Science 10 Quarter 2 Reviewer
Mirrors
Law of Reflection
- The angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence
3 types of Mirrors
1. Plane 2. Convex 3. Concave
Reflected ray – the ray of light which leaves the mirror
Incident ray – the ray of light coming from the light source towards a surface.
Angle of incidence – the angle between the incident ray and normal line
Angle of reflection – the angle between the reflected ray and normal line
Normal line - an imaginary line that is perpendicular (at a right angle) to the surface of a
mirror at the point where a light ray hits.
Ray 1
1. C = Center of Curvature – the center of the sphere whose
surface forms the curved mirror
2. F = Focal Point – where the light rays meet
3. V = Vertex – the point where the principal axis meets the mirror
4. Principal Axis – straight line passing through the center of
curvature
5. Radius - This is the distance from the mirror's surface to the center
of curvature.
6. Focal length = The focal length is the distance between the mirror's
surface and the focal point. It is half the radius of curvature Ray 2
Formation of Image
1. Location = In front of the mirror or Behind the mirror
2. Orientation = Upright or Inverted
3. Size = Reduced or Enlarge
4. Type = Real Image or Virtual Image
Note: If the image is in front of the mirror then it is real. Whereas,
Ray 3
when the image is behind the mirror then it is virtual.
Ray Diagramming
To locate the images formed by curved mirrors and determine
the location, size, orientation, and type of the image formed,
it should meet at least two of the following rays.
Concave Lenses (Diverging Lenses)
Science 10 Quarter 2 Reviewer 1. Object at Any Position:
Lenses o Location: Same side
as the object
Reflection – bouncing of light
o Orientation: Upright
Refraction – bending of light
o Size: Reduced
o Type: Virtual Image
Optical Center – the optical center is a point within the lens where light rays pass straight
through without being refracted
F1 and F2 are the two points along the principal axis where light rays either converge or
appear to diverge, depending on the type of lens.
Note: If the image is inverted then it is real, but if the image Ray 1
is upright then it is virtual.
Formation of Image
1. Orientation = Upright or Inverted
2. Size = Reduced or Enlarge
3. Type = Real Image or Virtual Image
Convex Lenses (Converging Lenses)
Ray 2
Object at Infinity: Object Between F1 and 2F1:
Location: At the focal point (F2) Location: Beyond 2F2
Orientation: Inverted Orientation: Inverted
Size: Reduced Size: Enlarged
Type: Real Image Type: Real Image
Object Beyond 2F1: Object at F1:
Location: Between F1 and F2 Location: At infinity
Orientation: Inverted Orientation: Inverted
Ray 3
Size: Reduced Size: Enlarged
Type: Real Image Type: Real Image
Object at 2F1: Object Between F1 and Lens:
Location: At 2F2 Location: Same side as the
object
Orientation: Inverted
Orientation: Upright
Size: Same size
Electromagnetic Waves Size: Enlarged
Type: Real Image
Type: Virtual Image
Science 10 Quarter 2 Reviewer
Contains a electric field and a magnetic field positioned at right angles (90) to each
other and to the direction of motion of the wave. Because of this, electromagnetic
waves are considered as transverse waves.
Both electric and magnetic waves oscillate perpendicular to each other and to the
direction of the propagating wave.
Produced by a charge that changes its direction or speed
Electron are charged particles that can produce electric and magnetic fields
Carries energy from one place to another
Can travel in a vacuum where there is no matter & can travel through medium
Travels at 3×108 m/s or 300,000,000 m/s
Denoted as c, the speed of light
Radiation is the transmission of energy in the form of waves and particles
Classification 1. Radio Waves
Wireless Communication Radio Detection and Ranging (RADAR)
Radio and Television Communication
2. Microwave
Communication particularly long-distance radio relay systems (satellite television)
3. Infrared
Missile guidance, long distance photography, medical treatment, burglar alarms,
remote controls, household electrical appliances
4. Visible light
Vision artificial lighting, optical fibers
5. Ultraviolet
Medical treatments, sanitation process sterilization
6. X-rays
Medical purposes, security, engineering application
7. Gamma Rays
Cancer treatment, beneficial mutation for food preservation
Speed of Electromagnetic Wave = Speed of Light
Wavelength = Frequency
Inversely Proportional
Wavelengrh = Frequency
Wavelength and Frequency
Wavelength is the distance between successive crests, while frequency is the number of
cycles per second. They are inversely related.
Energy and Amplitude
Higher frequencies correspond to greater energy levels, while the amplitude indicates the
strength of the wave. Both affect how waves interact with matter
Polarization
Science 10 Quarter 2 Reviewer
Electromagnetic waves can be polarized, meaning the direction of the electric field can be
restricted to a single plane, impacting how they interact with materials
Amplitude – maximum field strength of the electric and magnetic fields
Frequency – how many waves per second a wavelength produces
Wavelength – measures the length of an individual wave in meters
Photons are bundles of wave energy
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Longest Wavelengths Shortest
Wavelengths
Lowest Frequencies Highest
frequencies
Lowest Energy Highest Energy
Type of Wave Wavelength (λ) Frequency (f) Energy (E)
Radio Waves Long (up to km) Low (3 Hz to 300 Low
GHz)
Microwaves Shorter (mm to m) Higher (300 MHz Higher than Radio
to 300 GHz) Waves
Infrared 700 nm to 1 mm 300 GHz to 430 Medium
THz
Visible Light 400 nm to 700 nm 430 THz to 770 Medium
THz
Ultraviolet 10 nm to 400 nm 770 THz to 30 PHz High
X-rays 0.01 nm to 10 nm 30 PHz to 30 EHz Higher
Gamma Rays < 0.01 nm > 30 EHz Very High
Radio Waves
Communication: Used in radio and TV broadcasts, mobile phone signals, and Wi-Fi.
