INTERNSHIPREPORT

A report submitted in partial fulfillment of there quirements for the Awardof

Degree of
BACHELOROFENGINEERING IN
ELECTRONICSANDCOMMUNICATION

By:
JAGANESHKUMAR.R

Reg.NO: 721924106073

DEPARTMENT OFELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

DHANALAKSHMISRINIVASANCOLLEGEOFENGINEERING

(AUTONOMOUS)
(APPROVED BY AICTE,NEW DELHI&AFFILIATED TO
ANNAUNIVERSITY,CHENNAI)
NH-47,PALAKKAD MAIN ROAD,NAVAKKARAI POST,NEAR NANDHI TEMPLE,
COIMBATORE 641-105

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 COURSE OBJECTIVES

1. To enable the students to Get connected with industry/ laboratory/research

institute
2. Get practical knowledge on production process in the industry and develop skills to
solve
Related problems
3. Develop skills to carry out research in the research institutes/laboratories

COURSE OUTCOMES

On completion of the course, the student will know about

CO1: System-level design processes, verification and validation techniques,

manufacturing and production processes in the firm or research facilities in the
laboratory/research institute

CO2: Analysis of industrial / research problems and their solutions

CO3: Documentation of system specifications, design methodologies, process

parameters, testing parameters and results

CO4: Preparing of technical report and presentation

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to “SANS INNDOVATIONS”, Salem for giving me the
opportunity to undergo my15-dayWeb Development Internship in association with Infosys. I am
especially thankful to my mentor Mr.Robert (InfosysStaff) for his in valuable guidance and
continuous support throughout this internship.

I also extend my heartfelt thanks to my [Ms.CHITHRA.A.S] and the Department of Electronics

and Communication Engineering, Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan College of Engineering
(Autonomous), Coimbatore, for their encouragement and guidance in successfully completing
this internship.

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr/Ms……………………………………………. (Reg. No:

………………..) ........... Semester B.E (Electronics and Communication Engineering),
has completed the Internship/Industrial training entitled ‘Web Development
Internship” during the period (10th August 2025 – 25th August 2025) at Teachnook
(in association with Infosys), conducted in Online Mode and the report has been
submitted during the academic year 2024-25.

Staff In charge Head of the Department

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Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction

• Overview of Internship
• Objectives of the Internship
• Scope of the Internship
• Learning Outcomes

Chapter 2: Company Profile

• Infrastructure & Facilities

• Core Expertise
• Products & Services
• Achievements
• Leadership

Chapter 3: Course Overview

Chapter 4: Internship Overview

• Internship Details (Day-wise)

Chapter 5: Internship Activities

1. Introduction to Embedded Systems

2. Implementation & Industrial Applications
3. Flow of Embedded Systems
4. Microcontroller
5. Pin Description
6. Debugging in Embedded Systems
7. Transistor
8. Robotics
9. Internet of Things (IoT)
10. Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Chapter 6: Problem Statement and Proposed Solution

Chapter 7: Conclusion

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Industrial internships play a pivotal role in enhancing the academic and
professional development of engineering students. As an integral part of the
engineering curriculum, the internship bridges the gap between theoretical
learning in the classroom and practical implementation in a real-world industrial
environment. It offers students a unique opportunity to immerse themselves in
the operational frameworks of a professional organization, thereby laying the
foundation for a smoother transition from academic life to the professional
sphere.
The primary objective of an internship is to expose students to live projects,
advanced technologies, industrial tools, and standard practices followed in the
industry. It allows students to explore the practical applications of the core
concepts learned during their academic journey, fostering a deeper and more
holistic understanding of their field of study.
Furthermore, students gain invaluable insights into project planning, execution
methodologies, resource management, and organizational behavior, which are
difficult to simulate in academic settings.
Internships also encourage experiential learning, where students not only
observe but actively contribute to ongoing projects and operations. Through
hands-on tasks, they acquire technical proficiency in using hardware, software,
and tools relevant to their domain. The exposure also enhances critical thinking,
innovation, and analytical abilities — skills that are vital for any aspiring
engineer.
Beyond technical competence, internships cultivate essential soft skills.
Working in a professional environment requires effective communication,
collaboration within diverse teams, adherence to deadlines, and the ability to
adapt to dynamic scenarios. These soft skills, though often overlooked in
traditional coursework, are critical for sustained success in any engineering role.

