A PROJECT

REPORT

ON

“Smart Fault Detection System in Transmission Line”

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
Electrical Engineering

GUIDED BY: SUBMITTED BY:

Prof. Pravin Sonwane Deepak Sajnani
(Professor) Deepika Yadav
Monika Verma
Chetna Meena

RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, KOTA

DEPARTMENTOF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
POORNIMA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,
SITAPURA, JAIPUR
ISI-6, RIICO Institutional Area, Sitapura, Jaipur-302022
June - 2022
 SMART FAULT DETECTION SYSTEM IN
TRANSMISSION LINE

A Project report submitted in partial ful filment of the requirements

of
The award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
By

Deepak Sajnani (PCE18EE019)

Deepika Yadav (PCE18EE020)
Monika Verma (PCE18EE513)
Chetna Meena (PCE18EE016)

under the guidance of

Dr. Pravin M Sonwane HOD & Professor
PCE, EE

POORNIMA
cOuEGE O ENGINEERING

(Session 2021-22)
Department of Electrical Engineering
Poornima College of Engineering
ISI-6 RIICO Institutional Area, Sitapura, Jaipur-302022
June 2022
 Smart Fault Detection System in Transmission Line

PooRNIMA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DATE

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Project report titled "Smart Fault Detection System in Transmission Line
has been submitted by "Deepak Sajnani (PCE18EE019), Deepika Yadav (PCE18EE020),
Chetna Kumari Meena (PCE18EE016, Monika Verma (PCE18EESI3)" in partial fulfllment
for the award of the degree of "Bachelor of Technology" in Electrical Engineering during the
session 2021-22, Even Semester. The project work is found satisfactory and approved for
submission.

.
Dr. Gaúray Aain Dr. Pravin M Sonwane
Assistant Professor, EE Dept. Professor & Head, EED
Project Coordinator

SUPERVISOR'S CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is corect to the best of my

knowledge.

Dated: - 0L. Dr.Praín MSonwane

Place: Jaipur Professor& HOD, EE Dept

Poornima College of Engineering, B.Tech, Jaipur, Vill Sem, Department of Electrical Engineering
ii
Smart Fault Detection System in Transmission Line

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to convey our proud sense of reverence and admiration to our guide and
supervisor Dr. Pravin M. Sonwane, Professor & Head, Department of Electrical Engineering,
Poornima College of Engineering, for his intense concern, attention, priceless direction,
guidance and encouragement throughout this project work.

We are grateful to Dr. Mahesh Bundele, Principal and Director, Poornima College of
Engineering for his helping attitude with a keen interest in completing this project in time.
We extend our heartiest gratitude to all the teachers, who extended their cooperation to steer the
topic towards its successful completion. We are also thankful to non-teaching staff of the
department to support in preparation of this project work.

Our special heartfelt gratitude goes to Dr. Pravin M. Sonwane, HOD Department of
Electrical Engineering, Dr. Gaurav Jain, Project Coordinator, Department of Electrical
Engineering, Poornima College of Engineering, for unvarying support, guidance and motivation
during the course of this research.

We would like to take the opportunity of expressing our thanks to all faculty members
of the Department, for their kind support, technical guidance, and inspiration throughout the
course. We are deeply thankful to parents and all other family members for their blessings and
inspiration. At last, but not least we would like to give special thanks to God who enabled us to
complete our project on time.

Deepak Sajnani (PCE18EE019)

Deepika Yadav (PCE18EE020)
Monika Verma (PCE18EE513)
Chetna Kumari Meena (PCE18EE016)

Poornima College of Engineering, B.Tech, Jaipur, VIII Sem, Department of Electrical Engineering
iv
Smart Fault Detection System in Transmission Line

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTERS PARTICULARS PAGE NO.

NO.
Title Page i

Declaration ii

Certificate by the Department iii

Supervisor’s Certificate iii

Acknowledgment iv

Table of content v

List of Figures vii

Abstract 1

1. Introduction 2

1.1 Overview 2

1.2 Aim & Objective 3

2. Literature Review 4

2.1 Methodology 5

2.2 Common findings 8

2.3 Approaches 9

3. Fault Detection Methodology 10

3.1 Transmission line 10

3.2 Different types of faults in transmission line 12

Poornima College of Engineering, B.Tech, Jaipur, VIII Sem, Department of Electrical Engineering
v
Smart Fault Detection System in Transmission Line

3.3 Fault types and protection

3.4 Methodology 13
14
4. Results and Discussion 25

5. Future Scope & Conclusion 30

References 32

Poornima College of Engineering, B.Tech, Jaipur, VIII Sem, Department of Electrical Engineering
vi
Smart Fault Detection System in Transmission Line

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

3.1 Transmission Line 11

3.2 Power System Faults 12

3.3 Single Line to Ground Fault 13

3.4 Line to Line Fault 13

3.5 Double Line to Ground Fault 14

3.6 Proposed system 15

3.7 ESP 8266 Pin Diagram 16

3.8 Current Sensor 19

3.9 Step down Transformer 20

3.10 Connection diagram of the LCD with AT mega 328p 21

3.11 SIM900A PIN Diagram 22

3.12 IOT (Internet of Things) 23

4.1 Pictures of Project 25

4.2 Circuit to understand working 26

4.3 Codes of Project 27

Poornima College of Engineering, B.Tech, Jaipur, VIII Sem, Department of Electrical Engineering
vii
Smart Fault Detection System in Transmission Line

ABSTRACT
Now days the electric power system is getting more complex as there is more demand of electricity
due to increasing in number of populations. Hence, there is a need of smart and effective control
system with can make power system more efficient, safe and reliable. This power is carried out
with the help of transmission lines. These transmission line travels very long distances from
different type of areas like metro cities, towns, rural areas also from completely isolated areas
where any fault can occur because of any reason and create disruption in transmission line due to
this disruption electrical equipment like transformer, generator, transmission line can get damage.
So, for successive transmission of power supply and to avoid these faults we required a control
and fault detecting system in transmission line.

