environment C-4.
2 Illustrates different levels of organisations of living organisms
(from molecules to organisms)
C-4.3 Analyses different levels of biological organisation from
organisms to ecosystems and biomes along with interactions that
take place at each level
C-4.4 Analyses patterns of inheritance of traits in terms of Mendel’s
laws and its consequences at a population level (using models
and/or simulations)
C-4.5 Analyses evidences of biological evolution demonstrating the
consequences of the process of natural selection in terms of
changes — in allele frequency in population, structure, and function
of organisms
CG-5 C-5.3 Applies scientific principles to explain phenomena in other
Draws linkages between scientific subjects (sound pitch, octave, and amplitude in music; use of
knowledge and knowledge across muscles in dance form and sports)
other curricular areas
CG-6 C-6.1 Knows and explains the significant contributions of India to all
Understands and appreciates the matters (concepts, explanations, methods) that are studied within
contribution of India through history the curriculum in an integrated manner
and the present times to the overall
field of Science, including the
disciplines that constitute it
CG-7 C-7.1 States concepts that represent the most current
Develops awareness of the most understanding of the matter being studied — ranging from mere
current discoveries, ideas, and familiarity to conceptual understanding of the matter as appropriate
frontiers in all areas of scientific to the developmental stage of the students
knowledge in order to appreciate that
C-7.2 States questions related to matters in the curriculum for which
Science is ever evolving, and that
current scientific understanding is well-recognised to be inadequate
there are still many unanswered
questions
CG-8 C-8.1 Develops accurate and appropriate models (including
Explores the nature of Science by geometric, mathematical, graphical) to represent real-life events and
doing Science phenomena using scientific principles and use these models to
manipulate variables and predict results
C-8.2 Designs and implements a plan for scientific inquiry
(formulates hypotheses, makes predictions, identifies variables,
accurately uses scientific instruments, represents data — primary
and secondary — in multiple modes, draws inferences based on
data and understanding of scientific concepts, theories, laws, and
principles, communicates findings using scientific terminology)
2
Chapter-6: Anatomy of Flowering Plants
Anatomy and functions of tissue systems in dicots and monocots.
Chapter-7: Structural Organisation in Animals
Morphology, Anatomy and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory,
nervous and reproductive) of frog.
Unit-III Cell: Structure and Function
Chapter-8: Cell-The Unit of Life
Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life, structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells;
Plant cell and animal cell; cell envelope; cell membrane, cell wall; cell organelles - structure
and function; endomembrane system, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi bodies, lysosomes,
vacuoles, mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, microbodies; cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella,
centrioles (ultrastructure and function); nucleus.
Chapter-9: Biomolecules
Chemical constituents of living cells: biomolecules, structure and function of proteins,
carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids; Enzyme - types, properties, enzyme action. (Topics
excluded: Nature of Bond Linking Monomers in a Polymer, Dynamic State of Body
Constituents Concept of Metabolism, Metabolic Basis of Living, The Living State)
Chapter-10: Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their significance
Unit-IV Plant Physiology
Chapter-11: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
Photosynthesis as a means of autotrophic nutrition; site of photosynthesis, pigments
involved in photosynthesis (elementary idea); photochemical and biosynthetic phases of
photosynthesis; cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation; chemiosmotic hypothesis;
photorespiration; C3 and C4 pathways; factors affecting photosynthesis.
Chapter-12: Respiration in Plants
Exchange of gases; cellular respiration - glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and
electron transport system (aerobic); energy relations - number of ATP molecules generated;
amphibolic pathways; respiratory quotient.
Chapter-13: Plant - Growth and Development
Seed germination; phases of plant growth and plant growth rate; conditions of growth;
differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation; sequence of developmental processes
4
The following topics are included in the syllabus but will be assessed only formatively to
reinforce understanding without adding to summative assessments. The reduces
academic stress while ensuring meaningful learning. Schools can integrate these with
existing chapters as they align well. Relevant NCERT textual material is enclosed for
reference.
Digestion and Absorption (Please Refer to CBSE Reading Material)
Alimentary canal and digestive glands, role of digestive enzymes and gastrointestinal
hormones; Peristalsis, digestion, absorption and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and
fats; calorific values of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; egestion; nutritional and digestive
disorders - PEM, indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhoea.
PRACTICALS
Time: 03 Hours Max. Marks: 30
Evaluation Scheme Marks
One Major Experiment Part A (Experiment No- 1,3,7,8) 5 Marks
One Minor Experiment Part A (Experiment No- 6,9,10,11,12,13) 4 Marks
Slide Preparation Part A (Experiment No- 2,4,5) 5 Marks
Spotting Part B 7 Marks
Practical Record + Viva Voce (Credit to the student’s 4 Marks
work over the academic
Project Record + Viva Voce 5 Marks
session may be given)
Total 30 Marks
A: List of Experiments
1. Study and describe locally available common flowering plants, from family
Solanaceae (Poaceae, Asteraceae or Brassicaceae can be substituted in case of
particular geographical location) including dissection and display of floral whorls,
anther and ovary to show number of chambers (floral formulae and floral diagrams),
type of root (tap and adventitious); type of stem (herbaceous and woody); leaf
(arrangement, shape, venation, simple and compound).
