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Pharmacology PTRI Reviewer

The document is a comprehensive reviewer on pharmacology covering core principles such as pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, as well as specific drug classes including antimicrobials, CNS drugs, cancer treatments, and pain medications. It emphasizes the importance of medication administration, patient education, and monitoring for safety and efficacy. Key concepts include drug absorption, metabolism, and the 10 Rights of medication administration.

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11 views2 pages

Pharmacology PTRI Reviewer

The document is a comprehensive reviewer on pharmacology covering core principles such as pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, as well as specific drug classes including antimicrobials, CNS drugs, cancer treatments, and pain medications. It emphasizes the importance of medication administration, patient education, and monitoring for safety and efficacy. Key concepts include drug absorption, metabolism, and the 10 Rights of medication administration.

Uploaded by

dumplangi222222
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Pharmacology PTRI – Comprehensive Reviewer

I. Core Pharmacological Principles

Pharmacokinetics
- Drug Absorption: Factors affecting absorption include the route of administration. Oral drugs may
have reduced bioavailability due to first-pass metabolism, while IV drugs are 100% bioavailable.
- Drug Distribution: Influenced by blood flow, protein binding, and tissue permeability. Lipid-soluble
drugs often cross cell membranes more easily.
- Drug Metabolism: Mainly occurs in the liver via the CYP450 enzyme system. Inhibitors of this
system may cause drug accumulation and hepatotoxicity.
- Drug Excretion: Primarily through the kidneys via urine. Renal function is crucial in determining
drug clearance.

Pharmacodynamics
- Mechanism of Action: Describes how drugs affect the body, often by interacting with receptors,
enzymes, or ion channels.
- Half-life: The time it takes for the drug’s concentration to decrease by half. Important for
determining dosing schedules and achieving steady state.

Calculations & Dosing


- Practice converting units (e.g., mg to mL), calculating IV drip rates, and interpreting dosing
abbreviations (e.g., BID, TID, PRN).

II. Specific Drug Classes and Conditions

Antimicrobials
- Antibiotics: Classifications include penicillins, cephalosporins, and fluoroquinolones. Mechanisms
include inhibition of cell wall synthesis and protein synthesis.
- Antifungals: Act on fungal CYP450. Common drugs like ketoconazole may cause liver toxicity.
- Antivirals: Include reverse transcriptase inhibitors for HIV. Mechanisms target viral replication.
- Antiparasitics: Treat protozoal and helminthic infections. Transmission often fecal-oral.

Central Nervous System (CNS) Drugs


- Antipsychotics: Affect dopamine. Side effects include extrapyramidal symptoms and tardive
dyskinesia.
- Benzodiazepines: Used for anxiety and seizures. Enhance GABA activity, producing calming
effects.

Cancer & Immunosuppressants


- Chemotherapy: Common effects include hair loss, leukopenia, and nausea. Extravasation
requires prompt intervention.

Pain Medications
- NSAIDs: Risk of GI irritation and bleeding.
- Acetaminophen: Overdose may cause hepatotoxicity due to liver metabolism.

Vaccines & Immunity


- Active immunity involves body-generated antibodies. Passive immunity involves receiving
ready-made antibodies. Vaccines stimulate active immunity.

III. Nursing Practice and Patient Safety

Medication Administration
- Always follow the 10 Rights: right patient, drug, dose, route, time, documentation, reason,
response, education, and evaluation.
- Know emergency interventions for allergic reactions and extravasation.

Patient Education
- Inform patients about drug use, side effects, and administration. Promote infection control (e.g.,
handwashing, hygiene).

Patient Assessment & Monitoring


- Regularly check lab results and vitals. Monitor for therapeutic effects and adverse reactions.
Report serious symptoms to physicians promptly.

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