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singhsanjiv.200725-t-n- © DNAfpny nydrotya + pentose > 4 h Md * phosphoric @ drip ae e DNA —+ BD-2-deouy see ept ribese. ° 4 mono +meno +meno Os tay «RNA >B-D-ribese ruse _ ———+ Globular aad Fiborous <——— 00. cHorl 9 oy ; | # Pod into 3-D tong Hun , bre | Shape ste a\i Ay wl _ % Haemogiobin % COU (skar yb Trsutein —-S1 aminaged, Keraten Cotas) a od eH eH ee M 4 i pyre) » ALbumins | Myosin Cmuas cles) © Adens Mos = Souble vn Ho0 Trsotuble A eh é Rely Metubatic | Struckwat ye Oenzy mus Opens , stem “ LO plasma pron 3G) Hair . @ tysosma Sy 1 ‘ Hei g 757° Struct of Protein <—— : 4 a : . . @ Oyornine @® Tyre 4 2, Be 4 Deo benn e be oon o~ s . 4 ' Had Cs nt Linear chon ueana Sy 8 co hte Py d-0 peptide Link 7 i ae ®vrots cr ae nH so ob x B- pleated shorts Wr M 420 para) ies and a el DNA | AQCcT ‘pp > 7 _ VP beams ener JAQCU Ane . ® Fat sotute’ +> (KE CA) o Nudtewtides Joined tOgetron Hrraugt, © Wek Soluble => -B and C % andS phosphate LinkYeropnthalima. phosphate we Ulowster mitic) 5 Beri Bat * Muceic Acids! Baie Weems — . Bo min, ura — Chet esta { ugar phosphate ) Be Po Cenealioe i no 2 Mak ih Pemnijcleus es ahaeanit o Struct OL Nudckic Ath (RAC daffueney) Onuceosiads @nNuestides cL Asuowbic oad So ster Pontore Bose Perso, Gone + PhoHPhe D > suntigne —> Rrckets Suge suger een cr > ob a Mus ode ete Do eapnens HF __>.DNA i : “ince geet fo Tht bie fate x Structuas, K 9 GLV4 ——> Increined etecuie aetd and chains wound Hagelin pena A GeQeT Enzymes: 1: Se + Catolypk Ran tn body ¢ small ty 1 ——— , do miusen. eee — @ Biochemical crkalyst As ost strand alin sructin® + ekuback on PS eee GA Log kay + DAME 5 oe CS trarbes UFBe > Veen —> Ammania € 2 FRAT FD iid ya Marre > Malroxe —> GLUcAre iene ee ane Neadprint Thyer toe > Sucre CaUlvase + Prone ver nas aaa) cl bua = Unique Arye —o Starch > MmaLrore , » Seavenie ob eo xq “Trypsin > Protein —, Arnino acids ast © utes’ aon area vie Ascorbic acid a Agere > Rehydro ioe and oxidase Bacormic, gacheue pat (3 tAawtt by dead hed, CDRewrtle biotogticnl evolution - Carbo xytic Acid MOP Tt A Mlwhet PAs Acid Aideky de SoA 3 Add Ketone Perel Acid aaa et © AL ao, — > Acort - e 9 ° Ww wo Aes owe* >”) @) Oxidation of abkyleked benzene cond”: - A Reagent Kmnoy / kent A 3,07 “OA IO My an va" G23 B Hydrotysis ob Acid deri voxtves Reagent \- Hot ewig Ls .Compinte Hydrol Paria! dnivin ees > R-tooH Rese : oy Ls RE Nty © Acid chioride © alsa _Hyot , e-C 20H ataees : a kso--e mots gion 4 Ho-c-R? e Ester'- ~gteR elon +HOR (@ Heaking + B- ee y © Rc NH, ——>R-o-8d ton, 8 ° | (4) From Grignard Reagent RMg x 602 5 R-Loe Ht <> G)Meating af P- Keto acich A -C—CH, -t904) R-¢ C283 warm, R- it “ety +0, Ho acid salt a qeti-en 2 COOK a anf ~Hs A ora, bentgic hydrege * ————» Properhies e Acid Stoengiy o< ~ a -M = Ae © Reso clable anion wo eRAxns 5 es _ | ©, g-dfoy 2s e-ba S0Co. Pes ee a-g-U : “4 E esr “gh @W Anwydride formation Reagent t Cone Masou/a oF POs /& g RIC So R200 ° (a) Estert fication ° eB (20H 18) > R-¢ Le + HOR’ Ht fe. & (W) Amnoaia’ rn) ‘+ tones option oR’ é + R-C-OH EN, —s RC-ONMy oO : a —_/ /b Rago NH, ° — aaa Cases -gb Coot ortho Pr ho a Rate Ran $$$} = ome he ee e2ke Conly reduce Coen) oN ° Nu Ohne Cpthatiic amide) ., nr Carbonil Compound ~~~ (Ketones), eryod of Preparation <———~ Case2s- Coe. iis a Parazorte PMO, Vee acnian of Alcolill cooH ° Mor -cH0 GI gales or ume SMA RHE coc ih oN 2°Atc —™me R-§ i ‘+> WVZ (Hetl-velhard Zateinaty 3° Ale a Novrgn - 1, COMA” = At Least ona (-H &. Dehy dr ati of, Alco Reagent re Bsa + Gay wala X Igtcha raves cus AS R-cHto 14 of 20 20: astana y Bore jg? ¢ - » - GMs C-0p, 2X3, cu, -e- ‘eu a Ale _ x Bale —Tes> €2- For isotopes \- “ BeFor Adiytic and tee Risgiad 1 = MNO, fr Ren tines _tnd2, me Pan @ ot D-¢ , ° e PXat Xa. STs! at Xo he oe yo catia} Tet OH oe i Roo Ts RBr. 4.0, + ‘ “nt ee ‘een © ¥CCty Oa +Cck | Reagent :~ Ox ¥eCuy Oaaccte Wh z Si € Zn Z Kates Clearoigis TO 404 On tec Nout fla Sou R-wox Seale, ig. p Ente” a 2 eintramolecatar ts pestathan tniermole No of we zea et 2 O oh, OSS ee FS “Jimeudouble bond 9b tod do’, — cneogeten ca 5. Kucheroy Ran Rewow ree Ry sat Reagent:- Ait Ha soy. J Hgsoy Or bg2*/ 450 | es-Ri- : tO wee $2 | “oO OOS Bee - ~ ROG ° > MOP of Aidala des <——- 2. Prom nitriles : Q 1 Roseamund Ran |! qn! RCN EMBER -C=0 Reagent -- Ha + Lindlar cotely at aor (PA Basoy /Cacos-qwinolindy 3 Eriadel sett Ran Carfed c) edocprevens, ott oxidation Z efay, O tein, pet eae a-c-a Smee RECH-H , Katont <—— ¢ ——> Ran of Aid 9. Stephens eqn‘ 4. Nusleophiie Addition Ran’ Reagent? SAG +4 sag itt po-0* Hot /Skam Cohen fa acek mes R-UtO fema>ke) 9 RoR a -T-mMAt 1 +r + Sy Qbenuh eo oR-oy Ms R-eHO @ C0 ree a wom eae > yy Rech, + HOR tyanenga™ R- COR x 2 t 6 § 6 es aoe Bagitl= & SO ae 7? 4. Grotierm an ‘ oy . 7 fas0gNo co+H io > given b aul ard iy Las” ° “Ang AVL Oo 4 ¢ ree) wg mats LOA “Leet OEY S.etard Ran: t WONe=o mee Se -0y Phew HOrO2 NE _y Ph“ CHO x dey Hel Cn 3 jy A20/got Soe ee ph cH COCoOH a)2 RN no RG la 7 . a same as ehard Rx '— Hrs *atae . iy crox PhO, ph-it, 2 oo? Ryee e ~ Gen, 20 eo warded S $e Tax jade S PhA(OCD Oso - ford pl ete exon oO “8 2 mol Ronen ‘ 1. From Acyl chtoride ~ ack | ° “ar? oe SOR R | adver _ cde 5 pd RMgct + CaCl, — Rod +2My Ao Acetel / Ketal- | © Nu cleophitiic Adduvion Ram !— (1) Ammonia and Un derivetwes NOL Nue-Z Nec=Nn- pee os > C=N-Z2 CZ can be anything) z Product -a Lene -R* Amine BH oxime ~ MMe Arazenk —HN-Ph Phonythydrarone = —Ph- N02 2 ; MONE hydra zone Noo “NHS OONHD Semicarbaz6ne, ao > Reduction Ran i. By LAR, SBH, Catalytic Hy degen . CHa ENi/PA (PAD \ Yho$ 0 - ence ay ; &-Chommenson ’s Reduct !- « Reagent ss Zncug) /concuet moa Yo#O —> Sew, wy eo } t 3. Wiel? Kishnow Ran !