Limits

136 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 One-Button Measurements 5

Res BW Specifies the resolution bandwidth used in measuring the

Auto Man offset pair. When set to Auto, the Res BW from the default
tables for “Offset/Limits” on page 134 are used. When set to
Man, the allowed range is 1 kHz to 1MHz.
Key access: Meas > More > Spectrum Emission Mask > Offset/Limits
Abs Start To enter an absolute level limit at Start Freq for the currently
selected offset ranging from –200.00 to +50.00 dBm with 4
significant digits.
Key access: Meas > More > Spectrum Emission Mask > Offset/Limits
> More
Abs Stop To enter an absolute level limit at Stop Freq for the currently
Couple Man selected offset ranging from –200.00 to +50.00 dBm with 4
significant digits, and to toggle this function between Couple
and Man. If set to Couple, this is coupled to Abs Start to make
a flat limit line. If set to Man, Abs Start and Abs Stop the user
can enter different values to make a sloped limit line.
Key access: Meas > More > Spectrum Emission Mask > Offset/Limits
> More
Rel Start Enters a relative level limit at Start Freq ranging from –150.00
to +50.00 dBc with 4 significant digits.
Key access: Meas > More > Spectrum Emission Mask > Offset/Limits
> More
Rel Stop Enters a relative level limit at Stop Freq ranging from –150.00
Couple Man to +50.00 dBc with 4 significant digits, and to toggle this
function between Couple and Man. If set to Couple, this is
coupled to Rel Start to make a flat limit line. If set to Man, Rel
Start and Rel Stop the user can enter different values to make
a sloped limit line.
Key access: Meas > More > Spectrum Emission Mask > Offset/Limits
> More
Fail Mask Displays the menu to select one of the following logic keys
for fail conditions between the measurement results and the
test limits: Absolute, Relative, Abs AND Rel, and Abs OR Rel.
Key access: Meas > More> Spectrum Emission Mask > Offset/Limits
> More > More

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5 One-Button Measurements

Absolute Sets the limit test to show Fail if one offset is

larger than the corresponding limit for Abs Start
and/or Abs Stop. This is the default selection for
each offset for BTS measurements.
Key access: Meas > More> Spectrum Emission Mask
> Offset/Limits > More > More > Fail Mask
Relative Sets the limit test to show Fail if one offsets
spectrum emission mask measurement results is
larger than the corresponding limit for Rel Start
and/or Rel Stop.
Key access: Meas > More> Spectrum Emission Mask
> Offset/Limits > More > More > Fail Mask
Abs AND Rel Set the limit test to show Fail if one offset’s
spectrum emission mask measurement results is
larger than both the corresponding limit for Abs
Start and Abs Stop and the limit for Rel Start and
Rel Stop.
Key access: Meas > More > Spectrum Emission Mask
> Offset/Limits > More > More > Fail Mask
Abs OR Rel Set the limit test to show Fail if one offset’s the
absolute spectrum emission mask measurement
results is larger than the corresponding limit
for Abs Start and Abs Stop or the limit for Rel
Start and Rel Stop.
Key access: Meas > More > Spectrum Emission Mask
> Offset/Limits > More > More > Fail Mask
Meas BW Specifies the bandwidth to use when measuring the offset.
When using the front panel, only the currently selected
offset is affected. All the offsets are affected when remote
control. This is the multiplier applied to the resolution
bandwidth to determine the bandwidth to integrate when
calculating the power. Meas BW is now restricted to be 1
and not changeable.
Key access: Meas > More > Spectrum Emission Mask > Offset/Limits
> More > More

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Agilent N9320A Spectrum Analyzer
User’s Guide

6
Instrument Messages

Overview 140
Command Errors 141
Execution Conflict 143
Device-Specific Errors 145

s 139
6 Instrument Messages

Overview
If an improper operation occurs during the instrument
configuration, a message will appear on the status line
indicating the incident and the how the spectrum analyzer
System > More > Show
corrected the setting automatically. press Preset/
errors to read the specific descriptions of those messages.

Example
In this example, a failure explanation is generally included
with each error to further define its meaning. The
instrument messages in this guide are listed numerically.

<Code>
-330 Self-test failed <Message>

A self- test failure occurred.