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Moreover, students gain a clear perspective on industrial expectations,
professional ethics, and workplace discipline. They begin to understand the
nuances of corporate culture, client interactions, teamwork dynamics, and
leadership models. These experiences help shape not only their technical career
paths but also their interpersonal growth and professional maturity.
OVERVIEW ABOUT INTERNSHIP

This report presents the details of my internship carried out at

Sans Innovation, Salem, from [09/07/2025] to [25/07/2025].
The internship provided me with an excellent opportunity to
gain industrial exposure and to understand the practical
aspects of engineering concepts learned during my academic
course.
During the internship period, I was introduced to the
company’s working environment and the processes involved
in project development. I got the opportunity to learn about
practical applications, observe professional practices, and
participate in basic tasks assigned under guidance. The
objective of the internship was to enhance my technical
knowledge, gain real-world exposure, and understand industry
expectations beyond classroom learning.
Importance of InternshIp In engIneerIng
educatIon
Internships form an essential part of engineering education as
they bridge the gap between classroom learning and real-
world applications. They allow students to apply theoretical
knowledge to practical situations, thereby strengthening their
technical skills and problem-solving abilities. Through
industry exposure, students gain insights into workplace

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culture, professional practices, and emerging technologies,
which helps them stay updated with current industrial trends.
Internships also contribute to the development of soft skills
such as communication, teamwork, and time management,
which are equally important for a successful career. Moreover,
they provide valuable networking opportunities and often
open pathways to future employment, as companies prefer
candidates with hands-on experience. By experiencing real-
time challenges, students build confidence, understand the
importance of responsibility and ethics, and prepare
themselves for professional engineering roles.
OBJECTIVE OF THE INTERNSHIP

The main objective of this internship is to gain practical

exposure and hands-on experience in the field of Embedded
Systems and IoT. It aims to bridge the gap between academic
learning and industrial requirements by allowing students to
apply theoretical knowledge in real-time projects.
Specific objectives include:
• To understand the fundamentals of embedded systems
and their role in modern technology.
• To learn about hardware and software integration,
debugging, and testing methods.
• To gain experience in microcontroller programming and
interfacing with peripheral devices.
• To explore the applications of IoT, Artificial Intelligence,
and Robotics in industry.

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 • To develop problem-solving skills, teamwork, and
adaptability to industrial environments.
• To prepare for future professional roles by enhancing
technical knowledge and practical skills.
SCOPE OF THE INTERNSHIP

The scope of this internship extends to gaining knowledge and

skills in the areas of Embedded Systems, Internet of Things
(IoT), Artificial Intelligence, and Robotics. It provides a
platform to explore both hardware and software aspects,
including design, implementation, and testing.
The internship covers:
• Understanding the architecture and working of
microcontrollers.
• Exposure to programming languages used in embedded
systems.
• Learning debugging techniques for hardware and
software.
• Hands-on practice with sensors, transistors, and
interfacing devices.
• Implementation of real-time applications such as
automation, mobile devices, and robotics.
• Familiarity with the flow of embedded systems from
design to execution.
• Insight into industrial practices and upgradation trends in
embedded and IoT technologies.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

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The internship provided me with practical exposure by
applying classroom knowledge to real-time projects. I
improved my technical skills in embedded systems, IoT, and
related fields while also strengthening my problem-solving
and debugging abilities. It helped me develop teamwork, time
management, and communication skills essential for
professional growth.
From this internship, the following learning outcomes were
achieved:
• Acquired practical knowledge of embedded systems and
IoT concepts.
• Improved skills in microcontroller programming and
device interfacing.
• Understood the debugging and testing process in both
hardware and software.
• Learned the flow of embedded systems from design,
implementation, and execution.
• Gained exposure to real-time applications such as
automation, robotics, and mobile systems.
• Enhanced ability to work with sensors, transistors, and
electronic devices.
• Developed problem-solving, analytical, and critical-
thinking skills.
• Strengthened teamwork, adaptability, and
communication in a professional environment.
• Gained awareness of industry trends and upgradation in
technology.

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Overall, this experience boosted my confidence to work in
industry-oriented environments and inspired me to explore
future innovations.

CHAPTER 2
COMPANY PROFILE

Sans Innovations, also known as Sans Embedded Solutions, is

a technology-driven organization established in 2008 with its
headquarters in Salem, Tamil Nadu. The company specializes
in embedded systems, industrial automation, IoT, robotics,
and wireless technologies, offering both innovative products
and practical training programs.
With more than a decade of experience, Sans Innovations has
gained recognition as a trusted partner for industries,
academic institutions, and students. The company’s guiding
principle is that technology must simplify life and improve
productivity, which is reflected in its products and services.

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INFRASTRUCTURE & FACILITIES
Equipped with modern laboratories for embedded systems,
IoT, and robotics training.
Dedicated PCB design and testing units for real-time
industrial projects.
Availability of simulation software and development kits to
support research and academic projects.
A well-structured training center with facilities for workshops,
seminars, and hands-on learning.

Core Expertise
1. Product Design & Development
• Full-cycle development: circuit design, PCB layout,
microcontroller programming, prototyping, testing,
and deployment.
• Specialized in embedded controllers, industrial
automation units, and wireless products.
• Supports customized solutions for academic
research and small-scale industries.
2. Industrial Solutions
• Provides automation systems, security devices, and
IoT-enabled monitoring tools.
• Integration of real-time data monitoring with cloud
and database solutions.
• Trusted by small and medium-scale industries for
reliable automation.

