SKILLDZIRE

FULL STACK JAVA

An Internship Report Submitted at the end of
seventh semester

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Submitted By
VANDRANGI SRIKAR
(21981A05I2)

Under the esteemed guidance of

Mr. Srikanth Muppala

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

RAGHU ENGINEERING COLLEGE

AUTONOMOUS
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited by NBA (CIV, ECE, MECH, CSE),
NAAC with ‘A+’ gradePermanently Affiliated to JNTU-GV, Vizianagaram

2024-2025
 RAGHU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
AUTONOMOUS
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited by NBA (CIV, ECE, MECH, CSE),
NAAC with ‘A+’ grade, Permanently Affiliated to JNTU-GV, Vizianagaram

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this project entitled “Machine Learning” done by “KAMPARA NAVEEN
(21981A0571)” is a student of B.Tech in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, RAGHU
ENGINEERING COLLEGE, during the period 2021-2025, in partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science and Engineering to the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University,
Gurajada Vizianagaram is a record of bonafide work carried out under my guidance and supervision.

The results embodied in this internship report have not been submitted to any other University or
Institute for the award of any Degree.

Internal Guide Head of the Department

Mr. N. Anil Chakravarthy Dr.R. Sivaranjani,
Assistant Professor Professor

EXTERNAL EXAMINER
i
 DISSERTATION APPROVAL SHEET
This is to certify that the dissertation titled
BY
VANDRANGI SRIKAR
(21981A05I2)

Is approved for the degree of Bachelor of Technology

PROJECT GUIDE
(Associate Professor)

Internal Examiner

External Examiner

HOD
(Professor)

Date:

ii
 DECLARATION

This is to certify that this internship titled “FULL STACK JAVA” is bonafied work
done by my me, impartial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree B.Tech and
submitted to the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, RAGHU
ENGINEERING COLLEGE, Dakamarri.
I also declare that this internship is a result of my own effort and that has not been copied
from anyone and I have taken only citations from the sources which are mentioned in the
references.
This work was not submitted earlier at any other University or Institute for the reward of
any degree.

Date:
Place:

VANDRANGI SRIKAR

(21981A05I2)

iii
CERTIFICATE

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express sincere gratitude to my esteemed Institute “RAGHU ENGINEERING

COLLEGE” has provided us an opportunity to fulfill the most cherished desire to reach my goal.
I take this opportunity with great pleasure to put on record our ineffable personal
indebtedness to Mr. Raghu Kalidindi, Chairman of RAGHU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
for providing necessary departmental facilities.

I would like to thank the Principal Dr.CH.Srinivasu of “RAGHU ENGINEERING

COLLEGE”, for providing the requisite facilities to carry out projects on campus. Your
expertise in the subject matter and dedication towards our project have been a source of
inspiration for all of us.

I sincerely express our deep sense of gratitude to Dr.R. Sivaranjani, Professor, Head of
Department in Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Raghu Engineering College,
for her perspicacity, wisdom and sagacity coupled with compassion and patience. It is my great
pleasure to submit this work under her wing. I thank for guiding us for the successful completion
of this project work.

I would like to thank Mr. Srikanth Muppala for providing the technical guidance to
carry out module assigned. Your expertise in the subject matter and dedication towards our
project have been a source of inspiration for all of us.

I extend my deep hearted thanks to all faculty members of the Computer Science
department for their value-based imparting of theory and practical subjects, which were used in
the project.

Regards
VANDRANNGI SRIKAR
(21981A05I2)

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.NO CONTENT PGNO

1. INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON 1

2. OOPS IN PYTHON 4

3. NUMPY AND PANDAS 6

4. INTRODUCTION TO MACHINE LEA 10

5. ADVANCED ML ALGORITHMS 16

6. HOUSING PRICE PREDICTION 26

CONCLUSION 31

6
 INTRODUCTION

 1.1 Brief Overview of the Internship Program at Skill Dzire

 Internship Program Overview The internship program at Skill Dzire is
an all-encompassing training initiative aimed at providing students and emerging
professionals with practical experience in software development. The goal is to equip
interns with the skills and insights needed to thrive in the tech industry.

 Objectives The primary objectives of the internship program are:

 Practical Experience: Offer interns hands-on experience in areas such as software
development, testing, and deployment.
 Skill Development: Foster the skills and knowledge necessary for success in the
software field.
 Industry Exposure: Involve interns in real-world industry projects and challenges to
provide valuable exposure.
Expectations from the Intern
The program anticipates that interns will:
 Be Proactive: Actively seek out learning opportunities and take the initiative in
accomplishing tasks.
 Be Collaborative: Engage with team members to meet project goals effectively.
 Be Adaptable: Show flexibility in learning new technologies and adjusting to evolving
project requirements.
Expectations from the Organization
The organization commits to:
 Provide Guidance: Offer mentorship and direction to support interns throughout the
program.
 Provide Resources: Supply the necessary resources and infrastructure to enable
successful project completion.
 Evaluate Progress: Monitor interns’ development and deliver feedback to help them
improve.
1.2 Background and Motivation for the Project
Problem Domain
The project focuses on addressing the need for more efficient and reliable software
development practices. With a rising demand for software solutions, developers must adopt
methods that ensure productivity and quality.
Significance
This project is significant as it tackles a real-world issue in the software industry, offering a
7
structured approach to solving these problems.
Motivation
The driving force behind selecting this project is the aim to resolve the inefficiencies in
software development. It is industry-relevant because it addresses an actual problem and
suggests practical solutions.
Relevance to the Industry
The project's relevance to the industry is highlighted by the following:
 Addresses a Real-World Problem: It tackles significant issues commonly encountered
in software development.
 Provides a Practical Solution: Delivers actionable strategies to address the problem
effectively.
 Improves Efficiency: Aims to streamline development processes, enhancing
productivity across the industry.