<Explanation in manual>

140 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Instrument Messages 6

Command Errors
The messages listed below are command errors, which are
saved into local registers.
-100 Command error
An unrecognized command or data type was encountered.
This message is used when the device cannot detect more
specifics described for errors - 101 to - 109.

-101 Invalid character

A syntactic element contains an invalid character.

-102 Syntax error

An unrecognized command or data type was encountered.

-103 Invalid separator

The parser was expecting a separator and encountered an
illegal character.

-104 Data type error

The parser recognized a data element that is not allowed.

-108 Parameter not allowed

More parameters were received than expected for the
header. For example, the *ESE common command only
accepts one parameter, so receiving *ESE 0,1 is not allowed.

-109 Missing parameter

Fewer parameters were received than required for the
header. For example, the *ESE common command requires
one parameter, so receiving *ESE is not allowed.

-110 Command header error

An error was detected in the header. This message is used
when the device cannot detect more specifics described for
errors - 111 to - 119.

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6 Instrument Messages

-112 Program mnemonic too long

The header contains more than 12 characters.

-113 Undefined header

The header is correct in syntax, but it is undefined for this
device.

-128 Numeric data not allowed

A legal numeric data element was received, but the device
does not accept one in this position for the header.

-130 Suffix error

This error is generated when parsing a suffix. This message
is used when the device cannot detect more specifics
described for errors - 131 to - 139.

-131 Invalid suffix

The suffix does not follow the syntax described in IEEE
488.2, or the suffix is inappropriate for the device.

-134 Suffix too long

The suffix contained more than 12 characters.

-138 Suffix not allowed

A suffix was encountered after a numeric element which
does not allow suffixes.

-144 Character data too long

The character data element contains more than 12
characters.

-148 Character data not allowed

A legal character data element was encountered where
prohibited by the device.

142 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Instrument Messages 6

Execution Conflict
The system messages listed below are execution conflicts,
indicating settings conflict during your operation.

-200 Execution Error

This is the generic syntax error for devices that cannot
detect more specific errors.

-222 Data out of range

A legal program data element was parsed but could not be
executed because the interpreted value was outside the legal
range defined by the device. The displayed results may be
clipped.

-223 Too much data not all points entered

Indicates that a legal program data element of block,
expression, or string type was received that contained more
data than the device could handle due to memory or related
device- specific requirements.

-224 Illegal parameter value

An attempt was made to select a user file that contains 0
bits. Select another user file that contains at least 1 bit.

-241 Hardware missing

Missing device hardware. For example, the RF board is not
installed.

-253 Corrupt media

A source media (possibly EEPROM) for a data file is corrupt.
This error is usually seen in conjunction with errors con-
cerning a certain file.

-300 Device-specific error

This is the device- specific error for devices that cannot
detect more specific errors.

N9320A Specturm Analyzer 143

6 Instrument Messages

-330 Self-test failed

A self- test failure occurred. Report this error to Agilent
Technologies.

-340 calibration failed

An expected file was not found while trying to load internal
calibration.

144 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Instrument Messages 6

Device-Specific Errors
102 Set 50 MHz signal < 0 dBm, do alignment again
The 50 MHz energy is too high at the RF port for alignments
to run. Reduce input power to less than 0 dBm and run
alignments again.

104 1st LO Unlock

The first LO on has lost phase lock. Report this error to the
nearest Agilent Technologies sales or service office.

105 2nd LO Unlock

The second LO has lost phase lock. Report this error to the
nearest Agilent Technologies sales or service office.

201 Option not installed

The desired operation cannot be performed because a
required option is not installed.

204 TG Frequency Limit

The tracking generator has reached the limit of its allowable
frequency range.

211 RBW limited to 1 kHz when Span > 1 MHz

In spans greater than 1 MHz, narrow (digital) resolution
bandwidths, below 1 kHz, are not available.

213 Span limited to 1 MHz when RBW < 1 kHz

In narrow (digital) resolution bandwidths, below 1 kHz,
spans greater than 1 MHz are not available.

214 TG start freq is less than 9 kHz

Tracking generator uncalibrated below 9 kHz.

