Opening of the cabinet

When assembling or repairing a computer, it is important to prepare the workspace before opening it.
computer cabinet. It is recommended that the workspace has adequate lighting,
good ventilation and a comfortable ambient temperature. The work table must be accessible from
all sides. Do not fill the work area surface with tools and PC components. Place
an anti-static mat on the table to prevent ESD damage to the electronic part. The use of it is useful
small containers to place screws and other parts as you remove them.

PC cases are manufactured with different form factors. Remember that form factors make
reference to the size and shape of the cabinet. There are also different methods to open cabinets. To
To learn how to open a specific computer cabinet, consult the user manual or the website of the
manufacturer.

Most PC cases open in one of the following ways:

The PC case cover comes off as a single piece.

The top and side panels of the cabinet are removed.

The top of the cabinet is removed before the side panels can be taken off.

A latch is pulled to release the side panel so that it can be opened.

The figure shows a new and empty ATX computer case. The case, or chassis, is an empty drawer.
with pre-installed fans and cables to connect the fans and the buttons of the front panel, the
LED indicators, and USB connections, audio or other connections.

Installation of the power supply

A technician should be required to replace or install a power supply, such as the one that
It shows in Figure 1. Most power supplies fit into the case in only one way.
from the computer. Always follow the instructions for installing the power supply in the
cabinet and in the power supply manuals.

These are the basic steps to install a power supply:

Step 1. Place the power supply inside the case.

Step 2. Align the power supply holes with the case holes.

Step 3. Attach the power supply to the case with the appropriate screws.

Installation advice: Do not tighten all screws until all have been lightly hand-tightened.
This will make it easier to adjust the last two screws.

Power supplies have fans that can vibrate and loosen screws that are not tight.
correctly adjusted. When installing a power supply, make sure that all screws are in place.
their place and are properly adjusted.

Place all unused cables inside the cabinet where they do not interfere with any other component or
fan. Use plastic ties, rubber bands, or Velcro strips to bundle the cables of
food and keep them apart. To help eliminate cable clutter inside the cabinet,
Some power supplies are modular. This means that only the required cables are assigned to the
power supply. When the components are installed in the future, the power cables
additional ones are installed as needed. Some cables from the modular power supply are
shown in Figure 2.

Installation tip: Use a cable tie to keep all the cables separated until it is
the moment to connect them.

Installation of the CPU and the heatsink and fan assembly

The CPU and the heatsink and fan assembly should be installed on the motherboard before placing it.
this last one in the computer cabinet. This allows for additional space to view and manipulate
the components during the installation.

Before installing a CPU on the motherboard, make sure it is compatible with the CPU socket, as
shown in Figure 1. Motherboards are designed to work with specific types of CPUs and not
All CPUs use the same motherboard socket. The types are described in the table in Figure 2.
common sockets and installation notes.

Note: SEC and LIF are old socket connections.

The CPU and the motherboard are sensitive to electrostatic discharges (ESD). ESD can damage
these components easily if they are poorly managed. Therefore, always place the components on
an anti-static mat and use a wrist strap (or anti-static gloves) when installing and removing CPU.

CAUTION: When handling a CPU, do not touch the contacts at any time. Place the CPU on the
Anti-static mat until ready to use. Store CPUs in anti-static packaging.

To install a CPU and a heatsink and fan assembly on the motherboard, follow these steps:

Step 1. Align pin 1 of the CPU with pin 1 of the socket, as shown in Figure 3. Look for a point
in the CPU and a triangle on the socket to indicate contact 1. Refer to the CPU and motherboard documents
mother to ensure alignment. Carefully place the CPU in the socket. Never force the CPU into the
socket, as excessive force can easily damage the CPU and the socket. Stop if you find any
resistance and make sure you have aligned the CPU correctly.

Step 2. The CPU is secured to the motherboard socket using a retention plate. Close the retention plate of
the CPU as shown in Figure 4.

Step 3. Secure the closing plate by closing the loading lever, as shown in Figure 5.

Step 4. Secure the load lever under the retainer tab of the lever, as shown in Figure 6.

Step 5. Apply thermal paste to the CPU, as shown in Figure 7. The thermal paste helps to dissipate the heat.
CPU heat. In most cases, only a small amount of thermal paste is needed.
the paste spreads uniformly under the weight and pressure of the heat sink assembly and
fan. Follow the application instructions provided by the thermal paste manufacturer.

Step 6. Align the retainers of the heatsink and fan assembly with the holes on the motherboard, and
place the socket in the CPU socket, as shown in Figure 8. Avoid pinching the cables of the
CPU fan.

Step 7. Adjust the retainers of the assembly to secure it in place. Carefully follow the instructions of the
manufacturer of the heatsink and fan.

When installing a used CPU, clean the top of the CPU and the base of the heat sink with alcohol.
isopropyl and a lint-free cloth. This removes the old thermal compounds and contaminants.
Any contaminant between the CPU and the thermal cooler decreases the thermal paste's ability to
absorb the heat from the CPU. Follow the manufacturer's recommendations on how to apply the thermal paste.
Installation tip: Coffee filters made of paper serve as lint-free cloths.

Note: Always follow the instructions provided with the motherboard during CPU installation. Do
clickherefor a sample manual.

RAM installation

RAM provides fast temporary data storage for the CPU while the PC is on.
operation. RAM is volatile memory, which means its content is lost when the
the computer turns off.

It is possible to install the RAM on the motherboard before installing the latter into the case.
computer. Before installation, consult the manufacturer's website or the motherboard documents.
to ensure that the RAM is compatible with the motherboard.

Just like the CPU, the RAM is also very sensitive to ESD. Therefore, always work on a mat.
anti-static and use a wrist strap (or anti-static gloves) when installing and removing RAM.

To install the RAM on the motherboard, follow these steps:

Step 1. (Figure 1) Open the locking tabs in the DIMM slot.

Motherboard installation

The motherboard is now ready to be installed in the computer case.

To install the motherboard, follow these steps:

Step 1. Choose the appropriate standoffs from the motherboard for the case. The circuit board
The printed circuit board (PCB) of the motherboard must not touch any metal part of the computer case. For
Therefore, it must be mounted to the cabinet with special plastic or metal spacers like the ones that are
shown in Figure 1.

Step 2. Install the spacers in the computer case at the same location as the holes in
motherboard assembly. Only install the standoffs that match the holes on the motherboard,
as shown in Figure 2, for an ATX motherboard. The installation of additional spacers can
preventing the motherboard from sitting correctly in the computer case or causing any
damage.

Step 3. Install the I/O connector board at the back of the computer case, as described
shown in Figure 3. The I/O plate has openings that match the design of the connector on the plate
mother.

Step 4. Align the I/O connectors on the back of the motherboard with the openings of the plate.
E/S.

Step 5. Align the screw holes of the motherboard with the standoffs.

Step 6. Insert all the screws of the motherboard and adjust them by hand before tightening them with a
screwdriver. Do not tighten the screws too much.

Installation tips: Push the motherboard against the I/O connector plate to align the holes.
of assembly with the fasteners and screw in the first screw. Additionally, it is advisable to use a collector of
the piece to place the screws in the mounting holes and tighten them by hand.
Install disk drive

A computer case houses disk drive bays in compartments. The table in Figure
1. Describe the three most common types of disk drive bays.

To install an HDD, look for an empty disk drive bay in the case that matches the
length of the unit. Smaller units can often be installed in disk drive bays.
wider using trays or special adapters.

To install a 3.5 in (8.9 cm) HDD in a 3.5 in drive bay, follow these steps:

Step 1. Position the HDD so that it is aligned with the drive bay opening.

Step 2. Place the HDD in the drive bay so that the screw holes of the drive are aligned.
match the screw holes of the cabinet, as shown in Figure 2.

Step 3. Secure the hard drive to the case using the appropriate screws as shown in the
Figure 3.

When installing multiple drives in a cabinet, it is recommended to maintain space between the drives for
help the airflow and increase the cooling. Also, mount the unit with the metal side facing up.
This metal face helps to dissipate the heat from the hard drive.

Installation advice: Lightly tighten all screws by hand before adjusting any of them.
with a screwdriver. This will make it easier to adjust the last two screws.

Optical drive installation

Optical drives are installed in 5.25 in (13.34 cm) disk unit bays that are accessed
from the front of the cabinet. The compartments allow access to the means without the need to open the
cabinet.

To install an optical drive, follow these steps:

Step 1. Place the optical drive so that it is aligned with the opening of the disk drive bay.
from 5.25 in (13.34 cm) on the front of the cabinet, as shown in the figure.

Step 2. Place the optical drive in the disk drive bay so that the screw holes of the
optical unit matches the screw holes of the cabinet.

Step 3. Secure the optical drive to the case with the appropriate screws.

Installation advice: Lightly hand-tighten all screws before tightening any of them.
with a screwdriver. This will make it easier to tighten the last two screws.

Types of adapter cards

Adapter cards add functionality to a computer. There are several types of cards.
adapter, including video, Ethernet and wireless network, sound, TV tuner, video capture,
external port such as USB, FireWire, Thunderbolt, and more.
Adapter cards are inserted into the following expansion slots on a motherboard:

PCI: (Figure 1) Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) is generally available for

support old expansion cards.

PCIe: PCI Express has four types of slots; x1 (Figure 2), x4, x8, and x16 (Figure 3). Note
how these PCIe slots vary from the shortest (X1) to the longest (X16) respectively.

The adapter cards, shown in Figure 4, must be compatible with the slots of
expansion of the motherboard.

Installing a wireless NIC

Wireless NICs allow a computer to connect to a wireless network (wifi). The NICs
Wireless network interface cards use PCI and PCIe expansion slots on the motherboard. Many wireless NICs are
connected via a USB connector.

To install a wireless NIC, follow these steps:

Step 1. (Figure 1) Find an empty PCI slot in the case and remove the small metal cover.

Step 2. Align the card with the corresponding expansion slot on the motherboard.

Step 3. (Figure 2) Press the card gently until it is fully seated.

Step 4. (Figure 3) Secure the mounting bracket of the card to the case with the appropriate screw.

Installation advice: Some cabinets have small slots at the bottom of the hole where they
removed the cover. Slide the bottom part of the mounting bracket into the slot before settling the
card.

Installation of a video adapter card

Video adapter cards use PCI, AGP, or PCIe expansion slots on the motherboard.

To install a video adapter card, follow these steps:

Step 1. Find an empty PCIe x16 slot in the chassis and remove the small metal cover.

Step 2. Align the video adapter card with the corresponding expansion slot on the board.
mother.

Step 3. Gently press the video adapter card until it is fully seated.

Step 4. Secure the video adapter card mounting bracket to the chassis with the appropriate screw.

Many video adapter cards require separate power from the power supply using
a 6 or 8 pin power connector. Some cards may require two of these connectors. If it is
If possible, provide some space between the video adapter and other expansion cards. The adapters
The video produces excessive heat that is frequently expelled from the card with a fan.

Installation advice: Research the length of the video card (and other adapter cards) before the
purchase. Larger cards may not be compatible with some motherboards. The chips and
other electronic devices may interfere with the adapter card's path when trying to
seat them in the expansion slot. Some cabinets may also limit the size of the cards.
adapter that can be installed. Some adapter cards may come with mounting brackets.
different levels to arrange these cabinets.

Connect power to the motherboard

Motherboards require power to function. They also transfer some of this power to the various
components connected to it. The quantity and type of connectors required for the power supply
depend on the combination of motherboard and processor. In the table of Figure 1, the highlights are
different types of connectors that can be found on a motherboard. Notice how the motherboard
it normally requires two power connectors.

WARNING: Be careful when connecting the power supply cables to other components.
Cables, connectors, and components are designed to fit perfectly. If it is difficult
Connecting a cable or another part means that there is an error. Never force a connector or a component.
Forcing it can damage the plug and the connector. If you have trouble inserting a connector, check to
make sure that the connector is oriented correctly and does not have bent pins.

The steps to install power connectors on the motherboard include:

Step 1. Align the 24 contact power connectors (or pin 20) ATX with the motherboard socket.
mother.

Step 2. (Figure 2) Gently press the connector until the clip locks into place.

Step 3. Align the 4-pin auxiliary power connector (or pin 8) with the motherboard socket.

Step 4. (Figure 3) Gently press the connector until the clip locks into place.

Step 5. (Figure 4) Align the CPU fan power connector with the motherboard socket.
mother.

Step 6. Gently press the connector until it is fully seated.

Installation advice: The power connectors are keyed to fit into the outlets.
of current in one orientation. Some parts of the connectors are square, while others are
slightly rounded. If a connector does not look like it fits the socket due to its shape, remember that
the slightly rounded parts will fit into square holes, but the square parts will not
they will adapt to the slightly rounded holes. This is part of the design.

Connect the power to the fans of the indoor units and of the
cabinet

Traditionally, HDDs and optical drives were powered with 4-pin Molex power connectors.
pins. These units now generally use a 15-pin SATA connector, as shown in the
Figure 1.

For flexibility, some units have a 15-pin SATA connector and a 4-pin Molex connector.
In these units, use only one of the power connectors, never both. Many sources of
older power supplies did not have SATA connectors. A Molex to SATA adapter, as shown in
Figure 2 can be used to connect the units.

The steps to connect the SATA cable to a drive are:

Step 1. Align the 15-pin SATA power connector with the drive port.
Step 2. (Figure 3) Gently push the connector in until it is fully seated.

Installation advice: Be very careful when connecting the SATA cables. If pressed at an angle,
They can break the drive connector.

Other peripheral devices, such as cabinet fans, must also be powered. Most of
Motherboards provide 3-pin or 4-pin connectors to connect the fans. The steps
Basics for powering the cabinet fans include:

Step 1. Align the 3 or 4 pin fan power connector to the motherboard port.

Step 2. (Figure 4) Gently press the connector until it is fully seated.

Connect any remaining cabinet cables to the corresponding connectors according to the motherboard and the
cabinet manual.

Installation advice: 3 pin fan power connectors can connect to 4 ports

Contact. The connector and the socket are interlocked so that they will fit together even though
a pin that is disconnected.

Connection of internal data cables

The internal units and optical units are generally connected to the motherboard via cables.
SATA data.

The SATA data cable has a 7-pin connector, as shown in Figure 1. SATA cables
They are keyed to connect in only one way. Many SATA cables have locking connectors.
that prevent the cables from being disconnected. To remove a stuck cable, press the tab of
metal raised in the socket and then remove the connector.

The steps to connect a drive to the motherboard using a SATA data cable include:

Step 1. (Figure 2) Connect one end of the SATA cable to the socket on the motherboard. Note that the board
The motherboard has more than one SATA connector.

Step 2. (Figure 3) Connect the other end of the SATA cable to the smaller SATA port on the drive.

Installation advice: Exercise the same care when installing SATA data cables as you do with cables
SATA power supply. Additionally, avoid sharp bends or twists in the cable. These can limit
the transmission speeds.

Installation of the front panel cables

Computer cabinets have buttons to control the power going to the motherboard and lights.
to indicate the activities. Connect these buttons and these lights to the motherboard with the cables from the part
front panel of the cabinet. In Figure 1, some of the front panel cables that are commonly shown
find in a PC cabinet. Figure 2 shows a typical system panel connector of a
motherboard where the cables connect. The writing on the motherboard near the panel connector of
system shows where each cable connects.

The system panel connectors are not key-locked. Since there are no defined standards for the
labeling of the cabinet cables or the system panel connectors, the following guidelines for
Connecting cables to the system panel connectors is generic. However, each cable from the panel
The front generally has a small arrow that indicates pin 1, as shown in Figure 3.
Note: The markings on the front panel cables and on the connectors of your computer's system panel
they may be different from those shown. Always consult the motherboard manual to see
diagrams and additional information on how to connect the front panel cables.

The connectors of the system panel include:

Power button: The power button turns the computer on and off. If the button
Pressing the power button does not turn off the PC, hold it down for five seconds.

Reset button: The reset button (if available) restarts the computer without turning it off.

Power LED: The power LED remains lit when the computer is
lit, and blinks when the computer is in sleep mode. Each pair of contacts
LED on the system panel connector of the motherboard has pin 1 marked with a plus sign.
(+), as shown in Figure 4.

Unit activity LED: The unit activity LED remains on or blinks

when the system is reading or writing to the hard drives.

System speaker: The motherboard uses a cabinet speaker (if available) to indicate
the state of the computer. For example, a sound indicates that the computer started without problems.
If there is a hardware problem, a series of diagnostic sounds are emitted to indicate the type of
problem. It is important to note that the system speaker is not the same as the speakers that
uses the computer to play music and other audio. Generally, the speaker cable of the
The system uses four pins in the system panel connector.

The outer part of some cabinets has ports and audio jacks for connecting.
microphones and external audio equipment, such as signal processors, mixing consoles and
instruments. It is also possible to purchase special audio panels and connect them directly to the
motherboard. These panels can be installed in one or more external disk drive bays, or
They can be independent panels.

USB: USB ports are located on the exterior of many computer cases.
The USB connectors on the motherboard often consist of 9 or 10 pins arranged in two rows, like
is shown in Figure 5. This arrangement allows for two USB connections, therefore the connectors
USB are often found in pairs. Sometimes, both connectors are together in a single
piece, as shown in Figure 6, and can be connected to the entire USB connector of the board
mother. It is also possible that USB connectors have four or five pins, or individual groups.
four or five pins. Most USB devices only require the connection of four pins.
The fifth pin is used to ground the shield of some USB cables.

CAUTION: Make sure the motherboard connector is marked as USB. The connectors
FireWire and USB are very similar. Connecting a USB cable to a FireWire connector will cause a failure.

The table in Figure 7 provides the connection notes for various indicators on the front panel.

The new cabinets and motherboards have USB 3.0 or may even have USB 3.1 functionalities.
The USB 3.0 and USB 3.1 connectors on motherboards have a design similar to that of USB connectors,
but they have additional pins.

The basic steps to connect the front panel cables include:

Step 1. Connect the power cable to the system panel connector at the location marked as
PWR_SW.

Step 2. Connect the reset cable to the system panel connector at the location marked as RESET.
Step 3. Connect the LED power cable to the system panel connector at the marked location
like PWR_LED.

Step 4. Connect the LED activity cable to the system panel connector at the location marked as
HDD_LED.

Step 5. Connect the speaker cable to the system panel connector at the location marked as
SPEAKER.

Step 6. Connect the USB cable to the USB connector.

Step 7. Connect the audio cable to the audio connector.

Generally, if a button or an LED does not work, the connector is not oriented correctly. To fix this
this, turn off the PC and unplug it. Then, open the case and flip the connector of the button or the LED that does not
It works. To avoid incorrect wiring, some manufacturers include a closed contact extender.
that combines various cable connectors from the front panel (i.e., power and reset LEDs) into a
connector.

Installation advice: The ends of the connector cable and the panel cabinet are very small.
I took pictures of them to locate pin 1. Because space in the cabinet may be limited at the end of
Assembly, a piece extractor can be used to connect the wires to the connectors.

Reassemble the cabinet set

Before replacing the side panels on the PC case, make sure that all components
are correctly aligned and seated. This includes the CPU, the RAM, the adapter cards, the
data cables, front panel cables, and power cables.

Once the cover is in place, make sure it is secured with all the screws. In some
PC cabinets use screws that are inserted with a screwdriver, while in other cabinets they
They use knob-type screws that can be manually adjusted.

If you are unsure how to remove or replace the computer case, refer to the documents or the
manufacturer's website.

CAUTION: Handle the cabinet parts carefully. Some PC cabinet covers have
sharp and irregular edges.

Installation advice: Examine the areas where the panels join with the cabinet frame. Move the
cables away from these areas to avoid puncturing or damaging them.

Installation of external cables

Once the cabinet panels are replaced, connect the cables to the back of the PC.

NOTE: Connect the power cable after you have connected all the other cables.

When connecting the cables, make sure to connect them to the correct locations on the PC. For example, the
older systems use the same type of PS/2 connector for mouse and keyboard cables, but
they are color coded to prevent incorrect connections. Often, in the connector
an icon of the connected device is displayed, such as a keyboard, a mouse, a monitor, or a USB symbol.

CAUTION: When connecting the cables, never force a connection.

To install the various external cables, follow these steps:

Step 1. (Figure 1) Connect the monitor cable to the video port. Secure the cable by tightening the screws.
connector. If the computer you assembled has a video adapter installed, make sure to connect the
cable to the adapter, and not to the video port of the motherboard.

Step 2. (Figure 2) Connect the keyboard cable to the PS/2 keyboard port.

Step 3. (Figure 3) Connect the mouse cable to the PS/2 mouse port.

Step 4. (Figure 4) Connect the USB cable to the USB port.

Step 5. (Figure 5) Connect the power cable to the power supply.

NOTE: Some motherboards have only one PS/2 port. Some motherboards do not have PS/2 ports.
to connect the keyboard and the mouse. In this type of motherboard, connect a USB keyboard, a USB mouse or
both.

Installation advice: PS/2 to USB adapters can be used to connect older peripherals.
with motherboards that do not have PS/2 connectors.

Sound codes and BIOS configuration

When a computer is started (booted), the basic input and output system (BIOS) performs a
hardware verification in the main components of the computer. This verification is called
self-diagnosis on power-up (POST, power-on self-test).

The POST, shown in Figure 1, checks if the hardware is functioning correctly. If a device does not
it works correctly, an error or a sound code alerts the technician of the problem. Generally,
a single beep means that the PC is functioning properly. If there is a problem with the hardware, it may be possible that
a blank screen appears during startup, and the computer will emit a series of sounds. Each
The BIOS manufacturer uses different codes to indicate hardware issues. Figure 2 shows
a table of sound codes. Always consult the motherboard documents for the codes
from the sound of your computer.

A POST issue may arise before the video is activated. When resolving a problem in a
computer without video, a POST card can be used. A POST card, sometimes referred to as a
debugging is installed in a port on the motherboard, such as a PCI, PCIe, or USB port.

When the computer starts up, it displays a series of two or four digit hexadecimal codes.
that are shown on the POST card. If an error occurs, the POST code can help diagnose the
cause of the problem through the motherboard, the BIOS, or the POST card manufacturer.

Installation advice: To determine if the POST is working correctly, remove all RAM modules.
from the computer and turn it on. The computer should emit the sound code of a computer without
Installed RAM. This will not damage the computer.

BIOS and CMOS

All motherboards need BIOS to function. The BIOS is a ROM chip on the motherboard that
contains a small program. This program controls the communication between the operating system and the
hardware.

Along with the POST, the BIOS also identifies:

What units are available

What units are for starting?

 How is memory configured and when can it be used?

How are the PCIe and PCI expansion slots configured?

How are the SATA and USB ports configured?

Power management functions of the motherboard

The motherboard manufacturer stores the BIOS configuration of the motherboard in a chip.
complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) memory as shown in the
Figure 1.

When a computer starts up, the BIOS software reads the set configuration options.
stored in the CMOS to determine how to configure the hardware.

The CMOS retains the BIOS configuration using a battery as shown in Figure 2. If the
battery failure may result in the loss of important configuration options. Therefore, it is recommended that the
the BIOS settings are always documented.

Note: An easy way to document these configuration options is to take pictures of the different ones.
BIOS configuration options.

Installation advice: If the date and time of the computer are incorrect, it may indicate that the battery
CMOS is defective or is running out.

BIOS Setup Program

The default BIOS settings may need to be modified when hardware such as modules of
memory, storage devices, and adapter cards are added or changed. The program of
BIOS configuration should be used to change the settings.

To enter the BIOS setup program, you need to press the key or key sequence
appropriate during the POST. This key sequence varies between manufacturers but they use
commonly the DEL key or a function key to enter the BIOS setup program. For
For example, with an ASUS motherboard, use the DEL key or the F2 function key during POST to
enter the BIOS program.

Note: Refer to the motherboard documents to know the correct key or key combination.
for your computer.

Many motherboards display a graphic called a splash screen while the

POST process on the computer. The splash screen sometimes includes the key combination.
from the manufacturer to enter the BIOS.

Although BIOS setup programs differ between manufacturers, they all provide access to
similar elements of the menu as those shown in the figure:

Main: Basic system configuration

Advanced: Advanced system settings

Boot: Boot order and boot device options

Security: Security configuration

 Energy: Advanced power management configuration options

JUSTw00t!: advanced voltage and clock configuration

Output: output options and default loading configuration of the BIOS

Note: The BIOS configuration screens in this section are for reference only and may not look the same.
yours. Consider them as a guide and consult the manufacturer documents of the motherboard.

UEFI configuration program

Some computers run Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI). UEFI configures them.
configuration options that the traditional BIOS but also provides additional options. For example,
UEFI provides a mouse-enabled software interface instead of traditional screens.
BIOS.

Note: The UEFI configuration screens in this section are for reference only and will not look the same as
yours. Consider them as a guide and refer to the manufacturer's documents for the motherboard.

Information about components in the BIOS

The technician can use the BIOS information to know what components are installed in the PC and
to know some of its attributes. This information can be useful when troubleshooting
hardware that is not functioning correctly, and to determine the upgrade options. The following are
some of the common information elements of components displayed in the BIOS:

CPU: Displays the speed of the CPU and the manufacturer. It also shows the amount of
installed processors.

RAM: Shows the speed of the RAM and the manufacturer. It may also show the amount.
of slots and which of them are occupied by the RAM modules.

Hard drive: It shows the manufacturer, size, and type of the hard drives. It may also be
show the type and quantity of hard drive controllers.

Optical unit: Shows the manufacturer and type of optical drives.

BIOS configuration options

Another function of the BIOS setup program is to customize specific aspects of the hardware for
adjust it to individual needs. The features that can be customized depend on the
manufacturer and the version of the BIOS. Before making changes to the BIOS, it is important to understand
clearly how those changes can affect the PC, as an incorrect configuration can have a
adverse effect.

The main configuration values of the BIOS to configure include:

Date and time: The main BIOS page has a time field and a system date field.
for the system clock, as shown in Figure 1.
 Disabled devices: You can configure the advanced BIOS settings to
disable devices that are not necessary or are not used by the computer, such as
shown in Figure 2.

Boot order: Shortly after completing the POST, the computer attempts to load the system
operational. The BIOS checks the first device in the boot order to see if it has a partition of
Boot. The boot order list, or boot sequence, is an ordered list of devices.
to those that the computer is allowed to boot. If the device does not have a boot partition, the
PC reviews the following device from the list. When a device with a partition is found
startup, the BIOS checks if an operating system is installed. This list is usually located in the
BIOS under the Home tab, as shown in Figure 3. You can designate hard disk drives,
optical drives, network boot, USB and Flash media in the boot order.

Clock speed: Some BIOS setup programs allow you to modify the speed
of the CPU clock, as shown in Figure 4. The reduction of the CPU clock speed
it makes the computer run slower and cooler and is known as underclocking.
This can cause the fans to make less noise and can be useful when wanting a PC
quieter, for example, for a bedroom or an entertainment center. Overclocking
a CPU is to increase the clock speed of the CPU so that the computer operates at a higher
speed, but also with higher temperature, so it is possible that the computer does more
noise due to the increase in fan speed.

Virtualization: Virtualization technology allows the computer to run multiple systems.

operations on independent files or partitions. To achieve this, a software program of
virtualization emulates the characteristics of a complete computer, including the hardware, the BIOS, the
operating system and the programs. Enable virtualization settings in the BIOS for a
computer that will use virtualization technology, as shown in Figure 5.

The table in Figure 6 provides suggestions for BIOS configuration.

Security configuration options in the BIOS

The BIOS often supports many security features to protect its settings, the data in the
hard drive and recovery options in case the computer is stolen.

These are some common security features in the BIOS:

BIOS Passwords: Passwords allow different levels of access to the configuration of the
BIOS, as shown in Figure 1. Note that there are two password configuration options.
that can be altered. The supervisor's password can access all access passwords
of users and to all the screens and configuration options of the BIOS. The user password
grants access to the BIOS based on a defined level. The table in Figure 2 shows common levels of
user access to the BIOS. The supervisor password must be set before the password
of user can be configured.

Unit encryption: It is possible to encrypt a hard drive to prevent data theft. The
encryption converts data into a unit in code. Without the correct password, the computer cannot
it starts and the reading of data from the hard drive cannot be understood. Even if the hard drive is placed.
on another computer, the encrypted data remains that way.

LoJack: This is a security feature consisting of two programs: the persistence module,
integrated into the BIOS and the Application Agent, installed by the user. When it is installed, the
Persistence module in the BIOS is activated and cannot be deactivated. The application agent
daily contact the Internet supervision center to report about the information of the
device and location. The owner can perform the functions described in Figure 3.
 Trusted Platform Module (TPM): It is a chip designed to secure hardware by storing
the encryption keys, digital certificates, passwords, and data. The TPM is used by
Windows to support BitLocker full disk encryption.

Secure Boot: Secure Boot is a UEFI security standard that ensures that a
computer boot only a system operating that has been trusted by the manufacturer of the board
Mother. Secure boot prevents an "unauthorized" operating system from loading during startup.

Control and diagnosis of BIOS hardware

The hardware monitoring functions of the BIOS are useful for gathering information and monitoring the
activity of the motherboard and the connected hardware. The type and amount of control features vary
according to the motherboard model. Use the hardware control page to view the temperatures, the
fan speeds, voltages, and other elements. It is possible that on this page there is also
include information about intrusion detection devices.

The following are some common hardware diagnostic and monitoring features of
BIOS:

Temperatures: Motherboards have thermal sensors to control sensitive hardware.

to the heat. For example, a heat sensor under the CPU socket monitors its temperature. If
the CPU is overheating too much, the BIOS could increase the speed of the CPU fan to
cool it down, reduce the CPU speed to decrease the CPU temperature, or even turn it off
computer to prevent damage to the CPU. Other thermal sensors control the temperature inside the
cabinet or power supply. In addition, the thermal sensors can monitor the temperature
of the RAM modules or the chip set.

Fan speeds: Some BIOS configuration options allow you to configure

profiles to establish the fan speeds in order to achieve a specific result. The
Common CPU fan speed profiles are described in the table in Figure 1.

Voltages: You can monitor the voltage of the CPU or the voltage regulators on the motherboard,
as shown in Figure 2. If the voltages are very high or too low, the components of
A computer can be damaged. If you notice that the specified voltage is not correct or is not
close to the correct value, make sure the power supply is working properly. If the
power supply does not send the correct voltages, it is possible that the voltage regulators of the
The motherboard may be damaged. In that case, it may need to be repaired or replaced.

Clock and bus speed: In some BIOS configuration options, you can monitor the
CPU speed, as shown in Figure 3. Some BIOS configuration options.
they also allow you to monitor one or more buses. You may need to look at these elements to
determine whether a customer or computer builder manually entered the correct configuration
from the CPU, or if the BIOS detected it automatically. Incorrect bus speeds
they can cause an increase in temperature within the CPU and in the connected hardware, or
They can cause the adapter cards and the RAM to not function properly.

Intrusion detection: Some computer cases have a switch that is activated

when that cabinet is opened. It is possible to configure the BIOS to log when it is activated.
switch, so that the owner can know if the cabinet was tampered with. This switch is
connected to the motherboard.

Integrated diagnostics: If you notice a problem with a device connected to the system or with
a basic function, for example, with a fan or with voltage and temperature control, can
use the system's built-in diagnostic to determine where the problem is.
however, the program provides a description of the problem or an error code to perform
additional problem-solving processes. Common diagnostics are indicated in the table of the
Figure 4. Many built-in diagnostic programs keep a log of issues.
 detected. You can use this information to investigate issues and error codes. If the warranty
if a device is active, you can use that information to explain the problem to support
product technician.

UEFI EZ mode

The most modern computers have replaced the BIOS interface with UEFI. Although the screens of
UEFI varies among vendors, all offer similar features.

The figure shows the usefulness of ASUS UEFI BIOS in EZ mode. By default, the screen
the EZ mode appears when entering UEFI. The EZ mode provides an overview of
basic system information, displays the CPU or motherboard temperature, CPU voltage output,
the fan speeds, memory information, and SATA information.

Specifically, in EZ mode, you can:

Change the date and time.

Select the program language.

Use the EZ tuning assistant to automate the creation of RAID storage and help
with overclocking.

Use the EZ system tuner to configure the system performance mode.

Enable or disable SATA RAID.

Select the boot device priority.

There is also another mode called advanced mode to configure and manage advanced settings.
To switch between EZ mode and advanced mode, press F7.

Advanced UEFI Mode

The main menu screen of the advanced mode of ASUS appears when you enter advanced mode.
As shown in Figure 1, this mode provides options for advanced UEFI configuration.

