The Indian Constitution, as of 2025, contains approximately 470 articles across 25 parts and 12 schedules.

3Yr LL.B :-

### Chapter-Wise Important Articles and Schedules

#### Chapter 1: Preamble and General Framework

- **Preamble**: Establishes the Constitution’s objectives—Justice, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, Sovereignty,

Socialism, Secularism, and Democracy. Key for understanding constitutional philosophy.

- **Articles**:

- **Article 1**: Defines India as a Union of States, outlining its name and territory.[](https://byjus.com/free-ias-
prep/important-articles-in-constitution-india/)

- **Article 2**: Admission or establishment of new states.

- **Article 3**: Formation of new states and alteration of areas, boundaries, or names of existing states.

- **Article 5**: Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution.

- **Article 11**: Parliament’s power to regulate citizenship by law.

- **Schedules**: None directly tied to this chapter, but **Schedule 1** (lists States and Union Territories) is
relevant to Articles 1–4.

#### Chapter 2: Fundamental Rights (Part III, Articles 12–35)

Fundamental Rights are a cornerstone of constitutional law, often called the “Magna Carta” of India. These are
critical for LLB exams.

- **Articles**:

- **Article 12**: Defines “State” for the purpose of Part III.

- **Article 13**: Laws inconsistent with fundamental rights are void.

- **Article 14**: Equality before the law.

- **Article 15**: Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.

- **Article 16**: Equality of opportunity in public employment.

- **Article 17**: Abolition of untouchability.

- **Article 19**: Protection of six freedoms (speech, assembly, association, movement, residence, profession).

- **Article 20**: Protection in respect of conviction for offences.

- **Article 21**: Right to life and personal liberty.

- **Article 21A**: Right to education (added by 86th Amendment, 2002).

- **Article 22**: Protection against arrest and detention.

- **Article 23**: Prohibition of human trafficking and forced labour.

- **Article 24**: Prohibition of child labour in factories.

- **Article 25**: Freedom of religion.

- **Article 32**: Right to constitutional remedies (heart of the Constitution, per Dr. B.R.
Ambedkar).[](https://www.clearias.com/constitution-of-india/)[](https://vajiramandravi.com/upsc-
exam/important-articles-of-indian-constitution/)

- **Schedules**: None directly applicable, but these rights influence judicial interpretations across schedules.

#### Chapter 3: Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV, Articles 36–51)

These guide state policy and are non-justiciable but vital for governance.

- **Articles**:

- **Article 36**: Definition of “State” for Part IV.

- **Article 38**: State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare.

- **Article 39**: Principles of policy (e.g., equal pay, resource distribution).

- **Article 39A**: Free legal aid.

- **Article 41**: Right to work, education, and public assistance.

- **Article 42**: Just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief.

- **Article 43**: Living wage for workers.

- **Article 44**: Uniform Civil Code (often debated in LLB courses).

- **Article 48A**: Protection of the environment (added by 42nd Amendment, 1976).

- **Article 51**: Promotion of international peace and security.[](https://vajiramandravi.com/upsc-

exam/important-articles-of-indian-constitution/)

- **Schedules**: None directly, but **Schedule 11** and **Schedule 12** (Panchayats and Municipalities)
align with DPSP’s decentralized governance goals.

#### Chapter 4: Fundamental Duties (Part IV-A, Article 51A)

- **Articles**:

- **Article 51A**: Lists 11 fundamental duties of citizens (added by 42nd Amendment, 1976). Key duties
include respecting the Constitution, promoting harmony, and protecting the
environment.[](https://vajiramandravi.com/upsc-exam/important-articles-of-indian-constitution/)

- **Schedules**: None directly applicable.

#### Chapter 5: The Union (Part V, Articles 52–151)

Covers the executive, legislature, and judiciary at the Union level.

- **Articles**:

- **Article 52**: The President of India.

- **Article 74**: Council of Ministers to aid and advise the President.