- R - H engent :- MMS Nuwe / tell N » >SFQ:— > Yetta peat > Tests @} Carbonyts<—__ @ Tollen's Tort '- Separate Ald -ket Reagent :- Ag M0, + NHyOH R-CHOY - ph-ewo J” R-cHO ER, Rt00%4 Horr’ Age R a Jx (bright ° silver band) Ne @ Fethiag Test '- } Fethuig aq CuSOq B):- WAKT ( Rochelle At) etium pots ium tartarake R-CHO vw PhHo xX Ketone [ar R-c008 + C4200 Redeuish Brown @ Hatoporne Tet ix Reagent - Xp +NacH /Naox 1. Memyt ketone wv 2. Ethanalw « lt CH, hatoo CWS "GFR g and Ph-¢-Cxg 32° Alwhale ° x h- f= Ug 25 P s Naot Rech =Uits MOA» Rey -cHty) pee BENIN, 4 ° €4- 6H AS aigata CHky PH + *Carbanion fprmalecs” + ROR 1-F¥aeBrel © No rearcangemmer Hp F bent > Popa Rule (€ =0) smavier Brouy Sregegewo)! _SeA _, coon . Ketone poate . ; SLU wr + hy Ob — Omid of: Al i R-cHo —SA Ss R-waer Rote 2-7 “Ss R-cHO Atdel tkemediate + Gy Py A wea pengent AtL NabH ,Nlasi0g > KOH, Ko Ws tond- Ald | Ker, have ene x-H Froduck~ Phydrony atdlyde o2 Bhydrowy Ketones - Adel Condenscitien (Ail Naon + A) eDm ef ALdal Rane Y¢xe wHU-D es Yusie a Ht voz Dm ef Aldal condenmaler ei anole . pe BoA 6 FZ *DMo, Ketel Ren’ e Rg 6H R + ee = 2 4yz-e-% > Sed nae e 2toY e DM of Ketel condimoatin KR = Se xfo 4 Phe coy = R a HS 7 q— ———> Crow Adal : BHO 2CHZOCH, Rast ®. Q-Setp Aldal, 2-Crom Maal - > tramotecular Adel € RoR > Ald >Ket ° * Mr GI, A v Hee oe” ees cH : > Aidal macidic med € cH, —-CHO Ht, Croton aldehyde (Semi os Nan/®) > Crom Connkzar9 Sere > CF ZeY : ond orden > Intrameleutor <—— x — 4 teanizae—— ©\ CMOr egos HP9 POON cH 0 Watt cH, of "a Myaride donor ih) +00) 9091 <4 # Set Cunnizaro - 3rd order a s concn high ~ 4% orax-\) | CH= ¢ ay HO 5 ° oF es BS EY Ge > wot RE Bis _¥ ~ 2adordy |! 304 #, Reagonk- conc Kon, Con Nass S07, KER > SO7-Na 6H Cond = No 4-H Mad (3 Lmoteutle oxidticd ~ COOH MA ———> Lmote ule Rederced > Alcahel ancno —2t&s HCoONa + C04 Nab . SEYO hated COONA lage > CHO hekao OHA Lagro = tH ~Aldol * Reagent = eQVRayn = Lee pos a LAidol #2 Reagenk = OAH A @nnizard 4 Redox RY TH HCHO + PHONO Hook + Phaiouy “oot. a ap } erage yon tek don alienate | @y Lesa SH o MARX OAIAISS - as oO, 3 oLelem “EsPIA orgs er — | i | Oo oj ES Che meta direct ve. Ethers | ten DeM — Alkory Mereurdlion De Mer. C ® Dehyarai io Dehydration of Alcohols '- 4°) Reagents~ Hg (one): | RO“H” = RO Reagens + - Heosoy, Hs POy Mardy i emp re Re cH -y Toe Sogn | ~ 4FNBK = 2) Alten. R-CH= Hes par k) bays Oy- 4 ePO Fetes ase ahs uty ( Rearrange) Ren with dry Agr dy _» R-O-R \ -R-X R-O tay Temp .- 443K~ ete, (Symmatricat) Q-R Aq, 0 \} Ne 4 -CH + Ho-aan, #moist Ag,O = SN4 by aru, 0 -a4 tg pe y- Nats RO 24, pm ROR a> at > 3° Us *P ya") ateene cousays . er ae yellow Ag bo detain ® LatiWiamsen e4per protons 1- o Syme, Uraymm etinrs - * Reagent l= CHs Ofna® / Roe oa RS _cyos us R-o-u R-0-2 LHeI@- 0 -@ , GND . i ) . ge, 3 —> Properties of EMuce <— W Ren with W-x Cold /eonc)'- Hx — 5 Wt + X7 H — £2 — Alken © R,R’ Snodsmal 1°, 2° & fe SNo POURONA, Lt WW © Otherwise BP cH Eo {x SMi|5M, SN4a Noy 5 ° Anhy HX a Ether +) AUeene (major). BPE Auten (always a) i t = 1° hatide [ geod yield = Jb => SING (always) SNi~ carbation gidhistable uth SM, x Ley, SH) rE x. ® Excers H-x © €a Rix Alkoxide tons are shory hu ' "Hs Jo WES ahi kreng, <——__~ Rfo4 Re SRR PLR Te? Ph-X ——_ ua hy CHa =W2cX UH x —— Hua, ; OTP Of ete, C —~ @ WAcidic Mectium * tit —o- Nu® Hot =n/h x ech res . Dyot= bt]dt R,R -Normat 4° =SN RA R- other =SNy > a, (DBarie Mediuun *- + Do not hydrotye Rie Mkonide ton is bad Leaving See * Band 4 membered rey hy dele Ri- Due to Ring Strain ESR 5 oR ea oR (ote: co) Only one’ alechsh - , > _______—* a Prenals (Ganbetic, Ada (major wee aliveuys Mesnods oben = xX = x @ © @nchrso4 | - nop (Prom Haloarents : + -C Dow Process) Any Fe x3 cone HNO, es ee) Mat © IR“ 3 RO (Rearrange) (o) G23Kai ©) ety FeCl S20 : ; 9 honic ocd e R= fy = R-l@ (No nd (2 rem pene set pst any ed; ae CO) BE Ho8203, ¢ Nas —> Ran wt, Us —| Rt 0 e yy RU R ad i s ro 14 Rods. [BD Adal freation Or ncdts, | a4 Pas - Ph-o-Nat ty Phony —> Ran “with ehlorint <——} (4) From Aiazenium> ACU Rp ig Ge» R-oHs-O- Hye Ph-N2Q X22 5 ePh-on ark a & (5) From cumenc (iso propyl benzene) ° R-orn G2 5 Replace ot : : ce pid Cigne by Ch R i= Op [hv : oon e Oo) —— {eo ] —— > Ryn Coy ie thas <— + ®In vasic medium Cart) Reagent = UH, 0Na/ cH, OH \ 1S) 9c} Oct, ®I Addic Medium (anti) Reagent = CHa / HeSOy W v \ OCH a on 2 Cen >> Had CAcidie Stenyh) 7 cape * Gumenz Hy droperonide Rearrangmort (CD Halogenalier: y Migration a ema cg 1 © Bromination -- ox -m,-5 i 8 Nb SoH we GC] #1 + GT o py 1. =O 4 er | py ° In case of phenols , cuosence of- 0} Lewis acrd = Bromination | ™ Rim Ph-OH is highly ach vated | om ving. . | Dee Orme of Phonsls < ® Tri Bromi natien :- SRne ou on 84 oy oO _ Br br Br 1 eS € H20 i, Of ut O Br A Hebondiy \- orto (major) phon: , Uses Para major) , -— > Acidic Hadure <—_____ | CO) Nifration ‘+ (encainos jeone H,30/) Ph-on — Ph-o® +He + eeae, [> o-niboph and para L Sfapie due fo Resonana. 1 Cr ane separated by steam do not gire Maco, test OL major Aishuaten Rix gormetton,of werk atid. + I} *Bp:-O0P Q = : 4) R-C-ol SHO PH AS peop @) Concenseatiirn Hnos : on ou a Arf COR THOPh > R-¢-0Ph ae } NO), Noa. | Hi (Picricacid) dy + R-coeH i Le Pr Nox —> Aspircn Pormation <——~ C | Come tasoy 50H, § x Loot oo OAC -tHy | if OO abn, (Ol awhotg, oye so3H | Orth > Decarbonyletion / — g ami O-aceryl | Desuiphonetion Seabi ugiC ow i: oH > Ketbe Ran C —_ eyo a + S03 en a onal aa OQ) Dede niany cooly oH Ww Cine) Dar? en yi ix? ©) ~ pte p> Roe, he Jaye30) creme AD phon cP pe hy) NaOH = Otho Majer (3) Broming water tat: ' a ~ Para mesor ou i os _ : . RY argc denaity K® Nao o as & é — > Rei mer Lieriin, <— (a) Phenel pirat seath- Oo oe, one ov . an +2) © +(0 0 ——> Phenopthalan bale 1 [ewe Key 2 © Electwphule ~ Clo : pie * phenet, o-nitophenel, an-nitrophonel 4 ou do net give MaHcd, tot i oa= Na ae ed Coupling x” eer p-nihophenel Hus on om « dinino , Piairoprene vw. : él 5 oO esr : | q 4 h ys zap dca <—_——_ Ph-OH gg hO-H> Pp A-H sg oxidation Ran ———— —y BLb's oxidation a on atfereerex, » ca é _ ok soe [845 oO MeSO Sai 1) anlar = 6 (suk = 3:4) P-Benzoquinens ; : ames 1 (nydeoqained) Test of. phon ol <————— Caron () Fecty Test -- ans —[reornde ] + A\toheb > LM tthe 9} Preparation ww Catalytic Hyer i ai) #2504 or Hg0% 9) 6 Ph-on + Fes Bua 4+ 3h? (@ Liberman nitroso teak - Reagent” | ‘ 4705, | © 78 (©) ‘ones RaW = ft, RBH a | 2 S04 ; “ee (Reson) ' R-cH-Uls Colour change sequen eh - ad . Ewes hates Rrown __» “reer Red — Dep (®) ROR itedy Blue Bue | * Example of €AR- Red Wydroboralien Oxidation — 2) From carbonic Acid !