Pring Aeidg ¢- & 4 ign => % amino acid. > amivo oid exist ag Zwitter ion, Rn aS Mis '=> ‘amino acid ose 4 Souble in wake, | partially Souble ov Completely iMSoluble non -polaw Solvents > High melting point (> 200'c ) > Colourless . > amphipotic depending vbon the Godition. Aynino acid —> peptide —> paypeptde (monomer) > protein ( polymer) => All moctuvally oucuring amino adds have, a Goniigacrahion . D/L => relative. Gnkgusation :- So, Yequived’ releenc unit, for. arrive Rebwrwe wut ig + Serine. B/s => alssowte Gomfguretionice book Bruice, tov bio: Aliphatic axing aid, we (aidkiers EG. Biwiasy rate Based (Bows giycne Alovine ‘Valine. ~ Auuine WSolewine — Proling Cals) (Ala) (vat) (Au) (Bt) (Pro) coon Cooly COOH cooly le 8 tt cy yw ou _ " f0Hs)H + (aa) (Ale) in ) v Aeidic amino acid °~ C No. of —coon F- 'S greater thon —nyp gs) ~~ Aspartic acid’ (Asp) gitamic. acid ( glu) Basie ammo acids *- (Sof NIRS Wo. of - coon geubs) Aysme( Lys) Aminine (A tet dine. { iginine (Arg ) ns Aide Guleiving, amino acid s Aspargin (Asn) Glutamin (@1u), Conelusion from the Structures». “> All amino acids ase chital except " glycine” > A\l amino acide hove S~Gn figuration except cyslens => Allamino addy axe o4- amino acids except proling, “ Awginne e 4 (aE uosine wit) F SNe, j H => Most basic aming acid 4 = ~ Se G z=n Recoo coon yw | + Moe u cH cua ~ Delle pe el, \ Tob feu 0750-4 pore Most auidic inductive ofa ig distutice perc => Am, gin Iyfotgis Asb, Siu “wm = ele a c Sy, mie mon Oo COOK cool} ere 4 fig Coot » W3N ~Coo® G more. Zwitler i acidic. Wertoniso) seis point s- (Px) ' => pt ab whieh nd charge =O > if pe phyer pier, sntewent words Cathode . Ze ce To [ee eon 1 nod “ moemurt -lowardg Ie MPa anode. Hah Cop® ‘ aot 12-13 i eo, + when pl ig vey high n> H ge: Hon “copO => Phe PH One. in (mo. cpnoverred) Gays “ gpeuards BY coo® on eledvode, . : 4 Caleutation of isgeleudric. point % - => Amino acids thut do not Contain ary ionisabie cide chain eg: “alaning, . Ose ~ ’ a oe . Pktit kaw h3N COOH pi = Pear age Adding % rd aKa li ih iat oeasi ae eee idl 7 if amino oid amtaing ang tonigable Side, Chain, then pL wit Be equal to -the Overgye of- Poa, of Similarly lonisable' groups . i >it bosic amino acid, wo. ot gy - OH DP Pha, Yolues of - nity groups ave Considered i idi i j of - Coot gr > if acidic amine acid, no of Sty geo Pka value of +cooH ents ore Considered. © hoe Wyn cooy pfs @ B8or se = 602. 9409, 234 i. i . en oR cH coon £ . 