Module 2 Technology- Made communication much easier and
Introduction to Information and Communications faster such as through telephones, fax machines,
Technology mobile devices and internet. Also made broadcasting
of information such as news or weather resorts, more
effectively.
- methods, systems, and devices which are the
Technology- includes advancements in
result of scientific knowledge being used for
communication and how information is handled, thus,
practical purposes
enabling governments, organizations, industries, and
ordinary individuals to improve on their decision- Evolution of Technology
making, business processes, and everyday living.
Computer-
IT vs ICT an
electronic
Information and communication technology (ICT)-
device,
According to Zuppo (2012) it is related to technologies
operating
that facilitate the transfer of information and various
under the
types of electronically mediated communication.
control of
- It is often used in a more general sense,
described as using computers and other
digital technologies to assist individuals or
institutions in handling or using information. instructions stored in it is memory, that can accept
data, manipulate it, stores and produce the results,
Information Technology (IT) and stores the results for future use.
- It pertains to the industry that involves
computers, software, networking and other IT Automation- the technique of making an apparatus, a
infrastructure to help relay or manage process, or a
information important in modern-day living as system that
seen primarily in large companies or operate without
corporations. any human
intervention
Intelligent
Systems- are far
more complex and are capable of learning F
History of Computer
First generation (1946-1959)
*vacuum tubes-controls electric current flow in high
vacuum between electrodes
ENIAC (Electronic Numeric Integrator and Calculator)
BREAKDOWN OF ICT ● 1st general purpose electronic computer
designed by J. Presper Eckert and John W.
Information - refers to the knowledge obtained from
Mauchly from UNIVERSISTY OF
reading, investigation, study or research. Some of the
PENNSYLVANIA and was financed by the US
tools that transmit information are the telephone,
Army.
television, and radio. Information is regarded as
● was modular computer, composed of several
processed data. Processed information is called
panels capable of performing different
knowledge.
functions.
Communication- act of transmitting messages; ● However. it could only store only limited or
process of exchanging information is exchanged small amount of information and only do
between individuals through verbal and non verbal. arithmetic operations up to 10 digits only and
has limited storage. It was roughly 167 m2 in Computer - is a electronic device, operating under the
size and weighs 27 tons. Its primary purpose is control of instructions stored in its own memory, that
to compute artillery firing tables. can accept data, manipulate the data according to
specified rules, produce results, and store the results
Second generation (1959-1965)
for future use.
● Transistor was used as the interior sections.
- it contains both hardware and software
● were much smaller, faster and dependable
than the vacuum tubes
● They generated less heat and consumed less
Parts of a Computer
electricity but still very costly.
• Input Devices
Third generation (1965-1971)
• Output Devices
● In 1965, JACK Kilby invented the Integrated • Central Processing Unit (CPU) and memory
Circuit (IC) that was used in exchange of • Motherboard (Circuit Board) and System Unit
transistors as the interior sections used •
instead of transistors as the interior sections
to build the computer. Input Devices - enter or send data and instructions
● A single IC has many transistors, resistors, and from the user or from another computer system
capacitors that even the full circuit board of
transistors can be replaced entirely with one • Mouse
chip. This chip made the computers smaller in • Keyboard
• Microphone
size, unfailing, and effective.
• Scanner
Fourth generation computers (1971-1980) • Webcam
• trackball
● In the period of the fourth-generation • touchpad
computers, Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) • digital camera
circuits were used. These circuits have about • pc video camera
5,000 transistors and other circuit elements
with their connected circuits on a single chip Output Devices - send back the administered data to
known as the microprocessor. These personal the user or to another computer system
computers became more powerful, dense,
steadfast, and inexpensive. • Monitor
*Microchip or microprocessor • Printer
*Supercomputers • Speaker
Monitor
Fifth generation computers(1980-today)
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
Ultra large scale integration(ULSI) - up to 10 million
electronic components and circuits on a single chip - a vacuum tube containing an electron gun at one
was used end and a fluorescent screen at the other end
*Artificial Intelligence(AI) Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
* moder computers - a flat-panel display that consists of a layer f color or
monochrome pixels systematically arranged between
Evolution of transistors a couple of transparent electrodes and two polarizing
filters
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
- a flat-panel display that uses LED for backlighting
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• A device that interprets and runs the
commands that you give to the computer.
