University Regional Faculty

Technological Resistance
National

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Index
Project Summary……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….1
Market Study
1. Market Research……………………………………………………………………………………………..4
a) Market Segmentation………………………………………………………………………………..4
b) Location…………………………………………………………………………………………………….4
c) Description of the Market Segment......................................................4
d) Market Segment Dimension……………………………………………………………………5
2. Need
3. Competition ................................................................................... 6
4. Regulatory Standards.............................................................................................7

a) Requirements for buildings and facilities………………………………………………………..10

b) Equipment, tools, and documentation requirements………………………………………………11
c) Requirements for personnel……………………………………………………………………………….11
d) Operation rules....................................................................................12
e) Minimum requirements .................................................................. 16

f) Scope to request.................................................................................21

g) Conclusion of the Market Study………………………………………………………………………22

Project Engineering
Processes
a) Process diagram...............................................................24
b) Flow diagram in the plant……………………………………………………………………………….25
c) Duration of each process…………………………………………………………………………………26
2. Technology used…………………………………………………………………………………………………….30
a) Referring to the objective of the service……………………………………………………………………………31
b) Referring to the equipment………………………………………………………………………………...……31
3. Physical Media ............................................................................................. 32
a) Land...........................................................................................................................................32
b) Buildings...................................................................................................32

c) Departments
d) Machines and equipment...............................................................34

e) Electrical Installations……………………………………………………………………………………34
f) Pneumatic Installations..........................38
4. Trends
a) Related to the market………………………………………………………………………………………..42
b) Related to the service………………………………………………………………………………………….42
5. Staff Requirement…………………………………………………………………………………………….42
a) Functional Organization – Organizational Chart………………………………………………………………….43
b) Functions and Responsibilities…………………………………………………………………………..43
c) Requirements according to the standard………………………………………………………………………………...46
d) Remunerations
6. Industrial Safety and Hygiene
7. Special buildings - Painting Room……………………………………………………………………………….58
Costs
1. Service Costs.......................................................................86
2. Number of annual services......................................................................................88

3. General costs……………………………………………………………………………………………………….89
4. Table of general costs…………………………………………………………………………………………….91
5. Determination of service prices..................................................................................93

Project Size
1. Workshop Capacity……………………………………………………………………………………………………95
2. Analysis of the availability of supplies and spare parts......................................................95
3. Justification of Size...........................................................95
a) Financial limitations………………………………………………………………………………...…95
b) Gradual development of installed capacity………………………………………………………...…95
4. Possibility of Expansion...........................................................................................96

Project Location
1.
Geographical location…………………………………………………………………………………………………..97
2.
Analysis of the determining factors………………………………………………………………………………97
a) Existing infrastructure
b) Zonal availability of labor…………………………………………………………………..98
c) Benefits derived exclusively from location………………………………………………98
Investments
1. Fixed assets
2. Comparable Destinations.................................................................................................104

Financing
1. Financing details…………………………………………………………………………………………...…107

Project Result...........................................................................................................................................109

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CHAPTER I - SYNTHESIS OF THE PROJECT

Origin of the Initiative

The development of this project is based on all the necessary studies to achieve
the installation and management of an aircraft workshop effectively. While it may seem that the
the topic is more focused on the field of aeronautics than on electromechanics, it is not
Thus. The operations that are carried out and the machine-tools that are used are
equivalents to those of any mechanical industry. The purely operations
Aeronautical activities will be carried out by personnel qualified for this purpose, as required by
standards. As detailed in this work, there is a wide range of tasks to be
carried out by an aeronautical workshop, but to carry them out, it must be found.
enabled for each of them. The requirements for enabling it are detailed in the
chapter "Regulatory Standards", likewise the Scope of the Certificate of
The authorization aims to detail the services to be offered.

. Maintenance, preventive maintenance and periodic inspections, including

the Annual inspection and general review of the cell of those aircraft
composite construction, according to the updated technical documentation
issued by the manufacturers and current regulations

The origin of the initiative is given by the identification of a need at the local level,
important for the aerospace market and feasible to satisfy it. Apart from being noticeable
growth of demand for aeronautical mechanical services, on the other hand,
found a sector dissatisfied with the existing services. This need is verified
then with the "Market Study".

Necessary investments for the project

Total Fixed Investment Budget

Sub total
Buildings $62,383
Machines, Equipment and Furniture $ 186.061
Furniture and Instruments $35.169
Auxiliary Services $ 60.800
Electrical Installations $ 13.887
Pneumatic Installations $ 3.128
$361.408

Total Budget Investment Eligible Destinations

Sub total
Administration Costs $5,500.00
Startup Costs $ 1071,47
Total 6,571.47

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Total Working Assets Budget

Sub total
Total cost cycle $123.262
Stock materials and supplies $ 17.097
$ 140,359

Total Investment Budget

Fixed Assets $361,408

Assimilable Destinations 6,571.47
Current Assets $ 140.359
TOTAL $508,338

Planned Financing

Name Platinum Vip 2

Bank Loan
Total Amount $200,000
Bank
Galicia System of
German
Amortization
Rate 23.00 %
Deadline 48 months
Grace Period Does not have

Details of Annual Expenditures

Year Balance Amortization Interest + VAT + Insurance Quota
2011 200,000.00 $ 50.000,00 53,957.28 $103,957.28
2012 $ 150.000,00 $50,000.00 38,722.30 $88,722.30
2013 $ 100.000,00 $ 50.000,00 $23,487.30 $73,487.30
2014 $50,000.00 $50,000.00 $ 8,252.28 58,252.28
2015 $ 0.00 $0.00 $ 0.00 $ 0.00

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CASH FLOW CONSTRUCTION

Year Sales Report Expenses Gross Util. Depreciation Operational Utilities Int. Credit UAIG Imp. Gain. UDIG
0 (2010) $0 $0 $0 $0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
2011 1,672,427.27 -$1,238,835.02 $ 433.592 -$38,238 $ 395.354 -$53.957 $341,397 -$119,489 $ 221.908
2012 $ 1,672,427.27 -$1,238,835.02 $ 433.592 -$38.238 $ 395.354 -$ 38.722 $ 356.632 -$ 124.821 $231.811
2013 $1,672,427.27 -$1,238,835.02 $ 433.592 -$ 38.238 $ 395.354 -$ 23,487 $ 371.867 -$130.153 $241.713
2014 1,672,427.27 -$1,238,835.02 $ 433.592 -$ 38.238 $ 395.354 -$8,252 $ 387.102 -$ 135.486 $251.616
2015 1,672,427.27 -$ 1,238,835.02 $ 433.592 -$ 38,238 $395,354 $0 $395,354 -$ 138.374 $ 256.980

Payment of VAT VAT Investment Act. Amortization.

Year VAT receipt without investment. Cap. Trab Credit FCN
sales in investments Fixed Cred.
0 (2010) $ 0.00 $0.00 -$34.966 -$367,980 -$ 140.359 $200,000 $0 -$ 308,338
2011 -$ 45,527.19 $ 34.966,38 -$50,000 $ 161.347
2012 -$ 45,527.19 $ 0.00 -$ 50,000 $136.284
2013 -$ 45,527.19 $0.00 -$50,000 $146.186
2014 -$ 45,527.19 $ 0.00 -$ 50,000 $ 156.089
2015 -$ 45,527.19 $0.00 $ 140.359 $0 $ 351.812

Net Income

Calculation of NPV = 222,017.19 Period Sales Costs Utility

Annual 1,672,427.27 $1,238,835.02 $ 433.592
Profitability on Sales.
Calculation of the IRR = 46%
Period Sales Utility Profitability
Annual $1,672,427.27 $ 433.592 25.93%
Profitability over Costs.

Period Costs Utility Profitability

Annual $ 1.238.835,02 433.592 35%
Return on Total Investments.

Period Investments Utility Profitability

Annual $508,338 $ 433.592 85.30% 3
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CHAPTER II - MARKET STUDY

Market Research

Market Segmentation
This item is linked to the geographical location that we allocate for the T.A.R. Both
they are related and dependent on each other, but at the same time the segmentation within the
The aerospace market is already defined by the author of the need as explained in the
point 'NEED'.
Because the province of Chaco and those that border it are large producers
Agricultural, there is a service widely used by producers which is the application of
agrochemicals or sowing, through spraying or dispersion from the airplane
respectively. There are approximately thirty companies in Chaco dedicated to the
aerial application.
Therefore, the sector our service is aimed at is that of aircrafts.
applicators mainly (or for extinguishing fires), but it is noteworthy that it also
we plan to attend to the other sectors, which add a good number of clients and
investment in infrastructure, technical knowledge, and equipment is the same, as
It will be detailed later.

Location
We define a geographical sector in order to consider the size of our segment.
of the market, as well as define the competitors and certain valuable information for the
moment to make a decision. The location will be in the Bermejo department about three
kilometers southeast of the city of Las Palmas, province of Chaco. The provinces that
we would include the part of Chaco which would be Formosa, Misiones, east of Santiago del Estero, north
from Corrientes and northern Santa Fe.

Market sector description

1) Aircraft intended for Aerial Application
With powers ranging from 150 to 1300 HP coming from engines.
alternatives or turbines. They are always single-engine. Specific aircraft are used for
this weekend modifications can be made to certain aircraft to convert them into
aerial applicators. The former can have the capacity to carry up to two
people at most. In the case of the modified ones, they were originally airplanes.
To transport passengers, the seats can be removed, allowing for up to 6 to be carried.
Persons, not while they are applying. They can be upholstered, metallic, or mixed.
For all cases, they must have a hopper to place the chemical products.
The planes that have the capacity to transport more than one thousand five hundred liters in the
scoops can be used to combat fires.

2) Aircraft intended for Teaching

They must necessarily be able to carry at least two people and possess
the commands duplicated within the cabin. Their powers range from 65 to
230 HP with alternative engines. They can be upholstered, metallic, or mixed. The ideal
it is a low operating cost aircraft, to reduce the final cost of a course. For
Obtain the license of a pilot qualified for multi-engine aircraft, the airplane
It must necessarily be at least twin-engine. The operators can be
private or from an aeroclub.

3) Airplanes intended for Commercial Flights

According to the Aeronautical Code, commercial flights are defined as all those
which receives compensation. Therefore, the two previous categories
they are part of this. But for the case of the study, the classification was carried out of
according to the function they perform. Among the paid flights that do not

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belonging to the previous items, there would remain those related to aerial propaganda, transportation
passenger transport, freight transportation, aerial surveillance, photography, towing of
planners and others. Within the geographic area we consider in the study, the
Potential clients are aircraft with powers ranging from 65 to 750 HP. A large part are the
belonging to the so-called Aeroclubs.

4) Aircraft intended for Sports Flights

Their powers do not exceed 300 HP per engine. Normally, the aeroclubs with the
the same aircraft fulfill the last two items. Within this category, it is possible to
mention the ultralight category for which a certain trend is perceived
increase in the area.

Segment market dimension

The following information was collected in the year 2008 and 2009 through data
obtained from members of the Agricultural Aviation Chambers, of the
Department of Plant Health, of surveys to aeroclubs and surveys
carried out for owners of both aircraft and T.A.R.s.
The values for the number of aircraft may not be accurate at the time of
present this project, only approximations, as these may change owners and
moving to another province, having thought it over.

As mentioned previously, Chaco has about thirty aerospace companies.

applicators which total 44 aircraft, considering those from the provinces
bordering a total of 63 aircraft. In this province, there are four aeroclubs in active status.
with a total of 12 aircraft arriving at 27 considering nearby aeroclubs,
belonging to the provinces included in the geographic sector. We can consider some
14 more private units, and some occasional ones from neighboring provinces, reaching a total
from 125 planes per day as of today.
Being the location of the T.A.R. a strategic place as it is surrounded by fields.
in production, the visit of non-local companies during times of
infestation in the crops as well as the case of companies that combat the fire
in the province of Misiones, Corrientes, and Formosa.
Later, the certification categories to which one will aspire will be detailed.
installation of the T.A.R.

Geographical Market Sector

Chaco: 66 aircraft

Corrientes (N): 16 aircraft

Formosa: 6 aircraft

Missions: 16 aircraft

Santiago del Estero (E): 9u.

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TOTAL APPROX.: 125 approx.

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NECESSITY

According to a general analysis in the northeast region of Argentina, we found a

business opportunity in the aviation field, given by the need for a service. The
the idea of installing a T.A.R. arises as a possible solution to this need. Another
A possible solution is to acquire the representation of an enabled T.A.R. It has been analyzed.
both possibilities. Each option that leads to the solution of this problem is a
different project.
To understand what this problem we mentioned before is, we explain the requirements.
what aircraft must comply with to operate safely and legally under the regulations
established in the Argentine Republic.
Airplanes, like helicopters, are required to maintain a record of each flight.
that they carry out in a document called History. Both the power plant, and the
glider and the propellers each have their own history. Each of these three
it has an expiration both by the number of flight hours and by time. In turn, each
the aircraft has a preventive maintenance procedure issued by the manufacturer which
it is mandatory. This reason, without considering maintenance for unforeseen events or
some type of major repair, leads to each aircraft operator having the obligation and
need to attend a T.A.R. (properly authorized to operate as such), after
a certain number of flight hours or the lifespan limit of the qualification. So the
The problem we identified is the lack of T.A.R.s in the northeast, which leads to each
the operator must travel no less than 500 km to maintain their aircraft in
technical and legal conditions, if you are not satisfied with the service offered by the few
existing in the area.

COMPETENCE

Aeronautical workshops can have different categories, which alters their

scope and limitations as a workshop. Each category is subdivided into Classes. If not
fulfill all classes within a category, whether the cells are specified,
engines, propellers, etc., according to the corresponding brand and model, obtaining the certification
of a limited category. Later in this project, the categories will be detailed that
T.A.R.s can apply for their certification, specifically at the point STANDARDS OF
REGULATION.
The previous paragraph gives us a brief explanation of the achievements that can be obtained.
The reason is that if there is a T.A.R. in the market area we want to cover,
we must understand their scope and limitations, since if the latter do not coincide with the
the market segment we chose, this would not be a competition.
For this, we analyze those that are currently enabled, the location
geographical and the scope that each one has, to identify it or not as possible
competition.
In Argentina as of March 2010, there are 131 T.A.R.s, of which 19 are
extended or in the process of being enabled, and 25 are exclusively dedicated to helicopters,
propellers or aeronautical instruments.
Geographic distribution by quantity per province.

. 1 Chaco
. 2 Corrientes (1 north)
. 7 Córdoba
. 0 Formosa and Missions
. 2 Salta
. 8 Santa Fe (1 North)
. 1 Santiago del Estero
. 64 Buenos Aires

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. The others in the provinces of Chubut, Entre Ríos, La Pampa,

Mendoza, Neuquén and Jujuy.

REHABILITATED WORKSHOPS (NE ARG.)

Provincial Aeronautical Directorate

Sierras - Morteros Cba.

The T.A.R. are detailed in the ANNEX "Scope of possible competencies", with their
corresponding operational specifications, and they were selected based on their
geographical location or because they are workshops that more than 90% of the potential customers turn to
local clients.
According to the Regulatory Standards, an authorized TAR can perform maintenance.
preventive maintenance and/or alterations, or make agreements with other people to
Carry out the aforementioned tasks, ensuring that the uncertified person does not.
have implemented a quality control system equivalent to the system used by the
TAR enabled. In this way, certain scopes will be requested whose work may be
carried out by third parties.
The steps to follow to obtain the Certificate, according to clarifications from Inspectors of
Workshops belonging to the A.N.A.C. are to start with a minor qualification for
to demonstrate reliability to the authorities, and in this way meet certain requirements,
work and time, to be able to request greater scopes. Therefore, initially we propose a
achieved Limited Category detailed later, considering the requirements
minimums.

REGULATION STANDARDS

The regulatory, controlling, and enabling entity of a T.A.R. is the National Association of
Civil Aviation A.N.A.C. since 2007, by decree 239/2007. Before this year, said
the function belonged to the Command of Air Regions of the Air Force.
The organizational chart corresponding to the National Public Administration, the Executive Power
the Nation places the A.N.A.C. in a hierarchical order within the Ministry of Planning
Federal, Public Investment and Services, as a decentralized administration.

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As documents, the rules governing this activity are expressed in the DNAR.
National Aeronautical Regulations and the Argentine Aeronautical Regulations
Civil Aviation.
Part 145 of this latest document specifies the requirements for the issuance of the Certificate of a
T.A.R. and establishes the general operating rules for the holders of these
certificates and categories.
The minimum requirements for certification are the submission of the
next documentation:
Inspection Procedures Manual
Quality Control Manual
Application Form
List of maintenance functions contracted to third parties
Staff Training Program
Contract formed between the owner and the Technical Representative
Note of the existence of the Owner as a legal entity

The equipment, personnel, technical data, and buildings and facilities required
to obtain the Certificate and the scopes, or to obtain additional scopes, you must
be present at the location for inspection at the time of certification or approval
of scope by the Aeronautical Authority.
According to part 145 of the RAAC, we have the following categories and requirements to consider.
account:

Categories

The TARs can request certification in the following categories:

(a) Cell categories

Class I: Certified composite construction aircraft in accordance with the Parts
22, 23, 27 and 31 years old.
Class II: Certified composite construction aircraft according to the Parts
25 years old 29.
Class III: Aircraft made entirely of metal certified according to
parts 22, 23 and/or 27.
Class IV: All-metal aircraft certified in accordance with
parts 25 and/or 29.
(b) Categories of engines
Class I: Alternative engines of 400 HP or less.
Class II: Alternative engines over 400 HP.
Class III: Turbine engines.

(c) Categories of the helices

Class I: All fixed-pitch and ground-adjustable propellers, made of wood, metal or
of composite construction.
Class II: All other helices.

Radio categories
Class I: Communication equipment: Any transmission or reception radio equipment
or both, used in aircraft to emit or receive communications in flight, without having
regarding the carrier frequency or the type of modulation used, including the
auxiliary intercommunication systems and related, amplifier systems, devices
electrical or electronic signaling devices for onboard personnel and similar equipment;
but does not include the navigation equipment or those used as assistance for them,
altitude measurement equipment or ground clearance, other measurement equipment

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operated with the principles of radio or radar or mechanical, electrical instruments,

gyroscopic or electronic instruments that are part of the radio equipment
communications.
Class II: Navigation equipment: Any radio system used in aircraft for
route or approach navigation, except for equipment operated with the principles
of radar or radio frequency pulses, but do not include altitude measurement equipment
or dumping of the land nor other telemetry equipment that operates based on the
principles of radar or radio frequency pulses.
Class III: Radar equipment: Any electronic system of the aircraft operated with the
principles of radar frequency or with the principles of radiofrequency pulses.

(e) Categories of instruments

Class I: Mechanical: Any diaphragm instrument, Bourdon tube, aneroid,
mechanically driven optical or centrifugal used in the aircraft or for its
operation, including tachometers, speed indicators, pressure sensors,
derivometers, magnetic compasses, altimeters or similar mechanical instruments.
Class II: Electric: Any self-synchronous indicator system or electric instrument.
including remote indicator instruments, cylinder head thermometers or
similar electric instruments.
Class III: Gyroscopic: Any instrument or system that uses the principles of
gyroscope and be driven by air pressure or electrical energy, including the
autopilot control units, tilt and turn indicators, gyroscopes
directional and their accessories, electromagnetic compasses and gyros.
Class IV: Electronics: Any instrument whose operation depends on tubes
electronic devices, transistors or similar devices, including type meters
capacitive, amplification systems and engine analyzers.

(f) Categories of Accessories

Class I: Mechanical accessories that depend on friction for their operation,
hydraulic energy, mechanical linkages, or pneumatic pressure, including the
aircraft wheel brakes, mechanically operated pumps, carburetors,
aircraft wheel assemblies, shock absorber struts and mechanisms
hydro-servos.
Class II: Electromechanical accessories that depend on their operation on the
mechanical and electrical principles, including generators, starters, motors
electric, electrically driven fuel pumps, magnets or accessories
similar.
Class III: Electrical and electronic accessories that operate using electric energy,
including those equipped with electronic transistor tubes, or devices
similar, such as voltage regulators, overload controls, control of
temperature, air conditioning controls or similar electronic controls.

Limited Categories

The Aviation Authority may issue a limited category to a TAR that performs
maintenance or alterations only to a particular type of cells, motors of
aircraft, propeller, radio, instruments, accessories or parts thereof, or to carry out
only specialized maintenance that requires equipment or undeveloped skills
normally under other TAR categories. Such a category may be limited to a model
specific to aircraft or aircraft engine or constituent parts or to some
number of parts produced by a specific manufacturer.

(b) The Aeronautical Authority issues limited categories for:

Cells of a certain brand and model.

Engines of a certain brand and model.
3) Propellers of a certain brand and model.
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4) Instruments of a certain brand and model.

5) Radio equipment of a certain brand and model.
Accessories of a certain brand and model.
7) Landing gear components.
8) Floaters by brand.
9) Procedure and inspection by non-destructive testing.
Emergency equipment.
Rotor blades according to brand and model.
12) Work on aircraft fabric.
13) To carry out a major repair or major alteration, and/or reconstruction of a
determined model of aircraft or its component.
Any other purpose for which the Aeronautical Authority deems that the
the applicant's request is appropriate.

(c) For a limited category of specialized services, the Specifications of

Operation of the TAR must include the specifications used in the execution of
specialized services. The Specifications may be:

(1) Civil or military specifications currently used and accepted by the industry
by the Aeronautical Authority or;

A specification developed by the applicant and approved by the Authority

Aerospace.