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 3. Training & Education
• Offers internships, workshops, in-plant training,
and corporate training.
• Specialized courses in Embedded Systems, IoT,
Robotics, Artificial Intelligence, PCB Design,
Python, and C/C++.
• Focus on hands-on, industry-relevant training that
bridges the gap between academic knowledge and
practical applications.
Sans Innovations doubles as a training and resource center,
offering:
In-Plant Training & Internships in areas like:
AI, IoT, Robotics, Embedded Systems, Industrial Automation
Engineering and corporate training for students and
professionals
Self-Employment / Practical Training Programs:
Home Automation, CCTV, Security Systems, Fire Safety,
Building Management Systems (BMS)
Courses Offered:
Embedded Systems (including Raspberry Pi specialization),
Robotics (basic & advanced), PCB design, C/C++, Python
programming
PRODUCTS & SERVICES
CCTV Surveillance System Installation: Our team of experts
designs and installs state-of-the-art CCTV systems to provide

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comprehensive security solutions for homes, offices, and
public spaces.
❖ Fire Alarm Panel Installation: We install and maintain fire
alarm panels that detect and alert you to potential fire
hazards, ensuring timely evacuation and minimizing
damage.
❖ Commercial Electrical: Our electricians provide reliable
and efficient electrical services for commercial
establishments, including installation, maintenance and
repair.
❖ Intercom & Video Door Phone Installation:
Enhance your home or office security with our intercom
and video door phone systems, allowing you to screen
visitors and communicate with them remotely.
❖ Networking Services: Our team designs and implements
robust networking solutions for homes and offices,
ensuring seamless connectivity and data transfer. Our
team support solutions in RF and Structured Fiber
Optical Network.
❖ Intrusion Alarm Solutions: Our team designs and
implements Anti theft Systems to protect valuables such
as homes and Businesses from unauthorized access or
theft. Our alarm system sound an alarm and send
notification to autherized person.
❖ Custom Designed Products: We offer bespoke security
solutions tailored to meet specific client requirements,
leveraging our expertise in design, development, and
manufacturing.

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RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT (R&D)
Sans Innovations invests in continuous research and
innovation to meet the demands of a fast-changing technology
world. The R&D team works on:
• Developing low-cost automation solutions for industries.
• Exploring IoT and AI integration for smart environments.
• Enhancing energy-efficient electronic devices.
• Supporting student research projects and academic
prototypes.

CUSTOMER SERVICE
Customer service is one of the strong pillars of Sans
Innovations. The company ensures:
• 24/7 technical support for installation, troubleshooting,
and product maintenance.
• After-sales service and long-term contracts for industries.
• Customized solutions tailored to client needs.
• Feedback-based improvements in products and training.
• Personal guidance for students during internships and
academic projects.

MISSION, VISION & GOALS

Mission: To provide reliable, affordable, and quality-

focused solutions in embedded systems and automation.

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 Vision: To emerge as a leader in technology-driven
automation and training by integrating innovation, safety,
and excellence.

GOALS

• To deliver cutting-edge, customized products to

industries.
• To promote research, innovation, and self-employment
opportunities.
• To empower students with industry-ready knowledge and
practical skills.

ACHIEVEMENTS
Successfully completed 1,500+ projects in embedded
systems and automation.
Trained 1,000+ engineering students and professionals in
advanced technologies.
Collaborated with educational institutions for internship
programs and project guidance.
Established a reputation as a trusted innovation hub in
Salem and surrounding regions.

LEADERSHIP
The company is guided by Mr. V. Sathish, founder and
proprietor of Sans Innovations. His vision, technical expertise,

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and dedication to student development have been instrumental
in the company’s steady growth. Under his leadership, Sans
Innovations continues to expand its reach in product
innovation, industrial automation, and academic training.

In conclusion, Sans Innovations stands out as a forward-

thinking company dedicated to innovation and excellence. By
prioritizing customer satisfaction and leveraging modern
technology, it consistently delivers effective solutions. The
company’s skilled workforce, strong leadership, and
commitment to growth ensure it remains competitive and
continues to achieve sustainable success. With a vision for
future expansion, Sans Innovations is poised to make a lasting
impact in its industry.