43r2-2 (49 hy fet Bac (CD) - IB © wall (ex), — eu cou pd _) FDrEar _ Sa ‘ots oh, = _ iQ 695 Amino Aeic id Aeid Newkyo Basie. PH of Nig) 18. Less than’ pA of Bis (Side. chain) Addit: — tis (DS iy (s.c) Basis) of Cone. base + tHe)” wit ($C) Acidity: — coon, tiys («) Basiciy ; ~ 00K NH (oc) *Aven; alr the Plowing amino aeidg “mM ihe of thei es Youues 5 — 1 w e. ) A, Asp Ase< Woh AA ah a aeidic. As t) ee, pag Cy 24s Beisic — reubey a ae Us> val> Cye> As Y slightly aud due to s “ —SH group . © Essential Aino acids. PVT —> Len fe i HALLA Phe L ae be 6 Gare : C All atomatic amino aeids are essential) Syrehesis of of Anning acids Gzbeial Paralavnide si . oO Potossicxmy halo estew /reid Gea pthadimide. Lue et RQ g Go . ke te Nezo ct TOK Sn A Ga |e Kon i eon ‘on to” x ¢Staeaken eqonens ae Way Nigel /KeN Ye Nos by OO fe emg ae AREA | Rg Oren aM r wee ge Lye ee cn” WR : Rr ee NAD 0 ~, Peabyeen ry <— R~ CN | Coon Malonic esteve Synthesis s- Nace ey, covet 9 om RX Hom Qox Hye —.—. S wout 9 x wont 430*/4 : Pr3/ BR AyD + sud NH asoLs 3.1 Rac Goek Og (OOH " ve Ld got A C-o-4 R—cH eutes TA ne Seu Se-o-H I oO j PCG/bq ~ Hy —cooy —* sy R- CW — COOH ———> 9 R-AH RO . Ls we GE, Re cu Stony eee R—cH = en0H ; hy Gn iReductive amination ¢ (% - Ke fo acid) i ey ae orl a a Dis meeauid. BN BS i) He /pa : o” cooy ' a ee i : wy ~ C014 mr ane W aR —% % WOOC ote * NW "pd. i SoarT) s R—C ~ coy SRO My COOH Reaclion of aynino aeid 2 ™* Bolection and Deprlection of — ywlo grubs cee N brace 2 00 WaN-cH -coot Oh Cr9- “ony ° 1D oe nee aN GH Coo y 8 5 a OH g, a 02 CHg-C~'NH — CH (OOH He 1D 4 . : z a Se 0 °D On CH c-on Hep vt a . ° Clg —CNNn- cH Cooy e* Palection of Nth by cbe ( cosiony bevy!) ‘ ie Lae Ay Ph e ; Se i ewes 05 > f= coor Rg en ale —Hel, We ti {Pe on CANA CH coy ea R Chz + Depolection of chz ¢- ‘ O, Hytrogendysis oh. é " : e fe ae 'k/ed pn-cty-0- EN mye gu 84 Rs CHa e | MN CH= CO, oe age ee & ~ Cy L R nob Stool, rm i 7 v ue) “Enc C0 ‘al ony. Sermon oy ) RN = CH Coon mal vo-huug ° 1 © Protection ty Boe fees - ee ee H R Abul! oxy Cartimdl. ra Poe WG cot anhalt. R OW i Depotectoy, o=mce MiG > Cool by ei A 8 : cole mi, Ne, or* SaiesHon, wy £ Moe 5 - (ol eae F- Moe—cy id o i N RN-CH— CoH 4 f-Moe-e| —__>> F-moe—Hv— CHC R ae : : base == Ue! mae me WeGe won ara g § se Wo-c — NH — CH OF Han 7 ae fee 8 wantiiative analisis a ake acid ° wn co) Hige — dH — Van — S ig Methad * HNo>, Coon 5 Wye ° ene KC psy coon f 4 W3C —CH— oy aei Puople Coloue . © r f | H*/H2 0 Cr iyo, xix ‘Stolle dus to ‘ oO ie H-bandig) => All - amino acid geacts with. 2 molecules of ninhydrime . to aie purple Colo odul except proli 3 ce 8) re a te ete Sia ik does wl Me — nig wr) ° Nik — eh — coon o< IG] Keon) ey "eH 2 ® Phage OF Bn TS) 60 of ee f reo 0 yY Hee + FD é ot$o 5 Sh cee oedep Sequence detenmninoction 2 peptides oo Peptide i. Arg ~val—gy — Ale (Sequence is Known Arg yal, iy , Ala ( rot ) Peptide WN teominal > C- towmi nal , : Luk —> ~nighnt. )-Covtony peptidase ; ( netntoanyme) 4 ?. Cuts peptide from C-terminal» and one. as amino acid ad one time. aw] eg: Arg - aly -val- Leu 2) Hy deazinolsis 5 - ent Niy-N Hy Agr yly—val + Le f : Wyn aot =C=0H. + Ng — GH CoH / R g& : oes ¢ iH — CH es as) ch Wy eh CON — GH Con H @ a ew Lee See ih ~~ 2 x gi ae Peptide bond. inh : | tee, oO n “SC NHN + HN mamea ‘ ° oO a tyn— cH ete Ch cont —c — Cool tia ®& is Heal yet Eph i NHy-NH) | Kewl otal Qui a J t yn GHC -HM HQN —CH —C -RHWH a& ) Q + NCH —COOH ® mG alt a" © 2 Coloum of Coton exehamue vesin i$ used | “oy (acidic) Silica» (dedi) (, binds Strongly with. Bose arming seid ) 7 ede fist (ce terminal amino acid’) deidi< -Coxoon terminal acid With only ip, Frist and Com be Serovated. d PC elute, an -9 —0—0— 0 —O—+n-wed 9 (8 © Resucion pied by ryselgels & ° " INCH eo — yyy mee cya — piseare ” a oe ide lin is not Yeduerel. dense thc bt be cH 2 im on — Lem oH — CHL0H , 7 ‘i ov | aeid bydrolysis 4 HN coon + igh ~c4 —¢ 04 geen es ie A i se meet @ © basic, 96 Acidic. resin, , = binds most hong) ORO EEE sett ne a, i (Wie cluted at xt gine ibis basic. G)re Clubed ot |“casene elenninaton of N-terminal grino eid §- D) Langera Method os i Tee, DNEG Nucleophilic. addition , N F Ag Niminocion seactton ) % climin \ ) ie ¢ ‘ o XO R- CHOW 7 en —C—NH Goer “o R ‘i ‘ : °o ; r 0 Nae WE NW cH—C-ni cH coo No gue c A 3 0 R al ae | a4. Ingdrolyis > 6 t Al cu hone | oN a os-- Paps C -on ai a ened BO, ++ ia i CoH e Psabantagy D) oly _ Netexminal:. amino acid 'S identified. oe D) Pech of ne Sequence is lost, iti) the “Yeuc DNPB Cam yenet with basic, amino acid, ven with hose wich ave, ot Piesend ot the tevminal, ) the. othe, Tucleophilic centers ike —oy SH Com intesfare, ‘@ gdwan's Degredation Re mt a) pa Tetons i a 8 a aa it "NCH C—NH— CH—CoNH— ch —C -OH ee ei. : a * S@=n- ph Ss J = 6 © healt é -NH - CH Ph—-n =cCuN— CH Cah ee alee HOO A a! Qa J eo 4 a it 1-NH—C =e —CH— C=C — COOH Ph “NH —C— nt eu “CNN cu c=nt Ie era e a | nny ® : er toh en Ltn CM — Cog + CH — CNH -— a sok R | ' 4 ? - ol Sequeme ie got lost 4 Me Seperate g one amino acid ot eeeeed me O Aqueous yduoysis C Complete hrgheysis) ® — Brymatic hydrolysis!) dene vm IN ( Selechive and spect) exogept dace. exdopepti dase . . (Wonks at the. Chydrolyse. the peptide brond. teominal ) é which iS not wt mise ; f dot the pep cq: Cacho pe tidase,. the end o eats) (a at &4 + Trypsin (eleovoge fom ° C- terminal Side of basic. ammo acid) Alas~ Arg ~ Sly -val beak J ten methionine |)” ve : Ala - Arg + ly ~Val. =P chymolidpein, (Cleavage trom -€- Lermina! Sikeot aromatic. acid ) eq: Ary ~Val - Phe — gly -Ala LY Chymot ripe , Ata -vol-phe + aly-Ala. ° YEAS 2 Phat SOMOS chawge. ee Agt Gy anbsIn Val Pro Ary 4 ay. Vol Arg $ Gy pio Tobin yay Me + sly -Pro + : None. ot the exopeptidase or endopeptidase, hydrolysis the peptide chalyy it cyolime omino nedPeseMt at the. active Site, eS Reason : these, emyme retogenise oe msiOlysis Site by iks Shape avd cl Ee Cyelic. Sturutune, of proline . Coimy the site ee mee 2D Shobe . Reason : Keu- Phe— Pro Crumebunsin », Xx Peptid e Compe hye phe , As, Glu, His, Val. jo ee Portal bydolyis Val — Asp . Glue + tig Phe - Val, 14 Asp = ql } Bad she Sequence ot the amino geid_ va\- Asp Ash — alu. Loe 2 da Wiss the - Val : 4 Sys ee ee 2 Phe-Val— As - Giu-Hig EeCorbaidiate ( Sugar) | { Ep re Cooly diales ou py hydroxy alenade / Kefone,, > Compounds tht can be nydrciged to polyhydroxy | | ) i! aldelyde/ petore, a) eg o Sitkose , Lactose. Clasitintion of Canohysake sp i on 4he basis ‘of 10. of Sugar units present . 1) Mono Suameri des > — ~ (Contains only one Sugerr anil. > hey cam’) be bydvelused further. I Cg ; Sacwse, batese, Maltese . ; qluose, fwutose . A TDi )) Pépsacchari des tee Ng 7. two Sugess units. We eg: Sucrose , Kattose, moitoce . 3) Poly Sacchavides eit a hit <. multiple monoSaccharides link Fogel eg : Storch , clalose, Amslose,, 2) gn are basis of Sehuctions! guops :- > Alderyde ‘ of %) Alcnse FS Sige “4 “se Glucose v) Ketose _. Ketone. — Suge. cas Aruchage,® on the basis of mw. of Carbon Contos 3 Corloon atoms . oar Gly ceratey de - a) “Troge. b) Tebage |: eryarnse. . Noturaty seeming Sugars : elerence unit + D- Gafigaxotion A D-elyeroldenyde . cro D- ailyceraldehy ce 4 fon Cho D- exythose D-threose . PRE a CHO rs on Ho. : ah ae CHon OOH } | D- Ribose D-Aaobinose D-Kylose eae L ee au ~All D-Athoge es D- D-Allose Segluase — cst Dyuose D-iedoe — D-golackse, oats present “4Reduction : “CHO n—++—on } ‘ Roane Naty Lea gas o 1) —brow chow thas CHyON Beg Heat Ko 4 NowHy It oF si P H on ) holt Oxidation ) BsAyo -cH0 of 98/H,0 fo Ze on Oa nome. CHOH CHROH 4 —y—on wo—t—H |! 4 —{—ott - hi pon | ~ CHyOI} , le ele cy On H—+ on Wo tt Norlin Mirae on by tins OA WW —— ott H —+—on Chyon Ie on Chou ea Si ape oxidises Aldehyde. only) Sa. —— 1H. tto _} _ Paracott _ ans ) Clous lexs yer ott cin Awaenle Sugawe (Atdose/ Kelose) Olousles 5 Owuny @ v s aldose Kelote2) HIN0g ( strong oxidisiy, agent “oxidise Alderyde 95 wel af [° on) ‘CHO nO Hy jon bop Eels ont rine ——~ Says on OH luton ani "ogee an or CooH .. Saggorie | Cotalused gpimerigation of Monosaccharides CHO ] H 48 oy" Chor (2- mannose) H#Oo4 Ne20 Hr 4 90. Ne-0 c sic /e —> planer Noon 2f-ou pata ‘e 2 = Ho} —H no OH on H OH h oH H on CHOH “cujou Planer Corpon and hence Serving both . D- gluse ond- D-marmise.HN, 08 4o eee Ow | ft} ——on ” Pa Daluwe + D- Mannose t+ 0 } ( Chou. ood Qsozne, pe mation oF ~~ SO oG derivative of Combonychole. Reagent real hydrazine //H + (Ph-nat ny ) a, ’ ec a 4 "Nezn- N “Ph an 1 Opa nina n/p 4 aoa ae ty to —7—H aoe ae H—}—~on 4 ——on 4 —t-on" Chott CHyoHChain elongation ¢- Valani- Bschen- Qeachin 5 WWe20 H—t of Noten: +——on Con cHo ; cHo 4 Ee + Hos 4 oH a on yor H on Oot! ole eS, 4 1 oii Hot ow vEus ‘ ‘OH TO ss CHyOH 4 oN en yon Ho 4 H—- oH 6+ oO ou + —H—on H on CHON CtyoH Ho Pd. /Bosow ( denehiot € Hee Coup) 4 Nosy 4 t on Neen] 8 on + Ho 4 4 oH 4 ow 7 i on ch, Yor! Chpy ut Bor Crgshouys's ) fs 1, r ches C-»0 oa re ai 4 <0H ro «Stor & oHKe 2 @ e-0 : e—o too, t—t- 0 . woot thea tt 0 tt on, eq? oa : H —}— on Ret H on it CoH rd