Microcontroller based system can be used for fault detection. The main objective of this project is
to detect the fault within shortest possible time and protect the further transmission line or
equipment from any damage. This project is going to give solution over the fault occurring
problems in transmission line by giving warning. These warning is given when any fault is going
to occur or already occurred like over current fault, overvoltage fault, undervoltage fault etc. This
smart fault detection system will overcome the drawback of manual monitoring. In this project we
are going to use the Arduino microcontroller, three phase supply to achieve the target.

Keywords: Smart Grid, Fault Detection, GSM Module, Micro-controller

Poornima College of Engineering, B.Tech, Jaipur, VIII Sem, Department of Electrical Engineering
1
Smart Fault Detection System in Transmission Line

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview

The fault location detection has been an objective of force system engineers, starting from the
making of dissemination and transmission systems. Fast fault detection can assist with
safeguarding the hardware by permitting the disengagement of faulted lines before any huge harm
of the gear. The exact fault area can assist utility staff with eliminating tenacious of the faults and
find the regions where the faults consistently happen, in this way diminishing the event of fault
and limit the hour of blackouts. Thus, while the fault area detection plans have been created
previously, an assortment of calculations keep on being created to play out this errand all the more
precisely and all the more successfully. The detection and area of faults on power transmission
lines is vital for the protection and support of a power system.

Electric electricity transmission strains are the veins which pump which existence into the current-
day world, handing over energy to consumers at their homes, places of work and industries. It is
important to make sure a easy operation of transmission traces to supply a minimally interrupted
electricity deliver making vital for reliable operation of electrical power traces. This want has given
upward thrust to fault place detection strategies so that the financial effect of the fault situations
may be mitigated and their correction may be rendered less complicated and specific. Underground
and overhead cables had been extensively applied due to their reliability and constrained
environmental issues. To enhance the reliability of a distribution machine, correct identification of
a faulted section is required on the way to lessen the interruption time all through fault. Therefore,
a fast and correct fault detection method is required to accelerate machine healing, lessen outage
time, decrease economic losses and substantially improve the machine reliability.

When fault happens on transmission lines, detecting fault is important for strength device so that
it will clear fault earlier than it increases the damage to the energy system. When any fault happens
in cable, then it's far tough to discover fault. So, we will circulate to discover the precise region of
fault.

Poornima College of Engineering, B.Tech, Jaipur, VIII Sem, Department of Electrical Engineering
2
Smart Fault Detection System in Transmission Line

Electric electricity may be transmitted or disbursed either by overhead machine or by underground

cables. The underground cables have numerous blessings including much less liable to damage via
storms or lightning, low maintenance fee, less risk of faults, smaller voltage drop and better
preferred look. However, their essential drawback is that they have got extra set up fee and
introduce insulation issues at high voltages as compared with the equivalent overhead gadget. For
this purpose, underground cables are employed where it's miles impracticable to apply overhead
lines. Such locations can be thickly populated regions in which municipal government limit
overhead strains for reasons of protection, or around vegetation and substations or wherein
protection situations do no longer permit the usage of overhead creation.

1.2 Aim & Objectives of Project

The main objective of the project to detect the location of fault in transmission line using an
Arduino board and the same is transmitted to control centre using IOT device. The fast fault
detection can help to protect the equipment before any significant damage of the equipment.

The benefits of this system are:

a. Reduces the time to locate the fault in the field

b. Convenient solution to revive back the power system
c. Deals with the introduction of the system
d. Reduces operating expense

Poornima College of Engineering, B.Tech, Jaipur, VIII Sem, Department of Electrical Engineering
3
Smart Fault Detection System in Transmission Line

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter of report provides a brief idea of the different profound studies that had been
performed in various field like fault location detection in transmission and distribution systems. A
literature review focuses on books, quick articles, and a couple sources material to a specific issue,
area of investigation, or hypothesis, and along these lines, gives a portrayal, rundown, and principal
assessment of these works like the assessment issue being broke down. A good Literature review
is not only that presenting or abbreviating some topics only rather than a good literature review
also contains points, aims, intention behind the paper, objective, opinion, logic to show composite
and interpretation of the topic. The study of these papers helps us in analysing the previous studies,
the types of faults in transmission line and how we detect & reduce them etc., election of
appropriate components of better results. The papers that have been reviewed basically focuses
on actual model and other sub references which are related to the different components used in
model. The papers cover the range form year 2005 to 2021 mostly from are in between 2014 to
2021. The papers used are from different conferences including IEEE, science direct, IJERT, GRO,
etc.

In this chapter further we are going to discuss the basic problems which has been discussed in
various papers, methodologies which had been adopted to solve the problems and their futures
copes. The information that the writing reviewer assembles to shape a composing overview is
named as data. Along these lines, the composing study cycle ought to be noticeable as a data
combination process i.e., to assemble an assortment of information concerning a particular subject
of interest. As a data variety instrument, the composing review incorporates practices like getting
a handle on, recording, recognizing and sending information. Undoubtedly, the composing review
process is acknowledged through data grouping. In the field of assessment, the term strategy
suggests the specific approaches and procedures that the examiner purposely involves in the
investigation setup, testing plan, data grouping, data examination, data interpretation, and so forth.

include:

Poornima College of Engineering, B.Tech, Jaipur, VIII Sem, Department of Electrical Engineering
4
Smart Fault Detection System in Transmission Line

• Lays out the legitimacy of examination in light of the master information on different
scientists in the discipline, consequently keeping misrepresented work from being
acknowledged inside an area of study. Gives significant input so specialists can amend and
work on their papers before distribution.