2. Preparation and study of T.S. of dicot and monocot roots and stems (primary).
3. Study of osmosis by potato osmometer.
4. Study of plasmolysis in epidermal peels (e.g. Rhoeo/lily leaves or flashy scale
leaves of onion bulb).
5. Study of distribution of stomata on the upper and lower surfaces of leaves.
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C. List of Practicals
1. Study locally available common flowering plants of the family – Solanaceae
and identify type of stem (Herbaceous or Woody), type of leaves (Compound or
Simple).
2. Study the parts of a compound microscope- eye piece and objective lens, mirror,
stage, coarse and fine adjustment knobs.
3. Differentiate between monocot and dicot plants on the basis of venation patterns.
4. Study the following parts of human skeleton (Model): Ball and socket joints of
thigh and shoulder
5. Rib cage
6. Study honeybee/butterfly, snail/sheik snail through shell, Starfish, Pigeon
(through models).
7. Identify the given specimen of a fungus – mushroom, gymnosperm-pine cone.
8. Identify and relate the experimental set up with the aim of experiment: For Potato
Osmometer/endosmosis in raisins.
Note: The above practicals may be carried out in an experiential manner rather than
only recording observations.
Prescribed Books:
1. Biology Class-XI, Published by NCERT
2. Other related books and manuals brought out by NCERT (including multimedia).
3. Biology supplementary Material (Revised). Available on CBSE Website.
4. Reading Material Biology Class XI.
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Unit-VII Genetics and Evolution
Chapter-4: Principles of Inheritance and Variation
Heredity and variation: Mendelian inheritance; deviations from Mendelism – incomplete
dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy;
elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; chromosome theory of inheritance; chromosomes
and genes; Sex determination - in humans, birds and honey bee; linkage and crossing over;
sex linked inheritance - haemophilia, colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans -
thalassemia; chromosomal disorders in humans; Down's syndrome, Turner's and Klinefelter's
syndromes.
Chapter-5: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA
packaging; DNA replication; Central Dogma; transcription, genetic code, translation; gene
expression and regulation - lac operon; Genome, Human and rice genome projects; DNA
fingerprinting.
Chapter-6: Evolution
Origin of life; biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (paleontology,
comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidences); Darwin's contribution, modern
synthetic theory of evolution; mechanism of evolution - variation (mutation and recombination)
and natural selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift;
Hardy- Weinberg's principle; adaptive radiation; human evolution.
Unit-VIII: Biology and Human Welfare
Chapter-7: Human Health and Diseases
Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (malaria, dengue, chikungunya, filariasis,
ascariasis, typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm) and their control; Basic
concepts of immunology - vaccines; cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence - drug and alcohol
abuse.
Chapter-8: Microbes in Human Welfare
Microbes in food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and
microbes as bio-control agents and bio-fertilizers. Antibiotics; production and judicious use.
Unit-IX Biotechnology and its Applications
Chapter-9: Biotechnology - Principles and Processes
Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology).
10
B. Study and observe the following (Spotting):
1. Flowers adapted to pollination by different agencies (wind, insects, birds).
2. Pollen germination on stigma through a permanent slide or scanning electron
micrograph.
3. Identification of stages of gamete development, i.e., T.S. of testis and T.S. of
ovary through permanent slides (from grasshopper/mice).
4. Meiosis in onion bud cell or grasshopper testis through permanent slides.
5. T.S. of blastula through permanent slides (Mammalian).
6. Mendelian inheritance using seeds of different colour/sizes of any plant.
7. Prepared pedigree charts of any one of the genetic traits such as rolling of tongue,
blood groups, ear lobes, widow's peak and colour blindness.
8. Controlled pollination - emasculation, tagging and bagging.
9. Common disease causing organisms like Ascaris, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, any
fungus causing ringworm through permanent slides, models or virtual images or
specimens. Comment on symptoms of diseases that they cause.
10. Models specimens showing symbiotic association in lichens, root nodules of
leguminous plants, and parasitic mode of nutrition shown by Cuscuta on host.
11. Flash cards / models showing examples of homologous and analogous organs.
Practical Examination for Visually Impaired Students of Classes XI and XII
Evaluation Scheme
Time: 02 Hours Max. Marks: 30
Topic Marks
Identification/Familiarity with the apparatus 5
Written test (Based on given / prescribed practicals) 10
Practical Records 5
Viva 10
Total 30
General Guidelines
The practical examination will be of two-hour duration. A separate list of ten
experiments is included here.
The written examination in practicals for these students will be conducted at the
time of practical examination of all other students.
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6. Identify common disease causing organisms like Ascaris (model) and learn
some common symptoms of the disease that they cause.
7. Comment upon the morphological adaptations of plants found in xerophytic
conditions.
Note: The above practicals may be carried out in an experiential manner rather than
recording observations.
Prescribed Books:
1. Biology, Class-XII, Published by NCERT.
2. Other related books and manuals brought out by NCERT (consider multimedia
also).
3. Biology Supplementary Material (Revised). Available on CBSE website.
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