- ) Reargek = Bate / THF alas ° Reagent ~ AH / H202/8H- ~ on- R- ie ou unite R-CH2-OH - R-at= Hoo Oy ES Reuaiced* Expensive "naaned @ syn addixion aan 2 | © AdAiHen acco Mark Rule get on a won Hs Ro -thoe Pexceblent yield Sf alcohol i R-cH,ont ROH ~(@oOmpm > Oxymereurativn demiccurshm ——______ Reagent = Ha (OAC)2 /H20 OHH LAW” SRY ' : ~ OK ¢ Rania OR coc — R-ULeH# “ ‘, (2) R-c- OcoR’ —> Rew, eH + SH x » R-CHecH, —H20_y R-CH-H2 8 RICHOH,, Mark oy ? , Os > San- WA |S Anti addition > CFO pened 9 * Cyetic merturahion ron formation > Reduc® Ran it (uy R-CoMHe RHE NB x 6) Hy drobacation Protonation - in Reagent = GoHe THF oH? ) Rg FoR’ —aRueH + fw j 2 CH3 coo 4 ~ ‘ 3 Rou x t 5 (6) Rusby ——> R- vw R-CH =U ae, R-G, - Wty - st Hast x inimor m\ NP ° OH ij | (8) Kucheroy Rqn (For Carbonyt) Reapent = dil H2S04/ H9S04 > Hy?Hy,9 (8) 1° R-X je RC EH isto rey aes - js fot) ~——1> Mushet y carbonyl compounds aa a ea ees hoy | Reagents ! - J LAW , 2.$6H 3° Ron oR 3. HaINi( PAPE) 3) R-C ZN —» R-ch -Ny, vw % Ne £0, (HES c-o4 ® aoe Ye i SBHACC vd i Wn «He Rexsrt LAM /SBH] H2 ~ 1H Auyt deride \ ceabenye eate oN tho —~H® v ectal Case!- Jb Phenol and . sg ASP. Phenol and Oxidation Rxn Oty - co Ke bich ee akkeng fsa ho ALCone ph-h= CH - ec “ “Ye Aleonal ees Ald r , ot \_SA_, R-coott he CH= ay ¢ —cH He Ne 3 9° Alcons\ ahs R-CO Ketone R _——» Chenial Properties <————~__26 . WReaction with Hydrogin Hotide(Hx) 3 A\ushe} ——> So RAM HEX 4 RCH —> R® —s RX AMOR 1 4PCC > CG) ter0g tH 2) Ran with Sdtle » Puls, Pus ae (@?) cr.0a SNE ors Coat af? ' B ; Relearion ae scoolin Reagent = (1205 t® @ / (Alo, Resrrang) . , (Neary) ° Cra + acetone — 1c /Ag~300°C ; ov Hor emnod #SOAt- KMmn0U /HE ob Ko C2 OF @ Dely droctcon ob Aluchel '- Fe oa ‘ © Kptrs03/ H* OF \ } Reagents » a 1B or Reso, or, » cnromic act cH, cr04) : cenc-H3 POd 4 fo Maz Cr, 02 SOY a Jorus Reagin® ut ALkona Nog (tone) i a eae (erog+H2800 | p-on Ht ak? — @ mech @ ok 4 CO stesitty i eee ay eghe eee | we A a tony a°Alc) eHe eo Cac Hi OH _ MAO e-c-cHO 4) Deky dration 6p mechanism Ph-cH2-6H ph -cHO ba = s mno2 Reagera:- Al203/ > Pac IP > ec aC -R POA > co EGR PoUds/d Vb yy iniy ° (samen Ph- CHR Ph-C-R. R-oy We» Alken? Sale kort on eo . A cA sa-ma-T a teat (3) Dehy Acation by @, eb mechanism coe ae 3d +m Reapint !- Thoa/d G22" 31) Alesha. —— Esteri Patton << Ron 2? > RO > Alken be R= C{GH = 08? = R-E- OR’. ° 3 e © © * o> Rt. a R- ¢-CeoR’ + HOR? > R-c-oR? ¢ 7 a OH more stable anion = major ° I act 3 a-g swore __7 y ;: > Ratte of Esterifjeation 1+ For carbonyuie Acta — “| Reove % Clechopl tity 4 -M,-T a | +m,41 ROR @f Alcohat !