• Main purpose of it is to obtain an understanding on the keep going researches and find out
the best optimum solution.
• Engages journal editors to pick the fundamental investigation revelations for circulation in
their journals, considering the objective, independent reviews of an expert bundle.

• Literature Review enables cheering for deep learning, and give a systematic and logical
way to evaluate us on the basis of our skills and comprehension on a specific point.

• The course of companion survey is perceived and acknowledged by most of specialists.

• It recognizes the areas of initial learning to prevent copying from other researchers.

2.1 Methodology

In this particular section we are going to discuss the methods discussed in each research paper:
• IOT based transmission line fault monitoring system.
• Transmission Line Fault Monitoring System.
• Issues monitoring System in the electric power network of medium voltage.
• Transmission line Deficiency Checking and Recognizing confirmation System by Using
IOT technology.
• Issue checking System in transmission line Network.
• Issue Recognition, Security and Area on Transmission Line.
• Recognition of Numerous Issue in Transmission Line utilizing Internet of Things.
• Smart overhead transmission line physical fault detection by IOT.
• Customized issue revelation and region in power transmission lines using Global System
for Mobile Communication advancement.
• Transmission Line Fault Detection Using Android Application Via Bluetooth.
• Use of the Arduino board with Node MCU to detect the fault location and transmit the
information.

Poornima College of Engineering, B.Tech, Jaipur, VIII Sem, Department of Electrical Engineering
5
Smart Fault Detection System in Transmission Line

• Arduino Uno board is used for processing the data and the location of is displayed in LCD
Screen.
• Use of microcontroller, GSM module & wireless communication channel.
• IOT, Relay, PIC Microcontroller, Transmitter, Receiver are used for transmission line fault
identification.
• Data of voltage & current phases is fed to MATLAB programming to detect the fault in
• transmission line.
• The fault of transmission line controls by using current and voltage sensing units,
microcontroller, GSM module& different protective equipment’s.
• The proposed System is internet of things engaged underground connection weakness area
system. The system includes wi-fi module, microcontroller. The ps (power supply) is given
using step down transformer, rectifier & regulator.
• When there is a change in reflection reading the controller ESP8266 will sense that and can
send a fault message to the uses via internet and the fault location is monitored with the
GPS system.
• A smart GSM based fault detection and location system was used to adequately and
accurately indicate and locate the exact spot where fault had occurred.
• Microcontroller and Bluetooth based fault detection system is a reliable technique for
monitoring and controlling the electric distribution system.

R Navaneetha, at el 2019 proposed methodology from IoT based transmission line fault
monitoring system is proposed. The system uses Arduino to analyses distance of fault occurrence
with the help of software developed, which works on analyzing the voltage drop in the transmission
line. The fault location is transmitted to the control center using Wi-Fi module. An Arduino board
with Node MCU is used to detect the fault location and transmit.

Aditya Sharma, at el 2017 proposed methodology that the short circuit fault at a particular
distance in the transmission line is located to review the deficiency capably using essential
thoughts of Ohms guideline. The work normally shows the stage and distance of occasion of
deficiency with the help of Arduino. The upsides of precise area of weakness are handy solution

Poornima College of Engineering, B.Tech, Jaipur, VIII Sem, Department of Electrical Engineering
6
Smart Fault Detection System in Transmission Line

to revive back the power system, it further fosters the structure execution, and it lessen the
functioning expense and a chance to track down the lacks in the field.

Dr. Bindhu V, at el 2021 propsed that it's practical to truly take a gander at the genuine movement
of the structure, by noticing and perceiving the issues made on the laboratorial electrical grid. We
can use GSM association to deliver information from the sensors to a dispatch place where the
information was shown. The noticing and disclosure of system imperfections can be integrated
with the association the chiefs structure, which allows the organization manager to control and
direct all that is happening along the electric power cross section and it can in like manner be
facilitated into the normal protection structure at no additional cost.

M. Priya, at el 2021 proposed that An ideal specifying for a cost improved distant association fit
for transmission of time delicate sensor data through the transmission line network inside seeing
deferment and move speed constraints. The distinguishing proof and area of blemishes on power
transmission lines is fundamental for the security and backing of a power structure. Most
techniques for issue recognizable proof and region associate with the assessments of electrical
sums given by stream & voltage transformers.

Gupta Ankita, at el 2016 proposed the fault in Power Transmission Lines based on MATLAB
with Arduino which helps in greatly reducing the human effort, minimizes times and works safely
and proficiently without the interference of human being.

Jahidul Islam,at el 2014 proposed that the fault of transmission line controls by using current and
voltage sensing units, microcontroller, GSM (global system for mobile communication) module
& different protective equipment’s. From the general machine learning methods, Counterfeit mind
networks are a strong and effective methodology for an electrical power structure transmission
line deficiency request and area especially thinking about the rising remarkable organization of the
state of the art electrical power transmission systems.

M. Cheenya, at el 2013 proposed that the short out deficiency at a particular distance in the
transmission line is arranged to address the weakness capably. The work normally shows the stage,
distance and time of occasion of inadequacy with the help of Arduino. The benefits of accurate
Poornima College of Engineering, B.Tech, Jaipur, VIII Sem, Department of Electrical Engineering
7
Smart Fault Detection System in Transmission Line

area of weakness are handy solution to reestablish back the power structure, it further fosters the
system execution, it reduces the functioning expense and a valuable chance to track down the lack.

Karan Mistry, at el 2015 proposed that There are different issues included while arranging a
structure. By using IOT it give an easy to control the structure, to perceived deficiency in
transmission line with the objective that the devices can be really, checked, and controlled The
system should be keen to legitimize its application in splendid above transmission line systems.
To restrict the drawback of each and every structure and to overcome the arrangement issues, they
coordinate locally andmobile application controlled systems using cloud data association.