oH i CoH! cKO ; tto —+— ht 4 af —;— oH 4 —t—on Clot Cyclic Sausbire J guese s— ee HY e20 4 Hie, colle Pe yo—}-4 aE 4—t— on 4 —{-0n i on Chon Sitine?oleo + ee 1a Bin * Chats rm 4 8 OH volt oH iH EN, Oo. on Be 4 anomunic, \ ' OH %-D slunge 1 Cason ( a ho a Ho ‘anomeric B- D-guaoe, OH Coron z s amomers owe. two Sugeirs, that ze dilfeo tn the Coot wusation anh ak “he. Carbon -that A woug tae Coshor mn the. OPeNehuln form. thie Coston i$ also called. eee abo4 on Y °o Ome ie ie Z ane. OH « ow oo “alice IH MUN Stable, | -D- iS the most gtale of B-D glucose i ts ¥ OU, the Aldohexoser Sime au the -oH ave, eauactot pesition B equous gowlion » SOREN chatty) fom = O%- D-glucose + B-D qhueoce. GPP Van aoty eeraiere Redukiowy Osa2one -+oxm, Uulerclation ¢ — pure. &- D- gluse crystal | disove Specitic. rotation Senge from +1l2-2" to +o.7° fl * tho / + ho PUFe. B-D- glutose py dissolve. FW to + SageA Soo change in opteal lation, to On et value. to eutxcdtdion ‘ elbon *e=0 yo |— 4 ao ton | Ciro n : ' i Chl. cHoH WO” api SK WOH 2 von, A. HOF] ont ft a Gh . a 1 Ay deose yrertos + XD paw €. B-D ae \ os Aromeric. earoon ig eR (furore) <3 ee) i Reactions - Ether and Estep Soenaction sic Zs ep melt ne fy VY on dh te AY ep) Ago exten. & excess stay Meo. 0 wth f | ome ~~ 9Meip ot on @. BE we, eB | Ho. no ®) Hel oH : 2 OH Waa IN, i ‘ eo “x i He. a) eds ca delnalisakion "OcHycHs Stability . a ‘major) Gime tos : Ge Aramrasic bed bani) orig Oe Glyoridic, => Achat Delaolisation’ Determination ao oe Site , Reaction with #20, Crayas ed 20 : oon x) on (ue \y OA 20... S < i. c=0 O- | OH* oH Loy orm. Or, > NO, yeae-lon . or eyclic Systenw awh 1, 2- dial, An cystic System J lation 13 prsible * “ meaction in een Case. w —1_on + —-— on 6 Qyot o Wen + Ho- 5 on So iH ° ° t+ H-d-on > Hoc Oy | on 1 ae, i * Woe “oy > tren y © t8 of . SFO oi : re es ba) Coon Legtection 2— O° ¥ 1,3—dio), => ph-c-4 /H® wo cape /n + ayn * 1,2- diol > Acelone/'ti* * mp: foe protection witn Acehone Aa, quer, Shoyrd be Gwerted in turonose form, rok CHO 4 —— OH f wo ——4 4 —Lir OW \4-}— on CHOK es8302202 sensor Suse! ee 4+ : i. a HL) voy he sate wy PD 9s : ¥ oO one Tene me ; (13 diols) A © ) ( OL oN HO Phe g/g + co iv fon ST , yo . (1 3aek) 7) ote k Oy od ll @ 40 / xT uo “on (yo badd) (alesse in Jorarose ‘fren) 6 ® 0. on . ©. son yo Phono /t + “7 ° OE area Sri ae mot 4 on o ree, ho Ral haa of Bo, a! ot Crome nao ° oH, e en 4 a ou 1 : i he on ow fa i] et FJ te ed ne Fon nctoy a as 6 aaygtd" Non” Redicing Sugars fis (i sa Mo free-on /Arssedore, reducing Suge | ol onidlisiny ys io on x H HO, iy Toller's ~ weg 7 on Ceo ramet a Coon ai ie S ; Ho. ° Wang) => m0 fee -on. OCH 2 oH > vn pe —. Disaceharides eo A$ the hemi-acetal grou of o monoSsacchavide. forms om acetal by reacting with. alcoholi¢. geoub ot another rnonotacchdriden, the glycoside, So 4osmed ig Called” Disaccharide. eg: mottose, cellobiose, , Lactose, Sucvoge , Moltose (D- glucose + D- glucose)> Sime at e-1', tne position ton ig not fixed 7, Moltose. Car} exist in ‘ay- and B- "y fosms , — OH oxial => 4- Moltoe, OH, eq => 2 Mmolbte. * Mutarotation occouxs . | . ‘1 ‘ Cellobise ( 2 gee + D gluse °) | Fes fay) GO ee | Ls BEL i ee | EK Tee! etucing. Sones oe 3) «OW . oH a a oe x @ =1,4— glycasidic inkage) loctose (D- glaclose + D- gluse.) | D-glactose is a C-4 epimen of p- qiuese oH 1! Ce a 40, 5 g BL, eee (@-D guste) > ¢ os “educiiny, Suge. (e -1,4'— glycosidic lrnkuuge) \ iShewese ( d- quose + > Fretse) vy v Ry “Table Sugas b= Tetage e- Irekaae. oH wri fo i (“-D gluse) MeL te: 0 oa ~ow!, on slag ae { p- eee aan) OHNake - Nucleic Acid :- => Colourless Solids od Ci M,N, P Naeleic acid ~ | S iLig ov polyrer. cmonomen + Neely Nucleotides ; oO. on cae N he Mee a eg i) ae yet s oy 08 i : ‘ Cérvongtiole flyer gv | © Sugar + Base : (Nucleoside. ® Bugew + Base + phosphate . Nucleotide. ® Nucleoside + phosbhote ; nucleotide. : Nueleie acid ' nie af phos phate. Base (Hetero eyelic € Fay Sugar) t FProrganic phos pra) = > D ~Ribose. 43 poy ( byibasic) Monocyelie Bicyelic y { i Pyrimidine. Puxine hom / oH HOSeger | D- Ribose eee CoH M oy fe oi i Ree =o Hat a [ent of OH | ' CoH * D- Rios: (p1) °. ose) : 4 H He on OH (6 -D hie) c “8 yh) C > This Sugars, iS present in RNA cHO CHO : ; ; oh H OH t+—-+ 5 2 H OH 4 —+— Olt + Deoxy-ribose oy H—4— on omc Mibese. # Chou Cl) OH Ribose . DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Aeid.. RNA: Ribonucleic Acid. CH OH q e HO Wye “ON. * Hoye ge z A ie 4 en yt one On, H " vi L pepe . present in DNARO oh inion gee ey pyrimidine . (Pusine) we P 5 A 8 3NO ’ 5 a as I m% I CS: \ Nucleosides '- ( Base + Suga ) The anomeric Carbon of -furonose sing mm J ie is. bonded to purines at N~g" and " pystndineg od Noi", . i * Nuclepsides in RNA '~ i J © £-D 2 Ribose + Adenine = Adenosine . VI , NH pg}NH t iN NHD, ; WE S' (Adenine) N i hy Ms 77>) 3 =O ~ "4 red >) N ; Howe 0. oH Howe, °. i (@-d- Rhu) ooh 4 H kt on OH OH oH ( Adenosine.) 4 ® B-Dd Rivne + Guanine = Guonasine O vtety ‘ Gg N Guaning "~y~ yt @ B-D-Reose + Cyosme + -Cutidine , aus NH) (cstosine) J cy oe, ow Fi Tears cgbicin 2) HOw 0 wa 4 ‘Ty6- > Ribose + Uyogil, = Uridihet’ ” i oon (vvidine) 0 HOG i ‘Wl 4 "on on Nucleosides in DNA ¢— @ 2- deoty-D~ vei bose + Adenine) —> 2 deory adenosine Nia er is 6 oN ; J Adenine, Ina | » ian \ dey ag, =tRO Aes ; 'N Shut <— nog oO OH 0 Howe HOHy¢ u 4 = h H 0 oH 4 2--deory -D fis _tibose© 2) deary -D- Ribose + | Granine! 7. 