CONJUNCTION

ENGLISH Class Notes

 Conjunction og 'kCn ;k 'kCn lewg gS tks nks ;k nks ls vf/kd 'kCnksa (words), 'kCn lewgksa (phrases), okD;ka'kksa (clauses) rFkk okD;ksa
(sentences) dks tksM+rk gSA
tSl%s
(a) Sohan and Mohan are my friends. (b) They said that the train would be late.
(c) She worked hard yet she failed.

TYPES OF CONJUNCTION

 
Co-ordinating Sub ordinating  Time - Eg : When, till
Conjunction Conjunction until.....etc.
 Place - Where, Wherever
    .....etc.
Cumulative Alternative Adversative Illative  Cause/Reason - Since,
Conjunctions Conjunctions Conjunctions conjunctions Because, As......etc.
¼la;kstd½ ¼fodYid½ ¼fojks/k n'kZd½ ¼ifj.kke lwpd½  Purpose - That, Sothat
    .......etc.
Eg:- and, as Eg:- Or, Neither But, Still, Yet So, therefore  Result - So.......that
well as, also, Nor, Else, While etc. etc. Such......that etc.
Both..and etc. Other wise etc.  Condition - If, provided
......etc.
 Manner - As, as if, as
though.....etc.
 Comparison - As, as....
As.....etc.
 Contrast - Though,
Although, however...etc.
CO-ORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
(b) She is intelligent but she is not practical.
 ;s equal rank ds nks clauses dks tksM+us dk dke djrs gSaA ;s (iii) Alternative Conjunction - ;s nks fodYiksa (Alternatives)
eq[;r% pkj izdkj ds gksrs gSa& ds chp choice O;Dr djrs gSaA
(i) Cumulative conjunctions - ;s ,d dFku (statement)
tSls %
dks nwljs dFku (statement) ls tksM+us ek= dk dk;Z djrs gSaA
tSls % (a) Give him a pencil or a pen.
(a) Sanju as well as his friend is wrong. (c) She can neither read nor speak English.
(b) He went to Agra and saw the Tajmahal. (iv) Illative Conjunction - ;s ifj.kke (Inference) O;Dr
(ii) Adversative Conjunctions - ;s nks fojks/kh Hkko j[kus
djrs gSaA
okys dFkuksa (statements) dks tksM+rs gSaA
tSls % tSls % He has grown very old therefore he cannot work
(a) My friend worked very hard yet he could not succeed. very hard.

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 Rule 3
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION
 Or ¼;k½ % bl conjunction ds }kjk ,sls nks sentences, Nouns,
1. If you work hard, you will succeed. Pronouns etc dks tksM+k tkrk gSA ftuls nks fodYiksa esa ls ,d
2. Since I was busy, I could not call you up. dks pquus dk cks/k gksA
 bu sentences esa 'if', 'since' ds tSls Conjunction ds }kjk ,d tSls %
Clause dks nwljh ,slh Clause ls tksMk+ x;k gS] ftlds fcuk og (a) Ram or Shyam is coming.
viuk vFkZ O;Dr ugha dj ikrh vFkkZr~ og ml ij ijwh rjg ls (b) You can go or you can sit.
vkfJr gSA ;fn bu sentences dks Clause esa ckaVk tk,] rks ,d Rule 4
Principal Clause cusxh vkSj nwljh Subordinate ¼vkfJr½  Both........and
clause. tSls % He is both intelligent and hardworking.
 ftl Conjunction ds }kjk Subordinate Clause cuh gks] Rule 5
mls Subordinating Conjunction dgrs gSA  As well As, Along with, Together with, With, and not, in
addition to, besides, except.
SOME IMPORTANT CONJUNCTION ;fn bu conjunction ls nks subject dks tksM+k tk;s rks Verb dk
iz;ksx igys subject ds vuqlkj gksrk gSA
Rule 1 tSls %
 And : nks leku (similar), phtksa dks tksMu
+ s ds fy, 'And' dk (a) My friends as well as Mohan are going to Shimla.
Use fd;k tkrk gSA (b) He and not his parents was lazy.
tSls % He is intelligent and honest Rule 6
 ;fn nks ;k nks ls vf/kd Nouns ;k Adjectives dks 'and' ls  Either.............or ¼nks esa ls ,d½
Neither.............nor ¼nks esa ls dksbZ ugha½
tksM+k tk;s ysfdu os idea dks iznf'kZr
Not only.............but also ¼u gh flQZ----------cfYd½
djs rks Singular Verb dk iz;ksx gksxkA ;fn buls nks subject dks tksMk tk, rks verb ikl okys subject
tSls % ds vuqlkj yxrh gSA
(a) My friend, philosopher and guide have come ¼have dks tSls %
has esa cnys½ (a) Neither my friends nor Shikha has done this crime.
(b) He is not only innocent but also shy.
(b) A white and black gown was bought by her.
(c) Have my friends or Shikha come ?
(d) Either sit quietly or go away.
Note :- ;fn nks uncountable noun 'and' ls tqMd
+ j sentence Rule 7
ds subject ds :i esa iz;qDr gks rFkk blls vyx&vyx subject  As ¼tc 'Verb' Li"V uk gks½
dk cks/k gks rks blds lkFk plural verb dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA  The same 
tSls % Poverty and misery come together.  That ¼tc 'Verb' Li"V gks½
tSls %
(a) This is the same boy that helped me there.
Rule 2
(b) That was the same bike as yours.
 But ¼ysfdu] fdUrq½ % nks foijhr (opposite) phtksa dks tksM+us ds
Rule 8
fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
So............that
tSls % bruk-------------fd
(a) He is poor but he is happy. Too............To
(b) She came to meet me but I was not at home. bruk---------------fd