- RoR I ea cacte SH > Hy drotysts of este, C1] DReverse af — ESteri fication ° ° @ R-CSog HOP Let "oy ae sen Ou +R "> Saponificetion ——_____ © Alkaling Hey drelysis i Rue- KOH ~ ‘ R-c-eR Tag 7? REK8K + 0H ° i > Trans, Estriffertion <——— ESHY Ee Este, comiersion ° ° R-E GRIF HOR? > RC -004 R’8H . yu" (gyuiurtz Reaction seven numba af carbon atoms: 7 NA R-R ax ‘Mircor Image ba «e goade” (A) De carbo myralve® Rewoot SYset SR-H woo 2 D> R-wona 749 (5) Kolbe Electro ys R{coona REAR eg RER Bi fewon Lintermateadan > (rita Ae, q * Areane formed ab amo © Cop valved at ome ehreveived atcha de Ree ok cot = Bare - > Prepetia of Areas <——+ (W)Hatogenation | | Atkanes - way R-K FH-K RSH ore? a et ROR = Fa >a, >8m >To Luncontn C i Yery stow | > M.-O-P 6] Atkane, <——_ ee rede Veversiblt. “(from Unsaturated hydrocabens — Aa t= 123-8 26.25 Saprp matin | Sask atte eee GENET ast ae : i -_ Mechanam : Bce c- ote ~ ce. Ae chain WHAM 2.chacn propa” PARE = AOOM eMmperatwre Hi = Wye temperatne (9 From ALEYL Ratidie mint -H + H-X g-x Sa RHE / Zn tanta —> ZAU ed? — 3-cnatn terminal on % To get Wighsy yieid —add excen at m& Exced Ch (exces) chy 4, Es coy, cexcem) ig) Tsomeri Secbion | PIN fone, (isomers) eu = ok carbon min wl |____» Method of Preparation — peanched isomer bn do () From Alleyne aromatization: - Reagent:- Ho tPd/C or Ha aPAlc Reagent — Cro03 © YoOS, S-quinotine ™Mo,% , 443k » Basoyz quinoline -cec- ) yo-tnatm Rcec-R 2 Ra, eo H > el Ww — 4 col nor proent a bd Charcal 1 pr ——> Gon sroued a option — b Ateqne —> ALKanes - cage Au ® ae ep (2) Birth Reduction - wi/s23K Li Rakao OH lagee ashe tol a uy IL Yoon V\-cac-R S<¢50% UgqNHs W, <2 6 Mea 02 2H harao ZOH lage wafo Bee . 2) de! halo eli mati) (exnseooyginn 3H akan oH lege [es hydro halogentian |. CB-eHm 2 ye PEs ede KOR eMn6 only fer 3° ci oe TF ° wo 3 xs xt fe A ¢ a Roe = In> Br, >a Fe, —> Reaction voi th steam << | 3° > onae adeyh. © o anti eviminaHon Saata we mikal do” $ mork’ 'e4able: product o a co + 3He y CHq + H20 ties Ce Mug SK PA [PEIN y 473k > Physic yi apaiis <—— + Beiling point 2. Setubitity Cia We Bp amwr eALKaney] - Ih mut same mon . “Be el soluble 24 a Nen-pelor branch (4) Dehatogenat or “4 beé- | ‘eD &) Pehydration of alcohol (R-etimi.) “n- co ; | R-on HE, p® +20 , Rearrange SS Athena [He > Mee J Priority. | > Properties of Alkeres <——— 4 Addilwn of Suiphunic acid * Hydro genation cal Bo dca \NNi/ed/pe \ OS-o7 a. Halogen ation es @)In nen-pelar ae (Ccdly) \ ya .~) Z c= _ yp ¢ \ Tee? vic — x Qaki- vicinal di Natide Ly usea for test Bra sy CUly (edaish orange) onan turn colourlers db) Ina polar Sowent (H20) x HO-X 7, I HOM RCH Hy an oH Reartarye net pori ble oe anti product Halohydeva B. Addition of Hex 2 RoeR= HI >HBr PH + R-¢cH =H, us ae @ R-w= Ae —— R-CH -Hs + Rearrange be Alley! halide <= R-fH- Os x HOY Puce Peroxide > Carbooim HE / Hr Peroxide —> Grbocrtin Her HRr Peroxide —> AndHmeark - 6 Andimark Reda nat obserred Symmetre . ts bocatin H2s0y ——3 at + HSOqS cot R- CH=CH, eu, Ro Ch Ha + FP" soa 0-50;H 5 Addt on of water -— Ht on) Reagent :- dil H2s0y oF ut/H2o or H30* Rott, —y