8
 Chapter - 1

Chapter 1: Literature Review

1.1 Overview of Full Stack Java Development
Full stack Java development using Spring Boot and Angular involves creating a
complete web application that covers both back-end and front-end development.
This approach utilizes Spring Boot to handle the back-end tasks, including
RESTful API creation, database integration, and server-side logic, while Angular
is used for the front-end, focusing on the user interface, client-side logic, and
overall user experience.
Significance of Full Stack Java Development
Full stack Java development is important as it enables developers to manage all
layers of a web application, from front-end design to back-end server logic. This
comprehensive approach gives developers full control over the application,
ensuring smooth integration and efficient communication between the client-side
and server-side components.
Overview of Java Programming Language
Java is a widely-used, object-oriented programming language recognized for its
platform independence, robust security features, and extensive ecosystem of
libraries and tools. It is commonly employed for creating Android applications,
web solutions, enterprise software, and desktop applications.
Overview of Spring Boot Framework
Spring Boot is a widely-used Java framework for developing web applications and
microservices. It simplifies the development process by reducing boilerplate code
and providing a flexible approach to building applications. Its auto-configuration
feature allows developers to concentrate on business logic rather than spending
time on application configuration.
Overview of Angular Framework
Angular is a well-known JavaScript framework used to create single-page
applications and progressive web apps. It streamlines the development process by
minimizing boilerplate code and adopting a component-based architecture, which
promotes the creation of reusable user interface components.
Key Features of Java
9
 1. Platform Independence:
o Java runs on any device with a Java Virtual Machine (JVM), allowing
developers to write code once and execute it anywhere (WORA).
2. Object-Oriented:
o Java follows object-oriented programming principles, facilitating code
reuse, modularity, and organization through concepts such as classes
and objects.
3. Strongly Typed:
o Java enforces strict type checking at both compile-time and runtime,
minimizing the risk of type-related errors.
4. Automatic Memory Management:
o Java utilizes garbage collection to manage memory automatically,
helping to prevent memory leaks and improve resource efficiency.
5. Extensive Standard Library:
o Java offers a comprehensive set of libraries and APIs that support
diverse functionalities, including data structures, networking, and file
handling.
6. Multithreading Support:
o Java provides built-in capabilities for multithreading, enabling the
development of applications that can execute multiple tasks
concurrently.
Applications of Java
 Web Applications: Java is frequently used for server-side development,
especially with frameworks like Spring and Java EE.
 Mobile Applications: Java serves as the primary language for Android app
development.
 Enterprise Applications: Java is popular for building large-scale enterprise
solutions due to its scalability and reliability.
 Embedded Systems: Java is also employed in embedded systems, including
smart devices and IoT applications.

10
Key Concepts and Methods in Java
Here are some essential concepts and methods in Java:
Concepts:
Classes and Objects: A class defines the structure and behaviors, while objects
are the instances created based on that class.
Inheritance: Enables one class to acquire properties and behaviors from another
class.
Polymorphism: Allows objects of different classes to be handled as instances of
a shared superclass.
Encapsulation: Restricts direct access to an object's internal state, providing
controlled exposure through public methods.
Abstraction: Involves representing complex systems with simplified models,
focusing only on the key attributes and behaviors.
Methods:
Constructors: Special methods used to set up objects at the time of their
creation.
Access Modifiers: Control the visibility of classes, methods, and variables
(e.g., public, private, protected, default).
Static Methods: Belong to the class itself and can be accessed without creating
an instance of the class.
Instance Methods: Operate on the state of an instance and are invoked using a
specific object.
Overloading: Allows methods with the same name but different parameter lists
to coexist within the same class.
Overriding: A subclass provides a new implementation of a method inherited
from its parent class.
Common Java Methods:
toString(): Returns a string representation of an object.
equals(): Checks whether two objects are equal.
hashCode(): Generates a hash code for an object.
wait(): Pauses the current thread until another thread calls notify() or
notifyAll().
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notify(): Wakes up a single thread that is waiting on the object's monitor.
Java Collections Framework:
List: Represents an ordered collection of elements, such as an ArrayList or
LinkedList.
Set: Represents an unordered collection with unique elements, such as a
HashSet or TreeSet.
Map: Represents a collection of key-value pairs, such as a HashMap or
TreeMap.