- **Article 75**: Appointment and collective responsibility of the Council of

Ministers.[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India)

- **Article 79**: Constitution of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha).

- **Article 80**: Composition of Rajya Sabha.

- **Article 81**: Composition of Lok Sabha.

- **Article 123**: President’s power to promulgate ordinances during parliamentary recess.

- **Article 124**: Establishment and constitution of the Supreme Court.

- **Article 129**: Supreme Court as a court of record.

- **Article 131**: Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.

- **Article 136**: Special leave to appeal by the Supreme Court.

- **Article 142**: Supreme Court’s power to pass decrees for complete

justice.[](https://www.clearias.com/constitution-of-india/)[](https://vajiramandravi.com/upsc-exam/important-
articles-of-indian-constitution/)

- **Schedules**: None directly, but **Schedule 4** (allocation of Rajya Sabha seats) is relevant to Articles
80–81.

#### Chapter 6: The States (Part VI, Articles 152–237)

Covers state executive, legislature, and judiciary.

- **Articles**:
- **Article 153**: Governors of States.

- **Article 163**: Council of Ministers to aid and advise the Governor.

- **Article 164**: Appointment of Chief Ministers and Council of Ministers.

- **Article 168**: Constitution of State Legislatures.

- **Article 213**: Governor’s power to promulgate ordinances.

- **Article 214**: High Courts for States.

- **Article 226**: Power of High Courts to issue writs (key for judicial review).

- **Article 233**: Appointment of district judges.[](https://www.clearias.com/constitution-of-india/)

- **Schedules**:

- **Schedule 6**: Administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram (relevant to state
governance in specific regions).[](https://unacademy.com/content/upsc/study-material/polity/a-short-note-on-
schedules-of-indian-constitution/)

#### Chapter 7: Union Territories (Part VIII, Articles 239–241)

- **Articles**:

- **Article 239**: Administration of Union Territories.

- **Article 239AA**: Special provisions for Delhi.

- **Article 240**: President’s power to make regulations for certain Union

Territories.[](https://www.clearias.com/constitution-of-india/)

- **Schedules**: None directly, but **Schedule 1** lists Union Territories.

#### Chapter 8: Panchayats and Municipalities (Part IX, IX-A, Articles 243–243ZG)

- **Articles**:

- **Article 243**: Definitions for Panchayats.

- **Article 243G**: Powers and responsibilities of Panchayats.

- **Article 243W**: Powers and responsibilities of Municipalities.[](https://www.clearias.com/constitution-of-

india/)

- **Schedules**:
 - **Schedule 11**: Powers, authority, and responsibilities of Panchayats (added by 73rd Amendment,
1992).[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India)

- **Schedule 12**: Powers and responsibilities of Municipalities (added by 74th Amendment,

1992).[](https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/Paper2/salient-features-of-indian-constitution)

#### Chapter 9: Cooperative Societies (Part IX-B, Articles 243ZH–243ZT)

- **Articles**:

- **Article 243ZH**: Definitions for cooperative societies.

- **Article 243ZI**: Incorporation of cooperative societies (added by 97th Amendment,

2011).[](https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/Paper2/salient-features-of-indian-constitution)

- **Schedules**: None directly applicable.

#### Chapter 10: Scheduled and Tribal Areas (Part X, Articles 244–244A)

- **Articles**:

- **Article 244**: Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas.

- **Schedules**:

- **Schedule 5**: Administration and control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled

Tribes.[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India)

- **Schedule 6**: Administration of tribal areas in specific states (Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura,
Mizoram).[](https://unacademy.com/content/upsc/study-material/polity/a-short-note-on-schedules-of-indian-
constitution/)

#### Chapter 11: Centre-State Relations (Part XI, Articles 245–263)

- **Articles**:

- **Article 245**: Distribution of legislative powers.

- **Article 246**: Subject-matter of laws made by Parliament and State Legislatures.