2'= deoxy - guanosing Kr o We NN H ae N ’ ~ Js, 3 S ae Yh N ' ne N > 0. ® 2. deoxy ~D-Rivose + Cyrosine = Cari 2)-deoxy -cstidin 2ideoxy cyfidine ® 2 deoxy - Devibase. + Thymineg —> al-deoxy ng widingy op 9 “Thymidine i CH, ° ; eT Shy —_. ony Thymidine. | - Howe 0 yowe -° i 4 on # A KH =z.Nucleotides :- RE (Niseléo sided + ter): Nucleotides of RNA: ( @O AMp ( Adenosine rong phosphate ) jit é ‘ CO | oe bay 4 (Aserosine- s'- mono phosphate) P= fone, ‘ ce 3) | 4 oH oH H @ ADP ae di phosphate) , 5 He 6 o ll i SH he ( Aderosine- CO diphos phake) PS aN, /\~o 00 60 “ OK OW @ Are (wesine i pte) NH Capere Te) 5 CH On 4aie Dy, Case ‘of nucleotides thot DNA, the -D~ Structure . vemong eroctly game except 2'— deagy D wee mM RNA date Dna SO Nucleotide +N Nucleokde HM=1 Dinudleotde it ne 3-10, oligonucleotide, . if aS10 => “Nuclete, Acid, : ae ( polynucleatide) DNA and ONA are Nucleic ‘acids , Deoxy Riba nucleic’ Acid: CATG: « Bases | * Monomen + Tri phosphate. nucleotide, Sequence of boses is different for eery mdiidust o oO q » 9. Dise 00°] \oFo4 Te 20 08 98 Ol ° © ° : ’ ‘ ? an Bose. ———> 007] ody ae: Oo 0O 080 wo Case : Te . 1 ; av a a! OH ° lo : HOE outs 07 My # on Ht ° 7 Bose UA 1 t Sire > (ond Za qe ize 20.400 e0 aT i in PIV Ope. proeme> A say Prose aye Lo= : ° Prpe : | ‘ ic. 00 Direction » si>3' the Sequence of bases in DwA iS weitten ty ‘_ 3! divection, « SD hor Frito S!-end. has unlinked eet oe: DNA .\3,, bases oxe H- bonded with pyrimidine pus: base. (va wy Qs i hr. ¢. : 2H borded ay ile ‘ joe a 4H tend) pose) eG c 3H bonds are possivie ) e-t ic only, 4) A-T 72 9-¢ 5 3y Ae hamaon? « Hy We ee coe sty y S la NH eneduumn ~ Sugar i A t Sugar : H-bond. Taymine, Adenine . H-ocentor. 17 hedaren. fA 7 NOY ium unnmniang, 7 g g « \ : a engin ic A Sp Nx s < 1 >= O Mees rcteuasceteiint py \5 g a } Guanine, e (tosine) H » RWA~doutle helix 9 th The two ant — Parallel ping Stonds axe not Vmear bat ove twisted into a helix omund a MOV axis - The bose patrs are Planer and payalle! 1D each oth Melix. This er MANE inde ot the Secondary Structure. is, Aherelore, Catied dowsle_ helix. agi© BI AGA tee _ 3! Complermentory Stand: gt. Teyaug-€* By Gmencion dient is 4rdm Sip! : 5'~Ggatot—3! es ATCGA GaAc—3! ; Comementon 3 tagetete—sl: fe Sy Gomersions, mc SL gteteg ats! RN RNA (#ibonuceie acid) § oT => used 40. Synthesis Proteing > RNA is Syothesised in 5! > 3! dicection Onlike DNA, RNA is not Stale . oes Oe We Ack os a. nucleophile. t oo o= ae 098 b tty “a Be oO fo o. Baw. AN) 4 + a Base oo. f-H HOWeW~ 2 S460 Gas | q IS. OH on cy,wh a NY -RNA ™ RNA RNA v F Cmessenges) (trometer) ribosomal) a DP Seauerve. of => Comrie of > AS. Stoud a : looses of m-aNv4 amino acide, see oe cat at determines tne, for protein She Whee orbs Sequmee of arming Gyothesis, : acid of Psotely) Brogsninesig ot DNA = Replication . y of RNA 8 Transerip tion. v u Potety 5 Transtation. wa’ elakon, wa trongeriphey pie | brorsubion). Protein . [ans agny - Nucleoside, By “So os pak “Ot Base. iy Buse-yeriseene Hudvolysis of Nueleie acid $- Noeleic Aeid bose. Nucleotides - ae J 1* AMP SOA Ba f conc. Hel ‘s (Adoring. ZO => oO ‘mono- phosphate.) y Nue leotige. =e how facthi 0, Aknine . Xe ‘eg Pr oof 2 \\ Adenine, oH OH ° Gone. He, ott “on Adenine, Ss Adetusing. @. a er A4-NH2 He, } RNA Q > CMP ————> ® > © (swdlete fev reas “pine Crtosine sphote “) “y NuwaSide D-Tivose, VY x Bace. Nucleotide . Apap wt => ageing ON j = Mg, A fl Adenosine, ' nuclenside +. Phos pate, ie Nid VORNHD ona: «SH sane ee O+ & (woudiie ad) ! nucleotide | Hetoy et i ® + fit Adenine. A Deon D-Rbose“Texpenes :- isoprene unit - em “Terpenes 8 -" Classification No. of Cukor No. of isoprene, ce ie oe ed anit Moroterpene, lo 2 Sesquiter pene It 3 Diteepene 20°" a2 4 Sestenterpene. ae 5 Tat terpene. 30 Co tebraterpene. 40 g Cq + %-pinene, Zamphon , Phytol, humulene Limonene, Squalme, (3 - arma) Structura} features — Aa Or ures Aialoids ¢—Ptound primarily in plants, (Alkali tive) Grlains one om more N atoms ag & pant of +he ting. 4: Morphine , Nicotine, Atropine , Calleine,, Papaverme, Codeine , Quinine , Ephedrine. | AE ste {eIO— Ine, waite: a Ct alton a.Stewids ahh Basic strueure. CQ! cholestrol , Testosterone, Oectradiol , Exgosterol.. n 4 | Carotenoids » > Aexpenes Grtaininy @” DP" also Colled tetater perods. — OBEN ate. = Aen > gre. chord esistic. Coloun to pumping, Carrot , Apmatpes. etc. HOctl 4 > Cosotene , Aycopene, , | ‘ | MO i I HH | A = 207. T= 20y 1. “a. Gi We Q=wy 2 ey } > \) N ACarbo hydrate = D DI 1 1 Qlucpse + Nagp, ——s> n—cC—oH + HO-coy H — 0H na ‘i HoH i H —}—oH Ue OH H —} 0H a cio thon (Diasteren men) 1 mou HOH CH) On 1 Ho ae | Nook, H on Ho H HO ee ae Nee lear, + hO—+-H $1 H—-oOH lan CHO ft ——on i Psi “Bon CHyort ( Diastereovnen) tucnge, LEP. Ni heaves 4 WD weap Oxidation :- Detollens yeugent (Siher soul + nig) : ae Tagewwaly]"+ on occas ot) 9) pause seagent on cus tartorate 3) BT > cur citrate . ( Genedet test) 4) Br HQ) : ; ¢ / 8: = TR, BT, re aes OT, po es iS Bajiyo Used foo u fl identi ficabion_ RRR es Sh om: veattion of or ne.T Nine . Positive test Hose ER ; mcmse TK 5 pa Keto group present |) bub 'Ealso qe positive test . We Can not ditferniabe jusnse/ fructose peng? TR, RER, Benedict Hest . enon \ lie CHO u mits “I a 0 ey ‘ Olt Tare yn" 4 Olt el cWwoH s(enol form) Prose. L Base Cotatia o y ed é-4 endlited reattion) cn (ott) I wo—t-H co lek n—t—on k h—lL-on CHOH ( quuse+ rrannose ) &se, Fuclose <= alowse + mannase Br patie test. Aiduse Sree Kel (teudose) ——> rept est. ce ond Fruose. Gn be ditfererciote . : qe op 6n/ HO,if this part ig Some than. are Same osawne. Fruchse, mannaso aso uense. =>, osazone { dome, prenlust | 9 quwse ond glachse diftenciate b : ) Ba/y0 ae 4) TR 2 FR \ ay Sso20ne dest . 4 a Compound gre: sitive dest on -follens +. rit alo gire posit test on — phe hy drenone , CH2014 wo WO Soa \ cee > oe: CHow ZS)ae HE ond te tai Sao ) TR/ OT 2) Alduyde / ol - md Kelone,, 3) Hemi aceta} /Hem a Sy R t Ron ioe oR on Al] mono Schusvide, and discherids axe Teduuiny Suge except .. Sucerose . Redusinsp Suge => shows Seu ee