Deepesh Paliwal, at el 2016 proposed that the savvy Global System for Mobile Communications
based issue revelation and region system was used to adequatly and exactly show and find the
particular spot where deficiency had occured. This will ensure a more restricted response time for
particular group to address these deficiencies and consequently help with saving transformers from
mischief and catastrophes. The structure uses a continuous transformer, a voltage transformer, PIC
16F877 Microcontroller, RS-232 connector, and a GSM modem. The system normally recognizes
faults, examinations and orchestrates these issues and subsequently, resolves the weakness
distance from the control room using an impedance-based computation technique.

Niranjan Laxmann, at el 2021 proposed that microcontroller and Bluetooth based fault detection
system is a reliable technique for monitoring and controlling the electric distribution system, the
microcontroller works up to 100 ⁰C temperature. For Short distance data transmission Bluetooth
technology is a reliable and robust one.

2.2 Common Findings

As we have read approx. 10 research paper related to it then we have found that these paper have
presented some techniques that helps to find, determine and the diagoising faults in transmission
line. These are the things that have been identified: artificial neural networks, GSM, impedance
measurements based methods and so on have been used to achieve fault identification and
classification.

Poornima College of Engineering, B.Tech, Jaipur, VIII Sem, Department of Electrical Engineering
8
Smart Fault Detection System in Transmission Line

2.3 Approaches

As research is done on this project to detect the faults in the transmission line and from the results
we conclude that an intelligent system can be useful for discriminating the zonal settings for
backup protection of transmission line in an efficient way for varying condition of the power
system.

Poornima College of Engineering, B.Tech, Jaipur, VIII Sem, Department of Electrical Engineering
9
Smart Fault Detection System in Transmission Line

CHAPTER 3

FAULT DETECTION METHODOLOGY

3.1 Transmission Line

Transmission line is used for the transmission of electrical power from making substation to
various scattering units. Transmission network is viewed as one of the crucial pieces of force
system. The misfortune in transmission and dispersion network is viewed as extremely high,
contrasted with different pieces of influence system. The electric power structure is especially
vulnerable against many sorts of ordinary and noxious genuine events. Various electric power
transmission associations have chiefly relied upon circuit pointers to distinguish broken region of
their transmission lines. Distant sensor-based checking of transmission lines offers a response for
a couple of these concerns like continuous essential care, speedier issue constraint, exact issue
finding by ID and partition of electrical issues from the mechanical issues, cost decline in view of
condition based help as opposed to irregular upkeep, etc These applications decide serious
necessities like fast movement of gigantic proportion of significantly strong data. The achievement
of these applications depends upon the arrangement of wise and trustworthy association plan with
a fast response time. The association ought to have the choice to deliver sensitive data, for instance,
present status of the transmission line and control information to and from the transmission system.
This paper gives a cost smoothed out system to design a consistent data transmission association.
To screen what is going on with the power system consistently, sensors are put in various parts in
the power association.
A variety in the electrical boundaries of the line which harms the power network is known as issue.
In the brilliant matrix framework, power transmission is connected and is fundamental and
significant. In the homegrown electric industry, the administration of the transmission line is as
yet in the phase of watching foot, which is a generally starting state. So it is hard to meet the
expanding unwavering quality necessities and the need of brilliant framework's turn of events. The
entire line might be in various meteorological regions, which brings specific hardships for the
administration of the line. Lately, the events of serious climate become more continuous, which
caused extreme breakdown of force pinnacles and broken of the power lines. The project on the
Poornima College of Engineering, B.Tech, Jaipur, VIII Sem, Department of Electrical Engineering
10
Smart Fault Detection System in Transmission Line

observing of the transmission lines is one of the bearings for the shrewd lattice advancements. The
proposed framework is intended to offer the meteorological information, which can assist with
making figure and caution before the mishap, so additionally decrease the deficiency of the power
matrix.
A transmission line is used for the transmission of electrical power from creating substation to the
different apportionment units. It imparts the inundation of voltage and current beginning with one
end then onto the following. The transmission line is involved a guide having a uniform cross-
portion along the line. Air go similarly a safeguarding or dielectric medium between the
transmitters.

Fig 3.1: Transmission Line

For security reason, the distance between the line and ground is fundamentally more. The electrical
zenith is used for supporting the transmitters of the transmission line. Tower are contained steel
for giving high fortitude to the course. For sending high voltage, over huge distance high voltage
direct current is used in the transmission line.

Poornima College of Engineering, B.Tech, Jaipur, VIII Sem, Department of Electrical Engineering
11
Smart Fault Detection System in Transmission Line

3.2 Different types of faults in transmission line

The shortcoming in the Transmission line is characterized as the imperfection in the power
framework because of which the current is occupied from the planned way. The shortcoming
makes the strange condition which diminishes the protection strength between the conductors. The
decrease in protection makes inordinate harm the framework.
The different types of power system fault are shown below in the image:

Fig 3.2: Power System Faults

Poornima College of Engineering, B.Tech, Jaipur, VIII Sem, Department of Electrical Engineering
12
Smart Fault Detection System in Transmission Line

3.3 Fault types and protection

A. Single-Line-to-Ground fault: A short out between one line and ground, all the time brought
about by actual contact, for instance because of lightning or other common means. The single
line to ground issue can happen in any of the three phases. In any case, it is adequate to
examine just one of the cases.

Fig 3.3: Single Line to Ground Fault

B. Line-to-Line Fault: A short out between lines, brought about by ionization of air, or when
lines come into physical contact, for instance because of a messed-up encasing. For a Line-
to-line issue, the flows will be high, in light of the fact that the issue current is just restricted
by the intrinsic (normal) series impedance of the power framework up to the mark of broken
(allude Ohms law).

