CONJUNCTION (Joining Words) Ex.

A conjunction joins words, phrases, clauses and 1. He will surely deny me nevertheless I'm
sentences waiting for his decision.

PHRASE:- It is a group of words with no 2. They came late but the teacher didn’t say
subject-verb combination. It doesn’t give a anything.
meaningful sense.
3. He is rich, but he is a miser.
CLAUSE:-
4. He deceived me still I trust him.
It has a subject-verb combination. It may or may
5. Although he worked hard yet he failed.
not give a meaningful sense.
6. I am busy however I make time for my
(a) Independent clause gives meaningful sense.
friends.
(b) Dependent clause gives no meaningful
7. While I tried my best, I could not save him.
sense.
8. He is a fool nonetheless I like him.
SENTENCE:-
Note:
It has a subject-verb combination. It always
gives meaningful sense. 1. Even though (complete action)

1. I will meet you at office or at home. 2. Even if (incomplete action)

2. As he was ill, he couldn’t attend office. Ex:

3. He said that he would come. 1. Even though / Even if he lost his job, he
continued to serve in the office.
4. Unless you work hard, you will not succeed.
2. Even though / Even if he loses his job, he
Uses of conjunctions: will continue to serve in the office

Rule 1. Though / Although (Conjunction)

Adversative Conjunctions- (Conjunctions Inspite of / Despite (Preposition)

expressing contrast)
Ex:
Ex.
1. Inspite of / Although it rained heavily, he
But, Yet, While, Whereas, However, Still, attended the party.

Nevertheless , Nonetheless, although, though,

notwithstanding, even – if , even – though

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2. Inspite of / Although heavy rain, he attended the Rule 2:
party.
Conjunctions denoting reason:
3. Although / Despite the watch was expensive, he
1. Because / As / Since / For (Conjunction)
bought it.
2. Due to / Owing to (Preposition)
4. We went out in spite of / despite the rain.
Ex:
5. Although / Though my husband didn't like the
1. I couldn’t complete the work because I was
movie, I enjoyed it a lot.
ill.
Exercise:
2. As / Since I had been driving for 10 hours, I
1. Though she was tired (a)/ but she did not was tired.
stop dancing (b)/ in yesterday’s dinner party. (c)/
3. He could not come for he was busy.
No error (d)
Exercise
2. Since interlinking of rivers will (a)/ help tackle
drought, the government has not paid much (b)/ 1. Although he was (a)/ invited at the last minute

attention to this project. (c)/ No error (d) (b)/ he could not prepare properly for the
seminar. (c)/ No error (d)
3. She will come (a)/ to work though it (b)/
doesn’t rain tomorrow. (c)/ No Error (d) 2. Though I was sitting in the (a)/ back of the
theatre, (b)/ I couldn’t see the performance very
4. Because (a)/ she didn’t love him, (b)/ she had
well. (c)/ No Error (d)
to marry him. (c)/ No Error (d)
3. Not withstanding we were (a)/ all busy that
5. Although he has been(a)/ winning the election
weekend we had to (b)/ cancel the outing. (c)/
all years but this year (b)/ his popularity has
No Error (d)
substantially reduced (c)/ no error (d)
4. Erica decided to (1)/ continue living in Paris
6. The programme was almost fixed and it was
(2)/ but she fell in love (3)/ with the city. (4)
(a)/ my friend’s insincerity that upset the whole
(b)/ thing and disappointed us. (c)/ no error (d) 5. We plan to (1)/ sell a part of our (2)/ business
therefore we have (3)/ to repay a loan. (4)
7. Opportunity makes realizing (1)/ achievement
possible, (2)/ and it does not (3)/ necessarily 6. Preeti is absent from (a)/ the meeting due (b)/

guarantee success. (4) to she is out of station. (c)/ No Error (d)

8. Provided by she was paid overtime, (a)/ Kara Rule 3:

agreed to clean the golf course (b)/ before she E(1) Unless / Until
left for the day. (c)/ No error (d)
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(A) conjunction Exercise

(B) negative words (no use of not with until / 1. Unless you do not (1) / take care of your
unless) health, (2) / you will continue to suffer (3). / No
Error (4).
Note:
2. Unless you do not (1) / go through your books
UNLESS→ Conjunction
(2) / you cannot get through the examination.
UNTIL→ Conjunction / Preposition (3)/ No Error (4)