Requirements for Buildings and Facilities

(a) Each enabled TAR must have:

Buildings for facilities, equipment, materials, documentation and

personal, according to its scope.

Suitable facilities for carrying out maintenance, preventive maintenance or

the alterations of specialized articles or services for which the TAR has
Scope. The facilities must include the following:

Sufficient workspace and areas for appropriate separation and protection of

the items during all maintenance, preventative maintenance or the
alterations.
2. Separate work areas that allow for hazardous operations or that
require special care, such as painting, cleaning, welding, work of
avionics, electronics and machining work, and in such a way that it does not affect
adversely affecting other maintenance tasks or alterations of items.
3. Shelves, hoists, drawers, racks, and other means of separation
suitable for the storage and protection of all items subjected to
maintenance, preventive maintenance or alterations.
Enough space to separate the items and materials stored to be
installed, of those articles that are, or will be, subject to maintenance,
preventive maintenance or alterations.
5. Ventilation, lighting, temperature and humidity control and other conditions
suitable climate conditions for the personnel and necessary to ensure the realization of the
maintenance, of preventive maintenance or of the alterations, according to the
standards required by this party.
6. Any other requirement recommended by the manufacturer of the item being maintained and/or
changed by the manufacturer of the consumable materials used for the
maintenance and/or alteration of the items processed by the workshop and by a

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civil or military specification currently used by the industry and accepted by the
Authority.

Requirements for Equipment, Tools, Materials, and Documentation

Unless the Aeronautical Authority prescribes otherwise, an authorized TAR

must have the equipment, tools, and materials necessary to carry out the
maintenance, preventive maintenance, and/or the alterations under its Certificate of
TAR and the Operating Specifications, in accordance with Part 43 of this
regulation. The equipment, tools, and materials must be in place and under
the control of the TAR when the work is done and must be the ones required to carry out
the functions listed in Appendix A of this Part, adapting to the category
corresponding.
An authorized TAR must ensure that, when applicable, the inspection teams
and the tools used to carry out the maintenance tasks,
preventive maintenance and/or alterations on all items must be calibrated to
regular intervals and their measurements should be traceable to those made by means of
National Standards applicable according to the current regulations in the country of
Workshop situation. In doing so, it must comply with the Policies and Procedures.
established by the DNA.
The equipment, tools, and materials must be those recommended by the
manufacturer of the item or at least must be equivalent to the same and acceptable
for the Aeronautical Authority.
An authorized TAR must maintain, in an acceptable manner for the Authority
Aerospace, the documents and data required to carry out the maintenance,
the preventive maintenance and/or alterations carried out under your Certificate of
TAR and its Operating Specifications, according to Part 43. The following
documents and data must be updated and available when the work is carried out
corresponding
1. Airworthiness Directives.
2. Instructions for Continued Airworthiness.
3. All technical documentation issued by the manufacturer and applicable to the item
maintained and/or altered.
4. Other applicable data that are accepted or approved by the Authority
Aerospace.

Requirements for Personnel

Each Aircraft Repair Workshop (ARW) must:

a) Appoint a person from the TAR to assume the functions and responsibilities
of Technical Representative, according to its scope, as stated in Appendix B of
this Part. The designated person must have experience in the methods and
established procedures by the Aeronautical Authority to approve the return to
service of the items after the inspections established by the manufacturer
and/or by the Aeronautical Authority. The knowledge about the methods and
the mentioned procedures will be evaluated in the manner that the Authority
Aerospace deemed appropriate. The Technical Representative of a TAR can
delegate their function of approving the Return to Service of the items, according to the
scope of the TAR, in personnel duly authorized according to the section
145.157. The Technical Representative of a TAR with Limited Category to carry out
only Specialized Services that involve tasks that do not require the
approval for the return to service of a product by the mentioned TAR
is exempt from compliance with Appendix B of this Part regarding
title or enabling license, as long as it demonstrates experience and training
appropriate in the Specialized Service.
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b) Have qualified personnel who plan, supervise, execute, and approve.

for the return to service the maintenance, the preventive maintenance, and/or the
alterations made under the TAR certification and its Specifications of
Operation;
c) Ensure a sufficient number of employees with training, knowledge and
adequate experience in performing maintenance, maintenance
estimate, and/or the alterations authorized by the TAR Certificate and its
Operation Specifications to ensure that all work is completed properly
agreement with Part 43 of this regulation and
d) Determine the expertise of those employees who do not have licenses or
authorizations or Certificates of Competence and that perform functions of
maintenance based on training, knowledge, experience, and testing
practices, according to Appendix C of this Part.
e) Ensure that each person who is directly in charge of the functions of
maintenance, preventive maintenance, and/or alterations included within the
Certificate of the TAR and its Operating Specifications, comply with what
provided by Part 65 of this regulation and have at least 6 months of
practical experience within the last 24 months in the procedures, practices,
inspection methods and materials, and in the equipment and tools used
to fulfill these functions. The experience gained as an apprentice or student
Experience as a mechanic will not be counted towards the required months of experience mentioned above.

Operating Rules

Privileges and Limitations of the Certificate

a) An enabled TAR can:

1) Carry out maintenance, preventive maintenance and/or alterations, in accordance with

Part 43 of this regulation applies to all articles for which it is authorized.
within the limitations of its Operating Specifications.
2) Make agreements with another person to carry out the maintenance, the
preventive maintenance and/or alterations of the items for which the TAR
is authorized. If the person is not certified under this Part 145, the authorized TAR
must ensure that the uncertified person has implemented a control system
of quality equivalent to the system used by the enabled TAR.
3) Approve the return to service of any item for which the TAR has scopes
after carrying out maintenance, preventive maintenance and/or alterations of
agreement with Part 43 of this regulation.

b) An authorized TAR cannot maintain or alter any item for which it does not have.
scope and nor can it perform maintenance or alterations on those items
for which there is scope but that require trained personnel and/or data
technicians, equipment or special facilities that are not available for it.

c) An enabled TAR cannot approve for return to service:

1) No article, unless it has been maintained, maintenance

estimate and/or alterations, according to the applicable approved technical data, or
acceptable data for the Aeronautical Authority.

2) No article after a major repair or major alteration, unless

have been carried out in accordance with the applicable approved technical data.

Works Carried Out in a Location Different from the Workshop Facilities

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An authorized TAR can temporarily transport necessary materials, equipment, and personnel.
for maintenance, preventive maintenance, alterations and/or certain services
specialized in any article for which the TAR has jurisdiction in a place different from that of
the certified TAR facilities, if the following requirements are met:

a) Work is necessary due to circumstances that justify its execution outside

from the certified facilities;

b) The TAR has included in its Manual acceptable procedures to carry out
maintenance, preventive maintenance, alterations or specialized services in
a place different from the fixed location of the TAR;

c) The task will be carried out with the same standards that are used to perform it.
in the field of TAR;

d) The TAR has an authorization granted by the Aeronautical Authority to

carry out said transfer when it concerns:

1) Carry out tasks for the annual rehabilitation of aircraft operating under the
Part 137 of this regulation, helicopters and/or gliders.

2) Aircraft that have lost their airworthiness status.

3) Maintenance tasks, preventive maintenance, and changes in

Aircraft included in the Operating Specifications of an operator
certificate in accordance with Parts 121 and 135 of these Regulations.

TAR Manual

a) An authorized TAR must prepare and comply with an acceptable manual for the
Aviation Authority.
b) An authorized TAR must keep the Aeronautical Workshop Manual updated.
Repair.
c) The updated Aircraft Repair Workshop Manual of an authorized TAR
must be available for use by the staff of the TAR required by the
Subpart D of this Part.
d) The authorized TAR must provide the Aeronautical Authority with the Workshop Manual
Aeronáutico Repair updated in an acceptable format for the Authority
Aeronautics.
e) The authorized TAR must notify the Aeronautical Authority of each review carried out.
in the Aircraft Repair Workshop Manual, according to the
procedures required in Section 145.209(j).

Content of the Aircraft Repair Workshop Manual

The manual of an enabled TAR must include:

a) An organizational chart that identifies:

1) Each position of authority to act on behalf of the TAR,

2) The area of responsibility assigned to each driving position,
3) The duties and responsibilities and the authority of each management position.

b) The procedures for maintenance and review of personnel lists

required by Section 145.161;

c) A description of the enabled TAR operations, including location,

installations, equipment and materials, as required in Subpart C of this Part;

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d) Procedures for:
Review the List of Required Capabilities according to Section 145.215 and refer to
the Aeronautical Authority the reviews of that list, including when said
review must be previously approved by the Authority.
2) The self-assessment required by Section 145.215(c) to review the List of
Capabilities, including the methods and frequency of such evaluation and the
procedures for reporting the results presented to the manager
appropriate for him to examine and take action.

e) The procedures for reviewing the required training programs

Section 145.163 and the referral of the reviews to the Aeronautical Authority for its
acceptance;

f) The procedures that govern work elsewhere, according to the

Section 145.203;

g) The procedures for maintenance, preventive maintenance and/or alterations

carried out under Section 145.205;

h) The procedures for:

1) Maintain and review the maintenance contracts required in the Section

145.217(a)(2)(i), including the submission of revisions to the Aeronautical Authority
for its acceptance and
2) The maintenance and review of the required maintenance contracts
Section 145.217(a)(2)(ii) and the notification to the Aeronautical Authority of these
reviews, including the frequency with which it will be notified of the
revisions.
i) A description of the required records and the conservation system used
to obtain, store, and retrieve the required records;

j) The procedures for the review of the TAR Manual and the notification to the
Aeronautical Authority of the reviews of the Manual, including the frequency with which it
will be notified; and

A description of the system used to identify and control the sections of

TAR Manual.

Quality Control System

a) An authorized TAR must establish and maintain a quality control system

acceptable to the Aeronautical Authority that ensures the airworthiness of the
articles on which the TAR or any of its contractors carry out
maintenance, preventive maintenance or alterations.
b) The TAR staff must follow the quality control system when carrying out
maintenance tasks, preventive maintenance and/or alterations under the
Certificate of the TAR and its Operating Specifications.
c) An enabled TAR must prepare and keep updated a Control Manual
Quality in an acceptable format for the Aviation Authority that includes:
1) Description of the system and the procedures used for:

i. Inspect the materials that come in to ensure their quality

it's acceptable;
ii. Carry out a preliminary inspection of all the items to which they are
perform maintenance;

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iii. Inspect all items to detect possible hidden damage

that have been involved in an accident before it occurs
maintenance, preventive maintenance and/or alterations;
iv. Establish and maintain the expertise of the inspection staff;
v. Establish and maintain updated technical data for maintenance
from the articles;
vi. Qualify and supervise uncertified individuals who perform
maintenance, preventive maintenance and/or alterations, for the TAR;
vii. Conduct the final inspection and return the items to service
maintained;
viii. Calibrate the measuring and testing equipment used in maintenance
the items, including the intervals in which the team will be
calibrated; and
ix. Implement corrective actions on deficiencies;
2) References, if applicable, to the manufacturer's inspection standards
for a specific article, including references to any data
specified by the manufacturer
3) Example of the inspection and maintenance forms with the
instructions for completing such forms or a reference to a manual
of separate forms and
4) Procedures to review the required Quality Control Manual in
this Section and to notify the Aeronautical Authority of the review,
including the frequency at which the Aeronautical Authority shall be
notified.

d) An enabled TAR must notify the Aeronautical Authority of any review of its
Quality Control Manual.

Maintenance Inspection, Preventive Maintenance and/or Alterations

a) An authorized TAR must inspect each item on which maintenance was performed,
preventive maintenance and/or alterations as described in paragraphs (b) and (c)
from this Section before approving these articles for return to service.
b) An authorized TAR must certify at each maintenance release of an item
that it is airworthy with respect to maintenance, to maintenance
preventive, and/or to the alterations that have been made after that:
1) The TAR has done a job on the article and
An inspector inspects the item in which the TAR has performed the
work and has determined that the article is airworthy with respect to the
work completed.
c) For the purposes of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this Section, an inspector must comply
the requirements of Section 145.155.

Contracted Maintenance

a) An authorized TAR can hire a specific maintenance function in a

article to another enabled TAR provided that:
1) The task is mentioned in Appendix A of this Part and the Authority
Aviation approves that such maintenance function be contracted to
said TAR and
2) The TAR shall maintain and keep available for the Aeronautical Authority, in a
acceptable format for her, the following information:
3) The maintenance functions contracted to a third party and
4) The name of each TAR enabled with whom the function has been contracted
maintenance.
b) An authorized TAR can hire a maintenance function on an item to
a non-certified person as long as:

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1) The Aeronautical Authority accepts the maintenance function that would be

hired that uncertified person and
2) The enabled TAR maintains primary responsibility for the work
performed by the uncertified person and extend their control system of
quality over the same and
3) The authorized TAR shall verify, through tests and/or inspections, that the work
has been successfully carried out by the uncertified person and that the
the article must be airworthy before being approved for its return to service.
c) An enabled TAR cannot perform a single approval for the return to service.
of a complete product with Type Certificate having contracted everything
maintenance, preventive maintenance or alterations to a third party.

MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS

To obtain a specific category, at least the following must be considered:

following requirements:
When an asterisk (*) is indicated after any of the job functions
listed in this Appendix, means that the TAR that requires fulfilling them does not need
hire such work to another TAR authorized by the Aviation Authority always and
when the TAR extends its quality control to the contracted company

(a) An applicant for any of the cell categories must be equipped with
equipment and materials needed to efficiently carry out the following tasks:

1) Structural steel components:

Repair or replacement of steel pipes and fittings, using, where applicable,

the appropriate welding techniques.
Anticorrosive treatment of the interior and exterior steel parts.
Metal protections or anodized.
Simple machining operations such as the insertion of bushings, bolts, etc.(*)
Complex machining operations that include the use of planers, machines of
workshop, milling machines, etc.
Manufacturing of steel fittings.
Cleaning operations by air jet with abrasive particles, and cleaning
(chemical) purification. (*)
Heat treatments.
Magnetic inspection.
Repair or reconstruction of metal tanks.

2) Wooden structure:

Wooden beam splices.

Repair of ribs and stringers (wood).
Manufacturing of wooden beams.
Repair or replacement of metal ribs.
Interior alignment of the wings.

3) Coatings and structural components of alloy:

Repair and replacement of metal coatings using tools and equipment
mechanics.
Repair and replacement of alloy members and components such as pipes,
reinforcements, coatings, splices, angles, etc.
Alignment of components using guides or frames (fixtures), as in the case of
union of fuselage sections or other similar operations.
Manufacturing of wooden model blocks or molds.

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Fluorescent inspection of the alloy components.

Manufacturing of members and components made of alloy such as tubes, channels,
coatings, angles, etc.

4) a) Fabric coverings:
Repair of fabric surfaces.
Coating and finishing of components and the complete aircraft.

b) Metallic coating:
Termination of cell coating in accordance with the provisions established in Part 43 of
this regulation.
Application of protective or preservative materials.

5) Control systems:

Renewal of control cables using crimping and splicing techniques.

Calibration of the complete control system.
Renewal or repair of all components with points of articulation of the
control system, such as bolts, bushings, etc.
Installation of units and components of the control system.

6) Landing gear system:

Renovation or repair of all articulated components and fixtures of the train

landing gear, such as bolts, bushings, joints, etc.
General inspection and repair of the elastic damping units.
General inspection and repair of the hydraulic shock absorber units
pneumatics.
General inspection and repair of the brake system components.
Retract cycle tests.
General inspection and repair of hydraulic system components. Inspection
general and repair of electrical circuits.
Repair or manufacture of hydraulic lines.

7) Electrical wiring system:

Diagnosis of malfunction.
Repair or replacement of the wiring.
Installation of electrical equipment.
Verification in the bank of electrical components (this test should not be confused with
the functional test, more complex, after the general tour.

8) Assembly and disassembly operations of:

Component parts of the cell, such as landing gear, wings, controls, etc.
Engines, propellers, instruments, radio equipment, and accessories.
Joints of the coatings, fuselaged parts, etc.
Calibration and alignment of cell components, including the system of
complete commands.
Repair and assembly of plastic components such as windshields, windows, etc.
Lifting of the entire aircraft using hydraulic jacks.
Weight and balance operations of the aircraft (this function should be carried out in a
area without air currents). (*)
Balancing of control surfaces.

(b) An applicant of any engine category must possess equipment and materials.
necessary to efficiently perform the following job functions
corresponding to the requested category.

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Classes I, II and III

Assembly and disassembly operations taking into account at the time of the operation with the
corresponding technical data.

Class I and II

i. The maintenance, repair and/or alteration of the engine, including the replacement of
parts.

Chemical and mechanical cleaning (purification).

Replacement of valve guides and seats.
Replacement of bushings, bearings, bolts, inserts, etc.
Electroplating operations (copper, silver, cadmium, etc.). (*)
Heating operations (including the use of recommended techniques that
They require controlled heating installations.
Surface tempering by rapid cooling and hot mounting.
Removal and replacement of studs.
Registration or fixation of identification information.
Engine painting and its components.
Anti-corrosive treatment for the parts.
Replacement and repair of engine components made of sheet metal
metal or steel, such as deflectors, tubes, etc.

ii. Inspection of all parts, using appropriate inspection techniques:

Magnetic, fluorescent, and other suitable inspections. Exact determination of
lights and tolerances of all parts.
Inspection to verify the alignment of connecting rods, crankshafts, shafts
engines, etc.
Balancing of parts, including crankshafts, rotors, etc. (*)
Inspection of spring valves.

iii. Routine machining operations:

Grinding, honing, and precision polishing operations (including crankshafts,
cylinder shirts, etc.). (*)
Drilling operations, lowering, drilling, milling, and precision cutting.
(*)
Screwed for the insertion of bushings, bearings, and other similar components.
Valve rectification. (*)

iv. Assembly operations:

Operations for regulating valve light times and the ignition system.
Manufacturing and testing of ignition cables.
Manufacturing and testing of rigid and flexible pipes.
Preparation of engines for storage during short or long periods
(Preservation).
Functional testing of powertrain accessories (this test should not
get confused with the performance test after the general round.
Mechanical lifting of engines.
Alignment and adjustment of the engine controls.
Once the alignment and adjustment of the engine controls are complete, they must
to be inspected by a maintenance mechanic with the corresponding
qualification for that category. Supervisors must have a thorough understanding of the details
relevant to the installation.

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v. Testing of the powertrain after the general inspection, in accordance with the
manufacturer recommendations.
The testing team will be the one recommended by the manufacturers of the engines that are
they will test or an equivalent team that fulfills the same purpose. The testing task
it can be carried out by the Aeronautical Repair Workshop itself or it can be contracted to
In both cases, the Aircraft Repair Workshop will be responsible for the
final acceptance of the tested engine.

Class III

The functional and equipment requirements for the powered engines

turbines will be fully governed by the manufacturer's recommendations, including
the techniques, the inspection methods, and the tests.

(c) An applicant of any category for propellers must provide the equipment and materials.
necessary to efficiently carry out the following work corresponding to the
category requested:

Class I, II, and III

Assembly and disassembly operations taking into account the time of the operation with the
corresponding technical data.

The rest does not correspond to the scope we intend.

(d) An applicant for a radio category must possess the following equipment and
materials:

1) For a Class I radio category (communications), the equipment and materials

necessary to efficiently carry out the tasks detailed in paragraph (4) and
also the following jobs:
Testing and repairing headphones, speakers, and microphones.
Measurement of the output power of the radio transmitter.

2) For a Class II radio category (navigation), the equipment and materials

necessary to efficiently execute the tasks detailed in paragraph (4) and
also the following jobs:
Testing and repairing headphones.
Speaker test.
Repair of speakers.
Measurement of the antenna loop sensitivity through appropriate methods.
Determination and compensation of the error (due to the presence of metallic masses
next) on the aircraft's radiogoniometer team.
Calibration of navigation aid equipment (in cruising or approach)
or similar ones that fit into this category, according to the approved execution rules.

3) For the Class III radio category (radar), the necessary equipment and materials
for an efficient execution of the tasks listed in paragraph (4) and also for the
following tasks:
Measurement of the output power of the radio transmitter.
Metallic silver of transmission lines, waveguides, and similar equipment, according to
with the appropriate specifications.
Pressurization of the radar equipment with dry air, nitrogen or others
specified gases.