Fig 3.4: Line to Line Fault

Poornima College of Engineering, B.Tech, Jaipur, VIII Sem, Department of Electrical Engineering
13
Smart Fault Detection System in Transmission Line

C. Double-Line - to Ground Fault: Two lines come into contact with the ground (and one
another), additionally generally because of blustery climate or some different means.

Fig 3.5: Double Line Ground Fault

3.4 Methodology

A. System model

In our proposed framework we utilize a few sensors mounted at each finish of the transmission
lines. The sensors like current, voltage and temperature are set exceptionally near the line for
legitimate location of any flaws. Indeed, even in that, the voltage sensor is set up exceptionally
near the line in light of the fact that the voltage linkage is the most well-known justification behind
a large portion of the transmission line deficiencies. Another justification behind closeness is that
it could stay away from any impedance that is brought about by the climate. The perusing from
the sensors is gathered, amassed and shipped off the Arduino UNO regulator which is put toward
the finish of the lines. Alongside the sensors, GPS and GSM modules are additionally utilized. The
regulator will handle the gathered information from the sensors by contrasting them and the limit
esteems which are modified in the memory prior to setting up the regulator. In the event that there
is an irregularity in the line is distinguished by the regulator while handling the sensor information,
the line's separate scope and longitude are followed by the GPS module and at first moved to the
regulator. At the point when the regulator gets the impacted line's area subtleties, it utilizes the
GSM module to caution the concerned authorities for moment activity. Additionally, the regulator
closes down the impacted regions' capably to stay away from mishaps. The IoT module in the

Poornima College of Engineering, B.Tech, Jaipur, VIII Sem, Department of Electrical Engineering
14
Smart Fault Detection System in Transmission Line

regulator is utilized to refresh the situation with the transmission line for each 30 minutes to the
close by apportioned Electric board server.

B. Proposed system

In the previously existed method, there is a risk to determine the fault point along the transmission
line. Also can’t able to find the fault location. This leads to drawbacks like a frequent change of
hardware and even worse it led to a loss of human lives. In the proposed system, with the utilization
of IoT (sensors) and embedded system, the overhead transmission line is monitored by wireless
networks and the determination of the fault in the line become easy. This made a faster recovery
rate, avoid worse accidents and the setup is very feasible.

C. Technical Specification

Fig 3.6: Proposed system

D. ESP 8266

ESP8266 offers an aggregate and free Wi-Fi sorting out game plan, allowing it to either have
the application or to offload all Wi-Fi coordinating limits from another application processor.
Right when ESP8266 has the application, and when it is the principal application processor in
the contraption, it can boot up directly from an external streak. It has consolidated store to deal
with the presentation of the system in such applications, and to restrict the memory necessities.
Poornima College of Engineering, B.Tech, Jaipur, VIII Sem, Department of Electrical Engineering
15
Smart Fault Detection System in Transmission Line

Of course, filling in as a Wi-Fi connector, remote web access can be added to any
microcontroller-based plan with fundamental organization through UART interface or the CPU
AHB length interface. ESP8266 on-board taking care of and limit capacities license it to be
facilitated with the sensors and other application unequivocal devices through its GPIOs with
unimportant improvement up front and insignificant stacking during runtime. With its serious
degree of on-chip mix, which integrates the getting wire switch balun, power the board
converters, it requires insignificant external equipment, and the entire plan, including front-end
module, is expected to include irrelevant PCB district. Complex system level features
consolidate fast rest/wake setting trading for energy efficient VoIP, flexible radio biasing for
low-power action, advance transmission dealing with, and push fixing and radio
simultaneousness features for ordinary cell, Bluetooth, DDR, LVDS, LCD impediment balance.

Fig 3.7: ESP 8266 Pin Diagram

Poornima College of Engineering, B.Tech, Jaipur, VIII Sem, Department of Electrical Engineering
16
Smart Fault Detection System in Transmission Line

Features of ESP 8266 are as follows:

1. 802.11 b/g/n convention

2. Wi-Fi Direct (P2P), delicate AP

3. Integrated TCP/IP convention stack

4. Integrated TR switch, balun, LNA, power amplifier and matching organization

5. Integrated PLL, controllers, and power the executives units

6. +19.5dBm result power in 802.11b mode

7. Integrated temperature sensor

8. Supports radio wire variety

9. Power down spillage current < 10uA

10. Integrated low power 32-bit CPU could be utilized as application processor

11. SDIO 2.0, SPI, UART

12. STBC, 1×1 MIMO, 2×1 MIMO

13. A-MPDU& A-MSDU total and s watch interval 0.4 Wake up and communicate parcels <2ms

14. Standby power utilization < 1.0mW (DTIM3)

E. Sensors & Components used:

A sensor is a contraption that responds to any change of genuine quirks or regular variables like
hotness, pressure, dampness, improvement, etc This change impacts the physical, engineered or
electromagnetic properties of the sensors which is furthermore dealt with to a more usable and
significant design. Sensor is the centre of an assessment structure. The main part communicates
with natural elements to make an outcome.

These are the devices that are used to sense and react to different kinds of signals. Sensor
implementation is a great method for different parameter measurements.

Poornima College of Engineering, B.Tech, Jaipur, VIII Sem, Department of Electrical Engineering
17
Smart Fault Detection System in Transmission Line

Sensors we used in our project are listed below:

i. Voltage Sensor: Voltage Sensor SKU: 29802 is used in the working model, it makes use of
potential divider to lower any voltage by a factor of 5. It helps you to use the analog feedback of a
microcontroller to measure voltages far greater than that which can be perceived. Based on the
theory of pressure resistance points, this module will reduce the input stress of the red terminal by
a maximum of 5 times. The main Arduino analog input voltage is 5 V, meaning that this circuit
has a fixed input voltage of 5 Vx 5= 25 V (if the input voltage for a 3.3 V device would be 3.3 Vx
5= 16.5V). The sensor simulation resolution of the Arduino AVR chip has 10bit AD and thus the
input voltages of that circuit will be greater than 0.00489 Vx 5= 0,02445 V.

ii. Current Sensor: The flow sensor utilized here is ACS712-30A, it is a part that is utilized for
distinguishing electric flow in the line. A simple or current-voltage or even an advanced result
might be the sign delivered. The created sign would then be able to be utilized to show the
determined current in an ammeter, or it very well may be held for additional review in an
information obtaining organization, or it tends to be utilized for control purposes. Lobby Effect
Current Sensor is a sort of current sensor zeroed in on the Hall Effect peculiarities found by Edwin
Hall in 1879. Lobby Effect Current Sensors might compute a wide range of current signs (for
example AC, DC or throbbing current).