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6 Instrument Messages

215 TG start freq is less than 1/2 res bw

Tracking generator uncalibrated at start frequencies below
1/2 the current resolution bandwidth.

224 Option not licensed

The selected option requires a license. Refer to the
installation procedures in the user guide provided for this
particular option.

238 VBW filter or Average Detector cannot use both

501 RF over load

Either increase input attenuation or decrease the input
signal level.

502 IF over load

Either increase input attenuation or decrease the input
signal level.

604 File already exists

You attempted to save to a file that already exists. Either
delete or rename the existing file or select a new name, then
try again.

605 Media is protected

A save was attempted to a write- protected device.

610 File access is denied

The file is protected or hidden and cannot be accessed.

612 File not found

The analyzer could not find the specified file.

651 Connect TG OUT to RF IN

Attempt to align the tracking generator without its output
connected. Connect the TG SOURCE to RF IN.

146 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Instrument Messages 6

652 Connect CAL OUT to RF IN

you must connect the CAL OUT to RF IN with the appropriate
cable.

751 Instrument state set to initial values

While trying to load a trace or state, the state information
was found to be in error. This may be because the state had
been stored on a later revision of analyzer firmware. A
default set of state variables was loaded instead. There is
nothing wrong with the analyzer.

752 Unable to load state from file

Attempt to load a state from a file failed.

753 Unable to save state to file

Attempt to save a state to a file failed. See the associated
error messages for the cause.

757 Unable to load user state

A user preset failed, so the factory preset values were used.
Save a valid state into user preset and try again.

758 Unable to save user state

Attempt to save a user preset state failed.

760 Unable to query state

Query of state over the remote interface was unsuccessful.

762 Unable to load file

A failure occurred while loading a file.

764 Unable to save file

Attempt to save a file failed; the file was not saved.

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6 Instrument Messages

767 Fatal LDS error

Attempt to initialize the instrument state has failed. Cycle
instrument power. If this fails to correct the problem,
contact your nearest Agilent Technologies service center.

768 Unable to load user state

Attempt to load a state failed, because the state was
saved with a measurement personality that is not currently
loaded. Load the appropriate personality and try again.

770 Incorrect filename

You sent a remote command to save a screen file but did not
specify a valid extension.

780 No Peak Found

No signal peak was found that meets the criteria under
Peak
Search > Search Criteria.

781 Video Trigger cannot be active

You sent a remote command to do one of the following:
• Turn on video trigger while the Average Detector or a
Marker Function is active.
• Turn on the Average Detector or a Marker Function while
Video Trigger is active.

782 Video Trigger cannot be used with Mkr Func

Due to the Average Detector, the video Trigger cannot be
used with Maker function.

783 Allowable span for current CF exceeded

784 Allowable CF for current span exceeded

805 Doing Alignment

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User’s Guide

7
In Case of Difficulty

Check the Basics 150

Read the Warranty 151
Contact Agilent Technologies 152

This chapter includes information on how to check for a

problem with your spectrum analyzer, and how to contact
Agilent Technologies for service.

s 149
7 In Case of Difficulty

Check the Basics

Before calling Agilent Technologies, or returning an analyzer
for service, perform the quick checks listed below. This
check may eliminate the problem.
• Is there power at the receptacle?
• Is the analyzer turned on? Listen for internal fan noise to
determine if the analyzer cooling fan is running. Feel the
rear side of the analyzer for air flow.
• If other equipment, cables, and connectors are being used
with your spectrum analyzer, make sure they are
connected properly and operating correctly.
• Review the measurement procedures being performed
when the problem first appeared. Make sure all of the
settings are correct.
• If the analyzer is not functioning as expected, return the
System > Preset. For
analyzer to a known state by pressing Preset/
details, refer to “Presetting the Spectrum Analyzer” on
page 27.
• Is the measurement being performed, and the results that
are expected, within the specifications and capabilities of
the analyzer? Refer to the Technical Overview for your
analyzer.
• Is the analyzer displaying an error message? If so, refer to
“Instrument Messages” on page 139.
• To meet specifications, the analyzer must be aligned. For
more information on how to align the analyzer, refer to
“Running Internal Alignments” on page 22.