4) For all radio categories, the equipment and materials necessary for a
efficient execution of the following tasks:

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Physical inspection of the operation of radio systems and their components by

visual and mechanical methods.
Inspection of the electrical operation of radio systems and their components by
by means of appropriate testing instruments, electrical and/or electronic.
Control of the aircraft wiring, antennas, sockets, relays, and other components of
radio for detecting the installation.
Control of the engine ignition systems and the aircraft accessories to
determine if there are sources of electrical interference.
Verification of the aircraft power supply to ensure that it is the
suitable and works properly.
Radio instrument testing. General inspection, testing, and verification of
dynamo, electric motors, inverters, and other radioelectric devices.
Painting and finishing of the radioelectric equipment containers.
If necessary, compliance with the appropriate methods to carry out the
calibrations, and with any other information about the radio control panels and others
components.
Creation and reproduction of plans, wiring diagrams, and other similar materials
required to register changes and/or modifications to the radio (can be used
photographs instead of plans, if they serve as an equivalent or superior means of recording.
Manufacturing of tuner assemblies with shaft, consoles, cable assemblies, and others
similar components used in radios, or in radio installations, in aircraft.
Calibration of the tuning circuits (RF and IF).
Installation and repair of aircraft antennas.
Complete installation of radio systems in aircraft and preparation of the
weight and balancing reports. If this phase of the radio installation requires
modifications in the structure of the aircraft, the work must be carried out,
supervised and inspected by authorized personnel
Measurement of modulation values, noise, and distortion in radios.
Measurement of audio and radio frequencies to adjust them to the correct tolerances, and
perform the necessary calibrations for the radio to operate properly.
Measurement of values of radio components (inductance, capacitance, resistance)
Measurement of radio frequency transmission line attenuation.
Determination of the waveform and its phase, when applicable.
Determination of the suitability of the radio antenna, the antenna drop and the
Characteristics of the transmission line and its location for the type of radio to which it is
it's going to connect.
Determination of the operational condition of the radio equipment installed in the aircraft,
using the appropriate portable testing devices.
Determination of the appropriate location for the aircraft radio antennas.
Testing all types of electronic tubes, transistors, or similar devices in
equipment that meets the requested category

(e) An applicant of any category in instruments must provide the equipment and
necessary material for an efficient execution of the following tasks, according to the
corresponding specifications and manufacturer recommendations, suitable for the
category requested:
No category will be requested for instruments.
(f) A applicant for categories in accessories, Classes I, II or III, must provide the
equipment and the materials necessary to efficiently carry out the following tasks,
in accordance with the relevant specifications and the manufacturer's recommendations:
1) Diagnosis of malfunctioning of accessories.
2) Maintenance and alteration of accessories, including their installation and the
replacement of parts.
3) Inspection, testing and, where appropriate, calibration of accessories.

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REACHES TO REQUEST

First proposal

OPERATION SPECIFICATIONS

AERONAUTICAL REPAIR WORKSHOP:

THE CLASSIFICATION ESTABLISHED IN THE CERTIFICATE OF AUTHORIZATION OF

AERONAUTICAL REPAIR WORKSHOP CODE 1B-XXX IS LIMITED TO THE
OPERATIONS RELATED TO THE FOLLOWING:

LIMITED CELL
Maintenance, preventive maintenance, and periodic inspections, including the
Annual inspection and general check of the cell of those aircraft of construction
composed, according to the updated technical documentation issued by the manufacturers and
current regulations of the Directorate of Airworthiness, with subcontracted work to
third-party workshops, for the following brands and models of aircraft:

PIPER: PA-25 Series,

CESSNA: 188 Series (66 to 84)
ERCOUPE: 415 Series
AIR TRACTOR: AT-401/B

LIMITED MOTORS
Maintenance, preventive maintenance and inspections of the maintenance plan of
according to the provisions in the updated technical documentation issued by the manufacturers
and current regulations of the Directorate of Airworthiness, with subcontracted work to
third-party workshops, according to the Inspection Procedures Manual, including
removal, installation and inspection of cylinders, removal, inspection and installation of
pistons, rings, operation mechanisms of the valves, of those reciprocating engines
eligible that equip the aircraft included in these Specifications
Operation, but excluding its general route and that of its accessories.

LIMITED PROPELLERS
Maintenance, preventive maintenance, and inspections derived from the plan of
maintenance of the aircraft of those eligible propellers that equip the aircraft
included in these Operational Specifications, including their annual inspection,
according to the updated technical documentation issued by the manufacturers and standards
valid issued by the Directorate of Air Navigation, but excluding assembly,
unarmed, non-destructive testing, general inspection of its components or balancing,
for which they will subcontract third-party workshops as stated in the Manual of
Workshop Inspection Procedures.

Second proposal

OPERATION SPECIFICATIONS

AERONAUTICAL REPAIR WORKSHOP:

THE CLASSIFICATION ESTABLISHED IN THE CERTIFICATE OF CAPACITY OF

AERONAUTICAL REPAIR WORKSHOP CODE 1B-XXX IS LIMITED TO THE
OPERATIONS RELATED TO THE FOLLOWING:

LIMITED CELL

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Maintenance, preventive maintenance, and periodic inspections, including the

Annual inspection and general check of the cell of those constructed aircraft
composed, according to the updated technical documentation issued by the manufacturers and
current regulations of the Directorate of Airworthiness, with subcontracted work to
third-party workshops, for the following brands and models of aircraft:

PIPER: J3, PA-11, PA-18 150, PA-25 Series, PA-28 140

CESSNA: 172 (Series), 182 (Series), 188 Series (66 to 84)
ERCOUPE: 415 Series
AIR TRACTOR: AT-401/B

LIMITED MOTORS
Maintenance, preventive maintenance, and inspections of the maintenance plan of
according to the provisions established in the updated technical documentation issued by the manufacturers
and current regulations of the Directorate of Air Navigation, with subcontracted work to
third-party workshops, according to the Inspection Procedures Manual, including
removal, installation and inspection of cylinders, removal, inspection and installation of
pistons, rings, valve operation mechanisms of those internal combustion engines
eligible equipment for the aircraft included in these Specifications
Operation, but excluding its general route and that of its accessories.

LIMITED HELICES
Maintenance, preventive maintenance, and inspections derived from the plan
maintenance of the aircraft of those eligible propellers that equip the aircraft
included in these Operating Specifications, including their annual inspection,
according to the updated technical documentation issued by the manufacturers and standards
in force issued by the Directorate of Airworthiness, but excluding assembly,
disarmed, non-destructive testing, general inspection of its components or balancing,
for which they will subcontract third-party workshops as stated in the Manual of
Workshop Inspection Procedures.

CONCLUSION OF THE MARKET STUDY

According to the first proposed SCOPE that we intend and the type of aircraft that is
They are found in the area, we concluded to carry out maintenance tasks on the amount.
expressed in the following table. But what we are interested in is the number of services that
we would make that amount. Therefore, another table was created considering the
total hours accumulated by each aircraft over 20 years and the annual average was obtained.

DETERMINATION OF THE APPROXIMATE NUMBER OF SERVICES

ANNUAL

Airplane Model - Engine hs

Can't. Can't. a hs p/
approx.
Aircraft to attend TOH
Annual
ERCOUPE 415 C 7 4 400 1500
PIPER PA-25 PAWNEE 12 8 300 1500
CESSNA 188 30 18 300 1600
AIR TRACTOR AT-401B 7 4 300 2000

CONTINENTAL A-75 7 4 400 1500

LYCOMING O-320/O-540 12 8 300 1500
CONTINENTAL IO-520 30 18 300 1600
P&W R1340 7 4 300 2000

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Analysis of the maintenance for the aircraft to be serviced = 20 years

Average Annual Quantity of Foreseen Services

Can't. Total of
25 50 100 250 TOH
Airplane Model - Engine hs

ERCOUPE 415 C - Continental A-75 8000 64 32 16 6.4 1,1

PIPER PA-25 PAWNEE - Lyncoming 320 6000 96 48 24 9.6 0.8
CESSNA 188 - Continental IO-520 6000 216 108 54 21.6 0.8
AIR TRACTOR AT-401B - P&W R1340 6000 48 24 12 4.8 0.6
424 212 106 42 3

ANNUAL SUBTOTALS
25 HOURS SERVICES. 424
50 HS SERVICES. 212
SERVICES OF 100 HS. 106
250 HS SERVICES. 42
TOH SERVICES 3
ANNUAL TOTAL 788

This last one detailed the total number of services per year broken down by
type of services.

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CHAPTER III - PROJECT ENGINEERING

PROCESSES

The operations to be carried out are the preventive maintenance services.

periodic inspections, annual rehabilitation, and general rounds of both aircraft and
of motors; detailed tasks in depth in the title 'Scope to request'.
Each aircraft has its own list of tasks to be performed, according to the type of
maintenance to be carried out (25 hrs, 50 hrs, 100 hrs). For this reason, an aircraft was chosen.
specific (C-188 1977) and the general inspection operation (1000 hrs.), by way of example.

The aircraft is considered to arrive at the establishment in flight. It is positioned in the

Work section of the internal platform, in the sector that disturb the least since it will be

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an aircraft that will be out of service for an extended period. The following diagram
The processes are for both the power plant service and the glider.

Flow Diagram in plant

References
A
Entry Cadmium
Storage
Main Circulation General
Accessories
Exit

Painting
y
END

Chapas

Reception 1

Assembly
Test Passed of
in Bco. Accessories Bank
of
Test
Unit of
Assembly
Office The Machining
and Welding
Inspection

Disarmament of
Subsets

Cleaning and
Sandblasting
Disarmament of
Reception 2
Motor

Duration of each stage

The engine installed in the glider will be considered, and the machining tasks are
carried out in the workshop specific to the company.

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DAY 1 DAY 2 DAY 3
Process 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1. Dismantling of the engine from the glider.

1.1. Visual inspection 1.0 Hs.
1.2. Disconnection of electrical wiring 0.5 hours.
1.3. Disconnection of motor control wires 1.0 Hs.
1.4. Oil draining and filter extraction 1.0 hours
1.5. Transfer to Disassembly and Cleaning 0.1 Hs.
2. Engine Disassembly
2.1. Visual inspection 1.0 hours.
2.2. Extraction of deflector plates 0.5 Hs.
2.3. Oil Radiator Extraction 0.5 hours.
2.4. Extraction Supports 0.2 Hs.
2.5. Disassembly of accessories 2.0 hours.
2.5.1. Magnets
2.5.2. Start
2.5.3. Alternator
2.5.4. Hydraulic Pump
2.5.5. Air conditioning compressor
2.6. Disassembly of Valve Push Rods 0.5 hours.
2.7. Disassembly of the Fuel System 1.0 Hs.
2.7.1. Unit Hs.
2.7.2. Injectors Hs.
2.7.3. Admission multiples Hs.
2.7.4. Fuel pump Hs.
2.8. Disassembly of the Exhaust System 1.0 Hs.
2.8.1. Escape exit Hs.
2.8.2. Hot air collector Hs.
2.8.3. Escape multiples Hs.

2.9. Oil Pan Extraction 0.5 hours.

2.10. Cylinder extraction 2.0 Hs.

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DAY 1 DAY 2 DAY 3
Process Duration 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2.11. Extraction of the starter coupling 0.5 hours
2.12. Disassembly of the engine block 1.0 hours.
2.13. Extraction of pullers 0.2 Hs.
3. Disarmament of Subsets
3.1. Disarmament of cylinders 3.0 hours.
3.1.1. Extraction of the spark plugs
3.1.2. Valve Cover Removal
3.1.3. Disassembly of connecting rods, pin, piston, and rings

3.1.4. Extraction of rocker arms and their bolts

3.1.5. Disassembly of valve springs
3.1.6. Valve Extraction
4. Cleaning of Parts
4.1. Oil radiator 1.0 Hs.
4.2. Valve rods 0.5 hours.
4.3. Fuel system 1.0 Hs.
4.4. Engine block 1.0 Hs.
4.5. Subset Cleaning 4.0 hours

5. Shot blasting of parts

5.1. Cylinders 2.0 Hs.
5.2. Intake pipes 0.5 hours.
5.3. Engine block and parts 0.5 hours.
5.4. Valve covers 0.3 hours.
5.5. Accessories cover 0.3 hours.
5.6 Crank arms 0.5 Hs.
5.7. Carter 0.5 hours.
6. Inspection and Measurements
6.1. Determination of new and repair parts 6.0 hours.
6.1.1. Pistons, rings and pins

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DAY 2 DAY 3 DAY 4
Process Duration 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
6.1.2. Crankshaft and camshaft
6.1.3. Valves and guides
6.1.4. Valve seats
6.1.5. Connecting rod and crankshaft bearings

6.1.6. Cylinders
6.1.7. Fuel unit
6.2. Maintenance of the accessories 2.0 hours
6.3. Accessory bank test 2.0 hours.
7. Machining of parts
7.1. Cylinder rectification 6.0 Hs.
7.2. Valve rectification 4.0 hours.
7.3. Milling of valve seats 2.0 hours.
7.4. Valve grinding 4.0 hours.
8. END
8.1. Crankshaft 1.0 Hs.
8.2. Camshaft 1.0 Hs.
8.3. Gears 1.0 hs.
9. Cadmium and Painting
9.1. Cadmium 6.0 hours.
9.1.1. Dumpling shop
9.1.2. Valve covers
9.1.3. Rod covers pipes
9.1.4. Special pieces
9.2. Painting 6.0 Hrs.
9.2.1. Cylinders
9.2.2. Engine block
9.2.3. Tapas
9.2.4. Carter
9.2.5. Intake pipes
9.2.6. Deflecting plates

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DAY 4 DAY 5 DAY 6
Process Duration 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
10. PRE-assembly 8.0 hours
10.1 Assembly of the crankshaft with the block
10.2. Placement of the connecting rods

10.3. Assembly of the cylinders

10.3.1. Placement of the valves, springs, and balance.
10.3.2. Rings, pistons and pins
10.4. Placement of the cylinders in the block
10.5. Accessory gears
10.6. Placement of accessories
10.7. Assembly of admission and exhaust system
10.8. Installation of deflector plates
10.9 Placement of the fuel unit
10.10. Installation of the Oil Pan Cover
11. Bench test 3.0 hours.
11.1. PRE-inspection
11.2. Testing and measurements
11.2.1. Oil pressure
11.2.2. Cylinder head temperature
11.2.3. Oil temperature
11.2.4. Exhaust gas temperature
11.2.5. Possible fluid losses
11.2.6. Drainage and analysis of the oil and filter
11.3. Post-inspection
12. Assembly in the glider 3.0 hours.
12.1. Placement of control cables
12.2. Installation of electrical wiring
12.3. Placement of the filter and oil
13. Functionality test 2.0 Hs.

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TECHNOLOGIES

Referring to the objective of the services

Aircraft, without considering the powerplant, have the particularity that after a
general maintenance remains in very similar conditions to new, although they are
limited by a practically invisible and cumulative factor called fatigue. In what
it refers to replaceable parts after their useful life has ended it is understood that they are replaced
for a new one. But when referring to an irreplaceable structural part such as it may be
part of the fuselage, the empennage, the wings, and especially the riveted ones, we cannot
ensure the structural state, as it depends on the way it has been operated
aircraft, among other conditions. This leads to, although the time limit due to fatigue is high, to
when the time comes, the aircraft must be discarded, losing its certification in
definitive form.
This explanation of the previous paragraph is due to the fact that in the world there are still found
flying aircraft whose models range from the years 1940 to 1980. In Argentina the
The vast majority of aeroclubs have them. Although this does not mean that they have...
discontinued, the reason that limits the renewal is the high cost of them.
There is a great trend in the design and construction of high and low aircraft.
performance, with plastic materials. This is leading to the replacement of the models
old metal structures or combined with fabric and wood.
What has developed quite a bit since the beginning is the materials of the
screws and rivets used, as well as the materials for protection of the
aluminum and duralumin

Regarding the power plant, all parts are replaceable with a new one.
but while the manufacturing models of the engines, except for the engines of
continuous combustion, they can be quite new (2000-2008), their design is
obsolete. This is largely due to the fact that every modification that is desired to be implemented is
very expensive due to the amount of money and time needed to demonstrate that the
the operation of it continues to be safe. Developed countries have designed
very reliable, quiet engines, with a lifespan greater than any of the existing ones,
much more economical regarding fuel consumption, they can even
to operate with automotive fuel since it is known that the
aerospace fuel AV-GAS 100 LL tends to
disappear by 2012 due to the large amount of lead.
Aviation engines can operate legally.
with automotive fuel, requesting a permit
specific for such purpose called STC, but the use of
this considerably reduces the lifespan of the valves,
its guides and its seats. The motors of new designs
they have the disadvantage of being very expensive and some still do not
they have approved their certification in Argentina. Another option
what is being studied is the use of electric motors,
but they still have the great disadvantage of the weight of the
P&W R 1340
batteries.

The engines of
radial disposition is a
good option when it comes to
reliability and costs. Today
many aircraft today
they use agricultural ones, there exist
refurbished models
from the Second World War
worldwide like the P&W R-
1340 from 600 Hp of origin Continental O-200
Rotax 912
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North American used in the AT-401 or engines of new designs like those used in
the Polish-origin PZL Dromader from WSK Mielec with 1000 Hp. Although the design is outdated,
they are built with new materials, which is why they are called refurbished. The largest
The problem with these engines in the area is the lack of qualified mechanics to carry out the
maintenance.
Nowadays, a wide range of aircraft is using a combustion engine.
continues combined through a reducer with a propeller. The PT6, manufactured by Pratt &
Whitney Canada is the most popular turbo-prop engine in history. It is produced in a
wide variety of models, covering the range of energy between shp 580 and 920 in the
original series, and the shp up to 1,940 on the "large" line. The PT6 family is particularly
well known for its extremely high reliability, with MTBO's (Maxim Time
Between Overhauling) in the order of 9000 hours in some models.
There is the development of an aircraft engine that
it works with the Diesel cycle and uses as fuel the
refined JP1 kerosene, which is the fuel used by
the continuous combustion engines. According to the catalog
consume 35% less fuel and improves the
reliability since it does not require an ignition system,
avoiding the use and therefore the failures of the magnets, the
spark plugs and the wiring. And the advantage of the fuel it uses
It exists in most airports, but not in the
AV-GAS 100 LL fuel and much less the automotive. PT6

Delta Hawk cycle engine

Diesel that works with
JP1.

Referring to the teams

Both the tools and the machines to be used have the same characteristics.
that those of any industrial workshop, with the particularity that some are specific for
aerospace mechanics. In any case, they do not represent an innovative technology, it is
to say does not use anything new.
Technological activity influences social and economic progress, but it has also
produced the deterioration of our environment. Technologies can be used to protect
the environment and to prevent the growing needs from causing depletion or
degradation of the material and energy resources of our planet.
Therefore, we consider it part of a process of technology applied to development.
in the calculations of the painting room, although they are not different from those existing in the
market, what was achieved is to adapt it to our requirements. The details of the
Calculations are in the special chapter dedicated to the Painting Room.

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PHYSICAL MEDIA

Land

The land where the buildings would be constructed will be shared with a company that
is currently installed and is dedicated to aerial spraying services and
dispersion of solids. Both would share the hangar as a accommodation place for the
aircraft and the workshop departments would be extensions of it to the sides,
a building that will not take away from the internal part.
2
) high until the beginning of the
The hangar is 40 meters wide x 20 meters deep x 5 meters high (800 m)
roof that in turn reaches a height of 12.40 m at the top, with a front gate that
allows an opening of 20 m wide by 4.50 m high and a back of 5 x 5 m.
The area designated for the internal workshop platform is 15 m x 20 m.
or about 300 m2The surface that the apartments will cover will be about 100 m2
in two more floors plus about 30 m2on the ground floor only. Everything mentioned can
to be interpreted in the attached plans.

Buildings

As mentioned in the previous point, the building part that will be shared is already
built, and what remains to be built are the external ROOMS that are detailed in
continuation:

Disassembly and Cleaning

The dimensions are 5 x 6.70 m with access from the interior through a
1.20 m door, an exterior gate of 2.50 m and an access of 1.20 m towards the
granulating sector which in turn has direct access to the Engine room. The floor of this
the room will be painted with epoxy paint along with the walls up to a certain height, in order to
facilitates its cleaning. The separation between both environments will be a part of MDF and it
with a shelf on both sides.
It will be the room where the first inspections will take place after
the motor of the glider has been removed. Disassembly and cleaning will begin now.
there should be a set of specific tools for each engine to be disassembled, as well
also the cleaning trays. The parts that are being disassembled will be placed in the
"motorized cars" until the entire engine moves from the tripod to this car. The two troughs.
they will be divided into coarse and fine cleaning, so that certain parts then go to the machine
of Granallar.
There should also be shelves to temporarily store the
parts until they are all clean and put them back in the cart. Each cart
it will contain a single engine and all the parts will belong exclusively to that engine, with a
inspection and maintenance form. Next to the shelves there will be a bench
work and a toolbox.
After this, they move to the Engines room.

b) Engines

The dimensions are 5 x 5 m with access from the interior through a door of 1.20 m.
wide and another similar towards the Testing Bank that is located outside. The
Instruments for taking measurements in the bank will be inside this room, with the
terminals outside ready to be placed in the engine to be tested. We will add a
battery charger/starter also with its terminals up to the bank. The floor will be
plastic and there will be two workbenches.

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In this section, a visual inspection and measurements will be carried out of the
parts. The bench tests of the accessories (magnets) will also be carried out here.
alternators, starters, spark plugs, and carburetors). A cabinet would be useful for storing them.
engine tools along with other special ones.

c) Chips

It will be 5 x 5 m with a wooden table in the middle and another that adds to the previous one.
and mobile. In this room, the tasks of cutting, riveting, bending, pumping will be carried out.
all that refers to aluminum structures. The machines for this purpose will be found here and
tools such as scissors, punches, markers, files, clecos, support pliers and
Others. Pneumatic tools will include the riveter, shears, grinder.
angular and drill. The latter will be stored in a cabinet belonging to this
same room, along with a stock of aluminum rivets. A bench drill.
it would also be convenient.
The table that will be mobile can be used as a drilling base when working.
punching multiple holes in a sheet.

d) Painting and Upholstery

This is a special room because it is air-conditioned for the operation to which it is intended.
It will be intended for operating within it with highly flammable products. The
characteristics are described in detail at the end of this chapter.

e) Welding and Machining

This will be the result of the modification of an internal section of the hangar in which
Certain machines are already distributed and maintenance tasks are being carried out.
general services company. The dimensions are currently 10 m x 5 m
wide, but it will undergo modifications. Currently, there is a 3 Hp lathe installed with a
distance between tips of 2 meters, a hydraulic press of 12 tons, a hole punch of
bank, an electronic welder of 140 amp. with the possibility of converting it to TIG, a
MIG welder with automatic feed of 150 amps and a grinder with a steel brush
installed. A lower power lathe and a cylinder grinder will be added.
aeronautics and a valve grinding machine.

f) Engine Test Bench

This is a section that is not under a roof because it does not need it. It has a
metal structure on which the engine with the propeller can be mounted and raised accordingly
so that the propeller does not touch the ground. The instruments to take the measurements are
they are found in the engine room that is adjacent to this section, connected by a door.

g) General Storage or Deposit

In this section, the necessary spare parts will be placed on shelves.

immediate to avoid transportation times from the distributor. They can also
locate refurbished parts and the molds of plastic parts. It is considered useful
a stock of hardware (bolts, washers, screws, and nuts). They will be located in a place
strategic the paints and components, the dope, oils and grease, a place that does not receive a
excess of light and heat.