These sensors are as of now generally utilized in numerous businesses because of their wide uses
and the nature of criticism they offer, which can be controlled. ACS712 Current Sensor
Module30A can distinguish a current progression of up to 30A. Identifying and noticing current
stream is an essential part in a wide variety of purposes, including over current prosperity circuits,
battery chargers, trading mode power supplies, optical watt meters, programmable current sources,
etc ACS712 Current Sensor Module-30A relies upon the ACS712 sensor, which can evaluate AC
or DC current definitively. The real AC or DC that can be assessed can ultimately depend on 30A,
and the ongoing sign can be unravelled through the basic I/O port of the microcontroller or
Arduino.

Poornima College of Engineering, B.Tech, Jaipur, VIII Sem, Department of Electrical Engineering
18
Smart Fault Detection System in Transmission Line

Fig 3.8: Current Sensor

iii. Temperature Sensors: The LM35 series are precision composed circuit temperature
instruments with a most outrageous voltage straightforwardly comparative with the Centigrade
worth. The LM35 unit enjoys an upper hand over the Kelvin changed direct temperature sensors
considering the way that the buyer isn't supposed to wipe out a basic consistent voltage from the
show for straightforward Centigrade scaling. The LM35 structure needs no external change or
figuring out how to have standard affectability of ±1⁄4 ° C at room temperature and ±3⁄4 ° Cover
an all out −55 ° C to 150 ° C temperature range.

Lower cost is achieved by wafer-level overseeing and change. The low-yield impedance, straight
execution, and precise natural plan of the LM35 structure make it especially simple to translate or
screen equipment interfaces. The system is outfitted with a lone power supply or with a plus or
minus inventory. As the LM35 unit draws just 60 μA from the source, it has a little self-warming
temperature of under 0.1 ° C in still air. The LM35 system is expected to work over a temperature
extent of −55 ° C to 150 ° C, however the LM35C structure is arranged at −40 ° C to 110 ° C (−10
° with better accuracy The LM35-series devices are open in sealed shut TO semiconductor sets,
while the LM35C, LM35CA and LM35D devices are associated with the TO-92 plastic
semiconductor unit. The LM35D system is introduced in a little 8-lead surface-unit and aTO-220
plastic case.

Poornima College of Engineering, B.Tech, Jaipur, VIII Sem, Department of Electrical Engineering
19
Smart Fault Detection System in Transmission Line

iv. Step down Transformer (12 V – 1A)

0-12 1A Step Down Transformer is a broadly useful skeleton mounting mains transformer.
Transformer has 230V essential winding and non-focus tapped auxiliary winding. The transformer
has flying hued protected associating leads (Approx. 100 mm long). The Transformer go about as
step down transformer decreasing AC - 230V to AC - 12V.

The Transformer gives results of 12V and 0V. The Transformer's development is composed
underneath with subtleties of Solid Core and Winding.

Fig 3.9: Step down Transformer

The transformer is a static electrical contraption that moves energy by inductive coupling
between its winding circuits. A changing current in the fundamental winding makes a
fluctuating alluring progress in the transformer's middle and thus a moving appealing movement
through the discretionary winding. This changing alluring progress impels a fluctuating
electromotive power (E.M.F) or voltage in the helper winding. The transformer has focuses
made of high permeability silicon steel. The steel has a vulnerability usually that of free space
and the middle subsequently serves to significantly lessen the charging current and confine the
movement to a way which eagerly couples the windings.

Specifications of 0-12 1 Ampere Step Down Transformer:-

Input Voltage: 230V AC

Output Voltage: 12V or 0V

Output Current: 1 Amp

Poornima College of Engineering, B.Tech, Jaipur, VIII Sem, Department of Electrical Engineering
20
Smart Fault Detection System in Transmission Line

Mounting: Vertical mount type

Features of 0-12 1 Ampere Step Down Transformer:-

• Soft Iron Core.

• 1 Amp Current Drain.

v. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

Liquid Crystal Display is an electronic show which has various applications. When in doubt, for a
huge part of the applications a fundamental model of 16x2 LCD is used. As 16x2 LCD gives a
significance of that it has two lines of show, showing 16 characters in each line. 5x7 pixel network
is used to show each person in this LCD. Request and Data are the two registers that LCD have.
Since the LCD is simply several milli-meters thickness, it requires less power it tends to be viable
with low power circuits. The pin diagram of LCD is shown in Fig.

LCD reliably show the potential gains of data voltage and the stack regard in watts. This is in light
of the fact that the weakness is organized basically on the stack regard and the voltage regards. By
virtue of inadequacies, the microcontroller perceives and isolates the fault and send the information
to the GSM modem. When weakness information is transported off the gatherer " SMS sent" will
be displayed on the LCD screen.

Fig 3.10: Connection diagram of the LCD with AT-mega 328p.