• Also referred to as the processor. • The circuity of the system unit containing the
primary components of a computer with
• Two major brands are Intel and AMD.
connectors into which other circuit boards
• Examples: Intel Core 2 Duo, AMD Turion X2 can be positioned is recognized as
motherboard
Memory
-is where information is stored and retrieved by the
CPU.
There are two main types of memory:
1. Random Access Memory (RAM): It is the main
memory and allows you to temporarily store
commands and data.
2. Read Only Memory (ROM): It is the memory that
retains its contents even after the computer is turned
off.
Secondary Storage Devices
• flash drive - a small portable storage device Computers are powerful for a variety of reasons:
often referred to as pen drives, thumb drives,
● speed
or jump drives.
● reliability & consistency
• hard disk drive - most personal computers ● accuracy
have at least one non-removable hard disk ● communication
that is regarded as non-volatile memory
which permanently stores and retrieves data
● it can store huge amounts of data and
• CD - ROM- it is a flat round, and portable
information
metal disc
SPEED
• DVD - ROM
● A computer works with much higher speed
Motherboard (Circuit Board) and System Unit
and accuracy compared to humans while
Motherboard: performing mathematical calculations
• Is the main circuit board inside the computer. RELIABILITY & CONSISTENCY
• Has tiny electronic circuits and other ● The electronic components in modern
components on it. computers are dependable because they have
a low failure rate
• Connects input, output, and processing
devices together (CPU, Memory, Hard Drive, ACCURACY
DVD Drive)
● Computers perform calculations with 100%
• Tells the CPU how to run accuract. Errors may occur due to data
inconsistency or inaccuracy.
System unit:
COMMUNICATION
• the enclosure composed of the main
elements of the computer system that are ● The process by which people create,
used to administer data. This can be referred exchange, and perceive information using
to as computer case or tower. networked communication classifications.
Media - means of communication that uses unique
tools to interconnect among people
Hard Drive Ports and Connections
The Message - media is considered the message itself
• Universal Serial Bus (USB) Port
for those who create and own the rights of the
• FireWire (similar to USB but faster) content
• Network Port (Ethernet) User-generated content(UGC) - a form of content
created and owned by users f a system
• Parallel Port and Serial Port
*web log (blog), microblog, vlogging
• Display Adapter
The Medium- tools used in sending a message from
• Power Cord the source to the destination
Evolution of Media
Classifications of Computers • 1436 - Johannes Gutenberg started working
Personal Computer - a small, single-user computer on a printing press which used relief printing
based on a microprocessor and molding system
Workstation - a powerful, single-user computer • 1800s - telegraph and telephone
Supercomputer- extremely fast that can perform • 1900s - broadcasting and recorded media
millions of instructions per second were introduced
Mainframe - TREND
a multi-user computer capable of supporting ● refers to something hip or popular at a certain
hundreds or even thousands of users simultaneously point in time
Classifications of Computers Major Trends according to Forbes, Demers (2016)
Minicomputer • IoT and Smart Home Technology
• Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality
- multi- user computer capable of supporting 10 up to • Machine Learning
hundreds of users simultaneously • Automation
• Big Data
Microcomputer- single-user computer • Physical-Digital Interactions
Desktop computers - computers designed to be • Everything on Demand
placed on a desk, and rare normally made up of a few
Positive Effects
different cobbe parts
• Improve Access to Education
Laptop computers - battery-powered computers • Access to information and communication
devices whose portability makes them possible to use • Security
almost anytime, anywhere Negative Effects
• Reduced personal interactions and physical
activities
• job loss or high rate of unemployment
Why computers are so powerful? • security
a. Speed
Ethical Issues in ICT
b. Reliability and consistency • Plagiarism - This simply occurs when a person
copies another person’s ideas, words, writing,
c. Accuracy and call it as his or her own, intellectual theft
d. Communications • Exploitation - dishonest, unethical and
dishonorable actions
Media in the Digital Age • Libel - insult, slur or slander
• software piracy - It refers to an act of
installing or copying software into the
computer in the absence of an end-user
licensing agreement (EULA), and/or producing
a copy disregarding the copyrights.,
installing/copying of software