CHAPTER 3
COURSE OVERVIEW
embedded systems, Iot and aI IntroductIon
During my internship, I primarily focused on Embedded
Systems, which are specialized computing systems designed
to perform dedicated tasks within larger devices or machines.
Embedded systems form the backbone of modern electronics,
ranging from simple devices like digital watches,
calculators, and home appliances, to complex systems in
automobiles, medical equipment, and industrial machines.
I studied the architecture of microcontrollers, sensors,
actuators, memory units, and interfacing techniques, and

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learned how to write programs that control hardware
directly to perform specific functions efficiently.
Alongside embedded systems, I gained insights into IOT
(Internet of Things), which connects embedded devices over
networks to enable remote monitoring, data collection, and
intelligent control. IOT helps in transforming standalone
embedded devices into smart systems capable of
communicating with each other and the cloud for enhanced
functionality.
Finally, I was introduced to Artificial Intelligence (AI),
which provides embedded and IOT systems with the ability to
analyze data, recognize patterns, and make autonomous
decisions. Integrating AI with embedded systems and IOT
allows the creation of smart applications, such as automated
industrial processes, intelligent home systems, and predictive
maintenance solutions.
CHAPTER 4
INTERNSHIP OVERVIEW
During my 15-day internship at Sans Innovations, I had the
opportunity to gain hands-on experience in Embedded Systems,
Internet of Things (IoT), Robotics, and Artificial Intelligence (AI).
The internship was structured to provide a step-by-step understanding
of these technologies, starting with the basics of embedded systems,
their applications, programming, and hardware interfacing. This was
followed by practical exposure to robotics and its control
mechanisms, an introduction to IoT concepts and cloud computing,
and finally, an overview of AI, machine learning, and data-driven
intelligence. The following section provides a detailed day-wise

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account of the skills learned and tasks performed during the
internship.

Day-wise Internship Details

Day 1: Introduction to Embedded Systems

• Overview of Embedded Systems

• What is a mobile embedded system
• Main features of embedded systems
• Importance: Why Embedded?
• Introduction to applications of embedded systems

Day 2: Implementation and Industries

• Implementation of embedded systems

• Industries using embedded systems
• Upgradation and future scope

Day 3: Flow of Embedded Systems

• Block diagram and working flow of embedded systems

• Introduction to multitasking in embedded systems
• Applications of embedded systems

Day 4: Microcontrollers

• Introduction to microcontrollers
• Microcontroller architecture
• Roles in embedded devices

Day 5: Debugging and Device Management

• Debugging hardware and software

• Using debugger programs
• Introduction to device drivers

Day 6: Electronics in Embedded Systems

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 • Basics of transistors
• Memory types in embedded systems
• Buffer concepts (push and pull)

Day 7: Programming Basics

• Programming languages for embedded systems

• Input-output configurations:
o Single input & single output
o Double input & double output
o Double input & single output
o Single input & multi output

Day 8: Practical Programming Examples

• Water level monitoring program

• Coffee maker program
• Stepper motor control program
• Pin configuration and direction settings

Day 9: Circuit Basics

• Basic circuit diagrams used in embedded systems

• Understanding pins and ports
• Buffer handling in circuits

Day 10: Introduction to Robotics

• Overview of robotics
• Vehicle robot introduction
• Applications of robots

Day 11: Robotics Control

• Relay operation in robotics

• Robot control techniques
• Practical examples and applications

Day 12: Introduction to IOT (Internet of Things)

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 • What is IoT?
• Key concepts in IoT
• Role of cloud computing in IoT

Day 13: IOT Applications

• IoT application examples in industries and daily life

• IoT devices and communication protocols
• Security considerations

Day 14: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (AI)

• What is intelligence?
• How humans acquire intelligence
• Introduction to AI and machine learning

Day 15: AI Learning and Applications

• Why machines need learning

• Importance of data in AI
• Real-life applications of AI

CHAPTER 5
INTERNSHIP ACTIVITY
1.Introduction to Embedded Systems:
An Embedded system is a small computer that is built into a
device to control its function. It is designed to do specific
tasks, unlike a regular computer which can do many things.
Examples: microwave oven, washing machine, or digital
watch.

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Main Features of Embedded Systems:
1. Task-specific – designed for one job only
2. Small size – compact and fits into devices
3. Low power use – works with less electricity
4. Real-time response – fast and accurate

22
5. Reliable and stable – works continuously without error

Why Use Embedded Systems?

• They make devices automatic

• They are cost-effective
• They save time and labor
• They make devices smarter and faster
• Easy to use and maintain
Applications of Embedded Systems:

• Home appliances – washing machine, microwave, TV

• Automobiles – airbags, ABS, engine control
• Medical devices – heart monitor, infusion pump
• Mobile phones – camera control, power management
• Industrial machines – robots, sensors, controllers

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2. Implementation And Industries
Implementation of Embedded Systems:
Embedded systems are implemented using:
1. Microcontrollers or Microprocessors (as the brain)
2. Sensors and actuators (to take input and give output)
3. Programming (C or Embedded C) to control behavior
4. Power supply and supporting circuits
They are built into products to do one main job automatically and
efficiently.
Industries Using Embedded Systems:
1. Automobile Industry – car engine control, airbags, GPS
2. Healthcare – medical instruments, monitors
3. Consumer Electronics – TVs, washing machines, smart fans
4. Telecommunication – routers, mobile networks
5. Industrial Automation – robots, CNC machines
6. Aerospace – flight control systems
7. Defense – missile guidance, surveillance drones
Up gradation of Embedded Systems:
• Adding IoT features (internet connectivity)
• Using AI and Machine Learning
• Switching to modern microcontrollers with higher speed
• Energy-efficient designs
• Supporting remote control and updates
This helps make embedded systems smarter, faster, and more useful in
today’s world.