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Technical Office

This stores all the technical documentation of the engines and aircraft, such as
be manuals, service letters, forms, and maintenance records. Also
circulars, orders, airworthiness directives, provisions, standards, regulations,
laws and the aviation code. Telephone and Internet services will be available. As
There will be a library and a desk.

i) Flammable Deposit
It will be located outside the hangar and the 200 L oil drums will be placed there.
20 L fuel drums, boxes and cans of 20 L oil, paint thinners and
paintings. The north wall of the back shed will be chosen as it receives the least solar radiation.
receive.
It should be inaccessible to any outsider of the company.

j) Kitchen and dining room - Bathrooms and bedroom

These areas will be located on the upper floor, above the disarmament room and
cleaning. They are intended for the company's staff and will be furnished with tables and chairs,
a kitchen and a refrigerator. In the bedroom, a couple of bunk beds and the bathroom will be located.
It will be used when the staff is in this area. Another bathroom.
It is located on the ground floor, next to the welding and machining sector.

k) Auxiliary Services

As the workshop will have a rigid pneumatic installation, the compressor is located with the
storage tank inside the room formed by the four columns of the
water tank. An electrical power generator group will also be available to
to supply the workshop in the absence. In that facility, there is one of the pumps of
water that feeds the tank.

The plans are attached in the ANNEX: 'Plans'.

Machines and Equipment to be Installed

The different machines and equipment to be installed are detailed, both in characteristics
as in prices in other sections of this work. See the facilities section and
costs of tools, machines, and equipment.

Facilities

To carry out the tasks planned in the workshop, the installations must be made.
described below:

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS:

To power the machines and equipment, and to allow for reliable and safe operation of
the same, it will be necessary to redesign the electrical installation practically by 100%. It
they will maintain the incoming and outgoing conductors of the external line up to the panel
Principal.

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The circuit will be designed according to the loads and level of protection required, and it will
They will install boards in each department and critical areas.
The circuits will be distributed as follows:

1. Input circuit, from the network drop at 380V to the panel

principal (TP).
2. Water Pump and Compressor Circuit, from TP to TS1
3.Cleaning Room Circuit, from the TP to the TS2.
4. Engine Workshop Circuit, from TP to TS3.
5. Sheet Metal Workshop Circuit, from TP to TS4.
6. Circuit of the Painting Room, from the TP to the TS5.
7. Technical Office and General Deposit Circuit, from TP to TS6.
8. Upper Plant Circuit (a), from the TP to the TSa.
9. Machining Room Circuit, from TP to TS7.
10. External Deposit Circuit, from the TP to the TS8.
11. Upper Floor Circuit (b), from the TP to the TSb.
12. Generator Group Circuit, from TP to TSg.

The location of each sectional board (TS) can be seen in the installation plan.
electric. It identifies the length of the conductors and their section.
Cast iron pipes will be used "in plain sight", clamped to the
masonry and in some cases subject to the reticulated structure of the ceiling.
Attached are engine sheets and installation plans.

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Machine or Associated Board Type Speed Amperage Factor Consumption Time

Engine No. team (rpm) (HP) (KW) Power daily use diary
driven (min) (Kwh/day)
1 Large Turn TS7 Trif. 3 2.24 Direct 0.9 3.83 45 1.68
2 Little Turn TS7 Monof. 1 0.75 Direct 0.9 45 0.56
3 Grinder TS7 Trif. 1 0.75 Direct 0.9 1.28 45 0.56
Correction of
4 TS7 Trif. 1 0.75 Direct 0.9 1.28 180 2.24
Valves
Correction of
5 TS7 Trif. 5 3.73 Direct 0.9 6.38 360 22.38
Cylinders
Drilling machine of
6 TS7 Monof. 1 0.75 Direct 0.9 3.77 30 0.37
foot
Opening of
7 TS7 Monof. 0.5 0.37 Direct 0.9 1.88 5 0.03
Gate
Drilling machine of
8 TS4 Monof. 0.5 0.37 Direct 0.9 1.88 30 0.19
bank
9 General Compressor TS1 Trif. 1065 15 11.19 Direct 0.9 19,13 300 55.95
10 Water Pump 1 TS1 Monof. 3500 1.5 1.12 Direct 0.9 5.65 15 0.28
11 Water Pump 2 TS1 Monof. 3500 1.5 1.12 Direct 0.9 5.65 15 0.28
Bomb
12 TS1 Mono. 1 0.75 Direct 0.9 3.77 15 0.19
Combustible
(without
13 Mobile compressor Trif. 1.5 1.12 Direct 0.9 1.91 60 1,12
dependency
14 Shot Blaster TS2 Trif. 0.75 0.56 Direct 0.9 0.96 300 2.80
Air blower
15 TS5 Trif. 5.5 4,10 Direct 0.9 7.02 180 12.31
Painting Room
Extractor room of
16 TS5 Trif. 1600 2.01 1.50 Direct 0.9 2.56 180 4.50
painting

Consumption
Daily total 105.43 Kwh
Total Power
Installed 41,761 Hp Note: Daily consumptions are the maximums and do not occur every day.

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A generator will be available to supply energy to the services.

essentials of the installation. These are the ones listed in the following list.

. Main gate opening system (370W)

. Water pump No. 1 (1120W)
. Interior Lighting.
1. Platform 3x400W
2. Technical Office and General Warehouse (850W)
3. Upper floor at (1050W)
4. Upper Floor b (350W)
. Appliances (2400W)
. Extractor Painting Room (1500W).
6450W

It is determined that the engine starting will be done sequentially and in this way
the most unfavorable situation occurs when all the engines are running and
turns on the extractor of the painting room. Under these conditions the instantaneous power
consumed by the devices will be:

. Instantaneous maximum demand = 7340W + 6x1500W = 16340W

Safety factor for future loads = 1.2
Factor de simultaneidad = 0.8
Factor de potencia = 0.9
Recommended Group Dimension = (16340W x 1.2 x 0.8)/0.9 = 17430VA
That is: 17.4KVA

Selection:
From market offers, an acceptable solution was found and with great
future projection, consists of a generator set of 18.5 kVA power
continues with 21 kVA of maximum instantaneous power.

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PNEUMATIC INSTALLATIONS:

For the development of tasks in the areas of Cleaning, Engines, Bodywork, Painting and
As part of the platform, a compressed air distribution system will be installed.
powered by a compressor installed in the auxiliary services room.
The distribution will be carried out using common steel pipes.

Required air capacity.

The first thing is to conduct research to determine the amount of air that will be
consumed.
The total capacity is based on an exact knowledge of the requirements and
depends on the following factors:

Air pressure.
Consumption points.
Tools and equipment to be used.
Volume of air required.

The following table lists the pneumatic tools and equipment with which we
he/they will work in the workshop and based on their operating data the calculation is made of the
air needs.

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AIR CONSUMPTIONS
Consumption Time of Factor of
Machine, equipment or Total Consumption Pressure of Factor of
Quantity Unit daily use Simultaneity
tool Daily (lts) Work (bar) use
(l/min) (min) d
Sheet metal scissors 1 150 30 4500 6 0.25
Shot blaster 1 900 120 108000 7 1.00
Paint Guns 2 150 120 36000 3 1.00 For the
Pop Riveter 1 4 20 80 6 0.17 amount of
Screwdriver Gun 2 200 30 12000 6 0.25 tool
Cleaning Gun 3 200 20 12000 6 0.17
Shears 1 700 30 21000 6 0.25 0.7
Drilling machine 1 500 20 10000 6 0.17

Maximum Theoretical Flow = 3404 lts/m

Caudal Real Simultaneous factors dad*  UnitConsumption*UsageFactor 

Real Flow 1188 lts/m

Total flow = RealFlow*ExpansionFactor*LeakageFactor

Expansion Factor 1.3 It is a projection of future consumption (three years) due to expansions in the Workshop (at a rate of 10% per year)
Leak Factor = 1.05 It is the percentage of losses that occur in the installation, with proper maintenance.

Total flow = 1621 lts/m

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As can be seen in the previous calculations, there are 3 (three) pressures of

Different work. The distribution will then be carried out as follows:

. The compressor will work to develop a pressure of 7 bar.

. There will be a single power line for the shot blaster, with a pressure
of work from 7 bars.
. The rest of the distribution will be carried out by a line powered from the
compressor, through a pressure limiting valve, operating at 6 bars.
. For the specific case of the painting room, a will be imposed on it.
second pressure limiting valve, operating at 3 bars.

With this data, the sizing of the distribution pipes can be carried out. For
the following are taken as recommended air speeds within them:
. Main Lines: 6 to 10 m/s.
. Impacts: 15 to 20 m/s.

In this way, there are for the ducts mentioned in the previous point, the
following dimensions:

Shot Blasting Line: Q = 900 l/min = 0.015 m3/s

.D2 Q*4
Q v*A v* D
4 v*
Where:
m3
Q Flow
s
D Diameter
v Speed
0.015*4
Dminimum 0.044m 44mm
10*
Choose D 50mm
0.015*4
Dmax 0.056m 56mm
6*

General Distribution Line: Q = 2654 l/min = 0.044 m3/s

0.044*4
Dminimum 0.075m 75mm
10*
Option D is chosen 80mm
0.176
Dmax 0.097m 97mm
6*

Painting Room: Q = 300 l/min = 0.005 m3/s

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0.005 * 4
Dminimum 0.025m 25mm
10*
Choose D 25mm
0.005 times 4
Dmax 0.033m 33mm
6*

There are two sections of the General Distribution Line, which have
dimensions lower than the mentioned. These are determined with a flow of
200 l/min (0.003 m3In the plan, these sections are identified as AB and CD.

0.003*4
Dminimum 0.020m 20mm
10*
Choose D 25mm
0.012
Dmax 0.025m 25mm
6*

Selection of the Compressor Team

To meet the requirements of Compressed Air, a compressor is selected with the

following characteristics:
Technical Data Reciprocating Compressor Brand SCHULZ, suitable for continuous operation

MODEL MSV 60 MAX/AD

Theoretical Displacement (Flow) 60 pcm – 1700 lts/min

RPM 1065

Minimum -
Pressure of
Operation Maximum 175 lbf/in² - 12.05 bar

Number of Stations 2
Compressor Unit Number of Pistons 3 in V
Power 15
Number of Poles 2
Motor
Tension (V) 220/380 - 380/660

Oil Volume 1500 ml

Gross Weight 352 kg

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Net Weight 305 kg

Width x Height x Length 580 x 920 x 1470 mm

TRENDS

Referring to the market

A great tendency to increase has manifested in the production of northern Argentina.

exponentially the planted areas by the same owner. Much is due to the
sale of land to companies with great economic power as well as the technification of
agriculture. Where there used to be a large number of mini-producers for whom a
the economic unit was around 80 hectares, today there are companies that plant close to
20,000 ha. This leads to the need for high-capacity machinery,
seeding machines, harvesters, motor graders, backhoes, and motor graders as well
also the service provided by the aircraft.
To increase the extensions in quantity and quality for agricultural production, the
companies dedicated to aerial application are being forced to increase their
work capacity which indicates the need for larger aircraft.
While the airplane is the fastest method for the application of a plant protection product,
it is the most expensive, and the performance depends directly and largely on the shape of the
lot. Therefore, a larger aircraft is usually faster, more powerful and
greater weight, which leads to having greater inertia. This makes it less agile but in
In large areas, agility is not necessary since one flies over the crop in a way.
straight and level. Companies dedicated to aerial application are tending to
replace their aircraft with larger ones, usually equipped with
turboprops. As mentioned, this power plant is extremely reliable, low
maintenance and long lifespan, which leads these companies to invest in reliability and
quality, thereby improving its services.
So this trend leads to the scope we aim for in the
The category of engines will be that of the PT6 turboprop engine.

Referring to the service

Regarding the maintenance that can be performed, there is a great trend.

by owners of aeronautical service companies as owners of
civil aircraft, to which maintenance services are carried out at the same base
operations where the aircraft operates. This leads to the need for a Satellite Workshop, like the
designate the oversight entity. The services that we will be able to offer outside will be considered
establishment, and from this we will determine what tools and personnel we will allocate for it
End. It is evident that the company will need a means of mobility for both personnel.
like the tools and possibly for the spare parts or engines to be moved.

PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS

According to what ANAC requires, this topic regarding regulation is

developed in the chapter 'Market Study', 4. Regulatory Standards, c) Requirements

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for the staff. In any case, we will proceed to detail the functional organization of the
company along with the organizational chart and other details related to the topic.

a) Functional Organization

DIRECTOR
GENERAL

Engineering Manager MANAGER

DETAIL

BOSS OF BOSS OF HEAD OF REPRESENTATIVE

QUALITY PLANNING LOGISTICS TECHNICIAN

IN CHARGE OF In charge of IN CHARGE OF In charge of

CLEANING ENGINES CHAPA PAINTINGS

MECHANICS MECHANICS

b) Functions and Responsibilities

Director General

As a representative of the company's Board, the General Director is the person

in whom the Board of Directors of the corporation to which the Workshop belongs has delegated the
managerial responsibility of the same.
He is responsible for providing the appropriate facilities and equipment that allow
successfully carrying out maintenance tasks. He is also responsible for:
Attend to the requirements of the Workshop Manager regarding the necessary means.
(equipment, materials, spare parts, tools, technical documentation,
facilities, etc.) to successfully carry out maintenance work on
according to the regulations of the DA and the manufacturer's specifications.
Provide the necessary means to ensure compliance with safety standards.
and hygiene, according to current regulations and the requirements of the Manager
of Workshop.
Provide the necessary resources to ensure compliance with protection standards
of the environment, in accordance with current regulations.
Provide the necessary resources to meet the requirements of the Manager
Engineering and the Workshop Manager, regarding personnel hiring,
technical documentation, etc.
Establish contact with clients regarding their aircraft or components.
maintenance is being carried out.
You can delegate all your functions to the Workshop Manager, but this does not exempt you from your responsibilities.

assumed responsibilities.

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Workshop Manager

He/She reports to the General Director and is under his direct supervision. He/She is responsible for
management and administration of the TAR.
He/She is responsible for:
Manage and administer the Maintenance task, obtaining and providing the
necessary resources for the proper functioning of the workshop.
Manage the hiring of competent staff and manage the training for them.
same.
Hire the complementary services provided by third parties.
Manage the provision of maintenance for appropriate equipment and materials.
Ensure the adequacy of the facilities when necessary.
Ensure that the appropriate equipment is available on-site.
fire prevention and comply with the relevant regulatory requirements.
Verify that the Technical Office maintains and keeps updated all the
technical documentation.
Keep the personnel files updated
It is the person in charge of managing the planning of the jobs and of the
compliances, carrying out the opening of the work order, organizing and providing the
set of forms to be used in the records that must be carried out in the
different stages of maintenance and then gather them in the work folder.

The workshop manager is not a decision-making authority regarding any action that the RT
adopted in the exercise of the powers conferred upon him by the RAAC/DNAR regulation
valid.

Engineering Manager

He is responsible to the General Director for the management of all engineering actions.
tending to achieve maximum safety and reliability in maintenance tasks.
He/She is responsible for:
Advise the company on quality, price, delivery times, of
maintenance providers, spare parts, components, accessories, etc., through the
Logistics Manager.
Train and assist the staff that depends on it
Establish reliability plans that allow for the development of new plans.
maintenance, maintaining the standards of airworthiness.
Direct the evaluation of Service Bulletins, Airworthiness Directives,
Advisory Circulars, Service Letters, and all notes to the operators
issued by the aircraft manufacturer and/or aviation authorities.
Study and analyze new preventive maintenance actions through the Chief
of Planning.
Determine and suggest the need to implement modifications to meet
operational needs and/or requirements of local regulation.
Keep all technical documentation archived and updated.
Inform the Technical Manager of any documentation and/or procedures required
authorization from the ANAC.

Technical Representative

He is the valid and responsible interlocutor before the D.N.A. for certification of
airworthiness of the products maintained by the TAR, in accordance with the
attributions and responsibilities assigned in the RAAC. Responsible for:

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Direct, supervise, and certify repairs, alterations, reconstructions, and

modifications of aircraft, engines, propellers, components, equipment, and accessories,
according to the scope established in the Certificate and in the Specifications of
Operation of the TAR, under the requirements of the DNAR, Advisory Circulars
and applicable related documents such as procedures.
Certify the return to service of aircraft, engines, propellers, components,
equipment and accessories, according to the scopes established in the Certificate and in the
Operational Specifications of the TAR after performing maintenance,
estimate, minor alterations.
Record and certify the work in the aircraft, engines, and propellers' logs.
carried out.
Record and verify the completed work in the maintenance records.
according to the company's internal rules and policies.
Conduct training courses for TAR personnel in which the RT will perform.
Assume full responsibility for the airworthiness of aircraft and parts.
Sign the Maintenance Operation Specifications and all documentation
before the DNA.

Quality Manager

He reports to the Engineering Manager and his duties and responsibilities are:
Ensure that all inspections are carried out properly, meet the requirements
requirements established in the manuals, applicable technical publications and the
standard industry practices.
Ensure that all jobs included in the work order are completed and that
all maintenance records, inspections, reports, and forms are
correctly completed and integrated into the corresponding work folder,
before the aircraft or intervened product returns to service.
Ensure that all tool material checks are completed.
inspection, calibration.
Plan for the continuity of inspection responsibilities when they occur.
staff movements.

Head of Planning

Respond to the Engineering Manager regarding the planning of all actions of

scheduled maintenance, whose functions will be:
Plan the maintenance activities
Publish and maintain an updated maintenance task schedule
scheduled to be carried out in the short and long term.
Keep track and record of the man-hours spent on compliance with the
maintenance tasks.
Ensure the balanced distribution of the workload.
Monitor and inform the expirations of components with limited life and
scheduled maintenance activities.
Keep a record of installed components on each aircraft.

Logistics Manager

He is responsible for the procurement, management, and monitoring of supplies.

storage and custody of all materials and parts to be used by the TAR, therefore
must
Deliver the parts and supplies only in airworthiness conditions.
suitable.

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Intervene in the processes to acquire spare parts, tools, instruments, and

tooling.
Carry out the management of receiving the materials that enter the warehouse and
expedition of those who are sent to third parties for some service.
Store properly according to the manufacturers' recommendations
materials, spare parts or other components.
Keep the status of inventory, movements, and balances of all updated.
TAR materials.
Inform the OT of the amount of spare parts consumed for each work order.

NOTE
In principle, the number of employees will be less than that of the organizational chart represented by
The tasks detailed for each position will be distributed among the employees.
corresponding to the initial amount.
We as future Electromechanical Engineers would fulfill the functions of
Engineering Manager and Workshop Manager. Two Aeronautical Technicians will be hired from the
he/she possesses the licenses required by the regulations and will act as
Technical Representative of the TAR, and the other Technician will be the Supervisor, in charge of
Engines, Machining, and the Store.
Two mechanics, the Cleaning Manager, and the Sheet Metal Manager will respond at the RT.
and Painting.

According to the Standard

c) REQUIREMENTS

The Technical Representative is the person with the necessary professional hierarchy, who is
designated by the owner and/or holder of an Aircraft Repair Workshop Certificate
and accepted by the Aeronautical Authority responsible for compliance with the Regulation of
Airworthiness. Such responsibility is non-delegable, and the Technical Representative must
assume it jointly and severally with the staff he has designated for the execution
of the tasks.
The cessation of his duties does not exempt the Technical Representative from responsibilities.
assumed until the next inspection equivalent to that certified by him.

Any person who wishes to serve as a Technical Representative of a TAR

must meet the following requirements:

Be at least 21 years old at the time of appointment.

Being of Argentine nationality, native or naturalized, or a foreigner with a Certificate of
Permanent Residence granted by the Ministry of the Interior.
(3) Communicate in writing the assumption of the role of Technical Representative to the
Aviation Authority, accompanying the designation made by the person who
it designates it, declaring it expressly.
Present, at the time of assuming the Technical Representation, a declaration in the
that it expresses
(i) Possess a fluent knowledge of Parts 1, 21, 39, 43, 45, 91, and 145 of this
regulation, as well as Advisory Circulars and related documents
applicable as procedures and, as appropriate, of Parts 121 or 135.
(ii) To know the Aeronautical Code (Law No. 17,285) and its amendments, as well as
all legal norms regarding penalties for violations of the Regulation of
Aeronautical safety, particularly Decree No. 2,352/83 amended by the
Decree No. 903/89.

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(iii) To have mastery of the technical documentation that will be used in the
performance of its function, as well as in the use of forms,
histories and any normalized or recognized document by the Authority
Aerospace to certify the return to service of products and parts according to
they are defined in Part 21 of this regulation.

NOTE: The Aeronautical Authority may assess, in any way it deems appropriate, the level
of knowledge of what is requested in points (i), (ii) and (iii).