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 Too.........to ds lkFk Negative word dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk tSls %
D;ksfa d blesa Negative word 'kkfey gksrk gSA (a) Although he worked hard, he failed
tSls % (b) Though she is poor yet she is honest.
(a) I am so weak that I can't walk Note : "Although" ds lkFk comma rFkk Though ds lkFk yet
(b) I am too weak to walk ;k comma dk iz;ksx csgrj ekuk tkrk gSA
(c) It is too hot to go out Rule 13
(d) He is so smart that he can solve this puzzle.
 The reason why ............ that ()
Rule 9 Because/due to (  )
 As..........As tSls %
bruk--------------ftruk (a) The reason why he is absent is that he is ill.
¼lHkh izdkj ds sentence esa iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS½ (b) The reason why he was rejected was that he was too
So...........As young.
¼dsoy Negative sentence esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS½ Rule 14
She is as intelligent as I.  Until / Unless
They are not so good as as their parents.
Until le; lwpd gS rFkk unless 'krZ lwpd gSA
Note : As ........As ,oa So ......... As ds chp esa Adverb ,oa
Until / unless ds lkFk 'Not' dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrkA
Adjective ds flQZ "Positive degree" dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
tSls %
tSls %
(a) I shall wait here until my friend come.
(a) He runs as faster as I
(b) Unless you work hard, you won't get succeed.
(faster dks fast esa change djsa)
Rule 15
Rule 10  Other / Rather .......... than
 Scarcely/Hardly.............when/before Else ............ but
¼eqf'dy ls ---------------fd½ tSls %
tSls % (a) I have no other option than to work hard.
(a) Hardly had I reached market when the shop got closed. (b) She has nothing else to eat but an apple.
(b) Scarcely had she left the class when/before the children (c) I would rather die than beg.
made a noise.
Rule 16
Note : ;fn okD; dh 'kq:vkr Hardly, Scarcely ls gks rks mlds  Because/ Since/ As ................, ()
ckn okD; dk formation interrogative ds rjhds ls gksxk ;kfu So / therefore/ thus (  )
Helping verb + Subject + main verb (Had + Sub + V3 or Did tSls %
+ Sub + V1) ysfdu blls okD; iz'u ugha cu tkrk gSA (a) Because they came late, they did not allow to enter.
(b) As I was ill, I could not come.
Rule 11 Rule 17
 No sooner .............. than  Lest ............... should
tSls gh ----------------- oSls gh ¼ojuk½
T;ksagh --------------------- R;ksagh
tSls %
tSls % No sooner had the thief seen the police than he ran (a) Work hard lest you should fail
away. (b) Run fast lest you should miss the train.
Rule 12
 Although / Though .................. Yet/ Comma Rule 18
;|fi---------------------------------------------------fQj Hkh  Not/Never.......... or ()
nor (  )

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 tSls % Rule 22
(a) I have not met him or invited him  If ........... ,
(b) I have never spoken to him or written to him. ¼;fn---------------rks½
Rule 19 When.................,
 Sothat - rkfd ¼tc-------------------------rc½
tSls % As soon As................,
(a) We work hard sothat we can live a good life. ¼tSls gh------------------------oSls gh½
(b) We eat sothat we may live. tSls %
(a) If it rains, the school will remain closed.
Rule 20 (b) When I come to delhi, I will meet you.
 Whether ......... or (c) As soon as she gets time, she will call me.
tSls % I don't know whether he is coming or not
Rule 21 Rule 23
 As, Doubt................ if/whether
 Such  Affirmative
 That Sentence
tSls % Doubtful ................if/whether
(a) Mohan is not such a good author as we expected. Doubt................. that
(b) There was such a noise in the room that we could not Negative/Interrogative
hear ourselves. Sentence
Note :- Such ds ckn 'That' dk iz;ksx gksrk gS tc cause Doubtful............that
¼dkj.k½ rFkk Result ¼ifj.kke½ dk cks/k gksA tSls %
tSls % He is such a kind man that he will help you. (a) We are not doubtful that he will attend the class today.
(b) He doubts if/whether she will help me.
(c) I have no doubt that he will cheat me.

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