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3.Flow Of Embedded System
The typical flow of an embedded system is:
Input → Processing → Output
1.Input : Sensors or buttons detect data from the environment.
2.Processing : A microcontroller processes the data using programmed
instructions.
3.Output : The result is shown using LEDs, screens, or action like
turning on a fan.
Block Diagram of Embedded System

➢ A/D & D/A converters : Convert signals between analog and

digital
➢ Memory : Holds the code and data
➢ Timers/Ports: Help in communication and time-based control
Working Flow of Embedded System
1. Power ON
2. Take input from sensors
3. Convert input (if analog)

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4. Process input using microcontroller code
5. Send output to device
6. Repeat or wait for new input
Multitasking in Embedded System :
Multitasking means doing more than one job at a time.
In embedded systems, multitasking allows controlling multiple devices
at once (e.g., fan + light).
Done using Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS) or timers.
Example: A smart washing machine washes, drains, and shows time
together.
Applications in Real World:
1. Home : Smart lights, TVs, washing machines
2. Automobiles : Engine control, automatic braking
3. Medical : Heart monitor, digital thermometer
4. Industrial : Robots, automation machines
5. Agriculture : Automatic irrigation system
6. Defense : Missile guidance, drones

4.Microcontroller
What is Microcontroller ?
A microcontroller is a small computer on a single chip. It
has a processor (CPU), memory, and input/output ports,
all built into one unit.
In Simple Words:
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A microcontroller controls devices. It takes input,
processes it, and gives output based on a program
written inside it.
Example:
In a washing machine, a microcontroller controls the
water level, spin speed, and timer.

Main Parts of a Microcontroller:

1. CPU – Processes instructions
2. Memory – Stores program (code) and data
3. Input/Output ports – To connect sensors and devices
4. Timers/Counters – For time-based tasks
5. Communication Ports – To connect with other devices
(like Bluetooth, USB)
General Purpose of a Microcontroller:
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The main purpose of a microcontroller is to control a
specific task in an electronic system or device. It is used
to read input, process data, and control outputs all
automatically.

General Uses:
1. Automation– Controls machines without human help
2. Real-time processing – Works instantly with
input/output
3.Energy saving – Uses less power than full computers
4. Cost-effective – Small, cheap, and reliable
5. Compact design – Fits into small devices easily
Example Tasks:
• Turning on a fan when temperature rises

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 • Controlling lights in a smart home
• Managing signals in a traffic system
• Operating a keypad lock system

5.Microcontroller and Microprocessors

1. Microcontroller (MCU)

Definition:
A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed to
govern specific operations in an embedded system. It’s
essentially a small computer on a single chip.
Key Features:
• Contains CPU, memory (RAM & ROM), and
peripherals (like timers, ADC/DAC, I/O ports) all on a
single chip.
• Designed for specific tasks.
• Low power consumption.
• Typically used in embedded systems.
Examples: PIC16F877A, Arduino (ATmega328), STM32.

Applications:
• Home appliances (microwave, washing machine)
• Automotive electronics (engine control, airbags)
• Industrial automation
• IoT devices

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2. Microprocessor (MPU)

Definition:
A microprocessor is a CPU on a single chip that requires
external components (like RAM, ROM, and I/O devices) to
function. It’s designed mainly for general-purpose computing.
Key Features:
• Only contains the CPU.
• High processing power.
• Requires external memory and peripherals.
• Designed for complex computing tasks.
Examples: Intel i3/i5/i7, ARM Cortex-A series.
Applications:
• Personal computers and laptops
• Smartphones
• Servers and high-performance computing
• Gaming consoles

3. Main Differences
Microcontroller Microprocessor
Feature
(MCU) (MPU)

CPU + RAM + ROM + Only CPU; external

Components
I/O on one chip RAM/ROM needed
Specific tasks / embedded
Purpose General-purpose computing
systems

30
 Microcontroller Microprocessor
Feature
(MCU) (MPU)
Power
Low High
Consumption

Cost Low High

Speed Moderate High

Computers, servers,
Applications Appliances, IoT, automation
smartphones

PIN DESCRIPTION OF PIC16F877A MICROCONTROLLER

1. Power Supply Pins

• Vcc / Vdd: Positive power supply (e.g., +5V or +3.3V).

• GND / Vss: Ground pin.
These pins are essential to power the microcontroller.

2. Input/Output (I/O) Pins

• Digital I/O pins: Can be configured as input or output.