RCH He : OH of unsaturetdon __s oxidation Ren — Reagent :- (Ait + Atkaline) runny 1 + cola Bayer Reged * Jest for nsaterat on Emndy — purple colour» Ong. Se eRe oan ce) yeeco oC > Scene & A syn vicinal diat cused to detect postHon ok pone bund in aikenss or ott uns ak Compounds + (Q) Reductive © Og tCCly/Zn tH20 #03 4CCly | Zn Oa + CCly /Me2S >StSS | by Oxidative +05 +CCly [H20 @ Og tccly / H202 eo same result d 1 temnou/A" Q-keyergor/Ht Robe _ } AS Por OO Ire gitne vi double bund i no sb tod ob Rrceo.t AcLeyns - 3-Kucherov Ran!-. ] — > Methods of Preparation <——— _ Reayint *- - nail | Gqsduy HeS04) 4. Prom Carbide 9) Hat /Ho0 @ tat, Os creay REE —> RES Mg, Cg HA2> crg- CEH ; aia eBe,c es ayy 4. ty drohalogen ation % A. From dehydro halogenaton Race OAS p- 0otH Reagent: -o Me Ken ; a fd na — Cs ie —We_» ce EC 1 inh 1 uti) pat UE ghana T QC ECH “aia ¢ 3 ve ee +. a Propatties of Alyn <——— On = on cneet ut" SACO Nature to wrty cle ve © Terminal, ateynes re acdc . Stiscd 2 Reced—y > R=c ce 4H® ©, ie Stabu®— ent “sp hybridise * sengaice c~ chy £ Q Addifin, Reaction i) 1 (ad Hydrogenation (6) Oxidative ! Wald Re QR- CECH voi © et -CSCH fe Re czc ip’ oy Baso4q n7 ~H : Ha + Pale a ,, —b “Tes CO R-cee-r" Na Ry a) (0) Toten 's Tes seers Crdsride ~ ae CHC pote NHs H a ~R Reagent :- AaQNos 4ntyor Reng iciqe> rane R-CECH re NH Ot} lb) Halo g endlion 1 an xe RCE CAG | ~ OSC ety oh Silrer white ppt x Br ora ~ = ge —» coloarters cou Test fer eenreturdtion — Benzene anyone) a Oo _— +Ht — Method Ot Preparation <—— _O- Age? Co [feru® i. Coupling of Alege > , Fax, tHx | Sexson RT y Oo @ Fridet cCragt AUeylation | ‘Jia vi reagent ¢@ beneta hai woh lay 2. From Phenols '- Skta hai? RB -04 20 @ Ph-0-H —29 _5 phy io ae 6 7 3 3- Decarhorylation : R® = Ros & powitle Ph-ceoy -NeeH@o, py -y cage $ Ph-Cb0nNaq —Cao Ph-H @ Fridel Cragt Acyletion Reagent :- R-E-U + Anhy Ads "> € Ni ie sl bar ° 3 R-E® Wo rear € Hw ie, arse) 1S. Biv & ete ey | ten oe , Aromatic eckrophile Nu cleephile Ketone. © tov 29 Nucleus loving © Sutphonation {+ vi ; L t= SO, He S0y | C& Aepecent e© conor Kengnt Hepso4 ' L-s0® re . t RYHA, No tet XO; RO, n6 oO fuming Ha S04 R-c20 5 So, a cone Hz soy 2 have tone pair * a and 3054) CB, BPs e-be- X bord. o 4 aie eg ONitration !- NOs® Reagent - (4) Most FO Be ALntermdjaty y er wheeland @) Ny0¢ — No® NoP , & Complex (3) CONC HNOg t CON Hs SOY @ Directive Inbtinened rae NOp 4h G = tM. Ortho, para oO —-— El oom ms H, $0y lac ay avid > Addition Ran <—— HNO, acl oo bave (Hydrogenation i eres Wa @Hatogencttion |= *& CS ae CD Reagnts - Xo t Anty FeXs Xa t Fe ae oe \ Fy Chiortuctlion /— tem tLaee eae leone a Eanes & wo < “4 ) Run of Aexent, with HX OD aS ae q R-ai =u, wx Qngn “He a q TO Z Gydedinteg o™ e-fi-un, 7 indlane. (Rearrange) Impon : Uindane a rie B) Ran of Atkansy with Aa[h? ga ay Pe : meer (LO R-H alhY 5 R- A Me,c* ic gy REIS mptps Mets THME ied vee Qr, .- 1:88. 11600 B°a274 anne e z X2/ Ck Hato alkane (6) Ren bf Avcenis wit “! 