To be registered with the Aeronautical Authority.

Have a current registration, valid nationwide, issued by the Professional Council
of Aeronautical and Space Engineering. (Decrees No. 6,070/58 and 2,148/84 and Law No.
14.467)
Be located less than 90 km from the Aeronautical Repair Workshop and/or have their
home at a distance that, in accordance with the means of transportation
existing, frequencies and travel time, allows you to carry out supervision
permanent position at the Aircraft Repair Workshop where he will perform his duties
functions. Requests for alternatives for the Workshops can be considered.
Aeronautics of Repair of aerodeportive institutions based on a report
prior to the Aeronautical Authority.
Possess the degree or the enabling license and the years of experience detailed in
Table 1 attached to the Appendix, according to the scope that the TAR has or aspires to.
enabled.

NOTE: The years mentioned in the referred table are counted from
to have received the title or the license.

(9) For the specific case of personnel with habilitating licenses under the categories
Maintenance Mechanic Category A, Category B, or any of the categories
of specialist and with at least 10 years of experience in functions of
maintenance on aeronautical products for which the TAR is authorized
What it will represent, the Aeronautical Authority will consider each request submitted.
(10) For the specific case of personnel with an Aeronautical Technician title or License
enabling under the Mechanical Maintenance Category C, which is
presented by a TAR with scopes in the Class II and/or IV Cell categories and/or
Class III engines, the Aviation Authority will consider each specific application.
presented in terms of:
(i) Professional incumbencies approved by the Ministry of Education and
established in Part 65 of the current regulation,
(ii) Specific courses on the products that will return to service in the classes
mentioned,
Years of experience in the maintenance functions included in the
scope of the TAR mentioned in this paragraph and
Type of Organization of the TAR that made the presentation.

(b) The experience developed in the activity will be cumulative. Additionally, in

in case of not having developed activities in product maintenance functions
aeronautics in the last 18 months, the National Director will analyze each situation in
specifically for the purpose of making a decision.
In order to comply with the experience required in the corresponding subparagraphs of the
previous paragraph (a), to any person who properly certifies their activity within the
Public Administration, acting as representative of the Aeronautical Authority in
Quality of inspector, the time spent in such function will be counted.

NOTE: In the case of TARs enabled in more than one category, the minimum experience
the combination of the previously established experience will be required for the

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category with the highest demand and experience in the others than the criterion of the
Aviation Authority considers sufficient.

In the case of a qualifying title granted by a foreign university, the holder

it must be revalidated before a national university of the Republic
Argentina when applicable; while in case of titles or Licenses
qualifications granted by technical schools or foreign equivalents, these
they must be revalidated before organizations and/or public schools.

DUTIES OF THE TECHNICAL REPRESENTATIVE

4. The powers granted to the Technical Representative in the Manual of

Workshop accepted by the Aeronautical Authority will be specific and will be limited.
due to the responsibilities of their professional title or to the extent of the qualification of
your license, in accordance with the requirements of Part 65 of this regulation and
for this part.

RESPONSIBILITIES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE TECHNICAL REPRESENTATIVE

AERONAUTICAL TECHNICIANS:

Any holder of the Aeronautical Technician title may exercise within the scope of
its responsibilities include the following functions of Technical Representative, of which it is
responsible to the Aeronautical Authority:
Certify the return to service of aircraft, their propulsion power units,
components, equipment, and accessories according to the scopes established in the Certificate and
in the TAR Operating Specifications, after performing maintenance,
preventive maintenance and/or minor alterations in accordance with Parts 43 and 91 of
this regulation, applicable Advisory Circulars and related documents
applicable as procedures.
Establish and certify in the aircraft, engine, and/or propeller records the work performed
carried out.
Establish and certify the work done on aircraft, engines, propellers,
components, equipment or accessories, in the maintenance records, according to the
Part 43 of this regulation, applicable Advisory Circulars and documents
related applicable as procedures.
To provide training courses to TAR staff in which they serve as Representatives
Technician, according to the training forecasts of this regulation.
Certify specialized instruction courses, provided that they are carried out in
instruction centers according to the scopes established in the Certificate and in the
Operation Specifications of the TAR in which he/she serves as Representative
Technician.
Direct and supervise minor repairs and alterations contemplated in the
technical specifications of the Type Certificate for aircraft weighing up to 5700 kg
maximum takeoff, its engine groups, components, equipment and accessories
according to the scopes established in the Certificate and in the Operation Specifications
of the TAR, and under the requirements of Section 43.13 of Part 43 of this
Regulation, Advisory Circulars and related applicable documents such as
Procedures.
Carry out and certify maintenance plans for aircraft weighing up to 5700 kg.
maximum takeoff weight, its engines, propellers, components, systems, and equipment,
when they operate under Part 91 of this regulation, Circulars of
Advising and related documents applicable as procedures.
Certify experience and make presentations to the Licensing Directorate
Aerospace, for people who aspire to modifications in the scope of their

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Maintenance Mechanic Licenses according to the scopes established in the

Certificate and in the Operating Specifications of the TAR.
(9) Certify the discrepancies recorded in the histories and in any other record of
maintenance in accordance with Part 43 of this regulation and notify the
owner/operator the existence of such discrepancies.
Establish and certify compliance with the Airworthiness Directives issued
under Part 39 of this regulation by the Aeronautical Authority and/or by an Authority
of foreign Civil Aviation, when applicable, under the provisions established in the
Certificate and in the TAR Operation Specifications.
Certify reports of service difficulties, of mechanical reliability and of
conditions of non-airworthiness of aircraft, engines, propellers, components,
equipment and accessories, in accordance with the provisions established by Section 145.221 of this
Parts, Advisory Circulars and related applicable documents such as
procedures.

AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE MECHANICS:

All holders of the Aircraft Maintenance Mechanic License established in

Part 65 of this regulation may exercise, within the scope of its authorizations,
the following functions, for which it is responsible to the Aeronautical Authority:

Certify the return to service of aircraft, their power plant groups,

components, equipment and accessories, according to the scopes established in the Certificate and
in the TAR Operation Specifications, after performing maintenance,
preventive maintenance and/or minor alterations, according to Parts 43 and 91 of
this regulation, Advisory Circulars and related applicable documents
as procedures.
Record and certify the work in the aircraft, engine, and/or propeller logs.
carried out.
Record and certify in the maintenance logs the work done in
aircraft, engines, propellers, components, equipment or accessories, according to Part
43 of this regulation, Advisory Circulars and related documents
applicable as procedures.
Certify experience and make presentations of individuals who aspire to
modifications in the scope of their Maintenance Mechanic Licenses, according to
the scopes established in the Certificate and in the Operating Specifications of the
TAR.
Certify the discrepancies recorded in the histories and in any other record
maintenance, in accordance with Part 43 of this regulation, and notify the
owner/operator of the existence of such discrepancies.
Establish and certify compliance with the issued Airworthiness Directives
under Part 39 of this regulation by the Aviation Authority and/or by an Authority
of foreign Civil Aviation, when applicable, according to the scopes established in
the Certificate and in the Operational Specifications of the TAR.
(7) Certify reports of difficulties in service, mechanical reliability and of
conditions of non-airworthiness of aircraft, engines, propellers, components,
equipment and accessories, in accordance with the provisions established in Section 145.221 of this
Parts, Advisory Circulars, and related documents applicable such as
Procedures.

d) REMUNERATIONS

According to Engineer Henri Fayol in his book 'Industrial and General Administration',

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The remuneration of personnel constitutes the price of the service rendered. It must be
equitable and, as far as possible, satisfy both the staff and the company at the same time,
to the employer and to the employee.
Henri Fayol

Through the method of remuneration, the following is generally sought:

1st That ensures fair compensation

2nd To stimulate passion, rewarding useful effort;
3rd That it cannot lead to excessive remuneration, exceeding the
reasonable limit.

Henri Fayol proceeds to conduct a study on the 'mode of compensation', analyzing the topic,
inclusive, separately for the different hierarchical levels.
Regarding the level of workers, the various forms of compensation established are:

1st payment by newspaper;

2nd Payment per task;
3rd Payment per piece.

It clarifies that "these three modes of compensation can be combined with each other and give rise to
all levels) to important variants through the introduction of bonuses, participation
about the benefits, in-kind subsidies, honorable mentions, etc.

1st Payment by newspaper.

In this mode, the worker is paid for the time they have dedicated to their work:
...the worker sells to the employer, according to a previously established price, a day's work.
under certain conditions." Fayol believes that "... it has the drawback that it leads to
laziness requires careful vigilance. However, it is imposed when it is not possible to measure
the work done. It is, in sum, very used.

2nd Payment per task

According to this system, '...the salary depends on the execution of a specific task set.'
in advance. That salary may be independent of the duration of the task.
It does not require as much careful monitoring as piecework pay. It has the drawback of
reduce the performance of good workers to the level of the mediocre. The former do not
they find themselves happy because they understand that they could earn more; the seconds find
the assigned task is too heavy.

3rd Payment per piece

In this system, the salary is unlimited, as it is related to the work performed.
It is frequently used in workshops where a large number of identical pieces are manufactured.
and... the manufactured product can be measured by weight, by linear meter, or by cubic meter. It is
preferred, when its application is feasible." (Let us remember that this is the system applied
by F. W. Taylor.

Fayol continues: "It is argued against him that it tends towards quantity to the detriment of
quality and that causes conflicts when attempting to review prices to take into account
the progress made in manufacturing.

...This system generally produces an improvement in salary that stimulates enthusiasm during
certain time. Afterward, it concludes by establishing a regime that gradually leads to
this payment system to the daily task for a pre-established price.
These three systems have their advantages and disadvantages, and their efficiency depends on the
circumstances and the ability of the leaders.

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Neither the system nor even the wage rate exempts the boss from competence and tact. The zeal of the
workers and the peace of the workshop depend greatly on the boss.

Profits - Participation in Benefits

To engage the worker in the smooth operation of the company, a bonus is sometimes added to the rate.
for the newspaper, per task or per piece, a supplement in the form of a bonus: a bonus for attendance, for the
activity, due to the regular operation of the machinery, to production,...
They can be mentioned: the small daily supplement, the monthly sum, the bonus.
annual, the actions distributed among the most deserving. There are also the shares
about the benefits; such are, for example, certain items distributed annually
between the workers of some big companies.
The participation in the benefits "is still too new... The idea of involving
the benefits for workers is very seductive. It leads one to believe that its application must
to achieve the reconciliation between capital and labor. But the practical formula for this reconciliation
has not yet been found. Workers' participation in the profits has stumbled until
the present, in the large company, with insurmountable application difficulties.

What will happen in difficult times? ....the worker needs a salary

immediate, which is necessary to assure him, whether or not the company has benefits.....(This
participation)... cannot be applied in companies that do not have a profit purpose.
like the "...services of the State, religious, philanthropic, scientific societies...nor in
the economic companies that are in deficit. We consequently see this system
excluded from a large number of companies.

We see that a great variety of means have been used to adjust the issue of the
salaries, but the problem is far from having been resolved to general satisfaction. All the
solutions are precarious.

Subsidies in Kind - Welfare Institutions - Honorary Satisfactions.

It matters little whether the salary is composed solely of money, or whether it includes
various amenities, such as: heating, lighting, room, provisions, in order to
that the agent is satisfied. On the other hand, there is no doubt that the company
it will be much better served the more vigorous, educated, aware, and stable they are
agents. The leader must take care of the health, strength, instruction, morality, and stability of his
personal, even if it were only in the business's own interest.

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Analyzing the organizational chart, the following remuneration system will be considered:

Hierarchical Level Title Contract

Director General Bachelor's Degree in Management and Administration Business Partner

Manager of
Engineering Electromechanical Engineer Partner of the Company
Workshop Manager Electromechanical Engineer Partner of the Company
Representative Aircraft Maintenance Mechanic Cat. Service Rental Contract
Technician C Prof.
In charge of the
Dep. Aerospace Mechanical Technician Employment Contract
Mechanics Electromechanical Technicians Employment Contract

The partners of the company to which the workshop belongs have detailed their percentage of
profit in the founding contract of the same.
The personnel who act in accordance with a Professional Services Agreement
it will detail your tasks as well as the percentage of the profits in it
contract. Regarding the head of the departments and the mechanics, they will be employees.
according to an employment contract for the case of the Aeronautical Mechanical Technician the salary
The basic will be governed using the agreements made by APTA Association as a reference.
Aeronautical Technicians staff with other companies.

Social charges are broken down as follows regarding what the

employee:

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DETAILS OF CONTRIBUTIONS AND SOCIAL CHARGES regarding the

employee

Remunerations Employer Contributions

INSSJP
Hs. Hs. Work Fee
Total Retirement Law FSP
Basic Extras Extras Social Total Net Union
Gross 7% 19032 0.5 %
50% 100% 0.3% 2%
3%
Technician
$ $ $
Mechanic 2,835.00 $62.36 $211.55 $ 90.66 $9.07 $ 60,44 $ 2.635,25
124,72 3.022,08 15.11
Aeronautical
Technician $ $ $
$2,589.00 $56.95 $ 193,19 82.80 $8.28 55.20
Electromechanical 113,90 2.759,85 13.80
Bachelor $ $ $
$2,210.00 $48.62 $164.91 $ 70,68 $ 7.07 $ 47,12 $ 2.054,31
Complete 97.24 11.78

Remunerations Employer Contributions

INSSJP
Hs. Hs. Work
Total Retirement Law FSP ART
Basic Extras Extras Social Net Total
Gross 11% 19032 0.5% 5.1%
50% 100 % 6%
1.5%
Mechanical Technician $ $ $ $ $ $ $
$332.43 $45.33 $728.32
Aeronautical 2,835.00 62.36 124.72 181.32 154.13
Technician $ $ $ $ $
$ 193,19 $82.80 $8.28 $55.20 $353.26
Electromechanical 2,589.00 56.95 113,90 2.759,85 13.80
Bachelor $ $ $ $
$97.24 $164.91 70.68 $ 7.07 $47.12 $301.55
Complete 2,210.00 48.62 2,355.86 11.78

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INDUSTRIAL SAFETY AND HYGIENE

Occupational Health

Its purpose is to promote and maintain the highest degree of physical and mental well-being.
and social rights of workers in all professions; prevent any harm to health caused
due to working conditions; to protect them in their occupations from the resulting risks of
the presence of harmful agents; locate and place workers in suitable tasks
their physiological and psychological abilities.

A work accident is any bodily injury suffered on the occasion or as a consequence

from the work that is done. It is a sudden and violent fact; with immediate results.
Professional disease that appears predictably, with slow manifestation and
gradual, resulting from a weak and insensible but prolonged action, originating in the
conditions under which the work is carried out.

Industrial hygiene is the science that aims at the recognition, evaluation and
control of the environmental factors or stresses that arise in the workplace that
They can cause illness, harm to health, or ineffectiveness among workers. The
the object is the prevention of workplace accidents, its action manifests over the
individual and about the machines.

Laws on Occupational Safety and Health

In our country, there is a Law on Hygiene and Safety at Work No. 19,587.
regulated by decree 351/79 and a law on Work Accidents, No. 24,028.

Industrial Hygiene

The starting point is the premise that the environmental factors contributing to
creating risk situations can be identified and measured; and consequently can
to determine the necessary modifications to correct conditions that otherwise
they would be harmful to health. Recognition, evolution, and control are three
activities to be carried out.

Classification of Environmental Factors

A) Physical Factors: Temperature, humidity, and movement can be named.

from the air, factors related to hygrothermal comfort and thermal load;
noise and vibrations related to sanitary acoustics and noise control,
etc.
B) Chemical Factors: The control of air pollutant chemical agents,
in relation to occupational health protection, requires knowledge
of the way to contact these agents with the organization, their manner of
action and the way they are or can be eliminated. The means of contact
They can be through the skin, by respiratory or oral route.
Chemical agents can be classified according to their physical state,
its chemical composition or its physiological action.
Classification according to physical condition

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Powders: solid particles of relatively large size (0.25 to 20

micrones) capable of being temporarily suspended in the air.
They settle due to the action of gravity.
Chemical aerosols: airborne particles generated by condensation to
starting from the gaseous state, usually after volatilization of
melted metals. They do not exceed 0.25 to 0.75 microns.
Fog: it consists of droplets suspended in the air that are generated by
condensation from the gaseous state or by mechanical dispersion of a
liquid in operations that produce splashes, foams or
atomizations.
Gases: they are fluids that under normal conditions have no shape.
Vapors: they are the gaseous form of substances that under normal conditions
they are presented as liquids or solids.
Aerosols: dispersion of solid particles or liquids in a gaseous medium.
Humes: particles resulting from incomplete combustion, composed
mainly carbon.

II) Classification according to chemical composition

III) Physiological classification

The pollution of many gases and vapors depends on the concentration.

1) Irritants: The concentration factor is more important than the exposure time.
2) Asphyxiants: Simple asphyxiants are physiologically inert gases, they act by
dilution of atmospheric oxygen. E.g. Carbon dioxide, ethane, helium, hydrogen,
methane, nitrogen. Chemical asphyxiants reduce transport capacity
of oxygen through the blood. Example: Carbon monoxide, aniline, nitrobenzene, etc. The
Hydrogen sulfide causes respiratory paralysis.
3) Anesthetics and narcotics: produce anesthesia without serious systemic effects.
they have a depressant action on the central nervous system. E.g. Hydrocarbons
acetilenitos, éter etílico, éter isopropílico, hidrocarburos parafínicos, cetonas
aliphatic, esters, etc. In decreasing order of action.
4) Systemic toxins Halogenated hydrocarbons cause damage to the viscera;
benzene, toluene, phenols, naphthalene, xylene attack the hematopoietic system.
PB, carbon disulfide, methanol, thiophene are toxic to the system
nervous. As toxic metals we have Pb, Hg, Cd, Sb, Mn, and Be. As
Inorganic non-metallic toxic substances include compounds of As, P, Se, S, and F.
5) Sensitizers: products that cause allergic reactions. E.g. Pollen, hairs
organics, etc.
6) Particles not classified as systemic toxic.
Carcinogens

C) Biological factors
They refer to factors such as body position in relation to the task,
repetition of movements, monotony and boredom, tensions arising from the
work and fatigue.

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CONTAMINATION AND CORRECTION OF WORK ENVIRONMENTS

Physics of aerosols

Particle separation mechanisms

a) Sedimentation: Classifies the dispersed particles in a moving fluid.

The efficiency of the separation depends on the functional speed of
sedimentation. The particle in a laminar flow of air, for example, has a
horizontal speed and another vertical downward. If the distance from the receptacle
it is determined so that within this the particle touches the bottom. From this
way is separated from the airflow.
b) Inertia: When a gas approaches an obstacle, the flow opens around it.
this. If this gas carries suspended particles, as it approaches the obstacle, by
having greater inertia tend to continue their trajectory impacting with the
obstacle.
c) Brownian diffusion: Very small particles suspended in a fluid are
demonstrates that they spread in the direction of decreasing concentrations.
In a gas stream with very fine particles, the trajectory of the
particles do not match the streamlines due to the movements
Brownian. If the flow encounters a contact surface like a cylinder
of fiber, the particles will deposit on the fibers by diffusion. It is used for
particles smaller than 0.5 microns.
d) Electrostatic attractions: They work with ionized charging electrodes
negative and are collected by positively charged plates.
e) Thermal precipitation: It is based on Brownian motion and the gradient.
thermal produced, where they always move towards the coldest surfaces. It
they need very low flow rates.
f) Sifting

Correction of the Work Environment

Ventilation is commonly used for correcting work environments. Without

There are other correction methods such as: Substitution, modification of
processes, control of pollutant emissions, confinement and; maintenance and cleaning.

Sanitary Ventilation

It is used to renew the air and eliminate odors and bacteria, and also for control of
pollutant substances in the air of workplaces and the elimination of excess
of heat.
General ventilation or dilution ventilation consists of the ventilation of the entire premises.
where pollutants are generated. It has the disadvantage of dispersing the pollutant to
the adjacent places, for this reason are not always applicable.

Localized Ventilation

It consists of the extraction of air flows, generally small, from places

where pollution is generated. The sanitary ventilation project has the following
steps: Determination of necessary air flows, design of the duct system and
your accessories, selection of fans and air treatment equipment. To take it
in short, it is necessary to have the following: plans and flow diagrams, technical memory of
process and information about the substances used.

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For the case of localized extraction, one of the following can be adopted
soluciones: a) Cada operación con su propio sistema de extracción, b) proyectar una red de
ducts with branches that split from each operation to be ventilated, c) group the operations
along with a negative pressure chamber or d) use the spaces as a plenum chamber,
transport elements or closed equipment belonging to the industrial process.
To prevent dust from accumulating in the ducts, it should be given a minimum speed.
Criterion used for the solution to a and b called high speed. Those of low speed
they eliminate the inconveniences faced by those with high flow rates, such as poor distribution of flows
with insufficient aspiration in the most distant intakes, abrasion, load losses
high and high maintenance costs, among others. Low-speed systems do not
They try to rheumatically use the powders, preventing accumulation with the slope. When using
Horizontal ducts use mechanical conveyors.
The following types of localized extraction can be considered: a) Booths, b)
External bells, c) Receiving bells and d) Constrained processes. The cabins and
Hoods are elements for capturing contaminated air, so that it enters the ducts.
of ventilation.