- **Article 248**: Residuary powers of legislation.

- **Article 254**: Inconsistency between Union and State laws.

- **Article 256**: Obligation of states and the Union.

- **Article 263**: Provisions for Inter-State Council.

- **Schedules**:

- **Schedule 7**: Lists of Union, State, and Concurrent subjects for legislation.[](https://byjus.com/free-ias-
prep/schedules-indian-constitution/)

#### Chapter 12: Finance, Property, Contracts, and Suits (Part XII, Articles 264–300A)

- **Articles**:

- **Article 265**: No tax without authority of law.

- **Article 266**: Consolidated Funds and Public Accounts.

- **Article 268**: Duties levied by the Union but collected by States.

- **Article 280**: Finance Commission.

- **Article 300A**: Right to property (after 44th Amendment, 1978).[](https://byjus.com/free-ias-

prep/important-articles-in-constitution-india/)

- **Schedules**: None directly applicable.

#### Chapter 13: Trade, Commerce, and Intercourse (Part XIII, Articles 301–307)

- **Articles**:

- **Article 301**: Freedom of trade, commerce, and intercourse.

- **Article 304**: Restrictions on trade and commerce by states.

- **Schedules**: None directly applicable.

#### Chapter 14: Services under the Union and States (Part XIV, Articles 308–323)

- **Articles**:

- **Article 309**: Recruitment and conditions of service.

- **Article 310**: Tenure of public servants.

- **Article 311**: Safeguards for civil servants.

- **Article 312**: All-India Services.

- **Article 315**: Public Service Commissions (UPSC and SPSC).[](https://testbook.com/question-

answer/how-many-parts-articles-and-schedules-was-there-i--6047486c707976f0ef858ff7)
- **Schedules**: None directly applicable.

#### Chapter 15: Elections (Part XV, Articles 324–329A)

- **Articles**:

- **Article 324**: Superintendence, direction, and control of elections by Election Commission.

- **Article 325**: No discrimination in electoral rolls on grounds of religion, race, caste, or sex.

- **Article 326**: Elections based on universal adult suffrage.

- **Schedules**: None directly applicable.

#### Chapter 16: Special Provisions for Certain Classes (Part XVI, Articles 330–342)

- **Articles**:

- **Article 330**: Reservation of seats for SCs/STs in Lok Sabha.

- **Article 332**: Reservation of seats for SCs/STs in State Legislative Assemblies.

- **Article 338**: National Commission for Scheduled Castes.

- **Article 338A**: National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.

- **Article 340**: Appointment of a commission for backward classes.[](https://www.drishtiias.com/loksabha-

rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-major-constitutional-amendments)

- **Schedules**:

- **Schedule 5**: Provisions for Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes.

- **Schedule 10**: Anti-defection law (disqualification on grounds of defection, added by 52nd Amendment,
1985).[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India)

#### Chapter 17: Official Language (Part XVII, Articles 343–351)

- **Articles**:

- **Article 343**: Official language of the Union (Hindi and English).

- **Article 345**: Official language of States.

- **Article 348**: Language of the Supreme Court and High Courts.

- **Schedules**:
- **Schedule 8**: Lists 22 official languages of India.[](https://unacademy.com/content/upsc/study-
material/polity/a-short-note-on-schedules-of-indian-constitution/)

#### Chapter 18: Emergency Provisions (Part XVIII, Articles 352–360)

- **Articles**:

- **Article 352**: Proclamation of National Emergency.

- **Article 356**: President’s Rule in States.

- **Article 360**: Financial Emergency.

- **Schedules**: None directly applicable.

#### Chapter 19: Miscellaneous (Part XIX, Articles 361–367)

- **Articles**:

- **Article 361**: Protection of President and Governors from legal proceedings.

- **Schedules**: None directly applicable.

#### Chapter 20: Amendment of the Constitution (Part XX, Article 368)

- **Articles**:

- **Article 368**: Procedure for amending the Constitution (special majority and state ratification for certain
amendments).[](https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/Paper2/salient-features-of-indian-
constitution)[](https://www.drishtiias.com/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-major-constitutional-
amendments)

- **Schedules**: None directly applicable.

#### Chapter 21: Temporary, Transitional, and Special Provisions (Part XXI, Articles 369–392)

- **Articles**:

- **Article 370**: Special provisions for Jammu and Kashmir (repealed in 2019).

- **Article 371–371J**: Special provisions for certain states (e.g., Maharashtra, Gujarat, Assam).

- **Schedules**: None directly applicable, but **Appendix I** (Jammu and Kashmir provisions, now largely
obsolete) is relevant.[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India)
#### Chapter 22: Short Title, Commencement, and Repeals (Part XXII, Articles 393–395)

- **Articles**:

- **Article 393**: Short title (Constitution of India).

- **Article 395**: Repeals the Indian Independence Act, 1947, and Government of India Act,
1935.[](https://vajiramandravi.com/upsc-exam/important-articles-of-indian-constitution/)

- **Schedules**: None directly applicable.

### Important Schedules (Overview)

The 12 schedules supplement the articles by providing detailed lists and administrative frameworks. The most
critical for LLB studies are:

- **Schedule 1**: Lists States and Union Territories (linked to Articles 1–4).[](https://vajiramandravi.com/upsc-
exam/schedules-of-the-indian-constitution/)

- **Schedule 4**: Allocation of seats in Rajya Sabha (linked to Articles

80–81).[](https://vajiramandravi.com/upsc-exam/important-articles-of-indian-constitution/)

- **Schedule 5**: Administration of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes (linked to Article
244).[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India)

- **Schedule 6**: Administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram (linked to Article
244).[](https://unacademy.com/content/upsc/study-material/polity/a-short-note-on-schedules-of-indian-
constitution/)

- **Schedule 7**: Division of powers between Union and States (Union List, State List, Concurrent List; linked
to Articles 245–246).[](https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/schedules-indian-constitution/)

- **Schedule 8**: Lists 22 official languages (linked to Articles

343–351).[](https://unacademy.com/content/upsc/study-material/polity/a-short-note-on-schedules-of-indian-
constitution/)

- **Schedule 9**: Laws immune from judicial review (subject to limitations post-2007 I.R. Coelho
case).[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India)

- **Schedule 10**: Anti-defection provisions (linked to Articles 102, 191; added by 52nd Amendment,
1985).[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India)

- **Schedule 11**: Powers of Panchayats (linked to Article 243G; added by 73rd Amendment,
1992).[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India)

- **Schedule 12**: Powers of Municipalities (linked to Article 243W; added by 74th Amendment,
1992).[](https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/Paper2/salient-features-of-indian-constitution)
### Notes for LLB Students

- **Focus Areas**: Prioritize **Fundamental Rights (Articles 12–35)**, **DPSP (Articles 36–51)**,
**Fundamental Duties (Article 51A)**, **Union and State Executive/Judiciary (Articles 52–151, 152–237)**,
and **Emergency Provisions (Articles 352–360)** for exams. These are frequently tested in case laws and
essays.

- **Schedules**: Focus on **Schedules 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12** due to their relevance to governance,
federalism, and local administration.

- **Study Tips**: Use mnemonics to memorize article numbers (e.g., Article 14 for equality, Article 21 for life
and liberty). Refer to bare acts alongside textbooks like P.M. Bakshi’s *Constitution of India* for
clarity.[](https://law.careers360.com/articles/llb-syllabus)

- **Case Laws**: Study landmark judgments (e.g., Kesavananda Bharati for Article 368, I.R. Coelho for
Schedule 9) to understand judicial interpretations.[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India)

- **Amendments**: Be aware of key amendments (e.g., 42nd, 44th, 73rd, 74th, 97th, 101st, 104th, 106th) as
they modify articles and schedules.