4 s Neecy te Sebesy t mop a 7 I satiy tab!» i x W Ran ef, ROH with Conc Wx cis syn Ergin? a r rans anti - erythro 7 Ruowpweto 5 pO XT, px rom earth Gre : eee feans 4 syn 7 THO CAP 2M e2)shri t Top = Ping (D Atiysic substations | (Cie) | 7 naaion = ehbed mani or @rominaion — inl pease we! one Orin fr pmy p Ring & aim =H 3,. 1 6 Uz | SOO'C ie | Ks + - e 7 (B Luca's Task jot ROH buo me | \ \. Dee Soot cee | (Owe city= onsen gay! v (O42) we te ie citar CMa SUCH X A, 2K — qurbr in SCG W) Ben2utic *- Prien, ah Pgs Ron, — immectiake Huxbidily. ee ad — Pra | £ (iseaReros ASF avoy ( 4. Elnkelsteck Reaction > BB 17,2") — ¢ L 2098 y \ . R-xX Nat RI seb NOX J, . Aceyone » Axo 9 ROW with POs, PMs ne 2 i eax) 10, Swarts Reastion [ore gx RX Racha, Bo yo Sodas Ru) Get eVicinal ai iodide! are Leit Mable Nod ge a 757 oN S ydyered ——> Properties <—— ~ DO Nuceophitkic subsHtation Rox Q-Nu t+ x ® Gx) t> 2skep Ran Tntermodiat, ~ C@® CRearrange)¥ RO-R = R-TORBr>R-O>R-E Nu, = 3° >2° 54° | Solvents :- 12.0, Roa, AgNo, Ay ion) Mots Aq,0 Energy Diagram - + Q@sertay Sy ' R-x ——“y R-Nu h Ss go 4% =pps Javous Rerrrange ERD) 244 Step tan Te arde obe = SP? 7 abe ROR = ReTS RB RUD ; *ROoR Xx 4 pho. hd an 32°93 | dy estos alr Solvents — Agicon, KSH , Ag > R-x M4 _s R-Nu *POS¥Y OTA © Posix —> 0-A open chain) Check ¢-0-S Ceydic) = Cos¥ —0-5A los OA § C+0-S Omg tor even rings za 4 Aiagonal opposite seme group Cos a ” diff group COSX KCN / NAW , Nak ] Acetone Chiral carbon = — CMON BAY DZ or MOE ~cheeg py, ra b Meso — 2chirad carbon + Posy zd + do @, Racomic mixture - for Sam comp, * OLA "pour ye tnversim = bX Ss yty Retention +x ye : Hy SN, —ennahomer (Larersim + . Retention pro SNz — only inversion. > Nucteophid <——. Jo Mu@ > Nu €x- OW” > HO NWS > NH Q- Lone pair present on nuckophilit atom ke bgt wale atom py s Mu clemplili d ky Tyada 3. same-period = ‘Same ad basidly) Sen, >NHE OH > FE 4. size x Nucteophiticlty Fe gue cbc S- Ebbeck of solvent na PPS (al#0) Osey gudeho Y DAS (42#0) se nagudt (LR) = Nua tial! D = Nudie | Nucteapht a ~ Nudeophitie'y f Nutleophitily (Jb na meation ko tohvaloays PPS) G- Leaving Abii ty a We bave , better leavilf SPNger She CEN} aeid better Lewin} Fo cuecRpyec ye HE OH cher
s° = R-5> @Br >RU 7RF @) Reagent s- alc KOH DE ! tad -¢ eee ty ; alc KOH ia € Ve, 8% anti’ ctumination © ROR:- B°>2°>4°, RIDRBP © Less hindered allcene U major when Ubuok) i preert * More Strble iy major- Ga tv Reagent :- ale KOH ye LY +1 Hato ass eee ——> M:0-P Le Ekectrophiic Subs" Rqn x a © Fe Xs : a G=tmM OP O 0>M Bp: -0>P>™ ble so Ran of HT th reversié O-A ynog, roy & an uA” *Plucro compounds arenas produis Vege = Vere = Meet cone Fike Pe? Meete > Yd,Br 2. From Diazeniunn ssalk A \ wus” z Ha Cra Cu app pole Ph=Oun Ph-N2U 7 Cuz BIx > Ph-Brs £ HBr Cul/HA yy Ph-A, |_CAIHBr_ 5 Ph-Br KI y Phd (H?6Foy Ph-F a lA —— Preparkis <—— + Nucleophictic S' x Not Possi ble o Ri - Resonance . Spt hybrid Carbon, Nu® vepuls/ on + Dow's proces NaH E 23K 3000 Ph-oH
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