ACOMPROSATE

It's thought to work by normalizing the glutamatergic neurotransmission in the brain that's affected
by chronic alcohol use.

 Acamprosate is a GABA-like drug that interacts with the NMDA receptor system in the brain.

 It may help normalize the dysregulation of NMDA-mediated glutamatergic

neurotransmission.

The precise way acamprosate works is not understood fully but it likely helps restore the proper
balance of certain neurotransmitters – GABA and glutamate – in the brain that becomes disrupted
with chronic alcohol use.

ABACAVIR

Abacavir is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) that works by blocking the HIV reverse
transcriptase enzyme. This prevents HIV from replicating.

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) work by blocking the HIV enzyme reverse
transcriptase, which prevents HIV from replicating.

How NRTIs work

1. NRTIs act as structural analogues for thymidine or adenosine

2. NRTIs compete with natural deoxynucleotides for incorporation into viral DNA

3. NRTIs lack a 3'-hydroxyl group, which prevents the formation of a 3'-5'-phosphodiester bond
in growing DNA chains

4. This prevents the production of either positive or negative strands of DNA

5. This leads to premature DNA chain termination and inhibition of viral replication

CYCLOSERINE

Cycloserine works as an antibiotic by inhibiting cell-wall biosynthesis in bacteria. As a cyclic analogue

of D-alanine, cycloserine acts against two crucial enzymes important in the cytosolic stages of
peptidoglycan synthesis: alanine racemase (Alr) and D-alanine:D-alanine ligase (Ddl).

Alanine is prevented from addition and forming Peptidoglycan.

DABIGATRAN

Dabigatran etexilate is an anticoagulant that prevents blood clots by blocking thrombin, an enzyme in
the coagulation cascade.

How it works

1. Dabigatran etexilate is taken orally and converted to dabigatran in the liver

 2. Dabigatran binds to thrombin, preventing it from activating coagulation factors

3. This prevents the formation of fibrin and reduces platelet aggregation

4. This prevents the formation of blood clots

ELETRIPTAN

Eletriptan (Relpax) is a migraine medication that works by binding to serotonin receptors in the brain
and constricting blood vessels. This vasoconstriction helps relieve migraine headaches.

ETORICOXIB

Etoricoxib is a COX-2 selective inhibitor (approximately 106 times more selective for COX-2 inhibition
over COX-1). Like any other COX-2 selective inhibitor Etoricoxib selectively inhibits isoform 2 of cyclo-
oxigenase enzyme (COX-2), preventing production of prostaglandins (PGs) from arachidonic acid.

IBUPROFEN

Ibuprofen's main mechanism of action is to inhibit the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes that are
involved in the production of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are mediators of pain and fever.

How it works

1. The enzyme phospholipase A2 releases arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids.

2. Arachidonic acid is fed into the cyclooxygenase pathway, which converts it to prostaglandins.

3. Ibuprofen inhibits the COX enzymes, which reduces the amount of prostaglandins produced.

4. This reduces pain and inflammation.

LAMIVUDINE

Lamivudine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) that prevents HIV and hepatitis B
viruses from replicating. It works by stopping the viral DNA synthesis

MACITENTAN

acitentan (Opsumit) is an endothelin receptor antagonist (ERA) that prevents the binding of
endothelin-1 (ET-1) to its receptors. This reduces vasoconstriction, inflammation, and other harmful
effects of ET-1.

How it works
  Macitentan is a dual ETA and ETB receptor antagonist.

 It prevents the binding of ET-1 to both ETA and ETB receptors.

 This reduces the effects of elevated ET-1 levels.

 Macitentan reduces vasoconstriction, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and pulmonary

vessel fibrosis.

METOPROLOL

Metoprolol is a cardioselective beta-blocker; it blocks beta1-adrenergic receptors (which are mainly

located in the heart) at lower doses than those needed to block beta2-receptors, which are mainly
located in the bronchi and peripheral vessels.

Beta-1 receptors in the heart increase the heart rate and force of contraction. This is done by
increasing the firing of the sinoatrial (SA) and atrioventricular (AV) nodes, and the ventricular
muscles.

In the heart, beta-2 receptors primarily function to increase cardiac contractility and heart rate

PANTOPRAZOLE

The mechanism of action of pantoprazole is to inhibit the final step in gastric acid production. In the
gastric parietal cell of the stomach, pantoprazole covalently binds to the H+/K+ ATP pump to inhibit
gastric acid and basal acid secretion. The covalent binding prevents acid secretion for up to 24 hours
and longer.

Pantoprazole is considered "gastro-resistant" because it is designed to resist stomach acid until it

reaches the intestines, where it can effectively inhibit the enzyme responsible for gastric acid
production, allowing it to work optimally in the intended area of action within the stomach
lining; this is achieved by a special coating on the tablet that dissolves only in the higher pH
environment of the intestines, not in the stomach's acidic conditions.

PRASUGREL

Prasugrel's mechanism of action is to irreversibly inhibit the P2Y12 receptor on platelets, which
prevents the activation of platelets.

PROPAFENONE

Propafenone is an antiarrhythmic drug that slows nerve impulses in the heart to maintain a normal
rhythm. It works by blocking sodium channels and slowing the influx of sodium ions into the heart
muscle cells.

How it works

 Blocks sodium channels

Propafenone blocks sodium channels, which slows the rate at which sodium ions enter the heart
muscle cells. This makes the cells less excitable.

 Slows conduction

Propafenone slows the conduction of impulses through the heart's conduction system.

 Prolongs refractoriness

Propafenone prolongs the refractory period of the heart's conduction system tissue.

 Blocks beta-receptors

Propafenone also blocks beta-receptors, which can cause bradycardia and bronchospasm.

PREGABALIN

Pregabalin's mechanism of action (MOA) is binding to the alpha-2-delta subunit of voltage-gated

calcium channels (VGCCs) in the central nervous system (CNS). This binding reduces the release of
neurotransmitters, which can help with pain, seizures, and anxiety.

TENOFOVIR

Tenofovir is an antiviral medication that works by inhibiting the activity of viral reverse
transcriptase. This prevents the virus from replicating, which slows the progression of HIV and
hepatitis B infections.

VALSARTAN

Valsartan's mechanism of action (MoA) is to block angiotensin II receptors, which reduces blood
pressure and improves heart function.

How it works

 Valsartan is an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) that binds to angiotensin type I

receptors (AT1)

 Valsartan prevents angiotensin II from binding to AT1 receptors, which reduces its
hypertensive effects

 This reduces the secretion of aldosterone, which leads to reduced sodium and water
retention

 The result is lower blood pressure, reduced cardiac activity, and increased sodium excretion
 VERAPAMIL

Verapamil hydrochloride is not chemically related to other antiarrhythmic drugs. Mechanism of

action: Verapamil inhibits the calcium ion (and possibly sodium ion) influx through slow channels into
conductile and contractile myocardial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells.