Title Author Publicati Journal/ Research Question Methodology Key Findings Recommendations for

on Year Book or Problem Future Study

Flash flood Rhonalyn V. 2021 To analyze Observationa The study found that
modeling in Macalalad et typhoon-induced l quantitative typhoon-induced mortality in Potential areas for
the data-poor al mortality in the analysis the Philippines was strongly future research include
basin: A case Philippines by linked to flooding, as heavy flood-specific mortality
study in identifying rains and storm surges analysis, demographic
Matina River demographic and disproportionately affected vulnerability,
Basin geographic rural and coastal infrastructure and
disparities across communities reduced their housing resilience,
urban and rural capacity to cope with spatial risk mapping,
areas using severe floods. These climate change
systematic data findings emphasize the projections, and policy
collection and importance of strengthening effectiveness in
spatial-statistical disaster risk reduction disaster risk reduction.
approaches. strategies that specifically
address flood hazards,
including improved drainage
systems, resilient housing,
effective early warning
mechanisms, and
community-based
evacuation planning in
vulnerable rural areas.
How effective Wonmin 2020 To investigate how systematic The study found that urban
are drainage Sohn et al urban flooding framework flood resilience is weakened Potential areas for
systems in resilience can be by poor coordination among future research include
mitigating enhanced in cities institutions and an enhancing community
flood losses by examining overreliance on traditional participation, improving
governance, flood control measures. governance and
planning practices, While infrastructure like coordination, and
and community drainage and levees is integrating green
adaptation using important, it must be infrastructure with
empirical case supported by inclusive traditional flood control
studies and planning, stronger while considering future
systematic governance, and active climate risks.
analysis. community participation.
Overall, effective resilience
requires an integrated
approach that combines
physical improvements with
governance reforms and
local engagement.
 Community Irfan Ashraf 2023 Journal To identify Spatial The communities are highly
perspectives et al community vulnerability aware of floods and their Gender-inclusive
to improve Internation perspectives on analysis impacts but remain vulnerability
flood al Journal the extremely vulnerable due to assessments,
management of Disaster socio-economic poverty, poor infrastructure comparative analyses
and Risk impacts of floods maintenance, weak early across flood-prone
socio-economi Reduction and to propose warning systems, and regions, integration of
c impacts of strategies for limited government local perspectives with
floods at improving flood capacity. NGOs fill many hydrological and
Central Indus risk management critical gaps, but economic modeling,
River, through sustainable flood risk participatory policy
Pakistan participatory management requires effectiveness, and
approaches and participatory planning, technology-enabled
local knowledge stronger infrastructure, and early warning systems.
integration better communication
systems.
 J.N. 2017 Journal Conceptualize Conceptual The study finds that urban
Implementat Meegoda urban resilience as analysis and resilience should be seen Evaluating how
Journal of a transformative literature as a transformational resilience strategies
ion of a
Traffic and agenda for future synthesis agenda, planning, and affect social equity,
drainage Transporta cities by examining institutions, while bringing creating practical ways
information, tion how governance, together social, to measure resilience
Engineerin infrastructure, and environmental, and in cities, studying
analysis and g social systems can economic aspects to build governance
management adapt to climate adaptability, fairness, and approaches that
change, long-term sustainability in support wider
system participation, linking
urbanization, and cities.
socio-economic ecological systems with
pressures. urban planning, and
examining how policies
support long-term
adaptability and
sustainability.
 2024 Journal Investigating how Spatial and The study found that
The impact Apinan the urbanization demographic urbanization in Nakhon Examine resilience
Seemuangn Applied shapes flood risk data Ratchasima heightened capacities alongside
of
gam et al Geography by analyzing the analysis. flood risk by increasing hazard, exposure, and
urbanization interactions of exposure and vulnerability vulnerability, expand
on urban hazard, exposure, in low-lying areas. These the application of the
and vulnerability findings underscore the UFRTI model to other
flood risk of through the Urban need for integrating cities, and integrate
Nakhon Flood Risk Triangle flood-risk assessments into higher-resolution
Index (UFRTI). urban planning to support spatial and
Ratchasima, demographic data to
more resilient development.
Thailand improve the accuracy
of urban flood-risk
assessments.
 Developing a . Alma Maria 2022 Journal To propose a localized, Experiment and To ensure efficacy and practicality, a Potential areas for future
Localized Optimal Jennifer A. cost-effective, and testing number of crucial elements need to be research related to economic
Flood Barrier in the Gutierrez, Aaron portable flood barrier be taken into account while constructing a
Philippines C. Chan, Eunice developed and optimized localized ideal flood barrier for the Feasibility, having full scale
Del Pilar, Maria ASEAN to improve flood Philippines. The barrier must, first and simulations and using of
Mikaela Z. Engineering management operations foremost, exhibit excellent hydraulic alternative local materials.
Mansilla, & Journal (Vol. in Philippine communities, and structural performance. The
Madeline L. Tee 14, No. 3, pp. where current LGU choice of material is also very
85–92) protocols lack suitable important; it should be long-lasting,
equipment? reasonably priced, and accessible
locally. Since LGUs and community
responders need to be able to handle
and disassemble it with ease, it must
also be portable and easy to deploy.
Because it must be economically safe
for the community in a small or large
region, other aspects like cost,
scalability, and safety are important
and should be given priority.
 Factors Affecting Yoshiki B. Kurata, 2023 Journal What are the significant Quantitative It demonstrates that a number of Potential areas for future
Flood Disaster Ardvin Kester S. factors influencing flood analysis factors have a major impact on flood research related to broader and
Preparedness and Ong, Ranice disaster preparedness disaster mitigation and preparedness more diverse demographic and
Mitigation in Ysabelle B. Ang, and mitigation in in the Philippines. It was discovered higher-order statistical methods
Flood-Prone Areas John Karol F. MDPI flood-prone areas in the that the level of severity and such as machine learning
in the Philippines: Angeles, Bianca Sustainability, Philippines, and how can vulnerability were influenced by risk
An Integration of Danielle C. Volume 15, these be better perception, media exposure, and
Protection Bornilla, & Article 6657 understood through the personal experience. All of these
Motivation Theory Justine Lian P. integration of Protection show intentions to obey government
and Theory of Fabia Motivation Theory (PMT) orders, and modified behavior. The
Planned Behavior and the Theory of Planned most important factor affecting
Behavior (TPB)? preparedness and mitigation among all
factors was adapted behavior (AB),
which means that proactive actions
taken by people, such making
emergency kits, making house
modifications, and participating in
community readiness events, are
essential to resilience. Due in part to
disaster education being taught in
schools, younger respondents (15–24
years old) showed higher levels of
readiness awareness, and women
were found to be typically more
resilient than males.
Flood Hazard Lady Ann M. 2016 Journal To understand the Descriptive and The low elevation (5–10 meters) of Potential areas for future
Assessment of Fabillar & Felisa parameters contributing to developmental the Gandara River basin at San Jorge research related to
Gandara River, E. Gomba flood hazards in the San research design makes it prone to flooding, rendering comprehensive flood
Philippines Jorge channel of the nearby urban and agricultural areas management master plan
The Gandara River and to extremely vulnerable. Peak discharges (FMMP) and structural
Countryside evaluate existing flood of 1,474 cubic meters per second were measures
Development control initiatives, with the predicted by hydrologic calculations,
Research aim of formulating and flood depths might reach 7
Journal (Vol. 4, strategies for effective meters, particularly during periods of
Issue 1) flood hazard intense precipitation. By lowering river
management. capacity, siltation and sedimentation
have been found to be significant
factors that exacerbate flooding. There
is no comprehensive and successful
flood management strategy had yet
been put into place, exposing the
community to serious dangers despite
the existence of certain projects like
flood walls, revetments, and forestry
programs.
 Flood Control Dr. Marissa L. 2019 Book To assess the existing Descriptive survey The inhabitants of Nabua believed that Potential areas for future
Measures in One Andres flood control measures in method the community cleanup operations, research related to
Municipality in the municipality of Nabua, river barriers, and drainage canals comprehensive
Camarines Sur, Camarines Sur, and were fairly successful in reducing community-based flood
Philippines: Bases Asia Pacific evaluate their flooding. Many responders, however, management frameworks and
for Journal of effectiveness as a basis voiced worries about inadequate climate change adaptation
Community-Based Multidisciplinar for designing drainage system coverage, poor strategies
Flood Control y Research, community-based flood maintenance, and a lack of long-term
Interventions Vol. 7, No. 1, control interventions. fixes. The results showed that
February 2019, Specifically, it aimed to although there are local government
Part II determine how residents programs, they frequently fail because
assess current flood of a lack of funding, lax enforcement,
control systems and what and little community involvement.
additional interventions Community-driven strategies, like
may be needed. routine canal cleaning, tree planting,
and disaster preparedness training,
can greatly improve flood control
efforts, according to respondents. The
findings highlight how crucial it is to
incorporate both structural and
non-structural community involvement
in order to accomplish sustainable
flood management.
 Environmental Tomas U. 2017 Book Investigates the impact of Descriptive 44% of participants reported significant Potential areas for future
Flood Protection Ganiron Jr. flooding in Taguig City, method ( property destruction, while 71% of research related to long-term
Dikes Philippines, particularly (non-probability respondents said they had suffered flood risks, combinations of
around Laguna Lake, and sampling) flood damage. Taguig City has seen structural and non-structural
World News of evaluates whether flood an increase in the frequency and flood control measures
Natural protection intensity of floods, some of which have
Sciences, 13, infrastructure—such as reached depths of up to 3.5 meters. By
82-100 dikes—can effectively keeping water in towns, infrastructure
mitigate flood risks, while initiatives like the C-6 dike have
also examining the occasionally made things worse. The
potential hazards and Laguna Lakeshore Expressway Dike is
socio-economic the main solution that the majority of
consequences of such residents (78%) want. The study did
projects. point out some significant dangers,
though: reclamation would make the
lake smaller, raising flood levels
elsewhere, and a dike
failure—particularly during an
earthquake—could cause catastrophic
flooding in Metro Manila.
Assessment of the Monjardin, Cris 2020 2020 IEEE Effectivity of existing Mixed-method Shows the river discharge capacity Potential areas for future
Existing Drainage Edward F.; Tan, Conference on drainage system in approach (22.3%) was the most essential research related to drainage
System in Infanta, Fibor J.; Uy, Technologies Infanta, Quezon Province element impacting flood susceptibility, material quality, maintenance
Quezon Province Francis Aldrine for in mitigating flood followed by elevation (17.1%) and soil frequency, and climate change
for Flood Hazard A.; Bale, Franz Sustainability hazards, and which permeability (14.6%). The least projections
Jayson P.; (SusTech) drainage lines are most field surveys, influential was land use (7.2%). The
Voluntad, vulnerable to flooding Geographic risk map showed seven flood-prone
Emmanuel O.; based on multiple Information zones, with Poblacion being the most
Batac, Ria Mae environmental and System (GIS) vulnerable due to insufficient drainage
N. socio-technical factors mapping, and capacity, insufficient elevation, and
using the Analytical Analytical high human density. The results
Hierarchy Process (AHP). Hierarchy Process corresponded with LGU records and
(AHP) community experiences, validating the
model’s reliability. This illustrates that
integrating AHP with GIS provides a
systematic and verified tool for
prioritizing drainage restoration
projects, especially in
budget-constrained towns like Infanta
 Floodplans: G. L. Aquino & H. 2021 IOP How can the municipality Landscape Marilao is extremely susceptible to Potential areas for future
Landscape Plan for Palarca Conference of Marilao, Bulacan, be planning floods, and by 2060, the majority of the research related to
a Flood Resilient Series: Earth transformed into a framework barangays are expected to be under scenario-based landscape
Municipality of and flood-adapted and resilient water as a result of the combined planning frameworks and
Marilao, Bulacan, Environmental municipality with respect effects of sea level rise and land socio-economic impacts
Philippines Science, 879, to the projected 100-year subsidence. Long-term engineering
012015 flood levels, considering solutions such as floodwalls or dikes
long-term impacts of land were found to be inefficient. The best
subsidence and sea-level strategy was determined to be the
rise? Environmental Protection Plan (2060),
which placed a strong emphasis on
ecological adaptation, floodable parks,
green infrastructure, mangrove
restoration, and the relocation of towns
that were at risk. In order to ensure
long-term resilience rather than
temporary solutions, the study
emphasized that planning must not
fight but rather adjust to shifting
landscapes. Since at least five
barangays are predicted to be under
water by 2060, early planning is
essential to reducing losses and
relocation.
Assessment Of The Jefferson Jr. 2024 Book Addresses the growing Hydrological and Based on Flood Inundation Analysis, Potential areas for future
Existing And Ramos Vallente, flooding problem in the hydraulic modeling the majority of the inundated lands in research related to
Proposed Dike Nestor D. Jr. Cabulig River Basin, approach. Barangay Bobontugan and Barangay socio-economic impact and
System Along The Cipriano, Ma. specifically in the low-lying Lower Jasaan are built-up or urban effectiveness of other flood
Cabulig River In Elizalou V. The areas of Lower Jasaan areas. According to the simulations, mitigation strategies
Lower Jasaan, Ponce, Jeremy International and Bobontugan. It floodwater breaches the river at two
Misamis Oriental, G. Gamale, Kyle Archives of the investigates the behavior locations: a "discontinuity" where two
Philippines Angela B. Daroy, Photogrammetr of the river and floodwater dikes are meant to link and the end of
Caroline V. y, Remote during strong rainfall the current dike system. This suggests
Cruza, and Arc Sensing and events to assess existing that flooding is exacerbated by these
Siede I. Cabugsa Spatial flood mitigating structures dike system cracks. The researchers'
Information like dikes and to produce simulations of the suggested dike
Sciences, structural and structures showed that flooding in
Volume nonstructural flood urban areas may be successfully
XLVIII-5-2024 mitigating avoided by extending the dike
recommendations. upstream with a minimum height of 2.5
meters and no interruptions.
 A Framework for Chaochao Li, 2016 International To propose a practical Urban Flood Flood risk reduction from flood control Potential areas for future
Flood Risk Analysis Xiaotao Cheng, Journal of framework for flood risk Simulation Model measures can be evaluated using the research related to Integrating
and Benefit Na Li, Xiaohe Du, Environmental analysis and benefit (UFSM) and an suggested methodology. According to Structural and Non-Structural
Assessment of Qian Yu and Research and assessment of flood Urban Flood the findings of a research conducted in Flood Control Measures and
Flood Control Guangyuan Kan Public Health control measures in urban Damage Pudong, Shanghai, flood control Advanced Flood Damage
Measures in Urban areas. The study Assessment projects considerably decreased the Assessment Models
Areas addresses the complexity Model (UFDAM) probability of flooding over a 66-year
of flood risk analysis in flood return period, resulting in a
urban areas due to factors 15.59% decrease in risk. However,
like closely packed when the flood return duration was
buildings, various land longer than 66 years, the risk
uses, and numerous flood reduction was only 7.06%, suggesting
control and drainage that structural improvements alone are
systems. not enough to fulfill the growing
demands for flood protection. The
study also found that the framework
offers information essential for strategy
creation and adaptation planning, and
that the Return Period and Damage
(R-D) function is appropriate for
characterizing changes in flood control
capacity.
An Experimental Sohail Iqbal and 2023 Book Investigates the local Experimental The dike's upstream edge experiences Potential areas for future
Investigation on Norio Tanaka scour process near a the greatest scour depth. To lessen research related to effects of
Dike Stabilization single combined dike funnel swirls, a primary contributor to different pile shapes and
against Floods (permeable and scour, the flow surrounding the dike configurations on scour
Geosciences impermeable) to identify was changed by combining various reduction.
scour-caused failures and pile shapes. Scour depth and length
suggest solutions. The were significantly reduced as a result
research aimed to of this modification: 65% at the
address a gap in existing downstream dike-wall junction, 45% at
literature by experimenting the upstream dike-wall junction, and
with different pile shapes 48% at the nose. The study showed
combined with that by lessening the flow swirls that
impermeable dikes. develop around them, coupled dikes
can successfully prevent scour. When
compared to the combined dikes, the
impermeable dike (IPD) instance
showed the greatest scour and
deposition depth.
