PART 18

 apex (noun)
Definition: The highest point or peak of something.
Example (c2 context): The negotiations reached their apex when both sides finally agreed on a
historic peace treaty.

 apogee (noun)
Definition: The highest or most distant point; the climax.
Example (c2 context): The empire was at its apogee during the 16th century, controlling vast
territories across the globe.

 capstone (noun)
Definition: A crowning achievement or the final element of something.
Example (c2 context): His doctoral thesis was considered the capstone of his academic career.

 come to fruition (idiom)

Definition: To be realized or completed successfully.
Example (c2 context): After years of research, her ambitious project finally came to fruition.

 glory day (noun/idiom)

Definition: A period of great success or achievement in the past.
Example (c2 context): The film nostalgically portrayed the glory days of rock and roll.

 high tide (noun)

Definition: The peak or strongest point of a process or period.
Example (c2 context): The movement was at high tide during the 1970s, influencing politics
worldwide.

 high water mark (noun)

Definition: The greatest level or success ever reached.
Example (c2 context): That novel was the high-water mark of his literary output.

 in the cellar (idiom)

Definition: At the lowest position, especially in rankings or condition.
Example (c2 context): The team has been stuck in the cellar of the league for three consecutive
seasons.

 on the front/back burner (idiom)

Definition: To prioritize (front) or postpone (back) a task.
Example (c2 context): The government put environmental reforms on the back burner during the
economic crisis.

 crescendo (noun)
Definition: The highest point of intensity, often after gradual build-up.
Example (c2 context): The speech rose to a crescendo of applause as she announced the victory.
 rock bottom (idiom)
Definition: The lowest possible level or condition.
Example (c2 context): He hit rock bottom after losing his job and his savings.

 vertex (noun)
Definition: The highest point; the top of an angle or figure.
Example (c2 context): At the vertex of his career, he was recognized as the most influential
scientist in his field.

 zenith (noun)
Definition: The peak or highest point of power or success.
Example (c2 context): The artist reached her zenith with an album that won multiple
international awards.

 level up (phrasal verb/idiom)

Definition: To advance to a higher standard or stage of progress.
Example (c2 context): The company had to level up its security systems after a series of
cyberattacks.

 agrarian (adjective)
Definition: Related to farming, agriculture, or rural life.
Example (c2 context): The policy reforms had a profound impact on agrarian communities.

 ergonomic (adjective)
Definition: Designed for efficiency and comfort in the working environment.
Example (c2 context): The office invested in ergonomic chairs to improve employees’ well-
being.

 hand-reared (adjective)
Definition: Raised by human care, rather than naturally by parents.
Example (c2 context): The zoo introduced a hand-reared tiger cub to the public with great
anticipation.

 haystack (noun)
Definition: A pile of hay, often figuratively used for something vast and hard to search.
Example (c2 context): Finding that crucial file in the database was like searching for a needle in
a haystack.

 live off the land (idiom)

Definition: To survive by using natural resources, farming, or hunting.
Example (c2 context): The tribe continued to live off the land, relying on fishing and gathering.

 thresh (verb)
Definition: To separate grain from husks, typically using a machine or tool.
Example (c2 context): Farmers still thresh wheat by hand in some rural areas.
 unsown (adjective)
Definition: Not planted with seeds.
Example (c2 context): Large portions of the farmland lay unsown due to drought.

 water-stressed (adjective)
Definition: Experiencing a shortage of water resources.
Example (c2 context): Water-stressed regions are increasingly vulnerable to conflict and
migration.

 adjudge (verb)
Definition: To consider or declare something formally.
Example (c2 context): The court adjudged him guilty after a lengthy trial.

 avow (verb)
Definition: To openly declare or confess something.
Example (c2 context): She avowed her loyalty to the cause despite the risks.

 breathe a word (idiom)

Definition: To tell or reveal something (usually secret).
Example (c2 context): He never breathed a word about the confidential deal.

 declare war on sb/sth (idiom)

Definition: To strongly oppose or begin an aggressive campaign against someone/something.
Example (c2 context): The administration declared war on corruption.

 enunciate (verb)
Definition: To pronounce words clearly or express an idea distinctly.
Example (c2 context): The professor carefully enunciated each principle of the theory.

 go on record (idiom)
Definition: To state something officially and publicly.
Example (c2 context): The minister went on record opposing the new legislation.

 mansplain (verb, informal)

Definition: For a man to explain something condescendingly to a woman, often assuming she
lacks knowledge.
Example (c2 context): He tried to mansplain basic economics to a professional economist.

 on/off the record (idiom)

Definition: On: official, public statement; Off: confidential, not for publication.
Example (c2 context): The journalist insisted the conversation remain off the record.

 proclaim (verb)
Definition: To announce or declare publicly.
Example (c2 context): The nation proclaimed independence after decades of struggle.
 ring out (phrasal verb)
Definition: To sound loudly and clearly, especially bells or voices.
Example (c2 context): Church bells rang out across the city to mark the celebration.

 smoke signal (noun)

Definition: A method of sending messages by smoke; figuratively, an indirect sign.
Example (c2 context): His resignation was the first smoke signal that trouble was brewing in the
company.

 blow your own trumpet (idiom)

Definition: To boast about your achievements.
Example (c2 context): She rarely blows her own trumpet, but her contributions were immense.

 be/take a weight off your mind (idiom)

Definition: To feel relieved after resolving a worry.
Example (c2 context): Passing the exam was a huge weight off her mind.

 blandishments (noun)
Definition: Flattering or coaxing remarks meant to persuade.
Example (c2 context): Despite his blandishments, she refused to change her decision.

 consolation (noun)
Definition: Something that provides comfort after disappointment.
Example (c2 context): Winning the silver medal was a small consolation after narrowly missing
gold.

 embolden (verb)
Definition: To give someone the courage or confidence to do something.
Example (c2 context): The success of the protest emboldened citizens to demand further reforms.

 emollient (adjective/noun)
Definition: Softening, soothing; a substance that softens skin.
Example (c2 context): The diplomat used emollient language to ease tensions during the talks.

 set/put sth's mind at ease (idiom)

Definition: To make someone feel reassured or relaxed.
Example (c2 context): The doctor’s calm explanation put the patient’s mind at ease.

 backstage (adverb/adjective)
Definition: Behind the stage; figuratively, behind the scenes.
Example (c2 context): The negotiations took place backstage, hidden from public view.

 be none of sb's business (idiom)

Definition: Not be someone’s concern or right to know.
Example (c2 context): What I do in my free time is none of your business.
 be shrouded in secrecy/mystery (idiom)
Definition: To be hidden or covered in mystery.
Example (c2 context): The origins of the artifact remain shrouded in mystery.

 black out (phrasal verb)

Definition: To lose consciousness; also to cover or obscure.
Example (c2 context): He blacked out after the accident and remembered nothing.

 down-low (idiom/slang)
Definition: Secret or discreet; hidden from public knowledge.
Example (c2 context): The deal was kept on the down-low to avoid media attention.

 draw sth aside (phrasal verb)

Definition: To move something (like a curtain) to one side.
Example (c2 context): She drew the curtain aside to let in the sunlight.

 furtive (adjective)
Definition: Secretive, attempting to avoid notice.
Example (c2 context): He cast a furtive glance at the documents before slipping them into his
bag.

 move the goalpost (idiom)

Definition: To unfairly change the rules or conditions during a process.
Example (c2 context): The board kept moving the goalposts, making it impossible to meet their
expectations.

1. keep a low profile (idiom)

Definition: Tránh gây chú ý, giữ im lặng hoặc kín đáo để không bị chú ý.
Example (c2 context): After the scandal, the politician decided to keep a low profile for
several months.
2. keep a/the lid on sth (idiom)
Definition: Kiểm soát hoặc giữ bí mật điều gì đó.
Example (c2 context): The company tried to keep a lid on the news of the data breach.
3. keep/hold your card close to your chest (idiom)
Definition: Giữ kín ý định, không tiết lộ kế hoạch.
Example (c2 context): He always holds his cards close to his chest during negotiations.
4. my lips are sealed (idiom)
Definition: Tôi sẽ giữ bí mật, không tiết lộ.
Example (c2 context): Don’t worry, my lips are sealed about your new project.
5. skeleton in the/your closet (idiom)
Definition: Một bí mật xấu hổ hoặc đáng xấu hổ trong quá khứ.
Example (c2 context): Every family has at least one skeleton in the closet.
6. subterraneous (adj)
Definition: Ngầm, dưới lòng đất.
Example (c2 context): The archaeologists discovered a subterraneous passage beneath the
ruins.
7. throw/put sb off the scent (idiom)
Definition: Đánh lạc hướng ai đó, khiến họ không tìm ra sự thật.
Example (c2 context): The suspect tried to put the police off the scent by changing his
appearance.
8. under wraps (idiom)
Definition: Giữ bí mật, chưa công bố.
Example (c2 context): The details of the new smartphone model are still under wraps.
9. acid test (noun)
Definition: Bài kiểm tra quyết định cho thấy chất lượng thực sự.
Example (c2 context): The new software’s acid test will be its performance under heavy
traffic.
10. actions speak louder than words (idiom)
Definition: Hành động quan trọng hơn lời nói.
Example (c2 context): She promised to help, but actions speak louder than words.
11. attest (verb)
Definition: Chứng thực, xác nhận.
Example (c2 context): The witness attested to the accuracy of the report.
12. bear witness to (idiom/phrase)
Definition: Làm bằng chứng cho, chứng minh điều gì.
Example (c2 context): The ruins bear witness to the city’s former glory.
13. call sb's bluff (idiom)
Definition: Thách ai đó chứng minh lời nói của họ, không tin lời đe dọa hoặc tuyên bố.
Example (c2 context): She called his bluff when he threatened to quit the job.
14. confute (verb, formal)
Definition: Bác bỏ, chứng minh điều gì đó sai.
Example (c2 context): The lawyer confuted the witness’s testimony with strong evidence.
15. controvert (verb, formal)
Definition: Tranh luận, phản bác.
Example (c2 context): The scientist controverted the popular belief with new findings.
16. do justice to sb/sth (idiom)
Definition: Thể hiện chính xác hoặc xứng đáng.
Example (c2 context): The movie doesn’t do justice to the original novel.
17. nail a lie (idiom)
Definition: Bắt quả tang lời nói dối.
Example (c2 context): The journalist nailed the politician’s lie with recorded evidence.
18. show sb in their true colors (idiom)
Definition: Phơi bày bản chất thật sự.
Example (c2 context): The crisis showed the leader in his true colors.
19. unsubstantiated (adj)
Definition: Không có bằng chứng, chưa được chứng minh.
Example (c2 context): The rumor remained unsubstantiated.
20. vindicate (verb)
Definition: Minh oan, chứng minh ai đó đúng.
Example (c2 context): The new evidence vindicated the wrongly accused man.
21. dilettante (noun)
Definition: Người chỉ có hứng thú bề nổi, không chuyên sâu.
Example (c2 context): He’s a mere dilettante in art, not a serious critic.
22. in the country of the blind, the one-eyed man is king (idiom/proverb)
Definition: Trong một môi trường kém cỏi, người có chút ưu thế cũng trở nên vượt trội.
Example (c2 context): With his basic skills, he excelled—proving that in the country of
the blind, the one-eyed man is king.
23. lightweight (noun/adj)
Definition: Người hoặc vật yếu kém, không đáng kể.
Example (c2 context): In academic debates, he was considered a lightweight.
24. botanist (noun)
Definition: Nhà thực vật học.
Example (c2 context): The botanist classified several new plant species.
25. probationer (noun)
Definition: Người tập sự, người trong thời gian thử việc.
Example (c2 context): As a probationer, she had to prove her skills within six months.
26. apocalypse (noun)
Definition: Sự hủy diệt toàn diện, tận thế.
Example (c2 context): The movie depicts a zombie apocalypse.
27. blow sth/sb out of the water (idiom)
Definition: Đánh bại hoàn toàn, vượt xa.
Example (c2 context): Their new product blew the competition out of the water.
28. bulldoze (verb)
Definition: Phá hủy bằng máy ủi; ép buộc.
Example (c2 context): They bulldozed the old house to build a shopping mall.
29. chew sth up (phrasal verb)
Definition: Nhai nát; làm hỏng.
Example (c2 context): The printer chewed up the paper.
30. swathe (noun/verb)
Definition: Một dải lớn; quấn lại.
Example (c2 context): The fire destroyed a large swathe of forest.
31. culpable (adj)
Definition: deserving blame or being at fault for something wrong or harmful.
example (c2 context): The judge declared the company equally culpable for the
environmental disaster.
32. exculpate (v)
Definition: to show or declare that someone is not guilty of wrongdoing.
example (c2 context): The new evidence served to exculpate the accused politician from
all charges.
33. exonerate (v)
Definition: to officially state that someone is not responsible for something wrong.
example (c2 context): The DNA test exonerated him after ten years in prison.
34. squeaky-clean (adj)
Definition: completely honest, moral, and without any bad reputation.
example (c2 context): The candidate tried to maintain a squeaky-clean image during the
election campaign.
35. an early bath (idiom)
Definition: being forced to leave a game or event early, often due to a mistake or penalty.
example (c2 context): The striker was given a red card and had to take an early bath.
36. boot sth off (phr v)
Definition: to remove or forcefully kick something away.
example (c2 context): Security booted the suspicious package off the train platform.
37. chuck sb out (phr v)
Definition: to force someone to leave a place.
example (c2 context): They chucked him out of the club for aggressive behavior.
38. clear sb off (phr v)
Definition: to force someone to leave a particular area.
example (c2 context): Police were called to clear the protesters off the road.
39. dislocated (adj)
Definition: displaced from its normal position, often used for joints or figuratively for
systems.
example (c2 context): He suffered a dislocated shoulder during the match.
40. dislodge (v)
Definition: to force something or someone out of its place.
example (c2 context): The army managed to dislodge the rebels from the stronghold.
41. exile (n/v)
Definition: the state of being forced to live outside one’s native country; or to send
someone away.
example (c2 context): The writer lived in exile after criticizing the regime.
42. extradite (v)
Definition: to officially send a person accused of a crime back to the country where the
crime was committed.
example (c2 context): The suspect was extradited to face trial in France.
43. repatriate (v)
Definition: to send someone back to their own country.
example (c2 context): The government promised to repatriate stranded citizens.
44. pack sb off (phr v)
Definition: to send someone somewhere, often quickly or without much ceremony.
example (c2 context): They packed the children off to boarding school.
45. smoke sth/sb out (phr v)
Definition: to force someone out of hiding.
example (c2 context): The investigators smoked out the corrupt officials through a sting
operation.
46. uproot (v)
Definition: to pull a plant from the ground; or force someone to leave their home.
example (c2 context): Thousands were uprooted from their villages due to the flood.
47. barren (adj)
Definition: unable to produce plants or life; unproductive.
example (c2 context): The desert landscape was vast and barren.
48. bread basket (idiom/n)
Definition: a region that produces large amounts of food, especially grain.
example (c2 context): Ukraine is often called the bread basket of Europe.
49. denude (v)
Definition: to strip something of its covering, possessions, or assets.
example (c2 context): Deforestation has denuded the hills of their natural vegetation.
50. hardscrabble (adj)
Definition: involving hard work and struggle, often with little reward.
example (c2 context): He grew up in a hardscrabble farming community.
51. infertile (adj)
Definition: unable to reproduce or produce crops.
example (c2 context): The infertile soil made farming nearly impossible.
52. luscious (adj)
Definition: having a rich, pleasant taste or appearance.
example (c2 context): She served a luscious slice of chocolate cake.
53. lushness (n)
Definition: the quality of being rich, healthy, and abundant (vegetation or appearance).
example (c2 context): The lushness of the rainforest left the tourists in awe.
54. sterile (adj)
Definition: not able to produce life; free from living microorganisms.
example (c2 context): The operation room must remain completely sterile.
55. uncropped (adj)
Definition: not cultivated for crops.
example (c2 context): The field lay uncropped for years after the drought.
56. verdant (adj)
Definition: green with grass or vegetation; lush.
example (c2 context): The verdant valleys stretched for miles.
57. unfruitful (adj)
Definition: not producing good results or outcomes.
example (c2 context): The negotiations proved unfruitful despite weeks of discussion.
58. placeholder (n)
Definition: something used temporarily until a more suitable thing is found.
example (c2 context): The draft contained a placeholder for the company logo.
59. policymaker (n)
Definition: a person responsible for making policies, especially in government.
example (c2 context): Policymakers are debating stricter climate regulations.
60. out-bluff (v)
Definition: to defeat someone by bluffing more convincingly.
example (c2 context): She managed to out-bluff her opponent in the poker game.
61. sb's mask slips (idiom)
Definition: when someone’s true character or hidden feelings are revealed.
example (c2 context): His mask slipped when he shouted angrily at the staff.
62. under the guise of sb/sth (idiom)
Definition: pretending to be something in order to deceive.
example (c2 context): The spy entered the country under the guise of a tourist.
63. white out (n/v)
Definition: a weather condition in which snow and clouds make it impossible to see
clearly; also to cover text with correction fluid.
example (c2 context): The climbers were caught in a sudden white out on the mountain.
64.  Ountebank (noun)
Definition: A fraud or trickster, especially one who sells false medicines or makes
deceitful claims.
Example (c2 context): The so-called healer turned out to be nothing but a cunning
ountenbank preying on desperate villagers.
65.  Live a lie (idiom)
Definition: To behave in a way that is not true to your real feelings or beliefs.
Example (c2 context): She stayed in the marriage for years, but deep down she knew she
was living a lie.
66.  Live and let live (idiom)
Definition: To tolerate other people’s beliefs or behavior even if you disagree.
Example (c2 context): Their friendship worked because they followed the principle of
live and let live.
67.  Come the raw prawn (idiom, Aus.)
Definition: To try to deceive someone or treat them as gullible.
Example (c2 context): Don’t come the raw prawn with me—I know exactly what you’re
up to.
68.  Bluff sb into sth/doing sth (phrasal verb)
Definition: To trick or deceive someone into doing something by pretending confidence.
Example (c2 context): He managed to bluff the committee into approving his unprepared
proposal.
69.  Blow sth out of proportion (idiom)
Definition: To exaggerate the importance of something.
Example (c2 context): The media blew the politician’s minor mistake completely out of
proportion.
70.  Embellishment (noun)
Definition: An addition that makes something more attractive, often exaggerating details.
Example (c2 context): His speech was full of embellishments that made the story sound
grander than it was.
71.  Federal case (idiom)
Definition: To exaggerate the seriousness of something trivial.
Example (c2 context): Stop making a federal case out of a simple misunderstanding.
72.  Flamboyant (adjective)
Definition: Very confident and showy, often attracting attention.
Example (c2 context): The flamboyant performer captured the crowd with his
extravagant costume.
73.  Gushing (adjective/verb)
Definition: Expressing admiration or praise in an overenthusiastic way.
Example (c2 context): She kept gushing about how brilliant his new book was.
74.  Grandiloquent (adjective)
Definition: Using pompous or extravagant language.
Example (c2 context): The professor’s grandiloquent speech confused rather than
impressed his students.
75.  Lay it on a bit thick (idiom)
Definition: To exaggerate praise, sympathy, or criticism.
Example (c2 context): I think you’re laying it on a bit thick with all those compliments.
76.  Make a mountain out of a molehill (idiom)
Definition: To exaggerate a small problem.
Example (c2 context): He always makes a mountain out of a molehill when things don’t
go his way.
77.  Over the top (idiom/adjective)
Definition: Excessive, exaggerated, or too dramatic.
Example (c2 context): His reaction to the joke was a bit over the top.
78.  Overboard (adjective/adverb, idiom)
Definition: Excessively enthusiastic or exaggerated.
Example (c2 context): She really went overboard decorating the house for Halloween.
79.  Pile it on (idiom)
Definition: To exaggerate or overemphasize something.
Example (c2 context): The critics really piled it on when reviewing the bad movie.
80.  Stretch the truth (idiom)
Definition: To exaggerate or slightly misrepresent the facts.
Example (c2 context): He stretched the truth about his work experience in the interview.
81.  Put it mildly/bluntly (idiom)
Definition: To understate or state something directly without softening it.
Example (c2 context): To put it mildly, the project was a complete disaster.
82.  Ablaze (adjective)
Definition: Burning brightly or filled with intense emotion.
Example (c2 context): The sky was ablaze with fireworks on New Year’s Eve.
83.  Flickering (adjective/verb)
Definition: Shining unsteadily or wavering in brightness.
Example (c2 context): The flickering candlelight gave the room a mysterious atmosphere.
84.  Prismatic (adjective)
Definition: Showing many colors like a prism.
Example (c2 context): The glass shards created prismatic reflections on the wall.
85.  Luminescence (noun)
Definition: The emission of light without heat, like glow-in-the-dark.
Example (c2 context): The scientist studied the eerie luminescence of deep-sea creatures.
86.  Lambency (noun)
Definition: Soft radiance or gentle light.
Example (c2 context): The lambency of the lanterns created a serene evening mood.
87.  Lustrous (adjective)
Definition: Shining with a soft glow.
Example (c2 context): Her lustrous hair caught everyone’s attention.
88.  Glossy (adjective)
Definition: Shiny and smooth.
Example (c2 context): He flipped through the glossy pages of the fashion magazine.
89.  Dazzling (adjective)
Definition: Extremely bright, impressive, or beautiful.
Example (c2 context): She wore a dazzling dress that sparkled under the spotlight.
90.  Opalescent (adjective)
Definition: Showing a play of colors like an opal.
Example (c2 context): The opalescent seashell shimmered in the sunlight.
 91.  Shimmering (adjective)
Definition: Reflecting light with a soft tremulous glow.
Example (c2 context): The lake was shimmering under the moonlight.
92.  Sun-drenched (adjective)
Definition: Brightly lit by the sun.
Example (c2 context): They stayed at a sun-drenched villa overlooking the sea.
93.  Starlit (adjective)
Definition: Lit by stars.
Example (c2 context): They took a romantic walk along the starlit path.

 Admonish (verb)
Definition: To warn or reprimand gently.
Example (c2 context): The teacher admonished the students for whispering.

 Backseat driver (idiom/noun)

Definition: A person who gives unwanted advice.
Example (c2 context): He’s such a backseat driver, even when he’s not driving.

 Hold a clinic (idiom)

Definition: To demonstrate exceptional skill publicly.
Example (c2 context): The tennis champion held a clinic on precision shots.

 Bang on (phrasal verb, UK)

Definition: To talk at length about something repetitively.
Example (c2 context): He kept banging on about his promotion.

 Beg the question (idiom)

Definition: To raise a question / to use circular reasoning.
Example (c2 context): The statement begs the question of who is responsible.

 Drone on (phrasal verb)

Definition: To talk in a boring, monotonous way.
Example (c2 context): The professor droned on for hours without pause.

 Declamatory (adjective)
Definition: Expressed in a pompous or rhetorical style.
Example (c2 context): His declamatory speech failed to connect with the audience.

 Hold court (idiom)

Definition: To be the center of attention while speaking.
Example (c2 context): She held court at the dinner table with her stories.

 Hold the floor (idiom)

Definition: To have the right to speak in a discussion.
Example (c2 context): He held the floor during the entire debate.
 Let sb loose (idiom)
Definition: To give freedom of action.
Example (c2 context): The teacher let the children loose in the playground.

 Maunder (verb)
Definition: To speak or wander aimlessly.
Example (c2 context): He maundered about his travels without making a point.

 Murmur (verb/noun)
Definition: To speak softly and indistinctly.
Example (c2 context): A murmur of agreement passed through the crowd.

 Pipe up (phrasal verb)

Definition: To suddenly speak.
Example (c2 context): She finally piped up with a useful suggestion.

 Quavering (adjective/verb)
Definition: Trembling voice.
Example (c2 context): His quavering voice betrayed his nervousness.

 Ramble (verb)
Definition: To talk aimlessly or wander.
Example (c2 context): He rambled on about his hobbies.

 Reel sth off (phrasal verb)

Definition: To recite quickly and easily.
Example (c2 context): She reeled off all the capitals of Europe.

 Spit sth out (phrasal verb)

Definition: To say something quickly or angrily.
Example (c2 context): He spat out the insult before storming off.

 Sink to a whisper (idiom)

Definition: To reduce one’s voice to a whisper.
Example (c2 context): His voice sank to a whisper as he told the secret.

 Talk through your hat (idiom)

Definition: To speak nonsense without knowledge.
Example (c2 context): He’s talking through his hat about economics.

 Throw your voice (idiom)

Definition: To make your voice seem to come from elsewhere.
Example (c2 context): The ventriloquist threw his voice perfectly.
 Twittering (noun/verb)
Definition: Soft chattering or chirping.
Example (c2 context): The twittering of birds filled the dawn air.

 Blabbing (verb)
Definition: Talking carelessly, revealing secrets.
Example (c2 context): He blabbed about the surprise party.

 Word salad (idiom/noun)

Definition: Incoherent or nonsensical speech.
Example (c2 context): His explanation was a complete word salad.

 All-pervasive (adjective)
Definition: Present everywhere, spreading widely.
Example (c2 context): An all-pervasive sense of fear hung over the city.

 Audit (noun/verb)
Definition: Official inspection of accounts or processes.
Example (c2 context): The company faced a government audit last year.

 Bulk large (idiom)

Definition: To seem important or significant.
Example (c2 context): The issue of climate change bulked large in the debate.

 In the flesh (idiom)

Definition: In real life, not pictures.
Example (c2 context): I finally met the actor in the flesh at the premiere.

 Immanent (adjective)
Definition: Existing within; inherent.
Example (c2 context): He believed in the immanent presence of divinity in nature.

 Kick around (phrasal verb)

Definition: To discuss casually / to hang out.
Example (c2 context): We kicked around some ideas for the project.

 Knock around (phrasal verb)

Definition: To spend time casually with someone.
Example (c2 context): I used to knock around with him in college.

 Synchronic (adjective)
Definition: Relating to events happening at the same time.
Example (c2 context): The study focused on synchronic variation in language.
 Sit through (phrasal verb)
Definition: To endure something boring until the end.
Example (c2 context): We had to sit through a three-hour lecture.

 Backhand compliment (idiom)

Definition: An insult disguised as praise.
Example (c2 context): “You look great—for your age” was a backhand compliment.

 Bootlicker (noun)
Definition: A sycophant; someone who flatters superiors.
Example (c2 context): The manager was surrounded by bootlickers.

 Cuddle (verb/noun)
Definition: To hold close affectionately.
Example (c2 context): They cuddled on the sofa watching TV.

 Dance attendance on (idiom)

Definition: To constantly obey or serve someone.
Example (c2 context): The assistants danced attendance on the celebrity.

 Dance to sb's tune (idiom)

Definition: To do whatever someone wants.
Example (c2 context): The board danced to the CEO’s tune.

 Glad-handling (noun/verb)
Definition: Excessively friendly politicking.
Example (c2 context): The candidate was glad-handling voters all afternoon.

 Make up to (phrasal verb)

Definition: To try to gain favor with someone.
Example (c2 context): He made up to the teacher to get better grades.

 Massage sb's ego (idiom)

Definition: To flatter someone.
Example (c2 context): She massaged his ego with endless compliments.

 Smooth sb's feathers (idiom)

Definition: To calm someone after offense.
Example (c2 context): He tried to smooth her feathers after the argument.

 Sycophant (noun)
Definition: A person who flatters powerful people for advantage.
Example (c2 context): The politician was surrounded by sycophants.
 Primeval (adjective)
Definition: Ancient, from the earliest times.
Example (c2 context): The hikers wandered through primeval forest.

 Epoch (noun)
Definition: A significant period of history.
Example (c2 context): The discovery marked a new epoch in science.

 Primitive (adjective)
Definition: Early, basic, undeveloped.
Example (c2 context): The tribe still used primitive tools.

 Quern (noun)
Definition: A simple hand mill for grinding grain.
Example (c2 context): Archaeologists found an ancient quern in the ruins.

 Raptor (noun)
Definition: A bird of prey.
Example (c2 context): The raptor circled high above the canyon.

 Ill-starred (adjective)
Definition: Unlucky or doomed.
Example (c2 context): Their ill-starred romance ended tragically.

 Suffer a fate (idiom)

Definition: To experience an unpleasant outcome.
Example (c2 context): The traitors suffered a grim fate.

 Sword of Damocles (idiom)

Definition: An ever-present threat or danger.
Example (c2 context): Living under dictatorship was like a sword of Damocles.

 The stars align (idiom)

Definition: Circumstances become favorable.
Example (c2 context): The stars aligned for her to get the scholarship.

 Destiny (noun)
Definition: Fate or predetermined events.
Example (c2 context): He believed it was his destiny to lead.

 Providential (adjective)
Definition: Occurring at the right time, lucky.
Example (c2 context): Their meeting was purely providential.
 All over the place (idiom)
Definition: Disorganized or spread widely.
Example (c2 context): His notes were all over the place.

 Bedraggled (adjective)
Definition: Dirty, wet, and untidy.
Example (c2 context): The bedraggled cat looked pitiful.

 Disheveled (adjective)
Definition: Messy, untidy appearance.
Example (c2 context): He arrived late, looking disheveled.

 Ragtag (adjective/noun)
Definition: Untidy, disorganized group.
Example (c2 context): The ragtag army managed to win.

 Sordid (adjective)
Definition: Dirty, immoral.
Example (c2 context): The newspaper exposed the sordid scandal.

 Unbrushed (adjective)
Definition: Not brushed, messy.
Example (c2 context): His unbrushed hair stuck out in all directions.

 Unironed (adjective)
Definition: Not ironed, wrinkled.
Example (c2 context): She wore a unironed shirt to the meeting.

 Unkempt (adjective)
Definition: Messy, neglected appearance.
Example (c2 context): The professor’s unkempt look was legendary.

 Unpressed (adjective)
Definition: Not pressed or smoothed.
Example (c2 context): His suit looked unpressed and sloppy.

 Press against (phrasal verb)

Definition: To push closely to something.
Example (c2 context): The crowd pressed against the barriers.

 Irksome (adjective)
Definition: Annoying or irritating.
Example (c2 context): His constant interruptions were irksome.
 Scruffy (adjective)
Definition: Shabby, untidy.
Example (c2 context): He lived in a scruffy apartment.

 Slattern (noun)
Definition: A dirty, untidy woman.
Example (c2 context): The novel described her as a slattern who neglected her home.

 Abrogate (verb)
Definition: To formally abolish or repeal.
Example (c2 context): The new government abrogated unfair laws.

 Avoid sth like the plague (idiom)

Definition: To keep away completely from something.
Example (c2 context): He avoids responsibility like the plague.

1. hit a wall (idiom)