Note: To return to EZ mode, press F7.

These are the elements found in the top menu of the screen:

My favorites: (Figure 2) is used to provide quick access to the settings options

frequently used. Press F3 or click on My favorites (F3) to open the map screen of
configuration tree shown in Figure 3.

Main: (Figure 4) It is used to display information about the computer and change the
basic configuration. It allows you to set the date, time, language, and security settings.

Ai Tweaker: (Figure 5) Used to change the CPU overclocking settings and the
memory operation configuration options. Always be careful when changing these
configuration options. Incorrect configuration options can cause the system
it does not work properly.
 Advanced (Figure 6) Used to change the configuration options of the CPU and others
devices. Always be careful when changing these configuration options. The options of
Incorrect configurations can cause the system to not function properly.

Monitor: (Figure 7) Used to display temperatures, power status, and change the
fan speed configuration options.

Boot: (Figure 8) Used to change boot options.

Tool: (Figure 9) Used to configure the options for special functions.

Exit: (Figure 10) Used to select exit options and load the options of
default settings.

Motherboard component update

Computers require periodic updates for various reasons:

User requirements change

Updated software packages require new hardware

The new hardware offers better performance

It may be necessary to update or replace components and peripherals due to changes in the PC.
Investigate the effectiveness and cost of both upgrading and replacing.

If you update or replace a motherboard, keep in mind that you may need to replace other components.
components, such as the CPU, the heat sink and fan assembly, and the RAM. The new motherboard
It must also fit in the old computer case and the power supply must support it.

When updating the motherboard, start the update by changing the CPU and the heatsink.
thermal and fan to the new motherboard if they are going to be used again. It is much easier to handle.
these components when they are outside the cabinet. Work on an anti-static mat and
use anti-static gloves or an anti-static wrist strap to prevent damage to the CPU. If the new board
mother requires a CPU and a different RAM, install them right now. Clean the thermal paste from the
CPU and the heat sink. Remember to apply thermal paste again between the CPU and the heat sink.

Many old motherboards had jumpers that moved between the contacts to change the options.
of configuration. Generally, most modern motherboards do not have jumpers. Advanced electronics
allows you to configure these options in the UEFI or BIOS setup program.

CMOS batteries last for many years. However, if the computer does not keep the date and time.
correct or lose the configuration parameters between deactivations, it is most likely that it has been
the battery is exhausted and should be replaced. Make sure the new battery matches the required model.
through the motherboard.

To install a CMOS battery, follow these steps:

Step 1. Carefully slide or lift the thin metal clips to remove the old battery.

Step 2. Align the positive pole and the negative pole in the correct orientation.

Motherboard update
Before starting an update, make sure you know where and how everything is connected. Always
write notes in a diary to record how the current computer is set up. A quick way is
use a cell phone and take pictures of the important elements, for example, how the components are
they connect to the motherboard. These images can surprisingly turn out to be very useful when it comes to
reassemble.

To update a motherboard in the computer case, follow these steps:

Step 1. Record how the power supply, case fans, case LEDs and the buttons of the
cabinets connect to the previous motherboard.

Step 2. Disconnect the cables from the previous motherboard.

Step 3. Disconnect the expansion cards from the case. Remove each expansion card and place them in
anti-static bags, or on an anti-static mat.

Step 4. Carefully record how the previous motherboard is secured to the case. Some screws of
mounting provides support, while others provide an important ground connection between the
motherboard and chassis. In particular, pay attention to the screws and spacers that are not metal.
since they can act as insulators. Replace the screws and insulating supports with metal fasteners,
that conducts electricity can damage electrical components.

Step 5. Remove the old motherboard from the case.

Step 6. Examine the new motherboard and identify where all the connectors are located, for example,
energy, SATA, fan, USB, audio, front panel connector, and any other.

Step 7. Examine the I/O shield located at the back of the computer case. Replace the
front E/S protector by the E/S protector that comes with the new motherboard.

Step 8. Insert and secure the motherboard in the case. Be sure to consult the user manuals of the
manufacturer of the case and the motherboard. Use the appropriate type of screws. Do not interchange screws.
screws with self-tapping metal screws, because they damage the screw holes
threaded and may not be safe. Make sure that the threaded screws are of the correct length and have
the same number of threads per inch. If the thread is correct, they fit easily. If you force a screw to
that fitting can damage the threaded hole, so it will not serve to secure the motherboard safely.
Using the wrong screw can also produce metal fragments that can cause short circuits.

Step 9. Then, connect the power supply, case fans, case LEDs, front panel and
any other cable required. If the ATX power connectors are not the same size (some
they have more pins than others), you may need to use an adapter. Please refer to the board documents
mother to see the arrangement of these connections.

Step 10. Once the new motherboard is installed and the cables are connected, the components must be installed and secured.
expansion cards.

Now, the work must be reviewed. Make sure there are no loose parts or disconnected cables. Connect
the keyboard, the mouse, and the monitor, and turn on the PC. If a problem is detected, disconnect the power supply
immediate nourishment.

Update the BIOS

Motherboard manufacturers can release updated versions of the BIOS to provide improvements in the
stability, compatibility, and performance. However, firmware updates are risky. In the
version notes, like those shown in Figure 1, describe the product update, the
compatibility improvements and the known issues that were addressed. Some newer devices only
they work correctly if an updated BIOS is installed. To check the version of the BIOS installed on
a computer, check the BIOS settings (Figure 2) or the UEFI BIOS utility (Figure 3).
Before updating the motherboard firmware, take note of the BIOS manufacturer and the motherboard model.
mother. Use this information to identify the precise files to download from the manufacturer's site.
motherboard. Update the firmware only if there are problems with the system hardware or to add
functionality to the system.

