1.
Agriculture
Eco Parameters
o Share in GDP: 18.3% (Eco Survey)
o People Employed: 50 % (70% of total Rural Population)
Land
o Area under Cultivation: 51% of total land area is under cultivation.
o Small & Marginal farmers ⭢ 85% (<2 hectares)
Irrigation:
o Rainfed Agriculture: 55% of total
o Role of Irrigation: 70% of total input cost
Credit
o Informal Sector: around 30%
o Debt: More than 50% farmers under debt
o BPL: 22% of farmers are BPL
o Corporate Investment ⭢ < 2%
Pesticides
o Importance: 25% crop losses due to pests
o Concern: 0.1% is used of applied
Fertilizers [4:2:1]
o Use vs Productivity: Fertilizers usage increased 25 times since 1960 but food
production increased by only 3 times.
o Fiscal Burden: Fertilizer accounts for large fiscal subsidies
About 0.73 lakh crore or 0.5% of GDP)
2nd highest fiscal expense after food
o Targeting: Only 35% reach beneficiaries
o Urea: In India, urea is the most produced, imported, consumed and physically regulated
fertilizer of all. India is 2nd largest consumer of urea after China.
Storage
o Short of 30-40 lakh tones of agriculture production (Ashok Dalwai)
Past Harvest Losses
o 40% of total agricultural GDP
Exports
o Just 2% of world’s share
Farmer Suicides
o Every day 15 farmer's suicides
Expense in R&D
o 1 % of Agricultural GDP in research
Machines
o Only 40-45% levels of mechanization
o India ⭢ 1/3rd of global tractors
Allied Sector: Livestock
Largest milk producer.
Contribution:
o 4% of India GDP
o 25% of Agriculture GDP
Allied Sector: Horticulture
Contribution: Contributes about 33% to the agriculture GVA
India is the 2nd largest producer of fruits and vegetables
Share in Global market Exports: mere 1%
Organic Farming
Area under Cultivation: only 2% of net sown
• India ranks 6th globally in terms of the area
Sikkim: 1st State in the world -> fully organic
Home to 30% of total organic producers
India ranks 1st in Production
Sikkim: 1st State in the world -> fully organic
Lakshadweep is the only UT declared 100% organic.
Food Processing
Contribution:
o 11% to Agriculture GDP
o 9 % to manufacturing GDP
o 13% of total Exports
Growth Rate: > 10%
75% of industry is unorganized
Only 2% of fruits vegetables are being processed.
Public Distribution System
NFSA 2013: Covers 67% of population
o Rural Area: 75%
o Urban Area: 50%
Beneficiaries of NFSA: 80 Crore (2023)
Food Subsidy Expense: 1% of GDP
Fair Price Shops: More than 5 Lac shops are there with almost 100% automation.
Secondary Sector
Manufacture
16-17% of GDP
11% in Employment
Industry Sector = 25%
25% of GDP
40% in Employment (as of 2022)
MSME
2nd Largest employer after Agriculture
≈ 40% - 50% of total exports
30% of GDP
95% firms unorganized
Special Economic Zone (SEZ)
India has 272 Operational SEZs (2023).
Total Investment in SEZs: INR 656 billion
Electronic & Semiconductor
Domestic production: $101 billion in FY23
Integrated Circuits (ICs) hold the largest market share, estimated at $3.8 billion.
Pharmaceutical
Generic Medicines: India is the largest manufacturer of generic medicines globally.
3rd Largest by volume, 14th Largest by value
Vaccine Production: 60% of global vaccine demand
• Market Value: $50 billion
Jute Industry
India’s contribution: 70% of the world’s jute output
Sugar Industry
India has emerged as the world’s
Largest producer (unseating Brazil)
Largest consumer of sugar
World’s 2nd largest exporter of sugar.
Steel Industry
India is the world’s 2nd largest producer of crude steel
Tertiary Sector
54% of GDP
34% of Population
60% of total FDI
IT Sector
India is 3rd largest producer of Software
Contribution: 7.5 percent of India’s GDP
Exports: Constitute about 79% of the industry's total revenue.
Tourism
7% of GDP
8% of Employment
India is 8th largest Tourist economy
E-commerce
Share: Around 7% of total retail market
Growth rate: more than 20%
Fin Tech
Account for 70% of digital payment transactions.