12
 Chapter 2: System Design
2.1 System Architecture and Design
The system architecture and design for the full stack Java project at Skill Dzire follow a
layered approach, consisting of the following layers:
 Presentation Layer: Manages user input and displays output through the Angular
front end, which offers an interactive user interface.
 Application Layer: Handles the business logic and provides services to the
presentation layer via the Spring Boot back end, which exposes RESTful APIs
consumed by the front end.
 Data Access Layer: Responsible for data storage and retrieval using a MySQL
database, which stores the necessary system data.
The system's layered architecture is structured to be scalable, adaptable, and easy to
maintain, allowing individual layers to be modified or replaced without impacting the entire
system.

13
Component Diagram:
 The component diagram for the system architecture and design is as
follows:

+ +
| Angular |
| Frontend |
+ +
|
|
v
+ +

| Spring Boot |
| Backend |
+ +
|
|
v
+ +

| MySQL |
| Database |
+ +

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2.1 Database Design and Schema
The database design and schema for the full stack Java project at Skill Dzire
utilize a relational database management system (RDBMS) with MySQL. The
design follows normalization principles to reduce data redundancy and enhance
data integrity.
Entity-Relationship Diagram
The entity-relationship diagram (ERD) for the database design is as follows:

+---------------+
| Users |
| (id, name, |
| email, password) |
+---------------+
|
|
v
+---------------+

| Courses |
| (id, name, |
| description) |
+---------------+
|
|
v
+---------------+
| Enrollments |
| (id, user_id, |
| course_id) |
+---------------+

15
 |
|
v
+---------------+
| Payments |
| (id, user_id, |
| course_id, |
| payment_date) |
+---------------+

The Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD) illustrates the connections between

various entities in the database:
 User and Course Relationship: A single user can enroll in multiple courses,
establishing a one-to-many relationship.
 Course and User Relationship: Each course can have multiple users
enrolled, also forming a one-to-many relationship.
 Enrollment Association: Each enrollment record is linked to a specific user
and a specific course, creating a many-to-one relationship.
 Payment Association: Each payment is associated with one user and one
course, indicating a many-to-one relationship.

16
The database schema for the MySQL database is structured as follows:

sql
CREATE TABLE Users (
id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
email VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
password VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL
);

CREATE TABLE Courses (

id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
description TEXT NOT NULL
);

The schema defines the organization of the database tables, specifying the columns,
data types, and the relationships between the different tables.

SQL Queries

Here are some example SQL queries based on the defined database schema:

- Retrieve all users:

sql
17
 SELECT * FROM Users;

- Retrieve all courses:

sql
SELECT * FROM Courses;

- Retrieve all enrollments for a specific user:

sql
SELECT * FROM Enrollments WHERE user_id = ?;

- Retrieve all payments for a specific course:

sql
SELECT * FROM Payments WHERE course_id = ?;

These queries illustrate how to interact with the database schema for data retrieval and
manipulation.

18
 Chapter 3: Frontend Development
 3.1 Introduction to Angular Framework
 Angular is a framework and platform used to create single-page client applications with
HTML and TypeScript. Developed and maintained by Google, Angular offers a
comprehensive set of tools and libraries that enable developers to build dynamic and
responsive web applications efficiently.
 Significance of Angular
 Component-Based Architecture: Angular encourages a modular approach to
application development by allowing developers to create reusable components that
encapsulate both functionality and presentation.
 Two-Way Data Binding: This feature ensures seamless synchronization between the
model and the view, so any changes in the user interface are reflected in the underlying
data model and vice versa.
 Dependency Injection: Angular's built-in dependency injection system facilitates code
reusability and improves testability by managing the creation and lifecycle of services.
 Rich Ecosystem: The vast ecosystem of libraries, tools, and community support in
Angular accelerates the development process and enhances productivity.
 Overview of Angular Components, Services, and Modules
 Angular Components
 Definition: Components are the primary building blocks in an Angular application,
responsible for controlling specific parts of the user interface (UI). Each component
comprises three main elements:
 Template: Defines the HTML structure of the component's view.
 Class: Contains the component's logic and data, implemented using TypeScript.
 Styles: CSS styles that apply specifically to the component.
 Example: A basic Angular component may look like this:
 typescript
 Copy code
 import { Component } from '@angular/core';


 @Component({

19
 selector: 'app-hello-world',
 template: `<h1>Hello, World!</h1>`,
 styles: [`h1 { color: blue; }`]
 })
 export class HelloWorldComponent {}
 Angular Services
 Definition: Services are reusable classes designed to encapsulate business logic and data
management. They are typically used to share data and functionalities across different
components.
 Usage: Services can be injected into components or other services via Angular's
dependency injection mechanism.
 Example: A basic service to fetch data might look like this:
 typescript
 Copy code
 import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
 import { HttpClient } from '@angular/common/http';
 import { Observable } from 'rxjs';


 @Injectable({
 providedIn: 'root'
 })
 export class DataService {
 constructor(private http: HttpClient) {}


 fetchData(): Observable<any> {
 return this.http.get('https://api.example.com/data');
 }
 }
 Angular Modules
 Definition: Modules in Angular act as containers for a cohesive set of code focused on a
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 specific application domain, workflow, or set of related capabilities. An Angular
application is modular by nature and includes at least one module, known as the root
module.
 Types of Modules:
 Root Module: The main module responsible for bootstrapping the application.
 Feature Modules: Modules that focus on specific features or functionalities within the
application.
 Shared Modules: Modules that house common components, directives, and pipes that
can be reused across different modules.