There are no service components in the spectrum analyzer. To

WA RNING
prevent electrical shock, do not disassemble your spectrum
analyzer. Contact Agilent Technologies or professional service
provider for your service.

150 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 In Case of Difficulty 7

Read the Warranty

Agilent Technologies provide one year warranty as standard
for your spectrum analyzer. The warranty information for
your spectrum analyzer is in the back of Technical Overview.
Please read it and be familiar with its terms.
If your spectrum analyzer is covered by a separate
maintenance agreement, please be familiar with its terms.
Agilent Technologies offers several optional maintenance
plans to service your spectrum analyzer after its warranty
has expired. Call the nearest Agilent Technologies sales
office for full details.
If you want to service the spectrum analyzer yourself after
the warranty expires, you can purchase the Service Guide
that provides all necessary test and maintenance
information.

N9320A Spectrum Analyzer 151

7 In Case of Difficulty

Contact Agilent Technologies

Agilent Technologies has offices around the world to provide
you with complete support for your source. To obtain
servicing information or to order replacement parts, contact
the Agilent Technologies customer contact center listed
below. In any correspondence or telephone conversations,
refer to your spectrum analyzer by its product number and
System > More > Show System
full serial number, press Preset/

Online help: http://www.agilent.com/find/assist

United State Canada Europe
(tel) 800 829 4444 (tel) 877 894 4414 (tel) +31 20 547 2111
(fax) 800 829 4433 (fax) 800 746 4866

Korea Japan Latin America

(tel) 080 769 0800 (tel) +81 426 56 7832 (tel) +1 (305) 269 7500
(fax) 080 769 0900 (fax) +81 426 56 7840

China Taiwan Australia

(tel) 800 810 0189 (tel) 0800 047 866 (tel) 1 800 629 485
(fax) 800 820 2816 (fax) 0800 286 331 (fax) +61 (3) 9210 5947
Other Asia Pacific Countries
(tel) +65 6375 8100
(fax) +65 6755 0042
E-mail: tm_ap@agilent.com

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Agilent N9320A Spectrum Analyzer
User’s Guide

8
Menu Maps

This chapter provides a visual representation of the front

panel keys and their associated menu keys (in Spectrum
Analyzer mode). Refer to Chapter 4, “Key Reference” for key
function descriptions.
The name editor menu is shown separately, though it is
accessed when entering data for many keys. The front- panel
key menus appear in alphabetical order as follows.

s 153
8 Menu Maps

Amplitude Menu

Amplitude

Ref Level Y Axis dBm

Units >
Attenuation dBmV
Auto Man

Scale/Div dBuV

Scale Type dBuA

Log Lin

> Watts

Int Preamp Volts

On Off
More More Amps
1 of 2 2 of 2

154 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Menu Maps 8

BW/Avg Menu

BW/
Avg

Res BW Auto
Auto Man
Video BW Video Avg
Auto Man
VBW/RBW Pwr Avg
Auto Man
Average
On Off
Avg Type >
Auto Man

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8 Menu Maps

Det/Display Menu

Det/
Display
Detector > Top Auto
Auto Man

Center Positive
Peak

Bottom Negative
Peak
Active Fctn Average
Position> Video RMS
Display Line Sample
On Off

Normal

Limits >

Limit 1 > Type Point

Upper Lower

Limit 2 > Limit Frequency

On Off
Test Amplitude
On Off
Margin Connected
On Off Yes No

Edit >

Delete All Delete Limit Delete Point

Limits

Return Return Return

156 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Menu Maps 8

File Menu (1 of 2)

File

Catalog> By Date All

Save Type> By Name Screen

Load Sort> State

Delete> Trace

Copy Local Order Limits

Up Down

USB

Return Return

Save Now Delete Now By Date

Type> Screen Type> By Name

State

Source Trace Source>

Name Limits Name Order

Up Down

Return Return Return

N9320A Spectrum Analyzer 157

8 Menu Maps

File Menu (2 of 2)
File

Catalog Load Now By Date

Save> Type> By Name

Load> Sort> State

Delete> Destination> Trace

Copy> Order Limits

Up Down

Return Return

a.