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Special Buildings - Painting Room

Introduction
The painting room is a fundamental component in a comprehensive operations workshop.
in which the ideal environment is created for a quality painting or repainting. But not
it not only brings advantages in ensuring a perfect finish, but also from the point
from an environmental standpoint, since most of the paint particles are retained and
volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and from the perspective of prevention
occupational risks, as it allows the painter to work in controlled conditions.
In addition, and depending on the temperature that can be reached in the room, the
drying times.
A paint booth or cabin is a closed room, isolated from the outside environment, in which
a controlled environment is maintained (humidity, temperature, air impurities, etc.) in the
that the pieces to be painted are introduced, achieving a finish of great quality, with the maximum
time management and with the least impact on the environment.
The air drawn from the outside is passed through a filter to remove the main contaminants.
impurities, then it can be heated by a certain heating system
raising its temperature to the optimal application point, which is around 20-22 ºC. The
heating and regulation system must ensure a constant temperature and
uniform across the entire surface and at all heights with a maximum difference of less than 5ºC.
Before entering the room, they go through some filters or 'plenum' that eliminate the
fine dust particles to prevent dirt from adhering to the paint film.
The exits of this air are made through the gridded floor, filtering the air through the
called 'paint-stop', filters that are located beneath the grilles and that retain the
remnants of the paint in suspension. Both these filters and those from the plenum must be
renewed after a certain number of hours of operation of the room, already
that are accumulating, making it difficult for air to circulate in the room and creating a
excessive overpressure that harms both the painting (interior turbulence is created) as well as
the worker, working in an unhealthy environment that can cause fatigue.
These 'paint-stop' filters only retain solid paint, so the solvents of
The paint, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs), would be released into the atmosphere.
Nowadays, environmental legislative demands are expanding employment
of active carbon purification groups, thanks to which the
expulsion of harmful gases into the outer atmosphere.
However, experts specify that the use of a painting room is,
undoubtedly, one of the factors that influence the finishing of a job, being the
the main objective of a good professional is a perfect finish. However, they believe that
It would be a serious mistake to think that simply painting in a good room can yield results.
neglect other aspects such as the preparation of the panel, perfect sanding, a cleaning
as careful as to ensure that no dust particle has been left on the
surface to be painted. That is, preparation and cleaning are two basic ingredients for the
final finish.
Another important feature that a painting room must have is a good system
of lighting that provides the amount and quality of light necessary for a good
development of the painting work. This quality of light ensures good reproduction
chromatic with a light spectrum as similar as possible to day light patterns, necessary for
a good color perception for the adjustment operation, since the painting quality of
a piece largely depends on a correct color matching of the finish. As for
the amount of light, the luminous flux should be around 1000 lux (one lux is a flux
illuminance of 1 lumen/m2), never less than 800 lux (at floor level).

Advantages of the painting room for the workshop

The fundamental objective of a bodywork and paint workshop, it should not be forgotten, is to provide a
satisfactory customer service. Thus, in addition to that loyalty, not only will a ... be gained.
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client, but also, looking to the future, to potential clients in their social circle. For
Hello, experts agree that every bodywork and painting workshop must have its own room.
the cabin for three reasons, namely:
Ensure a perfect finish on every painted vehicle.
Painting in a room respects the environment, as most of the
paint particles, vapors, and gases are retained by a series of filters.
Adjusting to the law, and thinking about the prevention of occupational risks, a
painting installation, along with other means, allows the painter and their assistants to work on
an environment free from toxicity and other contaminating elements.
Reduction of work times.

Use of infrared
An interesting alternative from the perspective of increasing productivity is
drying using infrared equipment compared to conventional drying, with
one achieves a considerable reduction in drying times.
These act very differently from air heating. The screen is positioned
radiation emitter at a certain distance from the surface to be dried, and the emitted radiation
It passes through the air without raising the ambient temperature. The paint film barely absorbs
radiation energy passes through it and reaches the vehicle's sheet metal, which does absorb it.
radiation and heats up. This heating of the sheet is transmitted to the paint film,
so that drying occurs from the inside out, unlike what happens with
the conventional system.
Drying times are considerably reduced compared to the system.
conventional drying in room-oven, according to the type of paint, type of IR used, and
even of the color.
Infrared drying equipment can vary greatly in size,
from small manual equipment to installations in paint booths (arches or tunnels
drying or side panels), including mobile installations used in the area of
preparation. These have their greatest field of application in the drying of primer paints.
(molds and tools), leaving the oven room exclusively for painting and drying of the
finishing paints.

Types of rooms
Just like for most industrial equipment, different types have been developed.
of rooms according to the production needs of companies. The variety is very
broad, but they are divided into five basic groups according to: the movement of air, the pressure of
air, the filtration system, the production method, and the type of paint.
According to the movement of air: These are those that direct the air in one direction.
determined according to the application conditions, safety, and desired outcomes.
These are divided into three types:
- Descending: Those that direct the air from top to bottom offering as
benefits from better utilization of gravity, a homogeneous air circulation,
better control of air filtration and less pollution for the operator during the
process.

Downward pressure

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Ascending: These lead the air from the bottom to the top, a movement that generates the
following problems: it contaminates the environment and produces in the workpiece bluing,
loss of brightness and 'orange peel'.
Transversal: They are those that direct air diagonally and whose movement contributes
such benefits that do not contaminate the operator and can work with a single unit or two.
but it also has the disadvantage that it does not allow for efficient air control and
produce a heterogeneous contact of the surface with the air.

Transverse pressure

According to air pressure: They are the cabins that have as a principle the injection or the
extraction of air and are divided into three:
With positive and negative pressure: The former is created by injecting air into the cabin without
this can escape. In fact, in case the access door to the cabin opens
during the process, the air from the room that exerts outward pressure will forcefully escape,
escaping with him a large part of the paint. In the case of the second one, with negative pressure,
it is created by extracting the air that is inside the cabin.

Positive pressure Negative pressure

With controlled pressure: It is a combination of the two previous cases, it has a

injection and extraction system that controls the flow of air circulating inside
preventing positive or negative pressures from occurring and fostering a conducive environment
totally clean and temperature controlled for work. It is a type of cabin very
balanced that even allows the option to apply a greater amount of air than is extracted in
the case of detecting the entry of impurities, it is a kind of invisible seal that is generated
with a slight positive current.

Controlled pressure

• According to the filtration system: These cabins are distinguished by the filter they have.
given the needs for air refinement and purification. They can be cabins with a filter
of water curtain or with dry filter.

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According to the form of production: They are those that are defined according to needs of
productivity of the process.
By Batches: It is generally used when the amount of processed pieces is low.
or when production has a more artisanal or specialized character. It is called by
batches because the lot is painted in turns: first some specific parts, which are then
They are located in the drying area and, while they dry, another patch or group of pieces is painted.
the system offers the advantage that workers can perform various trades (sanding, preparing,
paint, etc).
Continuous tunnel: In the continuous or serial process, much more specialized and
more technical than the previous one, the operator does not move to work on the pieces, as these
they pass in front of it thanks to a conveyor belt that moves them at speed
controlled. In reality, these booths are tunnels that receive the piece through one opening and the
they deliver the list on the other one.
Industrial and special: This type of room is mainly used when
the company faces complex painting processes, needs to apply large amounts of
coating or should paint large-sized products. These are equipment designed for
resolve special situations that require the room to make a greater effort than usual: a
greater number of engines and fans, more energy and more robust electrical elements.

Features of the projected room:

The air inside the room will circulate from top to bottom, creating a vertical flow and
descendant that guarantees the proper air renewal inside the room. The flow
Air in the application of paint for a typical room must ensure air renewal.
around 100-300 renewals/hour, with an average air speed of about 0.5
The ventilation of the room must ensure a constant and uniform overpressure in the
interior of the cabin, and it also has to match the type of paint used. Neither
It is necessary to remember that the air flow must be in accordance with the space. The design of the room.
It must be ensured that no turbulence is produced in this airflow, to guarantee
that the paint residues go directly to the grated area of the floor.
The volume of air introduced is slightly greater than that of air extracted, so that it
creates a slight overpressure in the room that results in an outflow current
of air from the room to the outside through the joints, seals, even when opening the
door, since if it were in the reverse direction, unfiltered air with dust particles would enter and
painting of the operations adjacent to the painting room.
The introduction and extraction of air will be carried out through two motor fans.
where one is responsible for the air aspiration and the other for its propulsion, exerting
each one an independent function.

Selection of the Heating System:

It is used to artificially raise the temperature in the cabin, especially when
The painting process is carried out in cold or variable climate areas and when needed.
a greater speed in drying.
For this, at the entrance of the air in the room, a heat exchanger is installed and a
thermal energy source that will make use of the combustion of diesel.
The hot air generator equipment includes the air propulsion system, the equipment
fuel burner and the heat exchanger. For its selection,
Proceed to carry out thermal calculations and ventilation requirements for the proposed room.

According to ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-

Conditioning Engineering), the general procedure for calculating losses of
the heat of a structure is the following:

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1. Select the outdoor design conditions: temperature, humidity, and

wind direction and speed.
2. Select the desired interior design conditions
3. Estimation of temperature in adjacent unheated spaces.
4. Select transmission coefficients and calculate heat losses through walls.
floors, ceilings, windows, doors, and foundation elements.
5. Calculate the heat load through the infiltration of outside air and any other
directly introduced into space.
6. Sum the losses caused by transmission and infiltration.

Calculation:

1. Condiciones Exteriores: Temperatura: 3°C (BS)

3.5 gr/Kg air = 80%
5 m/s

2. Condiciones Interiores: Temperatura: 22°C (BS)

50%
Air speed: 0.5 to 1.5 m/s

3. Estimation of temperatures in adjacent spaces:

Exterior

General deposit.

7°C

Exterior

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4. The room is constructed in the following way:

It has the following dimensions: 3 m (height), 5 m (width), and 8 m (length),

forming a total volume of 120 m3.
The walls are composed of an outer layer of hollow brick measuring 18 cm.
thickness, with a gray cement plaster of 1.5 cm thickness, intermediate sheets of
5 cm thick expanded polystyrene and the inner face of 4 mm polycarbonate sheets.
mm thick.
The ceiling is made of 20 cm thick reinforced concrete smoothed on its side.
superior with a layer of cement on lime of 1.5 cm, airtight airspace of 6 cm
thickness and gypsum boards of 1.5 cm thickness.
Two access gates will be provided to the room. One that connects to the hangar,
built with aluminum profiles for the structure, two plates, one internal of
4 mm thick polycarbonate and an external one made of 5 mm plywood
thickness and intermediate expanded polystyrene plate of 5 cm thickness. The other gate, in
communication with the outside, will be built with structural cast iron pipes,
an external plate made of cast iron with a thickness of 2 mm, intermediate plates of
expanded polystyrene with a thickness of 5 cm and an internal polycarbonate plate of 4 mm
thickness.
. Way SO: 7.5 m2of wall in contact with the outside and 7.5 m2of
gate in contact with the outside.
. Way NO: 24 m2in contact with the outside.
. NE way: 12.5 m2in contact with the bodywork shop and 2.5 m2in
contact with the outside.
. Sail boat: 7.50 m2and the sliding gate and 7.50 m2from wall in
contact with the interior of the hangar and 9 m2in contact with the general deposit.
. Ceiling: 40 m2in contact with the outside.

The transmission coefficients for the different surfaces are as follows:

. Wall:
W
RT Rexterior R revoke Rbrick R polystyreneeno R policarbonato Rinterior 2
m.K
RT 0.03 0.017 0.43 1.66 0.02 0.12
RT 2.277
2
1 m.K
UWall 0.439
RTotal W
Where:
o Re and Ri are transmission coefficients (in which they
they combine the effects of radiation and convection) of the air surface in contact
with the external and internal environments respectively (Values from Table 1, Chapter 26
ASHRAE).
o The thermal resistance of the plaster is obtained according to standards.
IRAM 11601, (exterior cement plaster λ=1.16)
o Hollow bricks of 18 cm thickness (λ=0.42) are used.
o The expanded polystyrene boards are 5 cm thick.
thickness. (λ=0.03).
o Unless otherwise stated, the coefficient data of
thermal conductivity and resistance of the materials used, is obtained from the STANDARD
IRAM 11601.

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. Ceiling:
2
m.K
RT Rexterior Rcement Rconcrete Rair Rplaster R interior
W
RT 0.03 0.0015 0.2 0.14 0.0375 0.11
RT 0.519

1 W
U Roof 1.93
RT 2
m.K

. Hangar door:
2
m.K
RT Rexterior Rwood R polystyreneeo R policarbonato R interior
W
RT 0.12 0.033 1.66 0.022 0.12
RT 1.955

1 W
UGate 0.51
RTotal 2
m.K

. Gate to the outside:

2
m.K
RT Rexterior Rchip R polystyreneeno R policarbonateato Rintsuperior
W
RT 0.03 0.00004 1.66 0.022 0.12
RT 1.83

1 W
UGate 0.55
RTotal 2
m.K

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The total charge for transmission will then be:

*
Q Wall( NO) Supno*U Wall* T 24m20.439 W
m 2.K
19K
*
Q Wall( NO ) 200.18W

*
Q Wall( SO) Suppared*U Wall* T Supgate*U Gate* T
*
Q Wall( SO) 7.5m20.439 W
19K 7.5m20.55 W
19K
m 2.K m 2.K
*
Q Stopd ( SO) 140.93W

*
Q Wall( NE ) What's upno*U Wall* T 15m20.439mW2.K 12K
*
Q Wall( NE ) 79.02W

* * * *
Q Wall( SE) Q to the deposit Q to the hangar Q gate

U WallWhat's up?dep( SE) * Text Suphang( SE ) * Text Sup

 port*U port* T
*
Q Wall( SE)

   7.5m 0.512
*
Q Wall( SE) 0.439 W
m 2.K
* 9m215K. 7.5m215K 2 W
m 2.K
15K
*
Q Wall( SE) 166.25W

*
QRoof Supceiling*U ceiling* T 40m21.93 W
19K
m 2.K
*
QCeiling 1,466.8W

* * * * * *
QTotal Transmissionón Q Wall( NO )  Q Stopd ( SO)  Q stopd ( NE )  Q Stopd ( SE)  QCeiling
*
QTotall Transmissionón 2,053.18W 1,765.73Kcal
h

5. Calculation of Load by infiltration and ventilation:

Due to the characteristics of the painting room, the amount of air introduced will be
slightly greater than extracted, causing a slight overpressure that will prevent infiltration
of air. All the thermal load will be due to the amount of air required for ventilation.
Let us remember that there will be no recirculation of the same.
According to the usual ventilation recommendations in cabins or paint rooms,
a flow rate is adopted for our particular case that ensures 125 renewals/hour of the
total volume of the room. This amounts to 15,000 m3/h.

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The thermal load introduced by this air, which is in the conditions exposed.
In point 1, it is divided into sensible heat load and latent heat load, and it is calculated.
in the following way:

*
Q as cpair*Dventilationón* a * T i Te 
*
Q to the
Dventilationón* a*w
 I we  *rv

Where:
cp air specific heat at constant pressure of air 0.24 Kcal
Kg.K
Dventilationón ventilation air flow 15,000  m3
h

air density 1.293 Kg
a
m3
Tie Interior and exterior temperaturesK
wi; w e Indoor and outdoor relative humidity

rv calor de vaporización del agua 540 Kcal

Kg

So:

*
0.24 Kcal 15,000 m 1,293 Kg   Kcal
3
Q as 19K 88,441.20
Kg.K h m3 h
* Kg ag
15,000m 1,293 Kg 3 92.13Kcal
3
Q to 0.00475
the
h Kg ai h
*
Q TOTALVentilationón 88,533.33 Kcal 102,964.26W
h
6. Calculation of TOTAL thermal load.
* * *
QTOTAL QTotalTransmissionón QTotaVentilationón
*
QTOTAL 2,053.18W 102,964.26W
*
QTOTAL 105.017.44W 90,314.99 Kcal
h

Selection of Heating Equipment:

Knowing the heat losses that have to be faced in order to achieve in the room
painting the desired working conditions, we proceed to select the equipment
necessary to achieve it.
Of all the heating systems available on the market, the selection will focus on
in those that have a stainless steel heat exchanger, combustion
indirect, functioning with diesel (with the possibility of adapting it in the future to gas
natural) and air propulsion equipment included.

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A national manufacturing team was chosen, brand TEMPOMATIC, model TEO 125 V,
whose characteristics are:

Capacity: 125,000 Kcal/h

Burner Power: 150,000 Kcal/h
Airflow: 14.160 m3/h
Diesel Consumption: 16.3 lts/h
Fan Motor Power: 5.5 Hp = 4.1 Kw

To ensure the necessary fuel supply for this equipment, a will be installed.
a storage tank made of plastic material. It must ensure operation
for two weeks, in work cycles of 3 hours per day and five days a week. This
results in the need for a 500-liter tank (16.3 liters x 3 hours/day x 5
days/week x 2 weeks = 489 liters
The tank will be located above the painting room, in the SW corner.

Air Distribution System

The air distribution will be carried out through a galvanized sheet duct.
There will be 4 grilles for air outlet along its length. A section was chosen
rectangular for the duct, with the grilles arranged in the manner shown in the
next view of the same.

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The number of grilles used and their section was chosen based on the flow rate.
of air managed and at the speed that is desired to be obtained at the exit of each one. With the
section of the grilles and the shape of the distribution duct are achieved as follows
characteristics in the air when entering the room:
. Total air flow: 14,100 m3/h
. Outlet flow per grid: 3525 m3/h
. Air velocity at the outlet: 0.82 m/s

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The location of the duct can be seen in the following figure:

S
O

E
N

Extraction and Selection System for Exhaust Fan

Through the correct diagramming of the gas expulsion system of the painting room
the correct renewal of air and its proper movement in the room is ensured. It
designed to achieve these objectives a gas evacuation system consisting of
four grids of 1m2arranged along the room, over the central line and
equidistant from each other. All the pits covered by the grates are connected by
a rectangular pipe with flared intake mouths that lead into a
duct, also rectangular, called gas extraction collector. In the area of
Inlet openings at each end of the room, plates will be installed.
curved, like guide vanes to reduce pressure losses.

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The collector finally connects with the evacuation chimney, over which it
install the extractor unit. This unit consists of an axial fan driven by
belts for an external motor attached to the pipe.
Beneath the grilles are the 'paint stop' filters that retain the majority of the
suspended paint particles that are suctioned by the extraction.
The measurements of the parts of the installation can be seen in the following diagrams.

As a measure to reduce or directly nullify the environmental impact of the

the installation will be used as the final filtration stage, an activated carbon system that
it ultimately absorbs the volatile organic compounds that are not captured by the filters
dry.

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The chosen fan is axial, for circular section ducts and external motor.
transmission by belts. The manufacturer is EUROVENTILATORI, model
EVc, whose selection can be seen in the following graphs:

According to the airflow to be moved, the possible models to choose from are the corresponding ones.
630 and 710 (mm in diameter). The decision leans towards the first one, whose motorization and
The operating regime is determined with the following abacus:

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Finally, the model 630 is chosen, with a 1.5 kW motor at 1600 rpm, and total pressure.
of approximately 27 mm of water column.

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Selection of the Lighting System:

To meet the lighting needs in the room, a technical study was carried out.
the artifacts and their distribution in the room, in order to verify that the
same, meet the recommended levels for the task. The calculation is facilitated with the
application of lighting software.

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CHAPTER IV - COSTS

Introduction
In the following paragraphs, the 'costs' are presented in as much detail as possible.
operational costs that the workshop incurs to carry out its tasks effectively
efficient.
It should be noted that the activity of a workshop of this nature cannot
to be presented as a continuous production activity since it is
subject to the demand for jobs, the ability to carry them out and the different
particularities that a worker may encounter during their task. No
However, it is possible to diagram the work theoretically and address the activity.
assuming it fits that diagram, both in the necessary times, as
in the required inputs. This helps to reduce uncertainty in determining the
operating costs.
Just like that, the presentation proceeds.

Service Costs
As mentioned several times, it cannot be determined in a way
exact the monthly cost values due to the large number of variables that
they do not depend on the company but on the clients.
To reduce uncertainty about what the monthly cost will be, a draft is made.
a pivot table detailing the services of 25, 50, 100, 250 hours
and the general revision or Top OverHaul as it is mentioned in English, for each aircraft
for which the workshop will have its corresponding scope. So with quantities
aircraft variables to perform services, plus the variable of which service it is
it will execute, average values of monthly costs can be found.
In the mentioned table, the service of each particular plane has a cost in
supplies, in labor, spare parts, and outsourced services. With everything being interrelated.
we found that this was the best way to carry out cost calculations.