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 3.2 Design and Development of User Interface
Description of User Interface Design and Development
The user interface (UI) design and development process is essential for creating an engaging and
efficient user experience in web applications. This process usually encompasses several key
stages:
 Research and Planning:
o User Research: Gaining insights into the target audience through methods like
surveys, interviews, and usability testing.
o Competitor Analysis: Examining similar applications to identify their strengths and
weaknesses.
o Defining User Personas: Developing profiles representing different user types to
inform design decisions.
 Wireframing and Prototyping:
o Wireframes: Designing low-fidelity sketches or digital layouts that map out the
basic structure and layout of the UI.
o Prototypes: Creating interactive prototypes that mimic user interactions to help
stakeholders visualize the application’s flow.
 Visual Design:
o Color Schemes and Typography: Choosing a color palette and font styles that
complement the brand identity and improve readability.
o Design Systems: Establishing a set of design standards, including components,
icons, and spacing guidelines, to ensure consistency across the UI.
 User Testing:
o Conducting usability tests with real users to collect feedback on the design and
identify areas that need improvement.
 Iteration:
o Refining the design based on feedback and testing outcomes, continually adjusting
until the design effectively meets user needs.
Implementation of Frontend Features and Functionalities
After finalizing the design, the next step involves implementing the frontend features and
functionalities. This typically includes the following tasks:
 HTML Structure:
o Crafting a semantic HTML structure that defines the content and layout of the
application.
 CSS Styling:
o Applying CSS styles to enhance the application's visual appeal and ensure
responsiveness across various devices.
 JavaScript Functionality:
o Incorporating interactivity and dynamic behavior using JavaScript or frameworks
such as Angular, React, or Vue.js.
 Integration with Backend Services:
o Connecting the frontend to backend APIs to fetch and display data dynamically,

22
 achieved using techniques like AJAX calls or libraries such as Axios or the Fetch
API.
 Testing and Debugging:
o Performing comprehensive testing to verify that all features function as intended
across different browsers and devices, and addressing any issues identified during
testing.

23
 Chapter 3: Backend Development
3.3 Introduction to Spring Boot Framework
Spring Boot is a Java-based framework designed for building stand-alone, production-
grade Spring applications. It streamlines the development process by offering a suite of
tools and libraries that facilitate rapid application development.
Significance of Spring Boot
 Simplified Configuration: Spring Boot minimizes the complexity involved in
configuring Spring applications through auto-configuration and starter
dependencies.
 Faster Development: The framework accelerates application development by
providing a collection of pre-configured modules and libraries.
 Production-Ready: Applications built with Spring Boot are equipped with
features such as metrics, health checks, and externalized configuration, making
them ready for production environments.
Overview of Spring Boot Components, Services, and Modules
1. Spring Boot Components
o Spring Boot Application: The primary application class responsible for
bootstrapping the Spring Boot application.
o Spring Boot Starter: Pre-configured dependencies that simplify the
development process.
2. Spring Boot Services
o Service Classes: Classes that encapsulate business logic and provide
essential functionality to the application.
o Repository Classes: Classes responsible for interacting with databases and
facilitating data access within the application.
3. Spring Boot Modules
o Web Module: Offers web-related functionality, including RESTful APIs
and web controllers.
o Data Module: Provides data access capabilities, including database
connections and repository classes.
o Security Module: Delivers security features, including authentication and
authorization.

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 3.4 Design and Development of RESTful APIs
 Description of the Design and Development of RESTful APIs
3.4 Design and Development of RESTful APIs
Description of the Design and Development of RESTful APIs
Designing and developing RESTful APIs involves several key stages:
1. API Design:
o API Endpoints: Define API endpoints that provide specific
functionality.
o Request and Response: Specify request and response formats,
including HTTP methods and payloads.
2. API Implementation:
o Controller Classes: Create controller classes that handle API requests
and responses.
o Service Classes: Develop service classes that encapsulate business
logic and provide functionality to the API.
3. API Testing:
o Unit Testing: Write unit tests to ensure individual components
function correctly.
o Integration Testing: Conduct integration tests to verify that the API
functions correctly as a whole.