31
 • Analog pins (ADC): Input pins that read analog signals (like
sensors) and convert them to digital values.
• PWM pins: Special digital pins that provide Pulse Width
Modulation for controlling motors, LEDs, etc.

3. Communication Pins

• UART (TX/RX): For serial communication (e.g., connecting to

a computer or other devices).
• SPI (MISO, MOSI, SCK, SS): Serial Peripheral Interface for
fast communication with peripherals.
• I2C (SDA, SCL): Two-wire communication with multiple
devices.

4. Control Pins

• Reset pin (RST): Resets the microcontroller.

• Oscillator / Clock pins: Connects to an external crystal or
clock for timing.
• Interrupt pins: Special input pins that can pause current
operations to respond to events.

5. Special Function Pins

• Analog Reference (AREF): Provides reference voltage for

ADC.
• Programming pins (PGM, ICSP): Used to upload programs or
firmware.
• Power-On Reset / Brown-out detection pins: Ensure safe
startup.

6. External Device Pins

• Timers / Counters pins: For counting pulses or generating

precise timing signals.
• Capture/Compare pins: Used in advanced PWM or signal
measurement.

32
33
Popular Microcontroller
• Arduino Uno (ATmega328P) – Beginner-friendly,
widely used in hobby projects.
• ESP8266 / ESP32 – Wi-Fi and Bluetooth enabled, IoT
projects.
• PIC16F877A – Classic PIC microcontroller, used in
embedded systems.
• STM32 (ARM Cortex-M series) – High performance,
industrial applications.
• Atmega32 – Popular for learning and small embedded
applications.

three crIterIa In choosIng a

mIcrocontroller
• Performance & Architecture – Choose based on
processing speed, bit size (8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit), and
instruction set to meet the application requirements.
• Memory & Peripherals – Consider available Flash,
RAM, EEPROM, and built-in peripherals like ADC,
UART, SPI, I2C.
• Power & Cost – Evaluate power consumption, operating
voltage, and overall cost for your project needs.

6. Debugging in Embedded Systems (Hardware &

Software)

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Debugging means finding and fixing errors (bugs) in a
system. It is very important in embedded systems to make
sure both hardware and software work correctly.
1. Hardware Debugging:
Finding problems in the physical parts (circuits, sensors, etc.)
Common steps:
• Check power supply and connections
• Test components (resistors, ICs, sensors)
• Use tools like multimeter or oscilloscope
• Verify the microcontroller is properly programmed
• Check signal flow on circuit board
2. Software Debugging:
Fixing errors in the code written for the microcontroller.
Common steps:
• Use Serial Monitor to check outputs (e.g., in Arduino)
• Use breakpoints to pause and inspect code
• Check variable values, loops, conditions
• Use debuggers or simulation tools (e.g., MPLAB, Keil)
• Fix syntax or logic errors
Tools Used:
• Debugger software (Keil, MPLAB, Proteus)
• In-circuit debugger (ICD)
• Logic analyzer
• Serial terminals (like PuTTY, Arduino IDE)

Device Driver (in Embedded Systems)

35
A device driver is a small program that helps the
microcontroller communicate with hardware devices like
sensors, motors, or displays.
In Simple Words:
It acts like a translator between your code and the hardware.
Example:
If you want to use an LCD display with a microcontroller, you
need an LCD device driver to control it using code.

Purpose of Device Driver:

1. Controls hardware using software
2. Sends and receives data from the device
3. Handles timing, commands, and responses
4. Makes hardware easier to use through simple functions

Common Devices Needing Drivers:

- LCD displays
- Keypads
- Sensors (e.g., temperature, motion)
- Motors
- Bluetooth/Wi-Fi modules

7.Transistor
What is a Transistor?

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch

electronic signals. It’s one of the fundamental building blocks of
modern electronics.

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Think of it as a gate for electricity: it can control a large current
using a small current.
Types of Transistors

Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)

o Has three terminals: Emitter (E), Base (B), Collector (C)

o Two types:
▪ NPN
▪ PNP
o Current flowing into the base controls a larger current
between collector and emitter.
2. Field Effect Transistor (FET)
o Three terminals: Source (S), Gate (G), Drain (D)
o Types: JFET and MOSFET
o Voltage applied to gate controls the current between
drain and source.

Basic Operation

• As a Switch: Turns current on or off.

• As an Amplifier: Makes a small signal larger (like audio
signals in speakers).