Poornima College of Engineering, B.Tech, Jaipur, VIII Sem, Department of Electrical Engineering
21
Smart Fault Detection System in Transmission Line

vi. SIM900A GSM Module

SIM900A GSM Module is the littlest and least expensive module for GPRS/GSM correspondence.
It is normal with Arduino and microcontroller in the vast majority of implanted application. The
module offers GPRS/GSM innovation for correspondence with the employments of a portable sim.
It utilizes a 900 and 1800MHz recurrence band and permits clients to get/send portable calls and
SMS. The keypad and show interface permits the engineers to make the modify application with
it. Moreover, it additionally has modes, order mode and information mode. In each country the
GPRS/GSM and various conventions/frequencies to work. Order mode assists the engineers with
changing the default setting as indicated by their necessities.

Fig 3.11: SIM900A PIN Diagram

Poornima College of Engineering, B.Tech, Jaipur, VIII Sem, Department of Electrical Engineering
22
Smart Fault Detection System in Transmission Line

vii. IOT (Internet of Things)

Web of Things (IoT) depicts an emerging example where incalculable embedded contraptions
(things) are related with the Internet. These related contraptions talk with people and various things
and much of the time give sensor data to conveyed capacity and dispersed figuring resources where
the data is taken care of and analyzed to procure huge pieces of information. Unobtrusive circulated
registering power and extended contraption network is engaging this example.

IoT game plans are worked for a few vertical applications, for instance, regular checking and
control, prosperity noticing, vehicle fleet checking, current noticing and control, and home
computerization. At undeniable level, numerous IoT frameworks can be portrayed utilizing the
diagram below:

Fig 3.12: IOT (Internet of Things)

On the left, we have the keen devices (the "things" in IoT) that occupy the edge of the
association. These devices assemble data and consolidate things like wearable contraptions,
far off temperatures sensors, beat screens, and water driven strain sensors, and machines on
the creation line floor. In the middle, we have the cloud where data from many sources is added
up to and inspected constantly, often by an IoT assessment stage planned for this reason. The
right 50% of the outline depicts the estimation headway related with the IoT application. Here
a planner or data scientist endeavors to procure understanding into the accumulated data by
carrying out recorded examination on the data. For this present circumstance, the data is pulled

Poornima College of Engineering, B.Tech, Jaipur, VIII Sem, Department of Electrical Engineering
23
Smart Fault Detection System in Transmission Line

from the IoT stage into a workspace programming environment to engage the fashioner or
scientist to display estimations that may at last execute in the cloud or on the clever contraption
itself. An IOT structure consolidates this huge number of parts. ThingSpeak fits in the cloud
part of the blueprint and gives a phase to quickly assemble and take apart data from web related
sensors.

Poornima College of Engineering, B.Tech, Jaipur, VIII Sem, Department of Electrical Engineering
24
Smart Fault Detection System in Transmission Line

CHAPTER 4
RESULT & DISCUSSION

4.1 Final Layout of the Project

Fig 4.1: Pictures of Project

Poornima College of Engineering, B.Tech, Jaipur, VIII Sem, Department of Electrical Engineering
25
Smart Fault Detection System in Transmission Line

4.2 Working
Transformer of 220ac to 12volt ac, Rectifier 12ac to 12v dc, Voltage regulation 12volt dc to 9 volt
DC, 9 volt dc supply to Arduino to full-fill it's required power. 3.3volt supply is used as 3 phase
transmission line and the transmission line connected to analog pins of microcontroller through a
1 k and 10 k resistors. Inputs to the analog pin as a voltage of 3.3 volts maximum. Any change to
analog voltage will be calculated by the microcontroller and the calculated voltage and current will
detect the faults in transmission line. The microcontroller will show these faults on OLED screen,
whenever the faults occur microcontroller will trigger respected relays for indication.

By sensing the voltage degradation, a fault signal is generated to operate the circuit breaker with
the help of microcontroller.

Fig 4.2: Circuit to understand Working

Poornima College of Engineering, B.Tech, Jaipur, VIII Sem, Department of Electrical Engineering
26
Smart Fault Detection System in Transmission Line

Code of Project

Poornima College of Engineering, B.Tech, Jaipur, VIII Sem, Department of Electrical Engineering
27
Smart Fault Detection System in Transmission Line

Fig 4.3: Code of Project

Poornima College of Engineering, B.Tech, Jaipur, VIII Sem, Department of Electrical Engineering
28
Smart Fault Detection System in Transmission Line

4.3 Application
4.3.1 Power Transmission Line: Power transmission lines are used to connect power stations and
substations, and for connections between substations, in order to efficiently transmit large amounts
of electricity at high voltage without loss, and therefore play a crucial role in providing electricity.
TEPCO Power Grid currently has transmission equipment that mainly ranges from 66,000 V to
500,000 V. This equipment includes ultra-high voltage equipment ranging from 275,000 V and
500,000 V that is used for long-distance transmission of high-capacity electricity from power
stations. The voltage of electricity transmitted by use of ultra-high voltage equipment is reduced
to 154,000 V and then 66,000 V when nearing consuming areas, and then is further reduced to a
voltage of 6,600 V at distribution substations, so that it can be used on the power lines hung along
utility poles before finally reaching our customers.

4.3.2 Telephone Lines: A telephone line or telephone circuit (or just line or circuit industrywide)
is a single-user circuit on a telephone communication system. This is the physical wire or other
signalling medium connecting the user's telephone apparatus to the telecommunications network,
and usually also implies a single telephone number for billing purposes reserved for that user.
Telephone lines are used to deliver landline telephone service and Digital subscriber line (DSL)
phone cable service to the premises. Telephone overhead lines are connected to the public switched
telephone network. The voltage at a subscriber's network interface is typically 48 V between the
ring and tip wires, with tip near ground and ring at -48 V.