25
 Chapter 4: Database Management
4.1 Introduction to MySQL Database Management System
MySQL is an open-source relational database management system (RDBMS) that
allows you to store, manage, and retrieve data in a structured format. It is widely
used in web applications due to its ease of use, high performance, and scalability.
Significance of MySQL
 Reliability: MySQL is a robust and reliable database management system that
ensures data consistency and integrity.
 Scalability: MySQL can handle large amounts of data and scale horizontally
to meet the needs of growing applications.
 Security: MySQL provides robust security features, including encryption,
access control, and authentication, to protect sensitive data.
 Flexibility: MySQL supports various programming languages, including
Java, Python, PHP, and more, making it a versatile choice for developers.
Overview of MySQL Database Design and Schema
 Database Design: Database design involves planning and organizing the
structure of a database to store and manage data efficiently. It includes
defining tables, relationships, indexes, and constraints to ensure data
consistency and integrity.
 Database Schema: A database schema is the blueprint of a database that
defines the structure of the database, including tables, relationships, and
constraints. It provides a visual representation of the database design and
helps developers understand the data model.

4.2 Design and Development of Database Schema

Description of the Design and Development of Database Schema
Designing and developing a database schema involves several key stages:
1. Entity-Relationship Modeling:
o Identify Entities: Identify entities, such as customers, orders, and
products, that will be stored in the database.
o Define Relationships: Define relationships between entities, such as
one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many.
2. Database Normalization:
o First Normal Form (1NF): Ensure each table cell contains a single
value.
o Second Normal Form (2NF): Ensure each non-key attribute depends on
the entire primary key.
26
 o Third Normal Form (3NF): Ensure each non-key attribute depends only
on the primary key.
3. Database Schema Design:
o Table Design: Design tables to store data, including column definitions,
data types, and constraints.
o Indexing: Define indexes to improve query performance and data
retrieval.
o Constraints: Define constraints, such as primary keys, foreign keys, and
check constraints, to ensure data consistency.

27
 Chapter 5: Testing and Debugging
 5.1 Introduction to Testing Frameworks and Tools
 Testing is the process of evaluating a software application to determine whether it meets the
required specifications, is free from defects, and meets the user's expectations.
 Introduction to Testing Frameworks and Tools:
Testing frameworks and tools provide a structured approach to testing, making it more
efficient, effective, and reliable. They help automate testing, reduce manual testing efforts,
and improve test coverage.
 Overview of Testing Methodologies and Strategies:
There are several testing methodologies and strategies, including:
 Unit Testing: Testing individual units of code to ensure they function correctly.
 Integration Testing: Testing how different units of code work together to ensure seamless
integration.
 System Testing: Testing the entire system to ensure it meets the required specifications and
user expectations.
 Acceptance Testing: Testing to ensure the system meets the user's acceptance criteria.
 Popular Testing Frameworks and Tools:
Some popular testing frameworks and tools include:
 JUnit: A unit testing framework for Java.
 TestNG: A testing framework for Java that provides additional features beyond JUnit.
 Selenium: An automation tool for web browsers.
 Postman: A tool for testing APIs.
 Cucumber: A behavior-driven development (BDD) testing framework.


 5.2 Design and Development of Test Cases

 Description of the Design and Development of Test Cases:
Designing and developing test cases involves several key stages:
 Test Case Identification: Identifying test cases based on the requirements and specifications.
 Test Case Design: Designing test cases to cover different scenarios, including happy paths,
error paths, and edge cases.

28
 Test Case Development: Developing test cases using a testing framework or tool.
 Test Case Execution: Executing test cases to identify defects and errors.
 Test Case Maintenance: Maintaining test cases to ensure they remain relevant and effective.
 Implementation of Testing and Debugging:
Once test cases are developed, they need to be implemented and executed. This involves:
 Test Environment Setup: Setting up the test environment, including the testing framework,
tools, and infrastructure.
 Test Case Execution: Executing test cases to identify defects and errors.
 Defect Reporting: Reporting defects and errors to the development team.
 Debugging: Debugging the code to identify and fix defects and errors.
 Test Case Maintenance: Maintaining test cases to ensure they remain relevant and effective.
 Example of a Test Case:
Here is an example of a test case for a login functionality:
 Test Case: Login with Valid Credentials
Preconditions:
 The user has a valid username and password.
 The login functionality is enabled.
 Steps:
 Enter a valid username and password.
 Click the login button.
 Verify that the user is logged in successfully.
 Expected Result:
 The user is logged in successfully.
 The login page is redirected to the dashboard page.

 .

29
 Chapter 5: Deployment and Maintenance

Deployment is the process of releasing a software application to the production environment, making
it available to end-users.
Introduction to Deployment Strategies and Tools:
Deployment strategies and tools provide a structured approach to deploying software applications,
ensuring efficient, reliable, and secure releases. They help automate deployment, reduce manual
errors, and improve deployment speed.
Overview of Deployment Methodologies and Strategies:
There are several deployment methodologies and strategies, including:
 Continuous Integration (CI): Automating the build, test, and deployment process to ensure
rapid feedback and delivery.
 Continuous Deployment (CD): Automating the deployment process to production, ensuring
rapid delivery of new features and bug fixes.
 Continuous Monitoring: Monitoring the application in production to ensure it meets the
required specifications and user expectations.
Popular Deployment Tools:
Some popular deployment tools include:
 Jenkins: An automation server for continuous integration and continuous deployment.
 Docker: A containerization platform for deploying applications in containers.
 Kubernetes: An orchestration platform for deploying and managing containerized applications.
 Ansible: An automation tool for deploying and managing applications.