We detail part of the table to explain the calculation:

Aircraft - Ranges
Denomination Motor
ERCOUPE 415 C CONTINENTAL A-75
PIPER PA-25 PAWNEE LYCOMING O-320/O-540
CESSNA 188 AG-WAGON CONTINENTAL IO-520
AIR TRACTOR AT-401B P&W R1340

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Cost details ENGINES

Materials and Supplies

25 hours
Air filter Oil filter Oil Total
CONTINENTAL A-75 $210.00 $94.00 $58.80 $ 362.80
LYCOMING O-320/O-540 $280.00 $94.00 $ 117.60 $491.60
CONTINENTAL IO-520 $360.00 $94.00 $176.40 $630.40
P&W R1340 $390.00 $ 138,00 $ 529.20 $1,057.20

50 hours
Service 25 hours Materials Total
CONTINENTAL A-75 $362.80 $482.80 $845.60
LYCOMING O-320/O-540 $491.60 $ 611.60 1,103.20
CONTINENTAL IO-520 $630.40 $750.40 $1,380.80
P&W R1340 $ 0.00 $1,177.20 $1,177.20

100 hours
Serv. 50 hs Materials Total
CONTINENTAL A-75 $ 845.60 $602.80 1,448.40
LYCOMING O-320/O-540 $1,103.20 $731.60 $ 1,834.80
CONTINENTAL IO-520 1,380.80 $870.40 2,251.20
P&W R1340 $1,177.20 $1,297.20 $2,474.40

250 hours
Serv. 100 hrs Materials Total
CONTINENTAL A-75 $ 1.448,40 $602.80 2,051.20
LYCOMING O-320/O-540 $1,834.80 $731.60 $ 2.566,40
CONTINENTAL IO-520 $2,251.20 $870.40 $ 3.121,60
P&W R1340 2,474.40 1,677.20 $ 4.151,60

Top Overhaul
Spare parts Materials Total
CONTINENTAL A-75 $25,000.00 $35,000.00 $ 35.000,00
LYCOMING O-320/O-540 $30,000.00 $45,000.00 $ 45.000,00
CONTINENTAL IO-520 $38,000.00 56,000.00 $ 56.000,00
P&W R1340 $ 45,000.00 $ 65.000,00 $ 65.000,00

Cost details PLANNERS

Materials and Supplies

25 hours
Supplies Total
ERCOUPE 415 C $90.00 $90.00
PIPER PA-25 PAWNEE $90.00 $90.00
CESSNA 188 $90.00 $90.00
AIR TRACTOR AT-401B $ 90.00 $90.00

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50 hours
Serv. 25 hs Supplies Total
ERCOUPE 415 C $90.00 $250.00 $ 340.00
PIPER PA-25 PAWNEE $90.00 $250.00 $340.00
CESSNA 188 $90.00 $ 250.00 $340.00
AIR TRACTOR AT-401B $90.00 $250.00 $340.00

100 hours
Serv. 50 hs Supplies Total
ERCOUPE 415 C $340.00 $300.00 $640.00
PIPER PA-25 PAWNEE $340.00 $300.00 $640.00
CESSNA 188 $340.00 $400.00 $ 740,00
AIR TRACTOR AT-401B $340.00 $500.00 $840.00

250 hours
Serve. 100 hours Inputs Total
ERCOUPE 415 C $640.00 $300.00 $940.00
PIPER PA-25 PAWNEE $ 640.00 300.00 $940.00
CESSNA 188 $740.00 $400.00 $ 1.140,00
AIR TRACTOR AT-401B $840.00 $500.00 $ 1.340,00

Top OverHaul
Spare parts Supplies Third parties Total
ERCOUPE 415 C $5,000.00 $10,000.00 $ 6.000,00 $ 21.000,00
PIPER PA-25 PAWNEE $ 7.500,00 18,000.00 $7,000.00 $32,500.00
CESSNA 188 $8,000.00 $20,000.00 $22,000.00 $50,000.00
AIR TRACTOR AT-401B $9,000.00 25,000.00 $30,000.00 $64,000.00

The previous tables analyze exclusively the engine or aircraft in question.

service. Annually, it is difficult to determine the exact amount of services to
carry out. The chosen method consists of developing an approximate statistic of the
number of working hours of aircraft throughout a year and project this
amount over 20 years of work.
The market study developed shows the number of aircraft
existing in the region. Here are the aspirations of this venture
regarding the number of aircraft that are wanted to be attracted.
The tables shown below detail the analysis conducted to obtain,
subsequently, determine the annual costs of services (excluding labor)
work).
DETERMINATION OF THE APPROXIMATE NUMBER OF ANNUAL SERVICES

Can't. A
Airplane Model - Engine Can't. Aircraft to attend approx. Annual hours for TOH

ERCOUPE 415 C 7 4 400 1500

PIPER PA-25 PAWNEE 12 8 300 1500
CESSNA 188 30 18 300 1600
AIR TRACTOR AT-401B 7 4 300 2000

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CONTINENTAL A-75 7 4 400 1500

LYCOMING O-320/O-540 12 8 300 1500
CONTINENTAL IO-520 30 18 300 1600
P&W R1340 7 4 300 2000

Analysis of the maintenance for the aircraft to be attended to = 20 years

Average Annual Amount of Planned Services

Airplane Model - Engine Cant. Total of hours 25 50 100 250 TOH

ERCOUPE 415 C - Continental A-75 8000 64 32 16 6.4 1,1

PIPER PA-25 PAWNEE - Lycoming 320 6000 96 48 24 9.6 0.8
CESSNA 188 - Continental IO-520 6000 216 108 54 21.6 0.8
AIR TRACTOR AT-401B - P&W R1340 6000 48 24 12 4.8 0.6

Overhead Costs
For the following table of General COSTS it is considered:
That there are no fixed-cost raw materials and for the variable ones, they
analyzed an average year of services, detailed in the following table

Motors
Model Service Annual Fee Annual Cost
25 hours 64 $23,219.20
50 hours 32 $27,059.20
Continental A-75 100 hs 16 23,174.40
250 hs 6.4 13,127.68
TOH 1,1 $ 37,333.33
25 hrs 96 $47,193.60
50 hours 48 $ 52,953.60
Lyncoming O-320/O-540 100 hs 24 $44,035.20
250 hs 9.6 $24,637.44
TOH 0.8 $36,000.00
25 hours 216 136,166.40
50 hours 108 149,126.40
Continental IO-520 100 hs 54 $121,564.80
250 hs 21.6 $67,426.56
TOH 0.8 42,000.00
25 hours 48 50,745.60
50 hours 24 $ 28.252,80
P&W R1340 100 hours 12 $29,692.80
250 hs 4.8 $19,927.68
TOH 0.6 $39,000.00

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Planners
Model Service Annual Cant. Annual Cost
25 hours 64 $ 5,760.00
50 hours 32 $10,880.00
Ercoupe 415-C 100 hs 16 $10,240.00
250 hs 6.4 $6,016.00
TOH 1,1 $ 22.400,00
25 hours 96 $ 8,640.00
50 hours 48 $ 16.320,00
Piper PA-25 Pawnee 100 hours 24 $15,360.00
250 hs 9.6 $9,024.00
TOH 0.8 $26,000.00
25 hours 216 $19,440.00
50 hs 108 $36,720.00
Cessna 188 100 hs 54 $39,960.00
250 hours 21.6 $24,624.00
TOH 0.75 $37,500.00
25 hours 48 4,320.00
50 hours 24 $8,160.00
Air Tractor AT-401B 100 hours 12 $10,080.00
250 hs 4.8 6,432.00
TOH 0.6 38,400.00

ANNUAL TOTAL 1,368,912.69

Indirect labor is considered to be the person who performs tasks

cleaning of the offices, bedroom, and kitchen.
To determine the costs of direct labor, it is based on the
remunerations offered to employees, according to their category.
Include the payment of the Christmas bonus. (See, REMUNERATIONS, in Engineering)
of the Project).
For the calculation of electrical energy consumption, the expenses are taken into account
administration as fixed, and including we take the consumptions of
general lighting, water pumps, fans, air conditioners
and water heaters. For its part, the production costs are taken into account
electricity expenses of production as variables, and include the
that were calculated from the motor consumption table, applying them a
factor of 0.5, taking into account that in that table, the expressed
maximum values to be reached and what is needed to prepare the table
Annual costs are an average of consumptions. (See Engineering of
Project).

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APPROXIMATE DETERMINATION OF ELECTRICITY COST BY PRODUCTION

Average daily consumption (kWh) 53 Factor 0.5

Average monthly consumption (21 days) = 1107 Cost per kWh

up to 50 $ 0.0989
Monthly electricity cost = $ 227.41 up to 150 = $ 0.1283
up to 250 $ 0.1981
$2,728.90 more than 250= $0.2215

APPROXIMATE DETERMINATION OF THE COST OF ELECTRICITY FOR

ADMINISTRATION

Lighting Power = 3,832 kW

Ventilation Power 0.9 kW
Potencia Refrigeracion 12 kW
Heating Power 3 kW

Consumption of Appliances (kWh)

Lighting Ventilation

Diary 30,656 7.2 72 9 119

Monthly 643,776 151.2 1512 189 2496

Monthly Energy Cost $ 535.07

Annual Energy Cost 6,420.82

According to the fee schedule of the ANAC, in the category that one would enter
it would be DNAR 23, 'F'. The variable costs of this item refer to that
For each aircraft planned in the scope, a fee must be paid.
independent, it was calculated for the five we want.
The insurance is an annual coverage for the protection of the aircraft in
service.
For administration costs, regarding labor, we
they consider the fees of an accounting advisor.
The cost of telephony represents the average consumption of a plan.
cell phone companies, with five associated lines. Thus
There would be monthly expenses of around $1000.
The marketing cost incurred by the company consists of a
the only annual print of a promotional brochure, aimed at the main and
potential clients from the region. The budget includes the preparation of
brochure and postal shipping charges.

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Overhead Costs

TYPE Fixed Variables Total

Production Costs
Direct raw materials $ 0.00 1,368,912.69 1,368,912.69
Direct labor 110,230.71 $ 0.00 $ 110.230,71
Production costs
Amortizations 12,803.00 $ 0.00 $ 12.803,00
Indirect labor $26,400.00 $0.00 $ 26.400,00
Electric Energy $0.00 $2,728.90 $ 2.728,90
Insurance $ 54.000,00 $ 0.00 $54,000.00
Annual habilitation $9,000.00 $3,200.00 $12,200.00
TOTAL $212,433.71 1,374,841.59 1,587,275.30
Administrative Cost
Indirect labor $30,000.00 $0.00 $ 30.000,00
Electric Energy $ 6,420.82 $ 0.00 $ 6.420,82
Taxes $1,500.00 $0.00 $1,500.00
Telephony $12,000.00 $ 0.00 $ 12.000,00
TOTAL $49,920.82 $ 0.00 $ 49,920.82
Marketing Cost
Propaganda $ 7.500,00 $ 0.00 $7,500

Total $1,644,696.12

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DETERMINATION OF THE PRICE OF SERVICES

Introduction
Aviation activity, whether for the operation of the aircraft or the
maintenance of them is expensive. This is due to the
particularity of the regime imposed on this type of activity, which always requires
excellent operating conditions to make airworthiness one
safe activity.
To enter the regional market and attract customers, we intend to start with
that the surcharge over our costs does not exceed for any type of service, the
35% of the total.
Thus the imposed rates (and the gross profit on the cost of materials), for
for each service, including VAT (10.5%), the following will be:

Engine Maintenance

Model Service Tariff Gross Profit

25 hours $489.78 126.98
50 hours 1,141.56 295.96
Continental A-75 100 hs 1,955.34 $506.94
250 hours $2,769.12 $717.92
TOH $47,250.00 $12,250.00
25 hours $663.66 $172.06
50 hours $ 1,489.32 $386.12
Lycoming O-320/O-540 100 hours $ 2.476,98 $ 642.18
250 hours $ 3,464.64 $ 898,24
TOH $60,750.00 15,750.00
25 hs $851.04 $220.64
50 hours $ 1,864.08 $ 483,28
Continental IO-520 100 hours $3,039.12 $787.92
250 hours $ 4.214,16 $ 1.092,56
TOH 75,600.00 $ 19,600.00
25 hours $ 1.427,22 $370.02
50 hours 1,589.22 $412.02
P&W R1340 100 hs $3,340.44 $ 866.04
250 hours 5,604.66 $ 1,453.06
TOH $ 87.750,00 $22,750.00

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Maintenance of Gliders

Model Service Tariff Gross Profit

25 hours $121.50 $31.50
50 hours $459.00 $119.00
Ercoupe 415-C 100 hours $864.00 $224.00
250 hours $1,269.00 $329.00
TOH $28,350.00 $7,350.00
25 hours $121.50 $ 31,50
50 hours 459.00 $119.00
Piper PA-25 Pawnee 100 hours $ 864.00 $224.00
250 hs $1,269.00 $329.00
TOH $ 43.875,00 $ 11.375,00
25 hours $121.50 $31.50
50 hs $ 459,00 $ 119.00
Cessna 188 100 hours $999.00 $ 259,00
250 hs $ 1.539,00 $ 399.00
TOH $ 67.500,00 $17,500.00
25 hours $121.50 $31.50
50 hours $459.00 $119.00
Air Tractor AT-401B 100 hours $1,134.00 $ 294,00
250 hours $ 1.809,00 $469.00
TOH $86,400.00 $ 22.400,00

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CHAPTER V - PROJECT SIZE

Workshop Capacity

The tasks to be performed in the aerospace workshop are very varied and depend on the
authorizations they possess. They can be broadly classified into Motive Power and
Planner. In turn, subdivide each one into a large number of tasks depending on the
state and need of each part. It is difficult to detail the degree of capacity to perform
services as it cannot be said that an aircraft takes a specific amount of time without beforehand
carry out a thorough inspection of it to assess its condition.
As long as they are preventive maintenance tasks, a timeframe can be defined.
since these are operations detailed in the aircraft maintenance table.
For example, a 100-hour inspection of the C-188 aircraft model 1978.
On the other hand, it was demonstrated in the Gantt chart, showing the duration of each process, that a
A general review of any engine takes approximately six days considering having
the spare parts in the company's stock and with the minimum described personnel. Both the entity
regulator as a necessary feature of the workshop, requires having physical space and a
such an order in order to carry out these tasks. This creates the need to have shelves,
cars and places suitable for storing parts in process such as the used engines and
to travel.
It can be thought in some way that to provide a service of 1000
hours, which is one of the most complete, where both the glider and the engine are covered
Generally speaking, an approximate time of 2 months is needed. This includes for the
plan the complete process of stripping and painting as well as the change of
pieces.
All this justifies the use of certain specific machines that speed up operations.
of the employees and the quality of the final work. The shot blasting machine like the
air conditioning of the painting room, are details that allow a continuous process without
wasted time due to slow stripping and cleaning operations such as
weather conditions respectively.
In any case, the start of the workshop management will be carried out with a minimum of
tools and machines, and it will be adapting to the needs according to a constant
analysis of operations.

Analysis of the availability of supplies and spare parts

There are currently no spare parts manufactured in Argentina, so for

acquire them you can proceed to make an import or pay a higher cost to
a company that is dedicated to the importation of the same. The advantage is the time of
availability that this last one has since it would avoid delays in freight and paperwork
customs officials.
Regarding supplies, the same happens as with spare parts, with the difference that
many can be obtained directly in the country.

Justification of Size

Financial limitations

The size of the investment in both tools and construction has no limit.
defined by what considering the economic power we could reach in a
Initially, the size was justified as a minimum necessary for a lifespan of 5 years.
It would be excessive to consider the desire for the need for expansion to exist, both in
tools like in physical space by the amount of work demanded.

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It is a topic that we consider because the building design is developed as such
in a way that allows for its growth.

Gradual development of installed capacity

As mentioned on several occasions, the services that will be offered will go in

increase as we fulfill the requirements and obtain the
corresponding scopes. A one-step habilitation cannot be obtained for
carry out all maintenance tasks as both the ANAC and the clients themselves
They need a certain level of trust. Both the design of the TAR and the necessary equipment will go
developing as greater achievements are made, as well as the amount of
personal.

Possibility of expansion

The possibility is such that if needed, other hangars could be added and carried out in
they specific tasks or assign them directly as individual departments,
similar to those we developed together, outgoing to the hangar.
As long as the circuit of the operational aircraft is not obstructed as well as the
spraying operations of the installed company.
What is sought is for the design to allow practicality in its operation as well
also avoid oversights or errors by the staff. From the building as well
quality control and the tasks performed are closely related to fulfill
with tasks efficiently. This will lead to providing a service of better quality and costs of
lower maintenance.

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CHAPTER VI - PROJECT LOCATION

Location

The location will be in the Bermejo department about three kilometers southeast of the
city of Las Palmas, province of Chaco. According to cadastral documentation, the property of 83
is located at Parcel 1, Chacra 37, Section D, Circumscription I of
Bermejo Department.
Analysis of the determining factors

Existing infrastructure

The land where the constructions would take place will be shared with a company that
is currently installed and is dedicated to aerial spraying services and
dispersion of solids. Both would share the hangar as a place for accommodation for the
aircraft and the workshop departments would be extensions of it to the sides,
building that will not take up space from the interior.

Basic supplies

The hangar has power supply through a transformer located about

300 meters from it, water system obtained from underground aquifers with the installation
from a 10,000 l tank at a height of 9 meters, there are no rain drains anymore.
that a slab surrounds the hangar to prevent soil erosion, and sewage drains with
a septic tank with a volume sufficient for 20 people.

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The established company uses bottled drinking water service which is replenished.
every week by an on-site truck.

Transport

To get there from Resistencia, there are 80 km of road to the town of Las
Palms, and about 3 km of dirt road. There are buses that reach the town.
as well as taxis, with the advantage of the latter that can transport the passenger
to the facilities.

Zonal availability of labor

Chaco has the advantage of being one of the few provinces in Argentina that has
an aviation technical education school. In any case, a graduate must fulfill
with a certain amount of experience to be able to act legally as a Technician
Aerospace. Our idea is to start with the minimum necessary technicians and with the
time, for these students or graduates to gain experience in our
facilities to obtain the corresponding licenses.
Regarding unskilled labor, one can turn to people who live in
in the village, both of Las Palmas and La Leonesa or some nearby, to avoid this
transport costs and times.

Benefits derived exclusively from location

As mentioned earlier, the Chaco has about thirty aerospace companies.

applicators which total 44 aircraft, including those from the provinces
Bordering a total of 63 airplanes. In this province, there are four active aeroclubs.
with a total of 12 aircraft arriving at 27 considering nearby aeroclubs,
belonging to the provinces included in the geographical sector. We can consider some
14 more private units, and some occasional ones from neighboring provinces reaching a total
from 125 airplanes per day to date.
Being the location of the T.A.R. a strategic place as it is surrounded by fields
of production, the visit of non-local companies can be considered during times of
infestation in the crops as well as the case of the companies that fight the fire
in the provinces of Misiones, Corrientes, Formosa, and Chaco.
It is no small detail that a grain port is being constructed 3 km to the west.
from the hangar, which will lead to the planting of large areas in the near future.
near this area generating greater aircraft movement.

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CHAPTER VII - PROJECT INVESTMENTS

Introduction
Investments in the project will be made in two stages. The first, a
stage of civil constructions, which include furnishings and installations
electric and pneumatic, and the second, the stage of acquiring machines and
equipment, as well as investment in working capital.
All amounts shown in the following tables and summaries include the
value added tax (VAT 10.5%).

1. Investment Budget for Fixed Assets and Similar Destinations

Fixed Assets
Lands and Buildings
The owner of the land and the building where the T.A.R. will be located is one of the
members, in any case for the habilitation of the same, it is necessary to carry out a
written authorization allowing the use of such facilities for a period of time
determined.

General Construction Investments

Element Unit Price ($) Quantity. Total Cost ($)

Openings (Windows) 375 p/u 5 1875
Openings (Bathroom Windows) 105 p/u 1 105
Openings (Doors) 500 p/u 4 2000
Openings (shutter doors) 450 p/u 3 1350
Openings (Shutter-type gates) 2500 p/u 1 2500
Concrete Floor 45.7 per square meter 130 m2 5941
common brick
Masonry 41.79 per square meter183 m2 7647,57
termination view)
Painting (on brick) 20 p/lt 0.2 lt/m2 1464
Concrete Columns 457 p/m3 0.9 m3 411.3
Concrete Slab 68.55 per square meter 235 m2 16109.25

Total $ 39.403

A building that has a different development is the one that houses the room of
painting. Its special design aims to create a space for optimal
completion of the task carried out inside there.

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Building Investments Painting Room

Masonry Painting Room

2
Product Presentation Unit Price ($) to cover Performance Can't. Necessary. Total Price ($)
Polystyrene 5cm thickness 1 m2 13.71 118 1 place/m2 120 1645.20
2 2
4mm Polycarbonate 3,045 m 125.00 78 0.32840722 place/m 27 3326.97
Hollow brick 18x18cm 0.0594 m2 2.70 63 16.8350168 boy2 1081 2917.64
Cement 50 Kg 29.15 4.5 kg/m2 6 165.28
Mix 1:5 63
Arena 1 m3 17.00 0.023 m3/m2 1 24.63
Plasterboard 2.5cm 3.6 m2 63.20 40 0.27777778 place/m2 12 765.42
Cement 50 Kg 29.15 4.5 kg/m2 6 165.28
Mix 1:5 63
Arena 1 m3 17.00 0.023 m3m2 1 24.63
Reinforced Concrete for m3 457.00 40 0.5 m3/m2 20 9140.00
5mm plywood 2.98 m2 175.89 7.5 0.3359312 /m2 3 443.15
2
Iron Sheet 2mm 2m 220.28 7.5 0.5 chap/m2 4 826.05
Galvanized steel 0.33 m2 10.77 75 3.03030303 place/m2 230 2480.04
Revoke 1.5cm 25 Kg 26.23 74 2 kg/m2 6 155.28

Total Civil Works $22,080

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Supplementary Constructions
The departments detailed in the will be carried out as extensions.
Project Engineering
complementary.

Machines and equipment

A table was created with the quantity and value of each one of the
tools and machines that are intended to be obtained for the startup of
T.A.R.