Applications

• Amplifiers in radios, speakers, and TVs

• Switching in digital circuits (computers, microcontrollers)
• Voltage regulation in power supplies
• Signal modulation in communication devices

Symbol

• BJT NPN: ⬆ (arrow on emitter shows current flow)

• BJT PNP: ⬇ (arrow on emitter shows current flow opposite)

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Memory Types in Embedded Systems

1. RAM (Random Access Memory)

o Volatile memory (data lost when power off).
o Used for temporary storage during program execution.
o Example: SRAM, DRAM.
2. ROM (Read-Only Memory)
o Non-volatile memory (data retained without power).
o Stores permanent programs or firmware.
o Example: PROM, EPROM, EEPROM.
3. Flash Memory
o Non-volatile and electrically erasable.
o Used in microcontrollers for program storage.
4. Cache Memory
o Small, fast memory close to the processor.
o Speeds up data access for frequently used instructions.
5. Buffer Memory
o Temporary storage to hold data during transfer between
devices.

BUFFER
A buffer is a temporary storage area in memory used to hold data
while it’s being transferred between two devices or processes that
operate at different speeds.
Key points:

• Helps smooth data flow and prevent data loss.

• Common in I/O operations, like reading from a disk or
streaming video.
• Can be implemented in RAM or cache.

Example: Keyboard input is stored in a buffer before the CPU

processes it.

PROGRAMMING BASICS

On Day of my internship, I focused on the basics of programming in

embedded systems. I learned about different programming languages

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used for embedded development and how they interface with
microcontrollers to control hardware components. The session
covered various input-output configurations, including single input &
single output, double input & double output, double input & single
output, and single input & multiple output systems. These
configurations helped me understand how embedded systems can be
designed to handle simple to complex operations efficiently. I also
practiced writing programs that could manage different types of
inputs and outputs, which strengthened my understanding of logical
operations, conditional statements, and sequential execution in
embedded programming. This day was crucial in bridging the gap
between theoretical knowledge and practical implementation,
preparing me for more advanced programming tasks and real-world
applications in the following days.

8. ROBOTIC
1. Robotic Operation

Robotic operation refers to how robots perform tasks autonomously or

semi-autonomously. Key points include:

• Task Execution: Robots follow programmed instructions to

carry out specific tasks like picking objects, welding, or
assembly.
• Sensors & Feedback: Robots use sensors (e.g., IR, ultrasonic,
cameras) to perceive their environment. Feedback helps them
adjust their actions.
• Automation Levels: Operations can be fully autonomous, semi-
autonomous, or manually controlled.

2. Robot Control

Robot control is the process of guiding a robot to perform desired

actions accurately. Main aspects include:

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 • Control Systems: Robots are often controlled using
microcontrollers, PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers), or
computers.
• Control Methods:
o Open-loop control: Commands are sent without feedback.
Simple but less accurate.
o Closed-loop control: Uses sensors to adjust actions in real-
time. More precise.
• Motion Control: Involves controlling motors (DC, stepper,
servo) to move robot joints or wheels.
• Programming: Robots are programmed with algorithms for path
planning, obstacle avoidance, and task execution.

RELAY
A relay is an electrically operated switch often used in robotics and
embedded systems:

• Function: Relays allow a low-power circuit (like a

microcontroller output) to control a high-power device (like a
motor or lamp).
• Working Principle: When current flows through the relay coil,
it generates a magnetic field that closes (or opens) the
switch.
• Applications in Robotics:
o Switching motors ON/OFF
o Controlling lights or actuators
o Safety cut-offs

9. IOT ( Internet of things )

What is IOT (Internet of Things)?

The Internet of Things (IOT) refers to a network of physical objects

(“things”) embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies
that connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over
the internet. These “things” can range from everyday objects like

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home appliances and wearable devices to industrial machines and
smart city infrastructure.

Key idea: IOT enables devices to collect, share, and act on data
without human intervention, making processes more efficient,
automated, and intelligent.

Key Concepts of IOT

1. Devices/Things
o Physical objects equipped with sensors and actuators.
o Examples: Smart thermostats, wearable health monitors,
industrial machines.
2. Connectivity
o Devices connect to the internet or other networks using
protocols like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, or cellular
networks.
3. Data Processing
o IoT devices generate massive data which is collected,
analyzed, and interpreted.
o Edge computing and cloud computing are commonly
used for processing this data.
4. Sensors & Actuators
o Sensors: Detect and measure changes in environment
or status (temperature, motion, light, etc.).
o Actuators: Take actions based on data (turn on a motor,
open a valve, etc.).
5. Cloud & Data Storage
o Collected data is often sent to cloud servers for
storage, analysis, and decision-making.
6. Automation & Intelligence
o IoT allows systems to act automatically based on real-
time data.
o Machine learning and AI can be integrated for
predictive actions.
7. User Interface

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 o Users can monitor and control IOT devices through
apps, dashboards, or web interfaces.

Applications of IOT :

o Smart Home: Automated lighting, climate control, security

systems.
o Healthcare: Wearable health monitors, remote patient
monitoring.
o Industrial IoT : Predictive maintenance, machinery monitoring.
o Agriculture: Soil monitoring, automated irrigation systems.
o Transportation: Smart traffic management, vehicle tracking
systems.

10. INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Definition:
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science that aims
to create machines or software capable of performing tasks that
usually require human intelligence. These tasks include reasoning,
learning, problem-solving, perception, understanding natural
language, and decision-making.

Key Concepts in AI:

1. Machine Learning (ML): A subset of AI where systems learn

from data and improve performance over time without being
explicitly programmed.
2. Natural Language Processing (NLP): Enables machines to
understand and interpret human language. Examples include
chatbots, translation services, and virtual assistants.

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 3. Computer Vision: Allows machines to interpret and analyze
visual information from the environment, like identifying
objects in images or videos.
4. Robotics: Combines AI with mechanical systems to perform
tasks autonomously, such as robotic arms in industries or self-
driving cars.
5. Expert Systems: AI programs that mimic human decision-
making using rules and logic.

Main Features of AI:

• Automation: AI can automate repetitive and complex tasks.

• Adaptability: It can learn from data and adapt to new
situations.
• Decision Making: AI systems can analyze data and make
decisions faster than humans.
• Problem Solving: AI can solve complex problems using
algorithms and logical reasoning.

Applications of AI:

• Healthcare: Disease diagnosis, treatment recommendations,

and medical imaging analysis.
• Education: Personalized learning, virtual tutors, and automated
grading.
• Transportation: Self-driving cars, traffic management, and
route optimization.
• Finance: Fraud detection, investment analysis, and automated
trading.
• Daily Life: Virtual assistants like Siri and Alexa,
recommendation systems like Netflix and Amazon.

Why AI is Important:
AI enhances productivity, reduces human effort, and improves
accuracy in various domains. It is shaping the future of technology by
making systems smarter and more efficient.

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Conclusion
During my internship, I gained practical and theoretical knowledge in
Embedded Systems, IOT, AI, and Robotics. I learned about
microcontrollers, programming, debugging, IOT device
communication, and basic robotic operations. This experience helped
me apply academic concepts to real-world projects, enhanced my
technical skills, and gave me valuable exposure to modern industry
technologies.

CHAPTER 6
PROBLEM STATEMENT AND PROPOSED SOLUTIONS
Problem Statement
During the internship at Sans Embedded Solutions., one of the key
challenges identified was the need for an automated environmental
control system that could monitor temperature and operate cooling
devices accordingly.
In many small-scale industrial setups and household applications,
cooling systems (such as fans) are manually operated, which can lead
to Energy wastage when devices run unnecessarily.
Reduced efficiency due to delayed activation in response to
environmental changes.Human dependency for monitoring and
switching operations.The goal was to design and develop a
Temperature-Based Fan Control System that operates automatically

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based on real-time temperature readings, thereby conserving energy
and reducing manual intervention. Proposed Solutions
1. Sensor-Based Monitoring
Use the LM35 temperature sensor to continuously monitor ambient
temperature.
Convert analog temperature readings to digital values using Arduino’s
ADC.
2. Microcontroller-Based Processing
Employ an Arduino Uno (ATmega328P) to process sensor data in
real-time.
Implement threshold-based control logic to decide when to turn the
fan on or off.
3. Actuator Control
Use L293D motor driver IC to safely control a DC fan without
overloading the
microcontroller pins.
Integrate Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) to regulate fan speed based
on temperature range.

4. Real-Time Display
Display live temperature readings and fan status on a 16x2 LCD
display for user awareness.
5. Testing & Optimization
Calibrate sensor readings to ensure accuracy under different
environmental conditions.
Fine-tune temperature thresholds to balance energy efficiency and
comfort.

Outcome:
The proposed system successfully automated fan operation, reducing
manual effort and

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improving energy efficiency. This prototype demonstrated a scalable
approach that could be
adapted for industrial environments, home automation systems, and
IoT-based smart devices.

CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION

The industrial internship at Sans Embedded Solutions has been a

highly valuable and transformative learning experience. Over the
course of the training period, I was able to bridge the gap between
academic concepts and their practical application in a professional
setting, particularly in the field of embedded systems and IoT based
solutions.
Through hands-on exposure to real-world projects, I gained technical
proficiency in microcontroller programming, circuit design, sensor
and actuator interfacing, and communication protocol
implementation. Working with industry-standard tools such as
Arduino IDE, Proteus Design Suite, MATLAB, and Visual Studio
Code enabled me to ability, and time management. Interactions with
experienced mentors and industry professionals provided valuable
insights into project management, professional ethics, and client-
oriented development. I also learned to work under deadlines, follow
standard documentation practices, and adapt to evolving project
requirements all of which are essential in a professional career.
In conclusion, the internship has not only strengthened my technical
foundation but also shaped my professional mindset. The skills,
knowledge, and exposure gained during this period will serve as a

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solid base for my future endeavors, whether in higher studies,
research,
or industry roles. I am grateful to Sans Embedded Solutions for
providing such a supportive and enriching learning environment, and
I look forward to applying these learnings in my future projects and
career.

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