5.4 Design and Development of Deployment Plan

Description of the Design and Development of Deployment Plan:
Designing and developing a deployment plan involves several key stages:
1. Deployment Strategy: Defining the deployment strategy, including the deployment
methodology, tools, and timeline.
2. Infrastructure Planning: Planning the infrastructure requirements, including servers, storage,
and network resources.
3. Application Packaging: Packaging the application for deployment, including creating
installers, containers, or virtual machines.
4. Deployment Scripting: Scripting the deployment process to automate the deployment of the
application.
5. Rollback Planning: Planning for rollback scenarios to ensure minimal downtime in case of
deployment failures.
Implementation of Deployment and Maintenance:
Once the deployment plan is developed, it needs to be implemented and executed. This involves:
1. Deployment Execution: Executing the deployment plan, including deploying the application to
production.
2. Post-Deployment Testing: Testing the application in production to ensure it meets the required
specifications and user expectations.
30
3. Maintenance and Updates: Maintaining and updating the application in production, including
applying patches, fixes, and new features.
4. Monitoring and Feedback: Monitoring the application in production and gathering feedback to
improve the deployment process.

31
 Chapter 5: Project

5.4 Project Objectives

 Define Purpose:
Develop a mobile app that helps users track their daily expenses and stay
within their budget.
 Problem Statement:
Many individuals struggle to manage their finances, leading to
overspending and financial stress.

Project Components
1. Requirements Gathering:
 Functional Requirements:
1. User Registration and Login: Users should be able to register and
log in to the app using their email address and password.
2. Expense Tracking: Users should be able to add, edit, and delete
expenses, including categorization and tagging.
3. Budgeting: The app should provide a budgeting feature that allows
users to set financial goals and track their progress.
4. Transaction History: Users should be able to view their transaction
history, including income and expenses.
5. Reminders and Notifications: The app should send reminders and
notifications for upcoming bills, low account balances, and
overspending.
 Non-Functional Requirements:
1. Security: The app should ensure the secure storage and
transmission of user data, including encryption and secure
authentication.
2. Performance: The app should respond quickly to user input, with a
maximum loading time of 2 seconds.
3. Usability: The app should have an intuitive user interface, with
clear and concise instructions for each feature.
4. Compatibility: The app should be compatible with both iOS and
Android devices, with a minimum OS version of 10.
2. Stakeholder Engagement:
To ensure that we meet the needs and expectations of our stakeholders, we will
conduct surveys, interviews, and focus groups with:
32
 1. End-Users: Individuals who will be using the app to track their daily
expenses and stay within their budget.
2. Financial Advisors: Professionals who provide financial guidance and
advice to individuals and businesses.
3. Developers: The development team responsible for building and
maintaining the app.

3. Methodologies
Agile Methodology:
Agile is an iterative and incremental approach to software development. It
emphasizes flexibility, collaboration, and continuous improvement. Agile is
suitable for projects with changing requirements or uncertain outcomes.
 Pros:
o Allows for flexibility and adaptability.
o Encourages collaboration and communication among team
members.
o Enables continuous improvement and delivery.
 Cons:
o Can be challenging to manage and prioritize tasks.
o May lead to scope creep or feature bloat.
Scrum Methodology:
Scrum is a framework for implementing Agile principles. It emphasizes
teamwork, accountability, and iterative progress toward well-defined goals.
Scrum is suitable for projects that require collaboration and rapid delivery.
 Pros:
o Enhances team collaboration and communication.
o Provides a clear framework for iterative development.
o Encourages accountability and transparency.
 Cons:
o Can be rigid and inflexible.
o May lead to overemphasis on process over outcome.
Waterfall Methodology:
Waterfall is a linear approach to software development. It emphasizes
predictability, stability, and sequential progress. Waterfall is suitable for
projects with well-defined requirements and a fixed timeline.
 Pros:
o Provides a clear and predictable project plan.
o Emphasizes stability and reliability.

33
 o Suitable for projects with fixed requirements.
 Cons:
o Can be inflexible and resistant to change.
o May lead to delays or cost overruns.
Recommendation:
Based on the requirements and goals of the mobile app project, I recommend
using the Agile methodology with Scrum practices. This approach will allow
for flexibility, collaboration, and continuous improvement while also
providing a clear framework for iterative development.
Why Agile with Scrum?
 The project requires flexibility and adaptability to meet changing user
needs and requirements.
 The development team needs to collaborate and communicate effectively
to deliver a high-quality product.
 The project requires rapid delivery and continuous improvement to stay
competitive in the market.
By using Agile with Scrum, we can ensure that the mobile app project is
developed in a flexible, collaborative, and iterative manner, with a focus on
delivering a high-quality product that meets user needs and expectations.