Copy Now By Date All Trace 1 Limit 1

Type> By Name Screen Trace 2 Limit 2

Sort> State Trace 3

Trace Trace 4

Order Limits
Up Down

Return Return

a. The path is depend on the Type selection.

158 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Menu Maps 8

Frequency Menu

Frequency

Center Freq

Start Freq

Stop Freq

CF Step
Auto Man

Signal Track
On Off

N9320A Spectrum Analyzer 159

8 Menu Maps

Marker Menu

Marker
Select Marker > Freq Counter > Freq Counter Delta
1,2,3…12 On Off On Off

Normal Resolution Delta Pair

Auto Man Ref Delta

Delta > Phase Noise > Span Pair

Span Center

Off Opti F Noise

On Off

All Off

Funtion >

More Return Return

1 of 2

Select Marker > On Phase Noise Offset

1 On Off -30KHz 30kHz
Marker Trace Off Offset Offset
Auto 1 2 3 4 Manual -50KHz 50kHz

Prev Page Offset Offset

-1KHz 1kHz -100KHz 100kHz

Next Page Offset Offset

-10KHz 10kHz -1MHz 1MHz
Offset
-20KHz 20kHz

Marker Table > More More

1 Of 2 2 Of 2
More Return Return
2 of 2

160 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Menu Maps 8

Marker-> Menu

Marker ->

Mkr-> CF

Mkr-> CF Step

Mkr-> Start

Mkr-> Stop

Mkr-> Ref Lvl

N9320A Spectrum Analyzer 161

8 Menu Maps

Measure Menu (1 of 2)

Meas

Measure Off Avg Number X dB Avg Number

On Off On Off

Channel Power Avg Mode Avg Mode

Exp Repeat Exp Repeat
>
Occupied BW > Max Hold Integ BW
On Off

ACP > Occ BW% Pwr Chan Pwr Span

OBW Span

More More

More Return Return Return

1 of 2

Avg Number Offset

On Off ABCDEF
Avg Mode Method Offset Freq
Exp Repeat IBW RBW On Off

Intermod > Chan Integ BW Total Pwr/PSD Ref BW

(TOI) Auto Man
Offset/Limits > Limits Pos Offset Limits
On Off

Spectrum Meas Type Neg offset Limits

Emission Mask Total Pwr PSD

More More

More Return Return

2 of 2

a. Continued on sheet 2 of 2

162 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Menu Maps 8

Measure Menu (2 of 2)

Meas

Measure Off Avg Number Total Pwr Ref Chan Integ BW Absolute
On Off

Channel Power Avg Mode PSD Ref Chan Span Relative

Exp Repeat
>
Occupied BW > TOI Span Sweep Time Abs AND Rel
Auto Man

ACP > Max Mixer Lvl Res BW Abs OR Rel

Auto Man Auto Man
Total Pwr/PSD
Ref

More
Return Return
1 of 2

Avg Number Offset Offset Offset

On Off ABCDEF ABCDEF ABCDEF

Meas Type > Start Freq Abs Start Fail Mask >
On Off
Intermod > Ref Channel > Stop Freq Abs Stop Meas BW
(TOI) Couple Man

Offset/Limits > Sweep Time Rel Start

Auto Man
Spectrum Res BW Rel Stop
Emission Mask Auto Man Couple Man
More More More
1 of 3 2 of 3 3 of 3
More
Return Return Return Return
2 of 2

a. Links to Meas Menu (sheet 1 of 2)

N9320A Spectrum Analyzer 163

8 Menu Maps

MODE Menu

MODE

Spectrum AmplitudeTG Power Sweep Store Ref

Analyzer On Off On Off (1->3)
Tracking Attenuation Normalize
Generator > Auto Man On Off
Amptd Offset Normalize > Norm Ref Lvl
On Off
Amptd Step Tracking Peak Norm Ref Posn
Auto Man

Man Track Adj Ref Trace

View Blank
More More
1 of 2 2 of 2

Return Return Return

164 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Menu Maps 8

Name editor Menu

Name

ABCDEFG

HIJKLMN

OPQRSTU

VWXYZ

Return

N9320A Spectrum Analyzer 165

8 Menu Maps

Peak Search Menu

Peak
Search
Peak Search Peak Max Value
Excursion
Peak Excursion
Next Peak
Threshold & Threshold