Definition: To reach a point where progress is impossible due to difficulties or
limitations.
Example (c2 context): The research team hit a wall when they ran out of funding for
further experiments.
2. in a dilemma (idiom)
Definition: In a situation where a difficult choice must be made between alternatives.
Example (c2 context): She was in a dilemma about whether to accept the promotion
abroad or stay close to her family.
3. knife edge (noun/idiom)
Definition: A situation of extreme tension or uncertainty, often with high stakes.
Example (c2 context): The election result hung on a knife edge until the final votes were
counted.
4. in the weeds (idiom)
Definition: Overwhelmed by details or difficulties; struggling.
Example (c2 context): The manager got stuck in the weeds of minor issues instead of
focusing on strategy.
5. not have a leg to stand on (idiom)
Definition: To have no valid justification or defense.
Example (c2 context): Without evidence, the lawyer didn’t have a leg to stand on in
court.
6. razor edge (noun/idiom)
Definition: A very precarious or delicate situation.
Example (c2 context): The negotiations were balanced on a razor edge between success
and failure.
7. up a/the creek (without a paddle) (idiom)
Definition: In a difficult or hopeless situation.
Example (c2 context): Without proper documentation, we’ll be up the creek when the
auditors arrive.
8. out of the frying pan into the fire (idiom)
Definition: From a bad situation into one that is even worse.
Example (c2 context): Quitting his job without savings was like jumping out of the frying
pan into the fire.
9. act in good faith (idiom)
Definition: To behave honestly and sincerely, with genuine intentions.
Example (c2 context): The company acted in good faith by compensating customers for
the faulty products.
10. from the bottom of your heart (idiom)
Definition: With deep sincerity and honesty.
Example (c2 context): I thank you from the bottom of my heart for your support.
11. heartfelt (adjective)
Definition: Deeply and sincerely felt.
Example (c2 context): She gave a heartfelt apology for the misunderstanding.
12. in all honesty/seriousness (idiom)
Definition: To emphasize truthfulness or sincerity.
Example (c2 context): In all honesty, I don’t think he is qualified for the position.
13. level with sb (idiom)
Definition: To speak honestly and openly with someone.
Example (c2 context): She leveled with her boss about wanting to resign.
14. no cap (slang/idiom)
Definition: Used to emphasize honesty or truth (no lie).
Example (c2 context): That was the toughest exam I’ve ever taken, no cap.
15. nail your colors to the mast (idiom)
Definition: To publicly and firmly state your beliefs or intentions.
Example (c2 context): He nailed his colors to the mast by openly supporting the
controversial policy.
16. plain-spoken (adjective)
Definition: Expressed in a direct and simple manner; frank.
Example (c2 context): The senator was admired for his plain-spoken honesty.
17. play it straight (idiom)
Definition: To act honestly and without deception.
Example (c2 context): The accountant always played it straight, even under pressure.
18. rectitude (noun)
Definition: Moral integrity and righteousness.
Example (c2 context): Her rectitude earned her widespread respect in the legal
community.
19. scrupulous (adjective)
Definition: Extremely careful about moral integrity or details.
Example (c2 context): He was scrupulous in his business dealings, never cutting corners.
20. impeachable (adjective)
Definition: Able to be criticized or called into question.
Example (c2 context): His testimony was considered unimpeachable by the court.
21. uncoy (adjective)
Definition: Open and straightforward; not shy or reserved.
 Example (c2 context): She was uncoy about her ambitions, stating she wanted to become
president.
22. uncorrupt (adjective)
Definition: Honest and not influenced by bribery or dishonesty.
Example (c2 context): He was one of the few uncorrupt officials in the entire system.
23. upright (adjective)
Definition: Honest and morally respectable.
Example (c2 context): He was known as an upright citizen who never compromised his
values.
24. self-righteous (adjective)
Definition: Believing one is morally superior to others.
Example (c2 context): His self-righteous tone alienated his colleagues.
25. candor (noun)
Definition: The quality of being honest and open in expression.
Example (c2 context): She spoke with remarkable candor about her past failures.
26. act of God (idiom/legal term)
Definition: An event beyond human control, such as natural disasters.
Example (c2 context): The insurance policy excluded coverage for acts of God like
earthquakes.
27. calamity (noun)
Definition: A disastrous event causing great damage.
Example (c2 context): The financial collapse was a national calamity.
28. cataclysm (noun)
Definition: A large-scale and violent event in the natural or social world.
Example (c2 context): The revolution was a cataclysm that reshaped the nation’s future.
29. entombment (noun)
Definition: The act of placing a body in a tomb; figuratively, confinement.
Example (c2 context): The entombment of the city in volcanic ash preserved it for
centuries.
30. knockout (noun)
Definition: A strikingly impressive person or thing; also, a boxing defeat.
Example (c2 context): Her performance in the play was an absolute knockout.
31. meltdown (noun)
Definition: A complete collapse or breakdown, often emotional or nuclear.
Example (c2 context): The stock market meltdown triggered global panic.
32. mishap (noun)
Definition: An unlucky accident or minor misfortune.
Example (c2 context): A minor mishap delayed the launch of the satellite.
33. acrid (adjective)
Definition: Having a strong, bitter, or unpleasant smell or taste.
Example (c2 context): Acrid smoke filled the laboratory after the chemical reaction.
34. acrimonious (adjective)
Definition: Bitter, angry, and sharp in speech or behavior.
Example (c2 context): The debate turned increasingly acrimonious as tempers flared.
35. boil with (verb phrase)
Definition: To feel an intense, uncontrollable emotion, usually anger.
Example (c2 context): She was boiling with rage after the unfair dismissal.
36. browned off (idiom, British informal)
Definition: Annoyed or fed up.
Example (c2 context): He was browned off by the constant delays at work.
37. cheesed off (idiom, British informal)
Definition: Extremely annoyed or irritated.
Example (c2 context): I was really cheesed off when they canceled the concert last
minute.
38. discontented (adjective)
Definition: Dissatisfied or unhappy with a situation.
Example (c2 context): The workers were discontented with their low wages.
39. fed up to the back teeth (idiom)
Definition: Extremely annoyed or exasperated.
Example (c2 context): She was fed up to the back teeth with his constant excuses.
40. fit to be tied (idiom, US informal)
Definition: Extremely angry or agitated.
Example (c2 context): He was fit to be tied when he found out his car had been towed.
41. hopping mad (idiom, informal)
Definition: Very angry.
Example (c2 context): She was hopping mad when the contractor failed to show up.
42. indignant (adjective)
Definition: Showing anger at perceived unfairness.
Example (c2 context): The citizens grew indignant over the government’s corruption.
43. not be a happy camper (idiom)
Definition: To be dissatisfied or unhappy with a situation.
Example (c2 context): He was not a happy camper after being reassigned to a smaller
office.
44. inharmonious (adjective)
Definition: Lacking harmony or agreement.
Example (c2 context): The inharmonious voices made the choir performance painful to
hear.
45. ceremonious (adjective)
Definition: Formal and polite, sometimes excessively so.
Example (c2 context): The ambassador gave a ceremonious welcome to the foreign
dignitaries.
46. through clenched teeth (idiom)
Definition: Said while angry or unwilling, often with suppressed emotion.
Example (c2 context): She congratulated him through clenched teeth, barely hiding her
resentment.
47. cohesive (adjective)
Definition: Forming a united whole.
Example (c2 context): The team was highly cohesive, working together seamlessly.
48. confluence (noun)
Definition: A coming together of people, ideas, or things.
 Example (c2 context): The conference was a confluence of experts from various
disciplines.
49. concerted (adjective)
Definition: Planned, coordinated, and carried out together.
Example (c2 context): The reforms were the result of a concerted effort by multiple
agencies.
50.  bottle out (phrasal verb, informal)
Definition: Rút lui vì sợ hãi, không dám làm.
Example (c2 context): He bottled out of the bungee jump at the last minute.
51.  chicken out (phrasal verb, informal)
Definition: Mất can đảm, không dám làm.
Example (c2 context): She was going to ask for a raise but chickened out.
52.  cop out (phrasal verb, informal)
Definition: Né tránh trách nhiệm hoặc nghĩa vụ.
Example (c2 context): Don’t cop out of your duties just because it’s difficult.
53.  cry off (phrasal verb)
Definition: Hủy kế hoạch đã đồng ý.
Example (c2 context): He cried off the meeting due to illness.
54.  derelict (adj/noun)
Definition: Bị bỏ hoang; người vô gia cư không chăm sóc bản thân.
Example (c2 context): The derelict building was a hazard.
55.  doss around (phrasal verb, informal)
Definition: Ăn không ngồi rồi, lười biếng.
Example (c2 context): He spent the weekend dossing around instead of studying.
56.  duck and weave (idiom)
Definition: Né tránh khéo léo, thường là câu hỏi hoặc tình huống khó.
Example (c2 context): The minister ducked and weaved during the interview.
57.  duck out of sth (phrasal verb)
Definition: Lẩn tránh trách nhiệm hoặc nghĩa vụ.
Example (c2 context): She ducked out of helping with the project.
58.  fiddle around (phrasal verb)
Definition: Vọc vạch linh tinh; lãng phí thời gian.
Example (c2 context): He fiddled around with his phone instead of working.
59.  fight shy of (idiom)
Definition: Tránh xa, không muốn đối mặt.
Example (c2 context): She fights shy of public speaking.
60.  mess around (phrasal verb)
Definition: Chơi đùa vô bổ; làm việc không nghiêm túc.
Example (c2 context): Stop messing around and start your homework.
61.  not soil your hands (idiom)
Definition: Né tránh công việc bẩn thỉu hoặc không đáng.
Example (c2 context): He wouldn’t soil his hands with such menial tasks.
62.  obviate (verb, formal)
Definition: Loại bỏ, ngăn ngừa.
Example (c2 context): The new treatment obviates the need for surgery.
63.  run for the hills (idiom)
Definition: Chạy trốn, tránh xa.
Example (c2 context): Investors ran for the hills after the market crash.
64.  shy away from (phrasal verb)
Definition: Né tránh vì sợ hoặc thiếu tự tin.
Example (c2 context): He shies away from confrontation.
65.  steer clear of (idiom)
Definition: Tránh xa cái gì nguy hiểm hoặc rắc rối.
Example (c2 context): She tries to steer clear of office politics.
66.  weasel out of (phrasal verb, informal)
Definition: Lẩn tránh trách nhiệm một cách không trung thực.
Example (c2 context): He always weasels out of paying the bill.
67.  wriggle off the hook (idiom)
Definition: Trốn thoát trách nhiệm hoặc hậu quả.
Example (c2 context): The lawyer helped him wriggle off the hook.
68.  agglomerate (verb/noun, formal)
Definition: Tập hợp lại thành khối; khối tập trung.
Example (c2 context): Small villages agglomerated into a city.
69.  accessioning (noun, museum/library context)
Definition: Quá trình chính thức ghi vào sổ bộ sưu tập.
Example (c2 context): The accessioning of rare manuscripts took months.
70.  aggregation (noun)
Definition: Sự tập hợp, kết hợp lại.
Example (c2 context): Data aggregation allows for more effective analysis.
71.  blackberry (noun)
Definition: Quả mâm xôi đen.
Example (c2 context): She picked wild blackberries in the forest.
72.  clump (noun/verb)
Definition: Bó, cụm; kết thành cụm.
Example (c2 context): A clump of trees stood by the river.
73.  collate (verb)
Definition: Đối chiếu, sắp xếp theo thứ tự.
Example (c2 context): The librarian collated the reports before binding them.
74.  collect dust (idiom)
Definition: Bị bỏ không, không sử dụng.
Example (c2 context): His guitar has been collecting dust for years.
75.  fundraising (noun)
Definition: Hoạt động gây quỹ.
Example (c2 context): The charity organized a fundraising event.
76.  deaccession (verb, museum/library context)
Definition: Loại bỏ vật phẩm khỏi bộ sưu tập chính thức.
Example (c2 context): The museum decided to deaccession several minor works.
77.  pack up (phrasal verb)
Definition: Thu dọn; (máy móc) hỏng.
Example (c2 context): My laptop packed up right before the deadline.
78.  hear sth through/on the grapevine (idiom)
Definition: Nghe tin đồn, không chính thức.
Example (c2 context): I heard through the grapevine that she’s leaving the company.
79.  misandry (noun)
Definition: Sự ghét đàn ông.
Example (c2 context): His comments were accused of promoting misandry.
80.  hatred (noun)
Definition: Sự căm ghét mạnh mẽ.
Example (c2 context): There was deep hatred between the rival groups.
81.  antipathy (noun, formal)
Definition: Sự ác cảm, không thiện cảm.
Example (c2 context): She felt strong antipathy toward corruption.
82.  repugnance (noun, formal)
Definition: Sự ghê tởm, kịch liệt phản đối.
Example (c2 context): He expressed repugnance at the idea of cruelty to animals.
83.  self-loathing (noun)
Definition: Sự căm ghét bản thân.
Example (c2 context): His self-loathing prevented him from accepting compliments.
84.  technophobe/phile (noun)
Definition: Người sợ công nghệ / người yêu công nghệ.
Example (c2 context): My grandfather is a technophobe, while my brother is a
technophile.
85.  sore point (idiom)
Definition: Chủ đề nhạy cảm, khiến ai khó chịu.
Example (c2 context): Don’t mention his divorce; it’s a sore point.
86.  bad blood (idiom)
Definition: Thù oán, hiềm khích.
Example (c2 context): There’s still bad blood between the two families.
87.  detest (verb)
Definition: Cực kỳ ghét.
Example (c2 context): She detests dishonesty.
88.  cross sb's path / cross paths with sb (idiom)
Definition: Tình cờ gặp ai.
Example (c2 context): I crossed paths with my old teacher at the airport.
89.  hook up (phrasal verb, informal)
Definition: Kết nối; hẹn hò; quan hệ tình ái ngắn hạn.
Example (c2 context): They hooked up after the party.
90.  muster point (noun)
Definition: Điểm tập kết (thường trong tình huống khẩn cấp).
Example (c2 context): In case of fire, go to the muster point outside the building.
91.  reconvene (verb, formal)
Definition: Họp lại sau khi tạm ngừng.
Example (c2 context): The committee reconvened after lunch.
92.  roll out the red carpet (idiom)
Definition: Đón tiếp nồng hậu, trọng thể.
Example (c2 context): They rolled out the red carpet for the visiting president.
93.  there are plenty more fish in the sea (idiom)
Definition: Vẫn còn nhiều cơ hội, đặc biệt trong tình yêu.
Example (c2 context): Don’t worry about the breakup—there are plenty more fish in the
sea.

