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Biology

The document provides organized university-level biology notes covering core topics such as Cell Biology, Molecular Biology, and Genetics. Key concepts include the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, DNA structure and replication, and Mendelian versus non-Mendelian genetics. The author offers to continue expanding the notes to include additional topics like Biochemistry, Physiology, Evolution, Ecology, and Microbiology.

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adder567
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8 views2 pages

Biology

The document provides organized university-level biology notes covering core topics such as Cell Biology, Molecular Biology, and Genetics. Key concepts include the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, DNA structure and replication, and Mendelian versus non-Mendelian genetics. The author offers to continue expanding the notes to include additional topics like Biochemistry, Physiology, Evolution, Ecology, and Microbiology.

Uploaded by

adder567
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Got it — I’ll prepare University-level Biology notes for you, organized in clear sections and

written so they’re concise but still detailed enough for study.


Here’s the first batch to get you started.

📚 University Biology Notes – Core Topics


1. Cell Biology

 Cell Theory: All living organisms are made of cells; cells are the basic unit of structure
and function; all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
 Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes:
o Prokaryotes: No nucleus, circular DNA, smaller ribosomes (70S), no membrane-
bound organelles (e.g., bacteria, archaea).
o Eukaryotes: Nucleus present, linear DNA with histones, larger ribosomes (80S),
membrane-bound organelles (e.g., plants, animals, fungi).
 Cell Membrane: Fluid mosaic model—phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins;
selectively permeable; involved in transport, signaling, and cell recognition.
 Organelles:
o Nucleus → stores genetic info, site of transcription.
o Mitochondria → site of aerobic respiration, ATP production.
o Endoplasmic Reticulum → Rough ER (protein synthesis), Smooth ER (lipid
synthesis, detoxification).
o Golgi Apparatus → modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.
o Lysosomes → contain hydrolytic enzymes for digestion.
o Chloroplasts → photosynthesis in plant cells.
o Cytoskeleton → microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments for
structure and transport.

2. Molecular Biology

 DNA Structure: Double helix, antiparallel strands, complementary base pairing (A–T,
G–C in DNA).
 DNA Replication:
o Semi-conservative process.
o Key enzymes: Helicase (unwinds), DNA polymerase (adds nucleotides), Ligase
(seals gaps).
 Central Dogma: DNA → RNA → Protein.
o Transcription: mRNA synthesis from DNA template.
o Translation: Ribosomes read mRNA and build polypeptide chains.
 Gene Regulation:
o Prokaryotes: Operons (lac operon – inducible, trp operon – repressible).
o Eukaryotes: Enhancers, silencers, transcription factors, epigenetic modifications.

3. Genetics

 Mendelian Genetics:
o Law of Segregation: Alleles separate during gamete formation.
o Law of Independent Assortment: Genes for different traits assort independently.
 Non-Mendelian Inheritance:
o Incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, polygenic traits.
 Linkage & Recombination:
o Genes close together on the same chromosome are inherited together.
o Crossing-over during prophase I increases genetic diversity.
 Population Genetics:
o Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium: p² + 2pq + q² = 1.
o Conditions: No mutation, random mating, no selection, large population, no
migration.

If you’d like, I can keep adding sections on Biochemistry, Physiology, Evolution, Ecology, and
Microbiology until we have a full university-level biology notes set — similar to how we built
the medical notes set.

Do you want me to continue with the next topics?

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