Machines and Equipment to be Installed

PLATE ROOM and PAINTING ROOM
P/U
Name List Cant. Origin Final cost
Bank drill $ 700 1 ARG. $ 700,00
Pneumatic drill $ 933.6 1 ARG. $ 933,60
Cabinet 100 x 100 x 30 with lock $ 300 1 ARG. $300.00
Sheet metal pump U$S 650 1 USA 4,045.60
Sheet metal roller 1300 x 3mm $ 2800 1 ARG. 2,800.00
Pneumatic shear $ 778 1 ARG. $778.00
Drawers 12 pcs. 35 x 25 cm for rivets $ 200 1 ARG. $200.00
Guillotine 300 L x 3 mm $ 480 1 ARG. $480.00
Cleco Game x 25 U$S 10 4 USA $248.96
Nicholson file game $ 110 6 ARG. $660.00
Set of 4 Retention Clamps U$S 17 4 USA $423.23
Mechs $ 650 1 ARG. $650.00
Solid rivet cutting pliers U$S 40 1 USA 248.96 USD
Cleco Pliers U$S 6 2 USA $74.69
Rivet pliers (blind rivets) 360 U$S 30 1 USA $186.72
Pneumatic riveter $ 739.1 1 ARG. $739.10
Solid rivets aluminum alloy 3 Kg. U$S 130 1 USA $809.12
Set of hammers and supports $ 150 1 ARG. $150.00
Riveting supports x 6 U$S 110 1 USA 684.64
Sheet metal cutting scissors U$S 20 2 USA $248.96
Paint Guns $ 200 3 ARG. $600.00
Paint Mixer $ 5000 1 ARG. $5,000.00
Total= 20,961.58

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PLATFORM
P/U
Name List Can't. Origin Final cost
Hydraulic jacks $ 180 2 ARG. $360.00
2 Ton removable crane arm $ 1200 2 ARG. $2,400.00
Basic tool games $ 1130 2 ARG. $ 2.260,00
Mango, curves and brakes for steel cables
KIT U$S 30 1 USA $186.72
Rolling table with 3 trays $ 550 3 $ 1.650,00
Tripod supports for hoisting glider $ 230 2 ARG. $ 460,00
Cable pull tensor U$S 189 1 USA 1,176.34
Total 8,493.06

Disarmament and cleaning

P/U
Name List Can't. Origin Final cost
Ultrasonic Cleaner 11 Lts. $ 2500 1 ARG. $2,500.00
Washing tub $ 1250 2 ARG. $ 2.500,00
Metal shelf 90x30x200 50 kg. $ 175 2 ARG. $350.00
Shot blaster with cyclone $ 4800 1 ARG. $4,800.00
Cleaning Supplies $ 25 2 ARG. $50.00
Basic tool games $ 1130 1 ARG. $1,130.00
Toolboard $ 260 2 ARG. $520.00
Total $ 11.850,00

Welding and Machining

P/U
Name List Can't. Origin Final cost
Floor drill $ 800 1 ARG. 800.00
1 Kw three-phase pedestal grinder $ 680 1 ARG. $ 680.00
Pipe bender 3/16 to 3/8 $ 95 1 ARG. $95.00
Cylinder grinder $ 150000 1 ARG. $ 150.000,00
Valve grinding machine $ 10000 1 ARG. $ 10.000,00
MIG electronic welder $ 3200 1 ARG. $3,200.00
TIG electronic welder and coated rod $ 1800 1 ARG. $1,800.00
Total $ 166.575,00

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AUXILIARY SERVICES
P/U
Name List Can't. Origin Final cost
15 Hp compressor 500 Lts. $ 36000 1 ARG. $ 36.000,00
Metal shelf 80x30x200 30 kg. $ 130 2 ARG. $ 260.00
18 Kva generator set $ 24800 1 ARG. $ 2,480,000.00
Total 66,060.00

Facilities
How to build a fixed pneumatic installation, as well as the
corresponding electrical, tables are assembled where the quantity and the
cost of each item.

Electrical Budget
Qty. Description $/ Unit $

53 Single-phase power outlet $7.50 $ 397.50

21 Three-phase power outlet $12.00 $252.00

253 2.5 mm brown cable (m) $1.90 $ 480.70

253 Sky blue 2.5 mm cable (m) $1.90 $480.70

150 Tripolar Cable 2.5 mm (m) $6.80 $1,020.00

230 Grounding cable (m) $ 1.20 $276.00

24 Board $14.00 $336.00

28 Key of a point $ 8.90 $249.20

Thermomagnetic switch
17 monopolar $10.00 $170.00

11 Bipolar thermomagnetic switch $18.00 $198.00

17 tripolar thermal magnetic switch $29.00 $ 493,00

4 Luminarias A1 $260.00 $ 1,040.00

6 Luminarias A2 $180.00 $1,080.00

26 Luminarias A3 $40.00 $1,040.00

5 A4 Lanterns $ 27,00 $135.00

6 A5 Lanterns $ 11.00 $66.00

6 A6 Lanterns $14.00 $84.00

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5 Luminarias A7 + Vent.F35 $230.00 1,150.00

4 Luminarias A8 $200.00 $800.00

6 A9 Lanterns $160.00 $960.00

17 Luminarias A10 $187.00 $3,179.00

Total 13,887.10

Pneumatic Installation Budget

Count. Description $/ Unit $

7 Thermofusion Pipe 1' x 6 mts. H3 Green $52.00 $ 364.00

3 Fusion Pipe 2' x 6 m H3 Green $73.00 $ 219.00

6 Codos 90 1´ 8.80 $52.80

2 T unions 2' $9.50 $19.00

2 Reducers from 2' to 1' $6.70 $ 13.40

10 Quick male couplings $18.00 $ 180,00

20 Quick couplings female $27.00 $540.00

2 Water and dirt filter $480.00 $960.00

2 Filter and oil can for tools $390.00 $780.00

Total $3,128.20

Total Fixed Investment Budget

Sub total
Buildings $ 62,383
Machines, Equipment and Furniture $186,061
Furniture and Instruments $35.169
Auxiliary Services $60,800
Electrical Installations $ 13.887
Pneumatic Installations $3.128
$ 361.408

Assimilable Destinations
Investments in research and studies were not considered.
Regarding expenses during the installation, professional service can be considered.
from an Architect for the design of the kitchen-dining room and bedroom, those of the accountant

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to carry out the procedures requested by the ANAC for the authorization, more
fees of notaries and tasks performed by them.

Startup Expenses
For the start-up, it is considered the testing of all the equipment of the
taller. This test includes machining operations, installations
pneumatic, painting room set to working temperature, etc. The expenses
include, electricity and fuel consumption, for operational testing
about 1 (one hour) for all the workshop equipment.

Total Budget Investments Comparable Destinations

Sub total
Administrative Expenses $ 5.500,00
Startup Costs $ 1071.47
Total $ 6,571.47

Total Investment Budget

Fixed Assets $ 361.408

Comparable Destinations $ 6,571.47
Current Assets $140.359
TOTAL $508,338

itemized VAT $ 34.966

Working Capital Budget

Cost for the complete production cycle

The complete service cycle is considered to be the effects of the asset calculation.
of work, to a period of 1 (one) month of work, including materials and salaries of
workers. For the determination, see 'production costs and labor'

Stock of raw materials, materials, and oils

A table was created with what is considered essential for its execution.
of the first maintenance services.

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Stock of raw materials

Cant. Description P/U Subtotal
300 Aerospace oil (Lts.) $ 14 $4,200
48 Oil filters $ 94 $ 4.512
10 Air filters $300 $ 3,000
4 Aluminum sheet 2024 0.18 mm $ 210 $840
4 Aluminum sheet 2024 0.20 mm $ 224 $ 896
4 Aluminum sheet 2024 0.22 mm $ 257 $ 1.028
2 Aerospace grease $ 187 $ 374
1 Solid aluminum rivets $500 $500
10 Platinum and Capacitors $ 110 $ 1.100
5 Voltage regulators $39 $ 195
2 Material form joint $ 129 $258
5 Adhesives $22 $ 110
3 Brake wires $28 $ 84
$17.097

Credits to buyers
Given the nature of the activity, the payment for services is always made in
cash.

Spare parts warehouse

Any part that needs to be changed within the maintenance operation,
it will be acquired in the act. It is a future idea to have a spare parts warehouse,
but the high costs of having such materials make it inconvenient, due to the
moment, carry out that idea.
.
Total Working Assets Budget

Sub total
Total cost of the cycle $123.262
Stock materials and supplies $ 17.097
$ 140.359

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CHAPTER VIII - PROJECT FINANCING

Introduction
As established in the previous point, investments will be made in two
stages. To finance these stages, there is support from the partners and
In addition, the award of a bank credit. Such credit will be required a
once the civil works are completed and the workshop is about to start operation and
its use will be mainly aimed at financing working capital.
The amount of the credit and its conditions can be observed in the
detail the following:

Name Platinum VIP 2

Bank Loan
Total Amount $200,000
Bank
Galicia System of
German
Amortization
Rate 23.00%
Deadline 48 months
Grace Period Does not have

Complete details of monthly expenditures

INSURANCE OF
QUOTE
INSTALLMENTBALANCE CAPITAL INTEREST PURE QUOTA LIFE VAT
TOTAL
S/BALANCE

200,000.00 4,166.67 3,833.33 8,000.00 440 805 9,245.00

1
2 195,833.33 4,166.67 3,753.47 7,920.14 430.83 788.23 9,139.20
3 191,666.67 4,166.67 3,673.61 7,840.28 421.67 771.46 9,033.40
4 187,500.00 4,166.67 3,593.75 7,760.42 412.5 754.69 8,927.60
5 183,333.33 4,166.67 3,513.89 7,680.56 403.33 737.92 8,821.81
6 179,166.67 4,166.67 3,434.03 7,600.69 394.17 721.15 8,716.01
7 175,000.00 4,166.67 3,354.17 7,520.83 385 704.38 8,610.21
8 170,833.33 4,166.67 3,274.31 7,440.97 375.83 687.6 8.504,41
9 166,666.67 4,166.67 3,194.44 7,361.11 366.67 670.83 8,398.61
10 162,500.00 4,166.67 3,114.58 7,281.25 357.5 654.06 8,292.81
11 158,333.33 4,166.67 3,034.72 7,201.39 348.33 637.29 8,187.01
12 154,166.67 4,166.67 2,954.86 7,121.53 339.17 620.52 8,081.22
13 150,000.00 4,166.67 2,875.00 7,041.67 330 603.75 7,975.42
14 145,833.33 4,166.67 2,795.14 6,961.81 320.83 586.98 7,869.62
15 141,666.67 4,166.67 2,715.28 6,881.94 311.67 570.21 7,763.82
16 137,500.00 4,166.67 2,635.42 6,802.08 302.5 553.44 7,658.02
17 133,333.33 4,166.67 2,555.56 6,722.22 293.33 536.67 7,552.22
18 129,166.67 4,166.67 2,475.69 6,642.36 284.17 519.9 7,446.42
19 125,000.00 4,166.67 2,395.83 6,562.50 275 503.13 7,340.63
20 120,833.33 4,166.67 2,315.97 6,482.64 265.83 486.35 7,234.83
21 116,666.67 4,166.67 2,236.11 6,402.78 256.67 469.58 7,129.03
22 112,500.00 4,166.67 2,156.25 6,322.92 247.5 452.81 7,023.23
23 108,333.33 4,166.67 2,076.39 6,243.06 238.33 436.04 6,917.43

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24 104,166.67 4,166.67 1,996.53 6,163.19 229.17 419.27 6,811.63
25 100,000.00 4,166.67 1,916.67 6,083.33 220 402.5 6,705.83
26 95,833.33 4,166.67 1,836.81 6,003.47 210.83 385.73 6,600.03
27 91,666.67 4,166.67 1.756,94 5,923.61 201.67 368.96 6,494.24
28 87,500.00 4,166.67 1,677.08 5,843.75 192.5 352.19 6,388.44
29 83,333.33 4,166.67 1,597.22 5,763.89 183.33 335.42 6,282.64
30 79,166.67 4,166.67 1,517.36 5,684.03 174.17 318.65 6,176.84
31 75,000.00 4,166.67 1,437.50 5,604.17 165 301.88 6,071.04
32 70,833.33 4,166.67 1,357.64 5,524.31 155,83 285.1 5,965.24
33 66,666.67 4,166.67 1,277.78 5,444.44 146.67 268.33 5,859.44
34 62,500.00 4,166.67 1,197.92 5,364.58 137.5 251.56 5.753,65
35 58,333.33 4166.67 1,118.06 5,284.72 128.33 234.79 5,647.85
36 54,166.67 4,166.67 1,038.19 5,204.86 119.17 218.02 5,542.05
37 50,000.00 4,166.67 958.33 5,125.00 110 201.25 5,436.25
38 45,833.33 4,166.67 878.47 5,045.14 100.83 184.48 5,330.45
39 41,666.67 4,166.67 798.61 4,965.28 91.67 167.71 5,224.65
40 37,500.00 4,166.67 718.75 4,885.42 82.5 150.94 5,118.85
41 33,333.33 4,166.67 638.89 4,805.56 73.33 134.17 5,013.06
42 29,166.67 4,166.67 559.03 4,725.69 64.17 117.4 4,907.26
43 25,000.00 4,166.67 479.17 4,645.83 55 100.63 4,801.46
44 20,833.33 4,166.67 399.31 4,565.97 45.83 83.85 4,695.66
45 16,666.67 4,166.67 319.44 4,486.11 36.67 67.08 4,589.86
46 12,500.00 4,166.67 239.58 4,406.25 27.5 50.31 4,484.06
47 8,333.33 4,166.67 159.72 4,326.39 18.33 33.54 4.378,26
48 4,166.67 4,166.67 79.86 4,246.53 9,17 16.77 4,272.47

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CHAPTER IX - PROJECT RESULTS

The information gathered in the previous points is represented in this section.

arranged in such a way as to observe the convenience of investing funds in this
entrepreneurship.
A cash flow for the project is constructed, with an analysis horizon of
5 (five) years. To facilitate understanding, tables with the information are attached.
necessary to build the flow.

Investments in Fixed Assets

Value to
Investment Amount VUC final Dep. / Amort.
Buildings $62,383 20 60% 3.119
Machines, Equipment and
Furniture $186,061 10 40% $18.606
Furniture and Instruments $ 35.149 5 40% $7.030
Auxiliary Services $60,800 10 40% 6,080 USD
Electrical Installations $13.887 5 0% $ 2.777
Pneumatic Installations $3.128 5 0% $626
Investments in Comparable Destinations and Asset
of Work
Investment Amount
Assimilable Destinations $ 6.571
Working Asset $ 140.359

Total Investment in Fixed Assets and Destinations

$ 367.980
Asimilables

VAT on Investments = $ 34.966

TOTAL Investment
$508.338
=

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INCOME
Services (includes engines and gliders) Total Income
Year VAT on sales
25 hours 50 hours 100 hours 250 hours TOH Annual
2011 $ 398.904,48 $ 444.787,20 $ 397.044,72 $ 231.140,74 $ 376.155,00 $ 1.848.032,14 $ 175.604,86
2012 $ 398.904,48 $ 444.787,20 $ 397.044,72 $ 231.140,74 $ 376.155,00 $ 1.848.032,14 $ 175.604,86
2013 $ 398.904,48 $ 444.787,20 $ 397.044,72 $ 231.140,74 $ 376.155,00 $ 1.848.032,14 $ 175.604,86
2014 $ 398.904,48 $ 444.787,20 $ 397.044,72 $ 231.140,74 $ 376.155,00 $ 1.848.032,14 $ 175.604,86
2015 $ 398.904,48 $ 444.787,20 $ 397.044,72 $ 231.140,74 $ 376.155,00 $ 1.848.032,14 $ 175.604,86

PRODUCTION COSTS
Raw Materials Cost
Year Annual Cost VAT excluding costs
25 hours 50 hs 100 hours 250 hours TOH
2011 $ 295.484,80 $ 329.472,00 $ 294.107,20 $ 171.215,36 $ 278.633,33 $ 1.368.912,69 $ 130.077,68
2012 $ 295.484,80 $ 329.472,00 $ 294.107,20 $ 171.215,36 $ 278.633,33 $ 1.368.912,69 $ 130.077,68
2013 $ 295.484,80 $ 329.472,00 $ 294.107,20 $ 171.215,36 $ 278.633,33 $ 1.368.912,69 $ 130.077,68
2014 $ 295.484,80 $ 329.472,00 $ 294.107,20 $ 171.215,36 $ 278.633,33 $ 1.368.912,69 $ 130.077,68
2015 $ 295.484,80 $ 329.472,00 $ 294.107,20 $ 171.215,36 $ 278.633,33 $ 1.368.912,69 $ 130.077,68

COSTS IN
GENERAL
Type
Year Total
Production Administer. Commerce.
2011 218,362.60 49,920.82 $7,500.00 $275,783.43
2012 $ 218.362,60 $49,920.82 $ 7.500,00 $275,783.43
2013 $218,362.60 $ 49,920.82 7,500.00 $275,783.43
2014 $218,362.60 $49,920.82 $ 7.500,00 $275,783.43
2015 218,362.60 $49,920.82 $ 7.500,00 $ 275,783.43

AMORTIZATION OF
CREDIT
Monto 200000
System: German
Quotas : Monthly
Deadline: 48 months

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Interest + VAT +
Year Balance Amortization Next. Fee
2011 200,000.00 $50,000.00 $53,957.28 $103,957.28
2012 $ 150.000,00 $50,000.00 $ 38,722.30 $88,722.30
2013 $100,000.00 $ 50.000,00 23,487.30 $ 73.487,30
2014 $ 50.000,00 $50,000.00 $8,252.28 $ 58.252,28
2015 $ 0.00 $ 0.00 $ 0.00 $ 0.00

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CASH FLOW CONSTRUCTION

Util. Imp.
Year Sales Ingr. Expenses Gross Utility Operational Depreciation Int. Credit UAIG Greedy. UDIG
0 (2010) $0 $0 $0 $0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
2011 $ 1.672.427,27 -$ 1,238,835.02 $ 433.592 -$ 38,238 $ 395.354 -$53,957 $341,397 -$ 119.489 $ 221.908
2012 $ 1.672.427,27 -$1,238,835.02 $ 433.592 -$ 38.238 $395,354 -$ 38.722 $356.632 -$ 124.821 $ 231.811
2013 1,672,427.27 -$1,238,835.02 433.592 -$ 38.238 $ 395.354 -$ 23.487 $371.867 -$ 130.153 $ 241.713
2014 1,672,427.27 -$1,238,835.02 $ 433.592 -$ 38,238 $ 395.354 -$ 8.252 $ 387.102 -$ 135.486 $ 251.616
2015 1,672,427.27 -$1,238,835.02 $ 433.592 -$ 38.238 $395.354 $0 395,354 dollars -$ 138.374 $ 256.980

VAT payment VAT Received VAT Investment Act. Amortization.

Year sales s/inversions. in investments Fixed Cap. Trab Credit Cred. FCN
0 (2010) $ 0.00 $0.00 -$34,966 -$367,980 -$ 140.359 $200,000 $0 -$308,338
2011 -$ 45,527.19 $34,966.38 -$50,000 $161,347
2012 -$ 45,527.19 $ 0.00 -$ 50,000 $136,284
2013 -$ 45,527.19 $0.00 -$ 50,000 $ 146.186
2014 -$ 45,527.19 $ 0.00 -$50,000 $ 156.089
2015 -$ 45,527.19 $0.00 $ 140.359 $0 $ 351.812

Notes:
Calculation of NPV = $222,017.19 UAIG = Utilities Before Tax on
Profits.
Calculation of the IRR = 46% UDIG = Utilities after the Tax on
Earnings.
Note: The Opportunity Interest Rate is
20% The Opportunity Cost is 20%
VAT from sales and costs was discriminated.

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INFORMATION FOR THE PROJECT RESULTS

Benefit-Cost Ratio:
It is considered that the workshop will operate without changing its attention over the 5
years of study. In the following table, the annual utility that can be seen
you can get from entrepreneurship

Period Sales Costs Utility

Annual 1,672,427.27 1,238,835.02 $ 433.592

Profitability:
Profitability on Sales.
Period Sales Utility Profitability
Annual 1,672,427.27 $ 433.592 25.93%

Profitability on Costs.
Period Costs Utility Profitability
Annual 1,238,835.02 $ 433.592 35%

Return on Total Investments.

Period Investments Utility Profitability
Annual $ 508.338 $ 433.592 85.30%

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Bibliography

RAAC
DNAR, National Aeronautical Authority, Buenos Aires, 1995.
Lyndon Brown
Modern Masonry Treaty
ASHRAE, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers, America, 2009.
Salvador Escoda S.A., Practical Ventilation Manual, Barcelona, 2009.
Soler and Palau, Practical Ventilation Manual, Barcelona, 2009.
Lumenac
IRAM Standards
Financial Mathematics - E. Gianeschi

Visited workshops

Aerotaller Chaco, Resistencia Chaco.

Aerotaller Roldán, Lincoln Buenos Aires.
Aerotaller Sierras, Morteros Córdoba.
Aerotaller Stagnetta, Reconquista Santa Fe.
Aerotaller Corner, Corner Corrientes.
Air Tractor Inc. (Factory), Olney Texas, USA.
Argenprop, Don Torcuato Buenos Aires.
Bennett McMillian Custom Aviation, Stuttgart Arkansas, USA.
Central Air Company, Alta Gracia Córdoba.
Depetris Antih S.A., Don Torcuato Buenos Aires.
DGAC, Salta Salta.
Garret Flying Service, Alvin Texas, USA.
Grand Lane Aviation, Rosenberg Texas, USA.
Hunter Flying Service, Brinkley Arkansas, USA.
Frost Aviation, Marianna Arkansas, USA.
Reed Flying Service, Iota Louisiana, USA.

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