1. Wait here until monday. 3. Until you do not go to the station (1) / to

2. Wait here until I come. receive him (2) / I can hardly feel at ease. (3)/
No Error (4).
3. Unless you work, you will not succeed.
4. If the Indian cricket team (a)/ makes extra
NOTE:
efforts, (b)/ it will not be able to defeat the Sri
Unless→ It denotes condition. Lankan team. (c)/ no error (d)

Until→ It denotes time. 5. One can never imagine / how hot it gets in
Delhi / unless one doesn’t go / there in person.
Ex.
1. One can never imagine
1. Unless we understand the disease, we will
not be able to cure him.\ 2. unless one doesn’t go

2. Unless/ Until she works, she will not succeed. 3. how hot it gets in Delhi

3. We will wait until / unless you are ready. 4. there in person.

4. I will help you until /unless you finish the task. 6. Most disputes can be solved amicably unless
one are not rigid.
NOTE:
1. not rigid
IF → Condition (use of not with “IF”)
2. can be solved amicably
UNLESS→ Condition (no use of not with
“Unless”) 3. Most disputes

UNLESS = IF + NOT 4. unless one are

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(2) If / Whether / That 5. I wonder (a)/ that government will (b)/
approve my project or not. (c)/ No error (d)
If:
6. Whether or nor they were in love, (a)/ John
(A) Condition
decided he needed to break up with his long-
(B) Doubt / Uncertainty distance girlfriend; (b)/ the time apart was just

WHETHER : Doubt / Uncertainty too difficult. (c)/ No error (d)

THAT→ Certainty 7. I don’t know if any of the members (a)/ of the

party is conspiring (b)/ against the President or
(a) I don’t know if/whether he will come.
not. (c)/ no error (d)
(b) I don’t know if/whether he will come or not.
8. You have to (1)/ pay standing (2)/ charges
(c) I know that he will not come. whether and (3)/ not you use the service. (4)

(d) I have few doubts that/whether he will come. 9. It is extremely (1)/ doubtful that (2)/ anyone
survived (3)/ the explosion. (4)
(e) I have a few doubts that/whether he will
come. Rule 4:

Note: Both – or ( incorrect)

1. In case if it rains, I will take an umbrella. Both - With / Along With (incorrect)

2. Supposing if he is late, I will do the work. Both – And (correct)

3. If he comes then I will attend the party. (A) Between – Or (incorrect)

Exercise (B) Between – To (incorrect)

1. She will come (a)/ to work though it (b)/ (C) Between – And (correct)
doesn’t rain tomorrow. (c)/ No Error (d)
Ex:
2. The patient would not have died (a)/ when the
1. Both the rich along with the poor are
doctor had (b)/ come in time. (c)/ no error (d)
responsible for a (1)/ great many vices with
3. He was doubtful that (a)/ the man who had
been run over (b)/ by some vehicles had lain which our society (2)/ as well as our country is

there for more than a day. (c)/ no error (d) inflicted. (3)/ no error (4)

4. Even though the (1)/ problem has been (2)/ 2. For this job (1)/ you will need a knowledge of
identified, appropriate action (3)/ can be taken.
(4)

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(2)/ both English as well as Chinese. (3)/ no error 12. Both Renu as well as (a)/ her sister are very
(4) tall (b)/ and are in the basketball team, (c)/ No
Error (d)
3. Both personality as well as (1)/ external
looking vary greatly (2)/ between brothers and 13. After the examination is over, (1)/ you must
sisters. (3)/ no error (4) hand over (2)/ both the answer booklets as well
as the question paper (3)/ to the invigilator. (4)
4. The choice (1) / is between the glorious (2) /
death or shameful life. (3) / No error (4) 14. When it was time to (a)/ chose between
staying or leaving the country (b)/, she choose
5. Between 1944 to 1947 (1) / Chinese
to stay back. (c)/ no error (d)
nationalists ruled (2) / in the southern and
eastern regions of the world. (3) / No error (4) Rule 5:

6. He was selected for the post (1)/ because he LEST:- (otherwise)

was familiar (2)/ with both urban as well as rural
(a) It takes the modal “should”
way of life. (3)/ no error (4)
(b) Tense (Simple present tense)
7. It is not easy for an actor (a)/ to earn respect
from both, the fans (b)/ as well as the critics, (c)/ (c) Negative word ( No use of “not” with “LEST”)

no error (d) Ex:

8. Between you or me , (1) / I am convinced (2) 1. Work hard lest you might fail in the
/ that this painting by Neetu shows greater examination.
artistry than that of Reshma. (3) / No Error (4).
2. Work hard lest you should not fail in the
9. Scientists show that there is a curious (1)/ examination.

relationship among a lion’s life span and (2)/ the 3. Walk properly lest you might not fall.
pattern of spots on each side of its face. (3)/ No
(a) fall
error (4)
(b) fell
10. There is a barrier among the egg head and
(1)/ the hoipolloi and it would be lazy (2)/ (c) should not fall
idealism to ignore it. (3)/ No error (4)
(d) no improvement
11. They had tried (a)/ to win deceptively (b)/
4. The captain asked the player (a)/ to play well
and this resulted in both failing or destroying
lest (b)/ they would lose the game. (c)/ No error
others, (c)/ No error (d)
(d)

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5. Make haste lest (a)/ you should not miss (b)/ 6. He was too tired that (a)/ he could not cross
the train. (c)/ No error (d) (b)/ the street even with the help of a porter. (c)/
No error (d)
6. Read in a (1)/ good light (2)/ lest it shall not
(3)/ hurt your eyes. (4) 7. The theory of relativity (a)/ is so complicated
(b)/ as we cannot describe it in a few sentences.
7. You should not be (1) / so quick in giving (2) /
(c)/ No error (d)
advice, lest you will be perceived as interfering
in others’ affairs (3) / No Error (4) 8. His offence was such (a)/ as he was bound to
suffer (b)/ and ultimately meet his doom.(c)/ no
8. Keep him at arm’s length lest you may not
error (d)
repent in the long run.
Rule 7:
a. or you may not
Use of Like / As / As-As /So - As
b. unless you may
(a) LIKE→ It is followed by a NOUN /
c. lest you should PRONOUN

d. No improvement (b) AS→ It is followed by a CLAUSE (sub +

Rule 6: verb)

Use of So , So That, So – That, Such – That Ex:

1. He encouraged me (a)/ so I might not (1) He sings like me.

(b)/ lose heart. (c)/ No error (d) (2) He sings as I do.

2. He ran as fast (a)/ that he reached the (3) She enjoys all types of music as I do.

destination in (b)/ just two minutes. (c)/ No error 4. The teacher asked the students to go to (a)/

(d) market and buy some fruit (b)/ as apples,

oranges, guavas, etc. (c) / no error (d)
3. Such was her pronunciation (a)/ as (b)/ I
could not understand her (c)/ No error (d) 5. You have to (a) / do it just like (b) / I have
done it. (c) /No error (d)
4. Our soldiers fought as(a) fiercely that the(b)
enemy had to accept defeat.(c) No error(d) As-As / So-As

5. The student was so happy (a)/ as he forgot to As - As→ For comparison in positive as well as

take his documents (b)/ for counselling. (c)/ No negative sentences.

error (d)

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 So - As→ For comparison in negative Ex:
sentences.
(1) I have no other claim but his wealth.
Ex:
(2) I would rather have the bat or the ball.
1. He is as tall as his younger brother.
(3) He wants nothing else than peace.
2. He is not as tall as his younger brother.
(4) It is nothing else than your pride which
3. He is so respectful as Gandhiji.( incorrect) makes you say such a thing.