34
Architecture Diagram for the Mobile App
To better illustrate the architecture of the mobile app, I will provide a
high-level architecture diagram.
+ +
| User Interface |
+ +
|
|
v
+ +
| Controller |
| (Handles user |
| input and |
| navigation) |
+ +
|
|
v
+ +
| Model |
| (Represents |
| data and |
| business logic)|
+ +
|
|
v

35
 + +
| Database |
| (Stores user |
| data and |
| expense tracking|
| information) |
+ +
|
|
v
+ +
| API Gateway |
| (Handles API |
| requests and |
| responses) |
+ +
|
|
v
+ +
| Third-Party |
| Services (e.g.,|
| payment gateways,|
| mapping services)|
+ +
Architecture Diagram
This architecture diagram shows the main components of the mobile app, including:
 User Interface:
Handles user input and displays the app's UI.
 Controller:
Acts as an intermediary between the User Interface and Model, managing the flow of
36
 data and user interactions.
 Model:
Represents the data and business logic of the app, including user data and expense
tracking information.
 Database:
Stores user data and expense tracking information.
 API Gateway:
Handles API requests and responses, providing a secure and scalable interface for
third-party services.
 Third-Party Services:
Integrates with external services, such as payment gateways and mapping services.
This architecture is designed to be scalable, secure, and maintainable, with a clear separation
of concerns and a modular design.

Architecture Patterns
The architecture of the mobile app will follow several patterns, including:
 Model-View-Controller (MVC):
Separates the application logic into three interconnected components: Model, View,
and Controller.
 Repository Pattern:
Provides a layer of abstraction between the Model and Database, making it easier to
switch between different data storage solutions.
 Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA):
Breaks down the app into smaller, independent services that communicate with each
other through APIs.
These patterns will help ensure that the architecture is maintainable, scalable, and easy to
understand.

37
Java code:
/
* Represents a user of the app.
*/
public class User {
private String username;
private String password;
private List<Expense> expenses;

/
* Constructor for the User class.
*
* @param username the username of the user
* @param password the password of the user
*/
public User(String username, String password) {
this.username = username;
this.password = password;
this.expenses = new ArrayList<>();
}

/
* Gets the username of the user.
*
* @return the username of the user
*/
public String getUsername() {
return username;
}

/
* Gets the password of the user.
*
* @return the password of the user
*/
public String getPassword() {
return password;
}

/
* Gets the list of expenses for the user.
*
* @return the list of expenses for the user
*/

38
 public List<Expense> getExpenses() { return
expenses;
}

/
* Adds an expense to the user's list of expenses.
*
* @param expense the expense to add
*/
public void addExpense(Expense expense) {
expenses.add(expense);
}
}

Expense.java
/
* Represents an expense.
*/
public class Expense {
private String category;
private double amount;
private Date date;

/
* Constructor for the Expense class.
*
* @param category the category of the expense
* @param amount the amount of the expense
* @param date the date of the expense
*/
public Expense(String category, double amount, Date date) { this.category
= category;
this.amount = amount;
this.date = date;
}

/
* Gets the category of the expense.
*
* @return the category of the expense
*/
public String getCategory() {
return category;

39
 }

/
* Gets the amount of the expense.
*
* @return the amount of the expense
*/
public double getAmount() {
return amount;
}

/
* Gets the date of the expense.
*
* @return the date of the expense
*/
public Date getDate() {
return date;
}
}

Budget.java
/
* Represents a user's budget.
*/
public class Budget { private
double income; private
double expenses; private
double savings;

/
* Constructor for the Budget class.
*
* @param income the user's income
* @param expenses the user's expenses
* @param savings the user's savings
*/
public Budget(double income, double expenses, double savings) {
this.income = income;
this.expenses = expenses;
this.savings = savings;
}

40
 /
* Gets the user's income.
*
* @return the user's income
*/
public double getIncome() {
return income;
}

/
* Gets the user's expenses.
*
* @return the user's expenses
*/
public double getExpenses() {
return expenses;
}

/
* Gets the user's savings.
*
* @return the user's savings
*/
public double getSavings() {
return savings;
}
}

Version Control with Git

To manage code changes and collaborate with team members, we will use Git
as our version control system. Here's an example of how we can use Git to
manage our code:
1. Initialize a new Git repository:
1git init
2. Add all files to the repository:
1git add .
3. Commit the changes:
1git commit -m "Initial commit"
4. Create a new branch for feature development:
1git branch feature/new-feature
5. Switch to the new branch: 1git
checkout feature/new-feature
6. Make changes to the code and commit them:

41
1git add .
2git commit -m "Added new feature"
7. Merge the changes into the main branch:
1git checkout main
2git merge feature/new-feature
8. Push the changes to the remote repository:
1git push origin main
By following these steps, we can use Git to manage our code changes and
collaborate with team members.
Benefits of Using Git
Using Git as our version control system provides several benefits, including:
 Version Control:
Git allows us to track changes to our code over time, making it easy to
identify and revert changes if needed.
 Collaboration:
Git enables multiple developers to work on the same codebase
simultaneously, facilitating seamless collaboration on projects.
 Backup:
Git provides a backup of our code, ensuring that we don't lose our work in
case of a disaster.
 Flexibility:
Git allows us to create multiple branches, making it easy to experiment with
new features and ideas without affecting the main codebase.
 Scalability:
Git is designed to handle large codebases and can scale to meet the needs of
our project.
 Security:
Git provides a secure way to manage access to our code, ensuring that only
authorized developers can make changes.
 Audit Trail:
Git provides a complete audit trail of all changes, making it easy to track who
made changes and when.
 Open-Source:
Git is an open-source tool, which means it is free to use and has a large
community of developers who contribute to its development and support.