India’s fintech adoption rate: 87%
Telecommunication
India is the world’s 2nd largest telecommunications market
Land Reforms
Total Land Area of world with India: 2.4%
Farmers & Land Reforms
Uneven Distribution: 5% farmer control 30% land
No Land: More than 50% rural household has no agricultural land (SECC)
Computerization of Land Records (Record of rights) has been completed in 94% of
villages.
Land Waste
Desertification: Over 25% of India's land is undergoing desertification
Degradation: Almost 30% of India's geographical area is under degradation.
Land Dispute:
Cases: 25% of Supreme Court cases are land disputes.
Resolution time: disputes on land or real estate take an average time of 20 years in the courts
to be resolved (NITI Aayog)
People: 7.7 million people in India face land conflicts.
Area: Conflicts involve 2.5 million hectares of land.
Inclusive Growth & Development
Employment & Unemployment
Unemployment rate: 3.1% (PLFS, 2023)
Youth Unemployment: Latest data from India's CMIE shows India's youth unemployment
rate has reached the alarming level of 45.4%— among the highest in the world.
Govt Jobs: 7% of Total employment
Informal Sector: 90%
Gig Economy:
• Growth in Employment: > 10%
• Gig Economy Growth: > 17%
• 4% of Total workforce
• India is the 5th largest in Flexi-staffing globally.
• Out of 100 New Jobs, 56 are being created in Gig sector.
Average monthly Income = 20k to 40k (Average Govt. Salary 🡲 60K)
Skill
Formally Skilled Workforce: < 5%
• South Korea: 95%
• Japan: 80%
• Germany: 75%
• USA: 50%
Around 45%-50% graduates are employable (India Skills Report 2023)
Missed Target: 1.4 crore individuals were trained under the Skill India Mission (Budget 2024)
vs 40 crore objective of National Policy on Skill Development & Entrepreneurship 2015.
Start-Up
Registered: more than 1 Lac (DPIIT)
Unicorns: > 100
World Status: India has become the 3rd largest start-up ecosystem in the world after the US
and China.
Challenge: 90% fail within 5 yrs.
Women Entrepreneurs: 14%
Insurance
Penetration: 4.5 % of GDP (world average = 7%)
Inequality (Oxfam)
5% of Indians own more than 60 % of the country’s wealth.
Bottom 50% of Indian population possess only 3% of the wealth.
Banking - NPA
NPA (29th FSR of RBI, March 2024)
o Indian SCB's gross NPA ratio: 2.8%
o Net NPA: 0.6%
Bad Loans: Banks wrote off loans more than 2 lac crore.
GDP
GDP Growth Rate: 8.2% in Q4 2024, above the 7.3% estimate
Saving
o Household savings plunge to 5-year low in FY23 of Rs 14.2 trillion in FY23,
sharply down from Rs 17.1 trillion in FY22.
o Household: Sharp decline to 5.1% of GDP in 2022-23.This is the lowest level in 47 years.
Fiscal Policy & Government Budget
Debt Profile
o Government Debt to GDP (Centre and states) - 83.1% in FY23.
Center – 57%
State – 26%
o Debt of the Central Government:
Internal debt: 94%
Public Debt: 89.9%
External Debt: 6%
Foreign Trade
India’s Exports (FY 2023-24): USD 776 Billion.
o India’s target for export is USD 2 Trillion by 2030.
Trade
o Deficit (FY2023-24) ⭢ ≈ USD 76.12
o Largest Trade Deficit: China
o Largest Trading Partner: USA
o India’s Top Export Destinations: USA > UAE > Netherlands >
China
o India’s Top Import Source Nations: China > UAE > USA > Russia
Remittances:
o India is largest remittance recipient in 2023
o USD 125 Billion
Investment
FDI
o Total FDI Inflows (FY 2023-24): $70.95 Bn
FPI
o Total FPI Inflows (FY24): $41.6 billion, the highest since 2015- 2016.
Tax Collection
Tax-GDP Ratio: 11.7% (FY23)
o China: 20%
Direct tax to GDP Ratio: 6.2% (expected to reach 6.7% in 2024-25)
Direct Tax Buoyancy: 1.9
Direct Tax Collection
Net Direct Tax Collections: Increased by 160.52% from F.Y. 2013-14 to F.Y. 2022-23.
State Wise Collection
o Maharashtra(1st rank): 36.4% of the overall direct tax collections
Indirect Tax Collection
Gross GST collection in Fiscal year 2023-2024: Rs 20.18 lakh crore
Infrastructure
Logistics
Logistics Performance Index (LPI 2023): 38/139
Logistics Cost: 13-14% of GDP (compared to 7-8% in developed countries).