Next Pk Right Threshold

Hidden

Next Pk Left Peak Search

Type >

Min Search

Pk-Pk Search

More Return
1 of 2

Continuous Pk Peak Table

On Off On Off
N dB Points Peak Sort
On Off Freq Amptd
Search
Criteria >

Peak Table >

More Return
2 of 2

166 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Menu Maps 8

Preset/System Menu
Preset/ Power On
Preset Alignment> Align (Ext Cable)
System Last Preset

Pwr on/Preset Preset Type>

>
Alignment > Save User
Preset

Language> Timebase

Load defaults CAL OUT

On Off

Diagnostics>

More Return Return Return

1 of 3

Show System English User

Show Hardware Factory

Show Software

Show Errors> Front Panel Test

Time/Date>

More Return
2 of 3

Licensing > Option Time/Date Prev Page

On Off

License Key Date Format Next Page

MDY DMY
Activate Set Time
License

Brightness Set Date

Sevice Clear error

Queue

More Return Return

Return
3 of 3

N9320A Spectrum Analyzer 167

8 Menu Maps

SPAN Menu

SPAN

Span

Full Span

Zero Span

Last Span

168 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

 Menu Maps 8

Sweep/Trig Menu

Sweep/
Trig
Sweep Time Free Run
Auto Man
Sweep Video
Single
Sweep External Pos
Cont

External Neg

More More
1 of 2 2 of 2

N9320A Spectrum Analyzer 169

8 Menu Maps

View/Trace Menu

View/
Trace

Select Trace > Trace 1

1

Clear Write Trace 2

Max Hold Trace 3

Min Hold Trace 4

View

Blank

170 N9320A Spectrum Analyzer

Index
Numerics channel power, 122 F
comparing signals
10 MHz REF OUT, 9 factory preset state, 112
off screen, 32
3GPP W-CDMA, 134 on the screen, 30 Fail Mask, 137
802.11a, 135 connector File key, 88
802.11b, 136 CAL OUT, 6 File/Print key, 5
EXT TRG IN, 9 firmware revision, update, 23
A PROBE POWER, 6 frequency counter, 99
REF IN, 9 Frequency key, 4
Abs Start, 137
REF OUT, 9 front panel
Abs Stop, 137
RF IN, 6 display annotations, 7
AC power receptacle, 9
TG SOURCE, 6 overview, 4
Active Fctn Position, 83
USB, 6, 9 symbols, 10
active function, 7 front panel, using, 26
VGA, 9
adjacent channel power, 127
Continuous PK, 108
Agilent Technologies, contact, 152
Copy, 93 H
Alignment, 113
CSA mark, 10 harmonic distortion
running, 22
c-tick mark, 10 measuring, 48
Amplitude key, 4, 72
annotation, marker, 29
annotations, display, 7 D I
Attenuation, 72 Data control keys, 6 improving frequency resolution and
attenuation, reducing, 39 Delete, 92 accuracy, 44
Auto Tune key, 5, 75 delta marker, 97 instruction manual, 10
Average, 78 Det/Display key, 5, 81 instrument messages, 139
Detector, 81 Int Preamp, 73
B Display, 7 IO libraries suite, 24
Display Line, 83 ISM1-A, 10
Back, 76
distortion, measuring, 48
BW/Avg key, 5, 77
L
C E
LAN, 9
Enter key, 87 Licensing, 115
CAL OUT connector, 6
error message, 21 Limits, 84
Catalog, 88
ESD, 19 Load, 91
CE mark, 10
EXT TRG IN(TTL), 9 Local, 5
Center Freq, 95
external reference, 22, 23 lock, 9
CF Step, 95