4.3.3 Traces On Multi-Chip Modules: A multi-chip module (MCM) is generically an electronic

assembly (such as a package with a number of conductor terminals or "pins") where
multiple integrated circuits (ICs or "chips"), semiconductor dies and/or other discrete components
are integrated, usually onto a unifying substrate, so that in use it can be treated as if it were a larger
IC.[1] Other terms for MCM packaging include "Heterogeneous integration" or "Hybrid Integrated
Circuit".[2] The advantage of using MCM packaging is it allows a manufacturer to use multiple
components for modularity and/or to improve yields over a conventional monolithic IC approach.

Poornima College of Engineering, B.Tech, Jaipur, VIII Sem, Department of Electrical Engineering
29
Smart Fault Detection System in Transmission Line

CHAPTER 5
FUTURE SCOPE & CONCLUSION
5.1 Future Scope
Electricity is produced in power generation plants and then transferred to end consumers through
various transmission and distribution lines. Electric power transmission is the mass transfer of
electrical energy from power generation plants to electrical substations. Amid the power
generation stations and end consumers, electricity runs through numerous substations at various
voltage levels. Various faults such as symmetrical, unsymmetrical, substation, and feeder faults
occur occasionally in electric power transmission. These faults are caused mainly due to bad
weather conditions, equipment failures, human errors, and smoke of fires. The effects of these
faults include over current flow, loss of equipment, disturbance of interconnected circuits,
electrical fires, and danger to handling personnel. Such transmission outages lead to revenue loss
for utility companies and loss of power for consumers. Transmission faults can also lead to
extensive outage times over vast geographical regions.

The smart fault detection system for power transmission market is expanding considerably.
Various countries such as the U.S., the U.K, Sweden, Japan, Germany, and Netherlands have
started using smart fault detection systems on their power transmission lines. Certain train
transportation transmission lines in Switzerland and Sweden have also been equipped with this
system. Critical outage periods for industrial regions have also led to adoption of smart fault
detection system. These systems also help during natural calamities, as they can quickly detect
faults and reduce outage period and risks. In time sensitive areas of operation, adoption of smart
fault detection system has increased significantly. These systems can be configured to be automatic
or remotely controlled by service operator. Industries and utility companies prefer the smart system
over conventional fault detection systems as the dependence on human efforts is low.

5.2 Merits & Demerits

5.2.1 Merits:

• High Voltage and current can be achieved.

• Can be developed in different ways: diode clamps, flying capacitor, cascade inverter based.

Poornima College of Engineering, B.Tech, Jaipur, VIII Sem, Department of Electrical Engineering
30
Smart Fault Detection System in Transmission Line

• No series transformer is required, thus reduced the cost.

5.2.2 Demerits:
• Conduction loss is low and switch also high.
• Due to symmetrical disturbance the load power among the inverter, modules may not
vary maximum rating.
• Centralized approaches.

5.3 Conclusion

In our project IOT based transmission line fault monitoring system is proposed. The system uses
Arduino to analyses distance of fault occurrence with the help of software developed, which works
on analysing the voltage drop in the transmission line. The fault location is transmitted to the
control centre using Wi-Fi module. An Arduino board with Node MCU is used to detect the fault
location and transmit.

Poornima College of Engineering, B.Tech, Jaipur, VIII Sem, Department of Electrical Engineering
31
Smart Fault Detection System in Transmission Line

REFRENCES
[1]. Alok Mukherjee, Palash Kumar Kundu, Arabinda Das, “Transmission Line Faults in
Power System and the Different Algorithms for Identification, Classification and
Localization: A Brief Review of Methods” in 2021 J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. B

[2]. HE Zheng-you, Chen Xiaoqingl, Zhang Bin, “wavelet Entropy Measure Definition and
Its Application for Transmission Line Fault Detection and Identification (Part III:
Transmission line faults transients identification)” in November 2006 School of
Electrical Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu 610031, Sichuan
Province, China, Key Laboratory of Power System Protection and Dynamic Security
Monitoring and Control (North China Electric Power University), Ministry of
Education.

[3]. Ebha Koley, Anamika Jain, A.S.Thoke and Abhinav Jain, “Detection and
Classification of Faults on Six Phase Transmission Line Using ANN” in 2014
International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks(SPIN)

[4]. T. Gunasekar Department of EEE, Kongu Enginnering College Erode, “GSM Based
Fault Detection in Three Phase Power Distribution System” in 2021 7th International
Conference on Advanced computing and Communication System

[5]. Fahmida N. Chowdhury, J.L. Aravena, “A Modular Methodology for Fast Fault
Detection and Classification in Power Systems” in 1998, Volume 6, IEEE Transaction
on Control System Technology

[6]. Jeet Shah, Sarthak Desai, Abdul Gafoor Shaik, “Location and Classification of High
Impedance Faults in Transmission Line utilizing Alienation-put together Analysis with
respect to Voltage Signals”, in 2014 IEEE/PES Transmission & Distribution
Conference & Exposition.

Poornima College of Engineering, B.Tech, Jaipur, VIII Sem, Department of Electrical Engineering
32
Smart Fault Detection System in Transmission Line

[7]. B. Rathore and A. G. Shaik, “Fault detection and classification on transmission line
using wavelet-based alienation algorithm’, Innovative Smart Grid Technologies” - Asia
(ISGT ASIA), 2015 IEEE.

[8]. F.B. Costa, B.A. Souza, N.S.D. Brito, “Effects of the fault inception angle in fault-
induced transients”, IET Generation, Transmission Distribution”, in 2012 IET.

[9]. M. E. Masoud and M. M.A. Mahfouz, “Protection scheme for transmission lines based
on alienation coefficients for current signals”, in 2010 IET Generation, Transmission
& Distribution, 4, no. 11.

[10]. B. Rathore, Annual IEEE B. Rathore, A. G. ShaiK, “Alienation based fault detection
and classification in transmission lines”, in 2015, India Conference (INDICON),

Poornima College of Engineering, B.Tech, Jaipur, VIII Sem, Department of Electrical Engineering
33