Impact on exports: 10% decrease in logistics cost can increase 5-8% of exports.
Contribution to GDP: 15%
Infrastructure - General
Current Investment: ↑ by 33% to Rs.10 lakh crore (3.3% of GDP) (Budget 2023-24)
Investment Required: To achieve a 5 trillion-dollar economy by 2024- 25, there is a need to
spend $1.4 Trillion on Infrastructure over these years (Economic Survey 2022)
Investment Planned -> NIP: 100 lakh crore by 2025
Transport Sector
Contribution to GDP: 4.5%
Digital Economy
Digital Literacy: 45% (38% - Oxfam)
Digital consumers: 3rd largest in world
Internet Users: 2nd largest in world (80 cr.)
Digital Payment : GDP = 86% (100 billion $)
Use of Internet (Oxfam)
• Rural: 31% of Population
• Urban: 67% of Population
Access to Internet (Oxfam)
• Rural: 17 % of Population
• Urban: 44 % of Population
Circular Economy
India: India's circular economy could touch $45 billion by 2030.
Global: Transition to a circular economy could generate $4.5 trillion in additional economic
output globally by 2030.
Stock Market
Position: Indian stock market has surpassed Hong Kong to claim the 4th largest stock market
globally.
Market cap: ₹415.9 trillion (US$5.0 trillion) (May 2024)
Percentage of population investing in Stock market in India: (December 2023) 5%. This is
a low percentage compared to US, where 61% of the population holds stocks.
Women Economic Empowerment
Wage Gap
• Paid 34% less than men
• Global 20% less
Labour Income Share (World Inequality Report, 2022):
• Men in India: 82%
• Women in India: 18%
Labor Force Participation
• Female LFPR is 37% (PLFS 22-23)
• Global 49%
• India rank = 121/131 (ILO)
Women in Informal Sector
• More than 95% women working in Informal sector (ILO)
Finance Availability to Women
• 80% of women run enterprises are self-financed
• < 5% borrowed money from some financial institutions.
Global Gender Gap Report 2023 (WEF)
• India rank to 129/146 from 135/146 (2024 report)
• India has closed 65% of total wage gap
Education
• Literary Rate: 65.46% (2011 Census)
• Worldwide: Around 13 Crore girls are out of school.
Health (NFHS-5)
• TFR: 2 (Replacement rate = 2.1)
• Anaemia: 1 in every 3 women
CRIMES
• India records 51 cases of crime against women every hour (NCRB)
• 1/3rd crimes by husband/relative (MoSPI)
• Suicides: 4.2% Increase (NCRB, 2022)
• RAPE : 4th most common crime against women
• 100 rape cases every year (NCRB
• NCW : 28000 crimes registered in 2023; 4797 for dowry and 1537 for rape and attempted
rape
• Misuse of IPC 498A by woman : Nisha Sharma 2003
• Dowry
• Akansha Sabharwal – national fencing player; hospitalized due to torture
• 3 sisters married to 3 brothers – died by suicide in well (Jaipur)
• Marital rape : 30%
Political Representation
18th L.S 13.6% (17th LS -> 14.3%
World average 25%
Rawanda 61%
SA: 43%
UK: 32%
USA: 24%
MLAs around 9%
Political Participation
Women voters 50%
STEM: 43% of STEM graduate are women but only 14% stem jobs are with women.
Women & Unpaid work: 2/3rd {Men : 1/4th)
Women & GDP: Contribute to GDP: 20%
(Global Aug. = 45%)
Women @ Board Level: only 11%
Women & Assets: Own 2% of total assets
Women led Startup: by 13%
Women & SHGs: Out of 1.2 Cr SHGs, 88% are all women
Women and Financial Inclusion: > 70% of women, now have operational bank accounts.
HEALTH
Government Spending:
o 2.1% of GDP
o World Average = 6%
o Target = 2.5%
Out of Pocket Expenditure (OoPE) :
Decrease in OoPE: from 64.2% to 47.1% in last 5 yrs (NHA 2019–20)
Increase Expenditure by Government: Govt Health Expenditure has doubled from Rs. 1,108 to
Rs. 2,014 between 2014-15 to 2019-20 (per capita terms).
People Pushed into Poverty: Arond 5.5 Cr. people every year Poverty (WHO)
1st Made in India Industrial Robot : BRABO Robot by TATA
83% of jobless are youth as per Indian Employment report