 Macalalad, 2021 Journal of The Pampanga Analysis of
Hydrological Rhonalyn V. ; Hydromet River Basin (PRB) PRB The study showed that Researchers
Badilla, Roy in the Philippines water-level/di tropical cyclones are the suggested that such an
Response of A. ;
eorology,
Volume experiences scharge vs main cause of floods in the approach can
the Cabrera, Pampanga River Basin. complement existing
frequent and TC
Olivia C. ; 22, Issue
Pampanga Bagtasa, large-scale tracks/seaso Direct hits caused very fast models, offering
4, flooding during ns; flooding within 7–27 hours, improved early flood
River Basin Gerry p.781-794 tropical cyclone rating-curve while remote cyclones warning in
in the (TC) events, and Q from triggered floods depending resource-constrained
both flood PAGASA; on the monsoon season, river basins
Philippines taking 11–48 hours. The
response behavior event
to Intense and forecasting statistics. slowest floods came from
Tropical remain distant storms, which took
uncertain—especia up to 59 hours. This means
Cyclone lly due to both cyclone path and
Rainfall limitations in seasonal conditions affect
rainfall forecasting how quickly floods develop.
and basin-specific
dynamics.
 2024 Internation Study explores Mix of Households stay in
A systematic Judy Marie al Journal why households qualitative flood-prone areas due to The study suggests
T. Dulawan continue living in and home attachment, familiarity that policymakers and
framework of Disaster flood-prone areas quantitative with the environment, community leaders
for assessing Yoshiyuki Risk of Metro Manila responses convenient access to daily should develop
social Imamura a, Reduction and what social and analyzed necessities, and economic targeted interventions
drivers increase the findings and livelihood dependence. that address these
vulnerability Volume their flood using Additional factors include underlying social
Toru
to flood for Konishi a, 112, 1 vulnerability. It combined homeownership and a drivers. Research
addresses the gap exploratory perceived sense of safety should shift toward
integrated October integrating social
Hideo in flood research analyses, despite actual risks. This
flood risk 2024, that mostly focuses identifying shows that immediate dimensions into
Amaguchi flood-risk management
management on physical common economic and social
104778 hazards and themes and benefits often outweigh the strategies to enhance
: A case a,Miho ignores the patterns potential for future flood urban resilience and
Ohara b intangible social among damage in their craft more effective,
study in
factors that participants’ decision-making. community-aware
Metro strongly influence reasons for solutions.
Manila, decisions and residing in
Philippines - resilience high-risk
zones
ScienceDirec
t
 2024 Why do some They The reach-scale bankfull
Variability in C. B. Phillips, reaches become statistically widths were well The authors suggest
C. C. wider than described characterized by a future studies should
River Width Masteller, J.
expected for the width lognormal distribution. incorporate reach-scale
Reveals Blaylock, F. same bankfull flow, distributions Importantly, rivers that spent width variability into
Van and how does and a greater fraction of time flood routing and
Climatic Iwaarden, J. flood duration quantified the above bankfull discharge hazard models,
Influence on P. L. Johnson influence channel relationship were systematically wider especially in systems
Channel geometry? between for the same discharge with prolonged floods
width compared to those with less (like snowmelt-fed
Geometry - rivers) or where river
variability frequent or shorter floods.
Phillips - and the This reveals that hydrographs are
2024 - proportion of hydrological heavily regulated (e.g.,
time rivers regime—specifically flood downstream of dams).
Geophysical spent above duration—imprints on Understanding this
Research bankfull. channel geometry, variability can refine
introducing climate-driven predictions under
Letters - variability overlooked by changing hydrological
Wiley Online traditional width–discharge regimes.
Library models.
 Alvin John 2024 This study Results show that the left
Past and B. Felipe, investigates how bank of the Lower Cagayan The study suggests
Lanie A. the Cagayan River underwent the highest that the findings can
future river
Alejo, River's banks have rates of both erosion and serve as a basis for
bank trend Rafael J. changed (erosion accretion compared to the developing policies and
assessment Padre & and accretion) right bank. frameworks for
Jeoffrey from 1991 to 2021, comprehensive
of lower Lloyd R. and forecasts riverbank restoration
Cagayan Bareng future shifts over and rehabilitation.
the next 10 and 20 Specifically, future
River, efforts should adopt
years, in order to
Philippines | inform better transdisciplinary
Environment riverbank approaches that
management and integrate stream and
, adaptation floodplain restoration
Development strategies. principles, targeting
both environmental and
and community resilience.