NOTE: Exercise

1. These days job opportunities are not as 1. In Lahore leaders are taking bad advantage
better as they used to be before. (a)/ of casteism, (b)/ I think it is nothing than bad
things. (c)/ no error (d)
2. He is as wiser as his brother.
2. He allowed (a)/ me to talk to no other (b)/
3. He is as wise, if not wiser than his brother.
person but her lawyer. (c)/ No error (d)
Exercise
3. The rebels would not (1)/ be happy with
1. Many of the founding fathers (a)/ of our anything (2)/ other from the complete (3)/
constitution are (b)/ so reverend as Ambedkar removal of the current regime. (4)
as if not more. (c)/ No error (d)
4. It is nothing else than / sheer foolishness that
2. You have to (a)/ do it just like (b)/ I have done / you have decided / to resign.
it. (c)/ No error (d)
1. It is nothing else than
3. Since Diwali is fast approaching, (a)/ my
2. sheer foolishness that
teenager soon has bought many fireworks (b)/
as rockets, crackers, etc. all of which cost 3. to resign
much.(c)/ no error (d)
4. you have decided
4. By so early as next year (a)/ the leading
5. His father would (1)/ rather die or (2)/ beg
investment bank has plans to open (b)/ an office
from door to door. (3)/ No error (4)
in New Delhi. (c)/ No error (d)
RULE-9; THE REASON
Rule: 8
Because (incorrect)
1. RATHER / OTHER / NO OTHER- THAN
Due to (incorrect)
2. ELSE/ NOTHING ELSE- BUT
That (correct)

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Ex: 5. He asked (a) / her that why she should not (b)
/ be held responsible for the loss. (c) / No error
1. The reason why he failed was because he
(d)
was
6. He wanted to know (a) / that what could be
too careless.
(b) / done in that case. (c) / No error (d)
2. The reason for his failure was due to his
7. She asked me that why I was(a)/not
carelessness. preparing for the (b)/Civil Service Examinations.

3. The reason why (a)/ he was rejected (b)/ was (c) / No error (d)

because he was too young. (c)/ no error (d) Rule 11

4. The reason why she decided (a)/ to take the SELDOM IF EVER

bus instead of the train (b)/ was because there SELDOM OR NEVER
was an announcement about cancellation. (c)/
Ex:
no error (d)
1. Seldom or ever, he helps the poor.
Rule 10.
2. Seldom if never, he helps the poor.
No use of the conjunction “THAT” before
interrogative words like who, where, when, 3. Seldom or ever (a)/ have I turned away a
which, why etc. beggar (b)/ without giving him alms (c)/ no error
(d)
Ex:
4. Seldom if never (a)/ has he reached office
(1) We wanted to know (a)/ that what could be
(b)/ on time despite many warnings. (c)/ No
(b)/ done in that case (c)/ no error (d)
error (d)
2. Bharat asked him (a)/ that which the way (b)/
5. Seldom or ever have I tried my (a)/ best to
to the post office was. (c)/ No error (d)
defend my friends, who are after (b) all guilty to
3. He said that (a)/ when he was a child (b)/ he some extent. (c)/ no error (d)
used to help his mother. (c)/ No Error (d)
Rule 12:
4. He asked me that why I was (a)/ not
There are certain conjunctions which take
preparing for the (b)/ Civil service
inversion.
Examinations.(c)/ no error (d)
(a) Either — or

(b) Neither — nor

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(c) Not only — but also 5. Saroj is not only involved (a)/ in organising
conferences and seminars (b)/ but also in
(d) Hardly / Scarcely — when
conducting adult literacy programmes. (c)/ no
(e) No sooner — than error (d)

Ex: 6. Hardly had I (a)/ entered the airport than I

(i) Neither the drought or the famine dampened met (b)/ my cousin Tilak (c)/ no error (d)

their sprits. 7. Hardly had he come out of the bus (a)/ then

(ii) Tell me either the whole story else a part of the bomb exploded (b)/ and shattered the bus

it. into pieces. (c)/ no error (d)

(iii) Not only Ram however also his friends were 8. In just two months (a)/ after having planted,

present. most of the plants have (b)/ either dried up and

are suffering due to lack of maintenance. (c)/ no
(iv) Not only Ram but his friends were also
error (d)
present.
(9) You must either inform the police (a)/ else be
(v) Hardly had I (a)/ reached the station (b)/ than
prepared (b)/ to suffer any loss. (c)/ no error (d)
I learnt about the bomb explosion (c)/ no error
(d)

Exercise

1. No language is tough and easy (1)/ because

language is a practical medium (2)/ through
which we express (3)/ our ideas and thinking.
(4)

2. Either he is (A)/ mad, nor he (B)/ feigns

madness. (C)/ No error. (D)

3. I do not like(a) vegetables, or(b) do I like

fruits.(c) No error(d)

4. Neither the ministers or the intelligence

sources (a)/ were aware of the coup (b)/ being
planned in the country. (c)/ no error (d)

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