94. conjuncture (n)

Definition: a combination of events or circumstances at a particular time.
example (c2 context): The economic conjuncture in 2008 led to a global financial crisis.
95. hand in glove (idiom)
Definition: working closely together, often in a secretive or dishonest way.
example (c2 context): The corrupt officials were working hand in glove with local
businesses.
96. herewith (adv)
Definition: along with this document or communication.
example (c2 context): I am sending you herewith the final contract for your review.
97. have company (idiom)
Definition: to not be alone, often when others share the same situation.
example (c2 context): Don’t worry about failing the test—you have company.
98. huddle around (phr v)
Definition: to gather closely together in a group, usually for warmth or discussion.
example (c2 context): They huddled around the fire to stay warm.
99. in harness with (idiom)
Definition: working together with someone.
example (c2 context): The two researchers were in harness with each other on the project.
100. in tandem with (idiom)
Definition: together with someone or something.
example (c2 context): The company is working in tandem with universities to develop
new technology.
101. in the bosom of sth (idiom)
Definition: being in the middle of a close, protective group.
example (c2 context): After years abroad, he returned to live in the bosom of his family.
102. in the company of sb/sth (idiom)
Definition: being together with someone or something.
example (c2 context): She felt honored to be in the company of distinguished scientists.
103. it takes two to tango (idiom)
Definition: certain actions or situations require the involvement of two people.
example (c2 context): Don’t blame only him for the argument—it takes two to tango.
104. non-conflicting (adj)
Definition: not opposing or incompatible.
example (c2 context): The two laws are non-conflicting and can be applied together.
105. put their heads together (idiom)
Definition: to collaborate on solving a problem.
example (c2 context): The engineers put their heads together to fix the issue.
106. stand together (phr v)
Definition: to unite in support of each other.
example (c2 context): Citizens stood together in protest against the unjust law.
107. therewith (adv)
Definition: with that or immediately following.
example (c2 context): He signed the agreement and therewith ended the negotiations.
108. amoral (adj)
Definition: lacking a sense of morality; not concerned with right or wrong.
example (c2 context): The dictator ruled in an amoral manner, ignoring ethical
considerations.
109. abhorrent (adj)
Definition: causing disgust or hatred.
example (c2 context): Racism is abhorrent to all decent people.
110. arch-villain (n)
Definition: the main or most powerful villain.
example (c2 context): The film’s arch-villain plotted to destroy the city.
111. be rotten to the core (idiom)
Definition: thoroughly corrupt or bad.
example (c2 context): The organization was rotten to the core with corruption.
112. cankered (adj)
Definition: morally corrupt or decayed.
example (c2 context): His cankered soul was beyond redemption.
113. debased (adj)
Definition: reduced in quality, value, or moral character.
example (c2 context): The debased culture glorified greed and excess.
114. debauched (adj)
Definition: indulging in excessive pleasures or corruption.
example (c2 context): He lived a debauched life filled with gambling and alcohol.
115. decadent (adj)
Definition: marked by excessive luxury and moral decline.
example (c2 context): The decadent empire eventually fell into ruin.
116. degeneracy (n)
Definition: moral or physical decline into corruption or weakness.
example (c2 context): The novel depicted the degeneracy of a once-great society.
117. demonic (adj)
Definition: resembling or characteristic of demons; evil or fierce.
example (c2 context): The soldiers faced a demonic enemy with no mercy.
118. depravity (n)
Definition: moral corruption; wickedness.
example (c2 context): The documentary revealed the depravity of the regime.
119. diabolical (adj)
Definition: extremely bad or cruel, like the devil.
example (c2 context): The terrorists carried out a diabolical attack on civilians.
120. dissipated (adj)
Definition: overindulging in sensual pleasures; wasted away.
example (c2 context): His dissipated lifestyle left him bankrupt.
121. evil-minded (adj)
Definition: inclined to think or do harm.
example (c2 context): She warned her children to stay away from evil-minded people.
122. flagitious (adj)
Definition: shockingly wicked or criminal.
example (c2 context): The dictator’s flagitious crimes shocked the world.
123. go over to the dark side (idiom)
Definition: to adopt immoral, corrupt, or evil behavior.
example (c2 context): The honest lawyer eventually went over to the dark side for
money.
124. grotesque (adj)
Definition: extremely distorted or unnatural in appearance or character.
example (c2 context): The grotesque statue frightened the children.
125. heinous (adj)
Definition: shockingly evil or reprehensible.
example (c2 context): The court punished him for the heinous crime.
126. immoral (adj)
Definition: not conforming to accepted standards of morality.
example (c2 context): The scheme was considered immoral by the community.
127. low-minded (adj)
Definition: having base or ignoble thoughts.
example (c2 context): His low-minded jokes offended the audience.
128. inglorious (adj)
Definition: causing shame or disgrace.
example (c2 context): The army suffered an inglorious defeat.
129. malevolent (adj)
Definition: having or showing a wish to do harm.
example (c2 context): The malevolent glare made her uneasy.
130. monstrous (adj)
Definition: extremely cruel or horrible.
example (c2 context): The dictator committed monstrous acts against civilians.
131. obscene (adj)
Definition: offensive, indecent, or morally repulsive.
example (c2 context): The obscene graffiti shocked the neighborhood.
132. peccant (adj)
Definition: guilty of a moral offense or sin.
example (c2 context): The peccant official was finally exposed.
133. obscenity (n)
Definition: offensive words, actions, or materials.
example (c2 context): The film was banned for obscenity.
134. omission (n)
Definition: the act of leaving something out or neglecting to do it.
example (c2 context): His omission of key facts weakened the report.
135. trespass (v/n)
Definition: to enter someone’s property without permission; unlawful entry.
example (c2 context): Hikers were fined for trespassing on private land.
136. unprincipled (adj)
Definition: lacking moral standards.
example (c2 context): The unprincipled lawyer manipulated the evidence.
137. turpitude (n)
Definition: wickedness, depravity, or moral corruption.
example (c2 context): The scandal revealed the turpitude of the senator.
138. unscrupulous (adj)
Definition: having no moral principles; dishonest.
example (c2 context): The unscrupulous businessman exploited workers.
139. unrighteous (adj)
Definition: morally wrong or unjust.
example (c2 context): The unrighteous actions of the government sparked protests.
140. wickedly (adv)
Definition: in an evil or morally wrong way.
example (c2 context): The villain wickedly laughed at his victim’s suffering.
141. vile (adj)
Definition: extremely unpleasant, wicked, or disgusting.
example (c2 context): The prisoners were kept in vile conditions.
142. aspersion (n)
Definition: a damaging or derogatory remark.
example (c2 context): He cast aspersions on her character without evidence.
143. bad-mouthing (n/v)
Definition: criticizing someone unfairly or maliciously.
example (c2 context): Stop bad-mouthing your colleagues behind their backs.
144. bag sb/sth out (phr v)
Definition: to criticize someone or something harshly.
example (c2 context): The students bagged out the new school rules.
145. be gunning for sth (idiom)
Definition: to strongly try to defeat or criticize someone.
example (c2 context): Reporters were gunning for the minister after the scandal.
146. beat up to sb (phr v)
Definition: to harshly criticize or verbally attack someone.
example (c2 context): The press beat up to the actor for his comments.
147. censure (n/v)
Definition: strong disapproval or official criticism.
example (c2 context): The minister faced censure for mishandling the crisis.
148. come under fire (idiom)
Definition: to be severely criticized.
example (c2 context): The CEO came under fire for mass layoffs.
149. lash out sth (phr v)
Definition: to suddenly criticize or attack.
example (c2 context): The senator lashed out harsh words against the media.
150. heap on sth on sb (phr v)
Definition: to give someone a lot of blame or criticism.
example (c2 context): The fans heaped blame on the coach after the defeat.
151. hit out (phr v)
Definition: to strongly criticize or attack verbally.