The BIOS information of the first PCs was stored in ROM chips. To update the information
From the BIOS, it was necessary to replace the ROM chip, which was not always possible. The BIOS chips
Moderns are electrically erasable programmable read-only memories (EEPROM) that can be updated by
the user without opening the computer case. This process is called 'BIOS update'.

To download a new BIOS, check the manufacturer's website and follow the installation procedures.
recommended. Installing the BIOS software online may involve downloading a new file from
BIOS, extract files or copy them to removable media and then boot from the removable media. A
The installation program asks the user to enter information to complete the process.

Many motherboard manufacturers now provide the software to perform a flash on the BIOS inside
an operating system. For example, the ASUS EZ update utility automatically updates the
motherboard software, drivers, and BIOS version. It also allows a user to update
manually save the BIOS and select a boot logo when the system goes to POST. This
The utility is included with the motherboard or can be downloaded from the ASUS website.

WARNING: An incorrectly installed or interrupted BIOS update can cause the

computer became unusable.

CPU and heatsink and fan assembly update

One way to increase the power of PCs is to increase processing speed. It is possible to do so.
this through the CPU upgrade. However, the CPU must meet the listed requirements.
in the figure.

It is possible that the new CPU requires a different heatsink and fan assembly. The assembly must
physically adapt to the CPU and be compatible with the CPU socket. It should also be suitable for
eliminate the heat from the fastest CPU.

CAUTION: You must apply thermal paste between the new CPU and the heatsink and fan assembly.

Check the thermal configuration in the BIOS to determine if there is any issue between the CPU and the
set of heat sink and fan. Third-party software applications can also report
about the CPU temperature in an easy-to-read format. Refer to the motherboard user documents.
motherboard or CPU to determine if the chip operates within the correct temperature range.

To install additional fans in the case to help cool the motherboard and the CPU, follow
these steps:

Step 1. Align the fan so that it is oriented in the correct direction, whether to allow the
intake of air or its expulsion.

Step 2. Mount the fan using the factory-drilled holes in the cabinet. It is common to mount the
fans near the top of the cabinet to eliminate hot air, and near the bottom
from the cabinet to introduce incoming air. Avoid installing two fans together that are moving the air
in opposite directions.

Step 3. Connect the fan to the power supply or the motherboard, depending on the type of connection for
case fan.

RAM upgrade
Increasing the amount of RAM in the system almost always improves its overall performance. Before
update or replace the RAM, make sure to answer the questions in the figure.

Note: The memory must be installed in a specific order on a motherboard. Be sure to consult the
user manual of the motherboard for more information.

To upgrade the RAM on the motherboard, follow these steps:

Step 1. To remove the existing module, unclip the retention clips that hold it in place.

Step 2. Pull the right module of the socket.

Step 3. Insert the new module down into the socket.

Step 4. Lock the retention clips.

If the recently installed RAM is compatible and was installed correctly, the system detects it properly.
automatic. If the BIOS does not indicate the presence of the correct amount of RAM, make sure that the RAM is
compatible with the motherboard and that it has been installed correctly.

Update hard drives

Instead of acquiring a new computer to gain more speed and more space.
storage, you may consider the possibility of adding another hard drive. There are several reasons for
install an additional drive as shown in the figure.

After selecting the appropriate hard drive for the PC, follow these general guidelines during the
installation:

Step 1. Place the hard drive in an empty drive bay and tighten the screws to secure the drive
hard.

Step 2. Connect the drive to the motherboard using the correct cable.

Step 3. Connect the power cord to the unit.

Update of input and output devices

Peripheral devices need to be updated periodically. For example, if the device stops
To function or if you want to improve performance and productivity, an upgrade may be necessary.

These are some reasons to upgrade a keyboard or a mouse:

Change the keyboard and mouse to an ergonomic design like the ones shown in Figure 1. The
ergonomic devices are made to be more comfortable to use, and help prevent injuries from
repetitive movements.

Reconfigure the keyboard to accommodate a special task, such as writing in a second language.
language with additional characters.

To accommodate users with disabilities.

Monitors can be updated in different ways:

 Add a privacy filter to prevent people next to a monitor from being able to read it.
information on the screen. Only the user and the people who are directly behind
they can read the screen.

Add an anti-reflective filter to prevent the glare from the sun and bright lights from reflecting on the
screen. Anti-reflective filters make it much easier to read the screen in daylight or
when there is a light behind the user.

Add multiple monitors, as shown in Figure 2, to increase productivity.

allowing the user to display more information and move data between open programs seamlessly
easier and faster. This usually requires an advanced video adapter card to support
additional connections or there must be a second video adapter card installed.

Sometimes, it is not possible to perform an upgrade using the existing sockets or expansion slots.
In that case, you can perform the update via a USB connection. If the computer does not have...
an additional USB connection, you must install a USB adapter card or purchase a USB hub,
like the one shown in Figure 3.

After obtaining new hardware, you may need to install new drivers. Usually,
you can do it using the installation programs. If you do not have the installation programs, you can
obtain updated drivers on the manufacturer's website.

Note: A signed driver is a driver that has passed the hardware quality assurance lab test.
Windows and to which Microsoft granted a driver signature. The installation of an unsigned driver
it can cause instability in the system, error messages, and boot problems. If a
unsigned driver during hardware installation, the system will ask if you want to stop or
continue the installation. Install unsigned drivers only if their source is trustworthy. Some systems
Windows operating systems do not allow the installation of unsigned drivers.