Navigation: GPS systems use radio waves to provide location and time information.
Remote Control: Garage door openers and toy remote controls.
Science 10 Quarter 2 Reviewer
Microwaves
Cooking: Microwave ovens use microwaves to heat food quickly.
Communication: Used for satellite transmissions and certain types of long-distance phone
calls.
Radar: Police speed guns and weather forecasting equipment.
Infrared Radiation
Heating: Infrared heaters for homes and industrial processes.
Remote Controls: TV remote controls use infrared signals to communicate with the
television.
Thermal Imaging: Night-vision goggles and thermal cameras detect infrared radiation
emitted by warm objects.
Visible Light
Lighting: LED bulbs and traditional incandescent bulbs illuminate our homes and streets.
Displays: Computer screens, smartphone screens, and television screens all use visible light
to display images.
Photography: Cameras capture images using visible light.
Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation
Sterilization: UV lamps are used to sterilize medical equipment and water.
Tanning: UV light from the sun or tanning beds causes the skin to tan.
Forensic Analysis: UV light helps detect substances not visible to the naked eye at crime
scenes.
X-rays
Medical Imaging: Used to create images of bones and organs in the body.
Security: Airport security scanners use X-rays to inspect luggage.
Industrial Inspection: X-ray machines check for structural defects in materials.
Gamma Rays
Cancer Treatment: Radiotherapy uses gamma rays to kill cancer cells.
Sterilization: Gamma rays sterilize medical equipment and food.
Astronomy: Used to study astronomical phenomena such as supernovae and black holes.
Concave Mirrors
1. Object at Infinity:
o Location: At the focus
Science 10 Quarter 2 Reviewer
6. Object Between Focal Point (F) and
Mirror:
o Location: Behind the mirror
o Orientation: Upright
o Size: Enlarged
o Type: Virtual Image
Convex Mirrors
Convex mirrors always form
virtual, upright, and reduced
images, regardless of object
location.
Magnetism is the force exerted by magnets when they attract or repel each other.
Science 10 Quarter 2 Reviewer
A magnet is a substance that possesses magnetic properties. It is a material or object
that produces a magnetic field.
There are two types of magnets: natural and artificial magnets. Artificial magnets
are further classified as temporary or permanent magnets.
Opposite poles attract, same poles repel.
Permanent magnets – They will never lose their magnetic power
Artificial Magnets
materials that can be made into magnets
made by induced magnetism
Temporary – magnets that aren't always magnetic, but their magnetism can be turned on at
will like electromagnet
It is a magnet that can be switch on and off.
Permanent – magnets whose magnetic strength never fades like refrigerator magnets and
neodymium magnets
To make permanent magnet you need an alloy
Uses of Magnets
6 elements that can be made into magnets Alloy – Mixture of 2 or more metals
1. Iron None of these elements can be
2. Nickel magnetized permanently
3. Cobalt
4. Aluminum
5. Gadolinium
6. Dysprosium
Electric Motors contain magnets
The closer you bring two magnets together, the stronger the force between them becomes.
A magnetic field is the space around the magnet in which its force affects objects
never overlap even when the poles of
Michael Faraday described magnetic field through the two magnets are brought close to
Magnetic Lines of Force one another
Discovered that a moving wire through a magnetic field could produce an electric
current
When a wire is moved through a magnetic field, a current is generated in the wire
Electromagnetic Induction
Hans Christian Oersted
Discovered that an electric current is surrounded by a magnetic field
A current- carrying wore produces a magnetic field
Oersted’s Law
Science 10 Quarter 2 Reviewer
Joseph Henry
Current produced by a magnetic field is an induced current
Electromagnet
A magnet that can be switched on and off
A solenoid with a core
The strength of an electromagnet can be made stronger by
increasing the number of turns on the core
Electromagnetic Induction is the process of generating electricity by moving a magnet near
a coil of wire or moving the wire through a magnetic field. This movement creates a change
in the magnetic field, which then produces an electric current in the wire.
Fleming’s Right Hand Rule - used to determine the direction of the induced current in a
conductor moving through a magnetic field.
GENERATOR
Operates on the principle of electro-
magnetic induction
A device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy
Alternating Current (AC) Direct Current (DC)
The direction of the current changes The direction of the current doesn’t change.
Science 10 Quarter 2 Reviewer
after every half rotation.
The difference between ac and dc generators is that the direction of the current in ac
generators changes whereas, it does not change in dc generators
Electric motor
A device that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy. The opposite of
generators
All electrical motors operate on the principle of electromagnetism
Electromagnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force across an
electrical conductor in a changing magnetic field.
A generator is α device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy.
An electric motor is a device that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy.
Types of Magnets
Magnets are classified into natural and artificial categories.
Natural magnets include lodestones, while artificial magnets
can be permanent or temporary, induced by other magnets
and commonly found in everyday applications like
refrigerator magnets.
Electromagnets
Electromagnets are temporary magnets that can be turned
on and off, typically made by winding wire around a core.
Their strength can be increased by adding more turns of
wire, and they are commonly used in industrial applications.
Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic induction is the process by which an electric
current is generated by moving a conductor through a
magnetic field. This principle is crucial for the operation of
generators and transformers.
Generators vs. Motors
Generators convert mechanical energy into electrical energy
using electromagnetic induction, producing alternating
current (AC) and direct current (DC). Electric motors do the
opposite, converting electrical energy into mechanical
energy using electromagnetism.