example (c2 context): She hit out at the policy in her speech.
152. hammer into (phr v)
Definition: to forcefully teach or criticize someone repeatedly.
example (c2 context): Teachers hammered grammar rules into the students’ heads.
153. get off/on sb's case (idiom)
Definition: to stop/start criticizing someone.
example (c2 context): She asked her boss to get off her case about deadlines.
154. fulminate (v)
Definition: to strongly denounce or criticize.
example (c2 context): The critic fulminated against the government’s policy.
155. get off sb's back (idiom)
Definition: to stop bothering or criticizing someone.
example (c2 context): He told his parents to get off his back about studying.
156. nitpick (v)
Definition: to criticize small or unimportant details.
example (c2 context): The editor kept nitpicking every sentence in the manuscript.
157. mordacious (adj)
Definition: sharply sarcastic or biting in style.
example (c2 context): His mordacious remarks embarrassed the speaker.
158. handwringing (n)
Definition: excessive worry or repeated expressions of concern.
example (c2 context): There was a lot of handwringing over the new tax policy.
159. indictment (n)
Definition: formal accusation of a serious crime; also strong criticism.
example (c2 context): The book is a powerful indictment of racial injustice.
160. jump all over sb (idiom)
Definition: to criticize someone angrily and immediately.
example (c2 context): The teacher jumped all over the student for being late.
161. let sb have both barrels (idiom)
Definition: to criticize someone very strongly.
example (c2 context): The angry boss let the employee have both barrels.
162. nagging (adj/n)
Definition: continuously criticizing or complaining.
example (c2 context): She was tired of her parents’ nagging about her career.
163. pick/pull sb/sth to pieces (idiom)
Definition: to criticize someone or something severely.
example (c2 context): The critics pulled the new play to pieces.
164. pound away at sth/sb (phr v)
Definition: to keep criticizing or attacking something or someone.
example (c2 context): The opposition kept pounding away at the government’s mistakes.
165. pour scorn on sb/sth (idiom)
Definition: to openly mock or criticize.
example (c2 context): The professor poured scorn on the weak argument.
166. punch sth up (phr v)
Definition: to improve or emphasize something, often with strong words.
example (c2 context): The editor punched up the article’s headline.
167. put the boot in (idiom)
Definition: to attack or criticize someone who is already in a weak position.
example (c2 context): The media put the boot in after the politician resigned.
168. quaintness (n)
Definition: the quality of being attractively unusual or old-fashioned.
example (c2 context): Tourists loved the quaintness of the small village.
169. run sb/sth down (phr v)
Definition: to criticize someone or something unfairly.
example (c2 context): Stop running yourself down—you did a great job.
170. sarcasm (n)
Definition: the use of irony to mock or convey contempt.
example (c2 context): His sarcasm hurt more than open insults.
171. second-guess (v)
Definition: to criticize or question someone’s decisions after they are made.
example (c2 context): The fans second-guessed the coach’s strategy after the loss.
172. slap sb down (phr v)
Definition: to criticize or silence someone forcefully.
example (c2 context): The minister slapped down his critics during the debate.
173. take a dig at sb/sth (idiom)
Definition: to make a mocking or critical remark.
example (c2 context): He took a dig at his rival during the speech.
174. sideswipe (n/v)
Definition: an indirect or unexpected criticism or attack.
example (c2 context): Her article contained a sideswipe at the education system.
175. think poorly of sb/sth (idiom)
Definition: to have a low opinion or criticize.
example (c2 context): Many think poorly of politicians these days.
176. thumbs down (idiom)
Definition: expression of disapproval.
example (c2 context): The proposal got a thumbs down from the board.
177. be all fingers and thumbs (idiom)
Definition: very clumsy with one’s hands.
example (c2 context): I was all fingers and thumbs while wrapping the gift.
178. deplored (adj/v)
Definition: strongly disapproved of or regretted.
example (c2 context): The committee deplored the violence during the protest.
179.  Vitriol (noun)
Definition: Cruel and bitter criticism.
Example (c2 context): The article was filled with vitriol aimed at the politician.
180.  Dissemble (verb)
Definition: To conceal true feelings or motives; to disguise.
Example (c2 context): She dissembled her disappointment behind a polite smile.
181.  Dissipate (verb)
Definition: To scatter or gradually disappear; to waste resources.
Example (c2 context): His fortune dissipated through reckless spending.
182.  Down the drain (idiom)
Definition: Wasted, gone with no result.
Example (c2 context): All their hard work went down the drain after the system crashed.
183.  Gluttonous (adjective)
Definition: Excessively greedy, especially for food.
Example (c2 context): His gluttonous appetite shocked his dining companions.
184.  Go down the gurgler (idiom, Aus.)
Definition: To fail or be wasted completely.
Example (c2 context): The business went down the gurgler after poor investments.
185.  Misspend (verb)
Definition: To waste time or money foolishly.
Example (c2 context): He regretted having misspent his youth on trivial pursuits.
186.  Prodigal (adjective/noun)
Definition: Spending money recklessly; a person who wastes resources.
Example (c2 context): The prodigal son returned after wasting his inheritance.
187.  Profligate (adjective)
Definition: Extremely wasteful and extravagant.
Example (c2 context): The profligate government spent beyond its means.
188.  Reinvent the wheel (idiom)
Definition: To waste time duplicating something already done.
Example (c2 context): Don’t reinvent the wheel—just use the existing software.
189.  Toss-up (idiom/noun)
Definition: A result that is uncertain, equally likely.
Example (c2 context): It’s a toss-up whether he’ll win the election.
190.  Spendthrift (noun)
Definition: A person who spends money carelessly.
Example (c2 context): His father called him a spendthrift who couldn’t save.
191.  Squander (verb)
Definition: To waste resources foolishly.
Example (c2 context): She squandered her chance at a scholarship.
192.  Throw sth away (phrasal verb)
Definition: To discard or waste something valuable.
Example (c2 context): Don’t throw away this opportunity—it may not come again.
193.  Acrostic (noun)
Definition: A poem or word puzzle where letters form a word/message.
Example (c2 context): The poet composed an acrostic spelling her name.
194.  Annotation (noun)
Definition: A note or comment added to a text.
Example (c2 context): His textbook was filled with useful annotations.
195.  Denotation (noun)
Definition: The literal or primary meaning of a word.
Example (c2 context): The denotation of “rose” is a flower, while its connotation is
romance.
196.  Encomium (noun)
Definition: A formal expression of praise.
Example (c2 context): The professor delivered an encomium to his retiring colleague.
197.  Epigraph (noun)
Definition: A short quotation at the beginning of a book or chapter.
Example (c2 context): The novel opened with an epigraph from Shakespeare.
198.  Inscription (noun)
Definition: Words written or engraved on a surface.
Example (c2 context): The ancient inscription was carved into stone.
199.  Intertextual (adjective)
Definition: Relating to or shaped by references between texts.
Example (c2 context): The novel was highly intertextual, echoing classic literature.
200.  Lament (verb/noun)
Definition: To express grief or sorrow.
Example (c2 context): He lamented the loss of his childhood home.
201.  Manuscript (noun)
Definition: A handwritten or typed draft of a work.
Example (c2 context): The author submitted her manuscript to the publisher.
202.  Scribble (verb/noun)
Definition: To write carelessly or quickly.
Example (c2 context): He scribbled a note before rushing out.
203.  Portrait (noun)
Definition: A painting, drawing, or description of a person.
Example (c2 context): The artist unveiled a portrait of the king.
204.  Think piece (noun)
Definition: An article presenting analysis or opinion.
Example (c2 context): The journalist wrote a think piece on climate change.
205.  Unabated (adjective/adverb)
Definition: Without losing strength or intensity.
Example (c2 context): The storm continued unabated through the night.
206.  Adulterate (verb)
Definition: To make something impure by adding inferior substances.
Example (c2 context): The milk was adulterated with water.
207.  Attrition (noun)
Definition: Gradual reduction in strength due to constant pressure.
Example (c2 context): The army suffered attrition from continuous battles.