Wireframes for the Mobile App

To visualize the user interface of the mobile app, I will create wireframes for the
main screens. These wireframes will help us design a user-friendly and intuitive
interface for the app. They will include:
42
 1. Login Screen:
A simple interface where users can enter their email and password.
2. Dashboard Screen:
An overview of the user's financial status, displaying total expenses, budget
goals, and a summary of recent transactions.
3. Expense Tracking Screen:
A screen where users can add, edit, or delete expenses, with options for
categorization and tagging.
4. Budgeting Screen:
A section for users to set and track their financial goals, including graphs and
charts for visualization.
5. Transaction History Screen:
A detailed view of all transactions, allowing users to filter by date, category,
or type (income/expense).
These wireframes will serve as a guide for the design and development of the app,
ensuring that user experience remains a priority.
Login Screen

1+ +
2| Login Screen |
3+ +

43
 4| Username: |
5| [Input Field] | 6|
Password: | 7|
[Input Field] | 8|
[Login Button] | 9+
+
Dashboard Screen

1+ +
2| Dashboard |
3+ +
4| Welcome, [User ] | 5|
[Balance] |
6| [Expenses] |
7| [Income] |
8| [Budget] |
9| [Add Expense] |
10| [View Expenses] |
11+ +
Expense List Screen

1+ +
2| Expense List |
3+ +
4| [Expense 1] | 5|
[Category] |
6| [Amount] |
7| [Date] |
8| [Expense 2] | 9|
[Category] | 10|
[Amount] | 11|
[Date] |
12| ... |
13| [Add Expense] |
14+ +
Add Expense Screen

1+ +
2| Add Expense |

44
 3+ +
4| Category: |
5| [Input Field] | 6|
Amount: |
7| [Input Field] | 8|
Date: |
9| [Input Field] | 10|
[Save Button] | 11+
+
These wireframes provide a basic layout for the main screens of the mobile
app. We can refine these designs further based on your feedback and
requirements.
Icon Design
For the app's icon, I suggest a simple and recognizable design that represents
the app's purpose. Here's a possible design:
1+ +
2| App Icon |
3+ +
4| [Piggy Bank] |
5+ +
The piggy bank icon is a common symbol for saving and budgeting,
making it a fitting choice for our app.

45
 CONCLUSION
Project Overview
The project aimed to design and develop a comprehensive database management system using
MySQL, implement testing frameworks and tools, and deploy the application using various
deployment strategies and tools.
Project Objectives
The primary objectives of the project were:
 Design and Development:
Design and develop a database management system using MySQL.
 Testing and Quality Assurance:
Implement testing frameworks and tools to ensure the quality and reliability of the application.
 Deployment:
Deploy the application using various deployment strategies and tools.
Achievements
The project achieved the following milestones:
 Database Design and Development:
Successfully designed and developed a comprehensive database management system using
MySQL.
 Testing and Quality Assurance:
Implemented testing frameworks and tools to ensure the quality and reliability of the application.
 Deployment:
Successfully deployed the application using various deployment strategies and tools.
Challenges Faced
During the project, the following challenges were encountered:
 Database Design Complexity:
Designing a comprehensive database management system was a complex task that required careful
planning and execution.
 Testing and Debugging:
Testing and debugging the application was a time-consuming process that required patience and
persistence.
 Deployment Issues:
Deploying the application to production was a challenging task that required careful planning and
execution.

8.2 Lessons Learned and Future Scope

Lessons Learned
The project taught the following lessons:
 Importance of Planning:
Careful planning and execution are crucial for the success of any project.
 Testing and Quality Assurance:
Testing and quality assurance are essential for ensuring the quality and reliability of any
application.
 Deployment Strategies:
Deployment strategies and tools can significantly impact the success of any project.
Future Scope
The project has the following potential areas for improvement:
46
 Scalability:
The application can be scaled to handle larger volumes of data and user traffic.
 Security:
The application can be secured further by implementing additional security measures such as
encryption and access control.
 User Interface:
The user interface can be improved to make it more user-friendly and intuitive.
Potential Areas for Improvement
 Machine Learning Integration:
Machine learning algorithms can be integrated into the application to improve its functionality and
performance.
 Cloud Deployment:
The application can be deployed to the cloud to take advantage of cloud computing benefits such as
scalability and cost-effectiveness.
 Mobile Application Development:
A mobile application can be developed to provide users with a mobile interface to the application.

47