N9320A User’s Guide 171

Index

M power receptacle, 9 switch

power requirements, 13 power, 9
Marker key, 5, 97 standby, 6
power switch, 9
Marker Table, 100 symbols, 10
Preset, 111
Marker-> key, 5, 101
preset
Max Mixer lvl, 131
factory, 27 T
Meas key, 5, 102, 121 user, 27
measuring TG SOURCE connector, 6
Preset/System key, 5, 111
ACP, 127 Threshold Hidden, 109
PROBE POWER, 6
channel power, 122 TOI
Pwr on/Preset, 113
distortion, 48 Meas key, 130
low-level signal, 39 measuring, 51
multiple signals, 30 R TOI Span, 131
occupied BW, 124 rack mount, 16 tracking drifting signals, 46
SEM, 132 rear panel overview, 9
source’s frequency drift, 46 REF IN, 9 U
TOI, 51, 130 Ref level, 72
measuring phase noise, 54 Uncoupled, definition, 42
REF OUT, 9 USB
menu maps, 153 Rel Start, 137
messages, 21 DEV, 9
Rel Stop, 137 host, 9
Min Search, 107 remote control, 24 using frequency counter, 44
MODE key, 5, 103 requirements
ventilation, 15 V
N Res BW, 77
resolving signals VBW/RBW, 77
N dB Points, 108
equal amplitude, 34 ventilation, 15
Next Peak, 107
hidden by large signals, 37 VGA, 9
RF IN connector, 6 Video BW, 77
O View/Trace key, 5, 120
occupied BW, 124 S viewing signal, 28
Offset/Limits, 128, 134
Save, 89
options, 12
Scale/Div, 72
W
enable, 22
Search Criteria, 108 WEEE, 10
licensing, 115
TG3, 6 Show System, 114
order list, 12 Signal Track, 96
softkeys, 4
P SPAN key, 4, 117
spectrum emission mask, 132
Peak Search key, 5, 107 standby switch, 6
Peak Table, 110 Start Freq, 95
Phase Noise, 99 Stop Freq, 95
phase noise, measuring, 54 Sweep/Trig key, 5, 118
power cord, 13

172 N9320A User’s Guide

 DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY
According to ISO/IEC Guide 22 and CEN/CENELEC EN 45014

Manufacturer’s Name: Agilent-Qianfeng Electronic Technologies (Chengdu) Co., Ltd

Manufacturer’s Address: Qianfeng Hi-Tech Industry Park,

Chengdu Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone (West District),
Chengdu, 611731 P.R.C.

Declares under sole responsibility that the product as originally delivered

Product Name: Spectrum Analyzer

Model Number: N9320A
Product Options: This declaration covers all options of the above product(s)

complies with the essential requirements of the following applicable European Directives, and
carries the CE marking accordingly:

Low Voltage Directive (73/23/EEC, amended by 93/68/EEC)

EMC Directive (89/336/EEC, amended by 93/68/EEC)
and conforms with the following product standards:

EMC Standard Limit

IEC 61326-1:1997+A1:1998 / EN 61326-1:1997+A1:1998
CISPR 11:1990 / EN 55011:1991 Class A Group 1
IEC 61000-4-2:1995+A1:1998 / EN 61000-4-2:1995 4 kV CD, 8 kV AD
IEC 61000-4-3:1995 / EN 61000-4-3:1995 3 V/m, 80-1000 MHz
IEC 61000-4-4:1995 / EN 61000-4-4:1995 0.5 kV signal lines, 1 kV power lines
IEC 61000-4-5:1995 / EN 61000-4-5:1995 0.5 kV line-line, 1 kV line-ground
IEC 61000-4-6:1996 / EN 61000-4-6:1996 3 V, 0.15-80 MHz
IEC 61000-4-11:1994 / EN 61000-4-11:1994 1 cycle/ 100%

Canada: ICES-001:1998
Australia/New Zealand: AS/NZS 2064.1

This product was tested in a typical configuration with Agilent Technologies test systems.

Safety IEC 61010-1:2001 / EN 61010-1:2001

Canada: CSA C22.2 No. 61010-1:2004
USA: UL 61010-1: 2004

Supplementary Information:
This DoC applies to above-listed products placed on the EU market after:

Nov 16, 2006

Date Shi Wen
Quality Manager

For further information, please contact your local Agilent Technologies sales office, agent or distributor, or
Agilent Technologies Deutschland GmbH, Herrenberger Straße 130, D 71034 Böblingen, Germany.

Template: A5971-5302-2, Rev. B.01 N9320A Rev 1.0

www.agilent.com

© Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2006-2008

Printed in China
Second Edition, May 2008

*N9320-90001*
N9320-90001