208.  Attenuating (adjective/verb)
Definition: Weakening or reducing in force.
Example (c2 context): The attenuating signal barely reached the receiver.
209.  Dampen (verb)
Definition: To weaken in force; to make slightly wet.
Example (c2 context): The news dampened their enthusiasm.
210.  Crumble (verb)
Definition: To break apart or collapse.
Example (c2 context): The empire crumbled under internal conflict.
211.  Be fading away/fast (idiom)
Definition: To disappear or weaken quickly.
Example (c2 context): His influence is fading fast in politics.
212.  Blow over (phrasal verb)
Definition: To pass without serious consequences.
Example (c2 context): The scandal soon blew over.
213.  Blunt (adjective/verb)
Definition: Not sharp; direct in speech; to weaken.
Example (c2 context): His blunt remark offended the guests.
214.  Declaw (verb)
Definition: To remove claws; figuratively, to deprive of power.
Example (c2 context): The reforms declawed the president’s authority.
215.  Dial sth up/down (phrasal verb)
Definition: To increase or decrease intensity.
Example (c2 context): The director dialed down the dramatic scenes.
216.  Dilute sth with sth (phrasal verb)
Definition: To make weaker by mixing with something else.
Example (c2 context): The medicine was diluted with water.
217.  Hedge (verb/noun)
Definition: To limit or qualify a statement; a fence of bushes.
Example (c2 context): He hedged his answer, avoiding commitment.
218.  Faltering (adjective/verb)
Definition: Losing strength or effectiveness.
Example (c2 context): The company showed faltering growth.
219.  Flagging (adjective)
Definition: Becoming weaker or less enthusiastic.
Example (c2 context): His flagging energy worried his teammates.
220.  Melt away (phrasal verb)
Definition: To disappear gradually.
Example (c2 context): The crowd melted away after the concert.
221.  Shake/rock to its foundation (idiom)
Definition: To deeply shock or destabilize something.
Example (c2 context): The scandal shook the government to its foundations.
222.  Subside (verb)
Definition: To become less intense or to sink.
Example (c2 context): The floodwaters subsided after the storm.
223.  Tone sth down (phrasal verb)
Definition: To make less extreme or forceful.
Example (c2 context): The teacher asked him to tone down his language.
224.  Undimmed (adjective)
Definition: Not reduced in brightness or strength.
Example (c2 context): Her passion remained undimmed by age.
225.  Unsubdued (adjective)
Definition: Not controlled or restrained.
Example (c2 context): His unsubdued spirit inspired the group.
226.  Watered-down (adjective)
Definition: Weakened, less forceful.
Example (c2 context): The watered-down version of the policy lacked impact.
227.  Wavering (adjective)
Definition: Indecisive, unsteady.
Example (c2 context): Her wavering voice betrayed her uncertainty.
228.  Wither on the vine (idiom)
Definition: To fail due to neglect or lack of support.
Example (c2 context): The project withered on the vine when funding stopped.
229.  Foist sth on/upon sb (phrasal verb)
Definition: To force something unwanted onto someone.
Example (c2 context): They tried to foist their old furniture on us.
230.  Aerodynamic (adjective)
Definition: Designed to reduce air resistance.
Example (c2 context): The car’s aerodynamic shape improved fuel efficiency.
231.  Air/water/...borne (adjective)
Definition: Carried or transmitted by air/water/etc.
Example (c2 context): The virus is airborne and spreads quickly.
232.  Soaring (adjective/verb)
Definition: Rising high or rapidly.
Example (c2 context): House prices are soaring in the city.
233.  Somersault (noun/verb)
Definition: An acrobatic roll.
Example (c2 context): The gymnast performed a perfect somersault.
234.  Stunt (noun/verb)
Definition: A daring feat or trick.
Example (c2 context): The actor performed his own stunts.
235.  Buoyant (adjective)
Definition: Able to float; cheerful and optimistic.
Example (c2 context): Despite setbacks, she remained buoyant.
236.  Hover (verb)
Definition: To remain in one place in the air.
Example (c2 context): The helicopter hovered over the field.
237.  Levitate (verb)
Definition: To rise and float in the air.
Example (c2 context): The magician appeared to levitate on stage.
238.  Brainstorming (noun)
Definition: Group discussion for generating ideas.
Example (c2 context): The team held a brainstorming session for solutions.
239.  Counterpose (verb)
Definition: To contrast by placing side by side.
Example (c2 context): The artist counterposed light and shadow in the painting.
240.  Imputation (noun)
Definition: An accusation or attribution of blame.
Example (c2 context): He denied the imputation of dishonesty.
241.  Insinuation (noun)
Definition: A sly or indirect accusation.
Example (c2 context): Her speech was full of subtle insinuations.
242.  May/might as well (idiom)
Definition: Used to suggest doing something because there’s no reason not to.
Example (c2 context): Since it’s raining, we might as well stay indoors.
243.  Would sooner (idiom)
Definition: Prefer to do one thing over another.
Example (c2 context): I’d sooner walk than take that crowded bus.
244.  Would just as well (idiom)
Definition: Equally satisfied with one option as another.
Example (c2 context): I’d just as well stay home as go out tonight.
245.  On the table (idiom)
Definition: Available for discussion or consideration.
Example (c2 context): The offer is still on the table.
246.  Propound (verb)
Definition: To put forward an idea or theory.
Example (c2 context): He propounded a radical theory about language.
247.  Put sb/sth forward (phrasal verb)
Definition: To suggest someone for a role or idea.
Example (c2 context): She was put forward as a candidate.
248.  Take hint (idiom)
Definition: To understand an indirect suggestion.
Example (c2 context): He finally took the hint and left.
249.  Arduous (adjective)
Definition: Requiring great effort or difficulty.
Example (c2 context): Climbing the mountain was an arduous task.
250.  As much as you can do (idiom)
Definition: All that someone is capable of.
Example (c2 context): It’s as much as I can do to finish by Friday.
251.  At a push (idiom, UK)
Definition: With effort, just possible.
Example (c2 context): At a push, we can fit ten people in the car.
252.  Be no joke (idiom)
Definition: To be very difficult or serious.
Example (c2 context): Running a business is no joke.
253.  Be no picnic (idiom)
Definition: To be difficult or unpleasant.
Example (c2 context): Studying for finals is no picnic.
254.  Backbreaking (adjective)
Definition: Very physically demanding.
Example (c2 context): Harvesting crops is backbreaking labor.
255.  Beyond sb's grasp (idiom)
Definition: Too difficult for someone to understand or achieve.
Example (c2 context): The advanced theory was beyond her grasp.
256.  Despair (noun/verb)
Definition: Complete loss of hope.
Example (c2 context): He fell into despair after losing his job.
257.  Intractable (adjective)
Definition: Hard to control or solve.
Example (c2 context): The conflict remained intractable for decades.
258.  A rolling stone (idiom)
Definition: A person who does not settle in one place or job.
Example (c2 context): He’s a rolling stone, always moving from city to city.
259.  Backpacker (noun)
Definition: A traveler with a backpack, usually on a budget.
Example (c2 context): The hostel was full of young backpackers.
260.  Rites of passage (idiom/noun)
Definition: Ceremonies marking life transitions.
Example (c2 context): Graduation is a rite of passage for students.
261.  Blow-in (noun, informal)
Definition: A newcomer, often unwelcome.
Example (c2 context): The locals didn’t trust the city blow-in.
262.  Day-tripper (noun)
Definition: A person visiting a place for one day.
Example (c2 context): The beach was crowded with day-trippers.
263.  Globetrotting (noun/adjective)
Definition: Traveling extensively around the world.
Example (c2 context): His globetrotting lifestyle kept him abroad for years.
264.  Holidaymaker (noun, UK)
Definition: A person on vacation.
Example (c2 context): The seaside resort was full of holidaymakers.
265.  Itinerant (adjective/noun)
Definition: Traveling from place to place for work.
Example (c2 context): The itinerant musician played in different towns each week.
266.  Ridership (noun)
Definition: The number of passengers using transport.
Example (c2 context): Subway ridership increased after the new line opened.
267.  Sightseer (noun)
Definition: A tourist visiting places of interest.
Example (c2 context): The bus was filled with sightseers snapping photos.
268.  Wayfarer (noun)
Definition: A traveler on foot.
Example (c2 context): The inn offered shelter to weary wayfarers.
269.  Beneficent (adjective)
Definition: Doing good; generous and charitable.
Example (c2 context): The beneficent donor funded the orphanage.