Sustainabilit
yew
 Christian 2019 International This study The results revealed that
FLOOD Dominick Q. Journal of addresses the flood risk significantly The authors
Alfonso GEOMATE urgent need for increases by 2050 in the recommend expanding
RISK
1 flood risk mapping Agno Basin—built-up area modeling to include
ASSESSMEN , Marloe B. in the Philippines, exposure rises from ~29% longer return periods
T OF Sundo where frequent to ~34%, road exposure (e.g., 10-, 50-, 100-year
* typhoons and from ~15.5% to ~19%, and floods), as well as
MAJOR 2 climate change bridge risk from ~26% to incorporating additional
RIVER , Richelle G. amplify flooding ~33%. The Cagayan Basin factors such as social
Zafra hazards. shows a modest decrease vulnerability, ecological
BASINS IN resilience, and adaptive
2 in flood risk for built-up
THE , Perlie P. areas, roads, and bridges. capacity into risk
PHILIPPINE Velasco Mindanao and analyses. They also
2 Buayan-Malungon basins suggest more granular,
S , had heterogenous risk municipality-level
Jedidiah patterns, with prioritization of flood
Joel C. Buayan-Malungon showing interventions.
Aguirre minimal inundation.
2
and
Marish S.
Madlangbay
an
2

​
​
​
II. Directions: Answer the following questions. Note that there should be a tight link between what you presented in the table above
and your answers to the questions.

1. What are the themes or patterns emerging across past studies?

2. What are the gaps or inconsistencies emerging across past studies?

Existing research on the application of mechanical engineering on hydroponics systems offers insights into technical performance but
reveals several noteworthy gaps and inconsistencies. A significant gap is the limited emphasis on comparative analyses across
multiple studies, with many papers focusing on the presentation of newly developed systems without comprehensive comparisons
with established methods. Additionally, there is a significant amount of diversity in the methods employed, from experimental testing
to design and testing, hindering the establishment of standardized evaluation criteria and hindering direct result comparison. Another
gap is the lack of long-term studies on the sustainability and reliability of hydroponic systems, and a significant number of studies fail
to address the practical implementation of proposed systems in real-world farming scenarios especially in the urban setting which
require the system to be installed in limited spaces, with unique environmental constraints and the consideration of the demand for
locally sourced produce in densely populated areas. The studies mostly address optimization but less in consideration of the urban
requirements. Furthermore, there are incomplete economic evaluations, with economic feasibility and workforce optimization
suggested as areas for future research but not thoroughly explored. Moreover, the absence of standardized metrics for evaluating the
success of hydroponic systems poses a challenge in comparing findings across studies, hindering the establishment of best practices
in the field. These gaps jointly emphasize the need to optimize hydroponic systems and address the practical implementation of
proposed systems in real-world farming scenarios especially in the urban setting using more comprehensive and standardized
approaches in hydroponic research, promoting a holistic understanding of the technology and advancing technology.

3. What are the recommendations for future research?

Future research in the domain of hydroponic systems should include comprehensive comparative analyses between newly
developed hydroponic systems and established methodologies which are imperative to distinguish the efficacy and uniqueness of
proposed approaches. A crucial approach for exploration involves conducting long-term studies to assess the sustainability, reliability,
and performance of hydroponic systems over extended periods, providing valuable insights into their viability. To enhance the
practical applicability of hydroponics, researchers should focus on real-world implementation, evaluating system performance and
challenges on actual farms. Furthermore, comprehensive economic evaluations, including cost analyses and assessments of
economic feasibility, are essential for ensuring the financial viability and scalability of hydroponic farming. Exploring the influence of
external factors, such as climate variations and socio-economic dynamics, is pivotal for understanding the broader contextual
implications of hydroponic technologies. Attention to user experience and ergonomic considerations in system design is imperative

to ensure the safety and comfort of users interacting with these systems. The integration of advanced technologies, such as artificial
intelligence and sophisticated sensing technologies, is a promising approach to improving system efficiency. Researchers are
encouraged to further optimize hydroponic techniques and investigate their impact on crop yield, resource utilization, and overall
system efficiency. Broadening the scope of research to encompass various plant varieties will contribute to a more comprehensive
understanding of hydroponic adaptability and performance. Lastly, the adoption of standardized reporting practices in research
papers is recommended to foster consistency, replicability, and comparability across studies in the field. These recommendations
collectively provide a robust framework for guiding future research efforts in the dynamic realm of hydroponic technology.